bronchial asthma case study slideshare

Case Study: Managing Severe Asthma in an Adult

—he follows his treatment plan, but this 40-year-old male athlete has asthma that is not well-controlled. what’s the next step.

By Kirstin Bass, MD, PhD Reviewed by Michael E. Wechsler, MD, MMSc

This case presents a patient with poorly controlled asthma that remains refractory to treatment despite use of standard-of-care therapeutic options. For patients such as this, one needs to embark on an extensive work-up to confirm the diagnosis, assess for comorbidities, and finally, to consider different therapeutic options.

Case presentation and patient history

Mr. T is a 40-year-old recreational athlete with a medical history significant for asthma, for which he has been using an albuterol rescue inhaler approximately 3 times per week for the past year. During this time, he has also been waking up with asthma symptoms approximately twice a month, and has had three unscheduled asthma visits for mild flares. Based on the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines , Mr. T has asthma that is not well controlled. 1

As a result of these symptoms, spirometry was performed revealing a forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of 78% predicted. Mr. T then was prescribed treatment with a low-dose corticosteroid, fluticasone 44 mcg at two puffs twice per day. However, he remained symptomatic and continued to use his rescue inhaler 3 times per week. Therefore, he was switched to a combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) (fluticasone propionate 250 mcg and salmeterol 50 mcg, one puff twice a day) by his primary care doctor.

Initial pulmonary assessment Even with this step up in his medication, Mr. T continued to be symptomatic and require rescue inhaler use. Therefore, he was referred to a pulmonologist, who performed the initial work-up shown here:

Spirometry, pre-albuterol: FEV1 79%, post-albuterol: 12% improvement
Methacholine challenge: PC 20 : 1.0 mg/mL
Chest X-ray: Within normal limits

Continued pulmonary assessment His dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and LABA was increased to fluticasone 500 mcg/salmeterol 50 mcg, one puff twice daily. However, he continued to have symptoms and returned to the pulmonologist for further work-up, shown here:

Chest computed tomography (CT): Normal lung parenchyma with no scarring or bronchiectasis
Sinus CT: Mild mucosal thickening
Complete blood count (CBC): Within normal limits, white blood cells (WBC) 10.0 K/mcL, 3% eosinophils
Immunoglobulin E (IgE): 25 IU/mL
Allergy-skin test: Positive for dust, trees
Exhaled NO: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) 53 parts per billion (pbb)

Assessment for comorbidities contributing to asthma symptoms After this work-up, tiotropium was added to his medication regimen. However, he remained symptomatic and had two more flares over the next 3 months. He was assessed for comorbid conditions that might be affecting his symptoms, and results showed:

Esophagram/barium swallow: Negative
Esophageal manometry: Negative
Esophageal impedance: Within normal limits
ECG: Within normal limits
Genetic testing: Negative for cystic fibrosis, alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency

The ear, nose, and throat specialist to whom he was referred recommended only nasal inhaled steroids for his mild sinus disease and noted that he had a normal vocal cord evaluation.

Following this extensive work-up that transpired over the course of a year, Mr. T continued to have symptoms. He returned to the pulmonologist to discuss further treatment options for his refractory asthma.

Diagnosis Mr. T has refractory asthma. Work-up for this condition should include consideration of other causes for the symptoms, including allergies, gastroesophageal reflux disease, cardiac disease, sinus disease, vocal cord dysfunction, or genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, as was performed for Mr. T by his pulmonary team.

Treatment options When a patient has refractory asthma, treatment options to consider include anticholinergics (tiotropium, aclidinium), leukotriene modifiers (montelukast, zafirlukast), theophylline, anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody therapy with omalizumab, antibiotics, bronchial thermoplasty, or enrollment in a clinical trial evaluating the use of agents that modulate the cell signaling and immunologic responses seen in asthma.

Treatment outcome Mr. T underwent bronchial thermoplasty for his asthma. One year after the procedure, he reports feeling great. He has not taken systemic steroids for the past year, and his asthma remains controlled on a moderate dose of ICS and a LABA. He has also been able to resume exercising on a regular basis.

Approximately 10% to 15% of asthma patients have severe asthma refractory to the commonly available medications. 2 One key aspect of care for this patient population is a careful workup to exclude other comorbidities that could be contributing to their symptoms. Following this, there are several treatment options to consider, as in recent years there have been several advances in the development of asthma therapeutics. 2

Treatment options for refractory asthma There are a number of currently approved therapies for severe, refractory asthma. In addition to therapy with ICS or combination therapies with ICS and LABAs, leukotriene antagonists have good efficacy in asthma, especially in patients with prominent allergic or exercise symptoms. 2 The anticholinergics, such as tiotropium, which was approved for asthma in 2015, enhance bronchodilation and are useful adjuncts to ICS. 3-5 Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IgE recommended for use in severe treatment-refractory allergic asthma in patients with atopy. 2 A nonmedication therapeutic option to consider is bronchial thermoplasty, a bronchoscopic procedure that uses thermal energy to disrupt bronchial smooth muscle. 6,7

Personalizing treatment for each patient It is important to personalize treatment based on individual characteristics or phenotypes that predict the patient's likely response to treatment, as well as the patient's preferences and practical issues, such as adherence and cost. 8

In this case, tiotropium had already been added to Mr. T's medications and his symptoms continued. Although addition of a leukotriene modifier was an option for him, he did not wish to add another medication to his care regimen. Omalizumab was not added partly for this reason, and also because of his low IgE level. As his bronchoscopy was negative, it was determined that a course of antibiotics would not be an effective treatment option for this patient. While vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with adverse outcomes in asthma, T's vitamin D level was tested and found to be sufficient.

We discussed the possibility of Mr. T's enrollment in a clinical trial. However, because this did not guarantee placement within a treatment arm and thus there was the possibility of receiving placebo, he opted to undergo bronchial thermoplasty.

Bronchial thermoplasty Bronchial thermoplasty is effective for many patients with severe persistent asthma, such as Mr. T. This procedure may provide additional benefits to, but does not replace, standard asthma medications. During the procedure, thermal energy is delivered to the airways via a bronchoscope to reduce excess airway smooth muscle and limit its ability to constrict the airways. It is an outpatient procedure performed over three sessions by a trained physician. 9

The effects of bronchial thermoplasty have been studied in several trials. The first large-scale multicenter randomized controlled study was the Asthma Intervention Research (AIR) Trial , which enrolled patients with moderate to severe asthma. 10 In this trial, patients who underwent the procedure had a significant improvement in asthma symptoms as measured by symptom-free days and scores on asthma control and quality of life questionnaires, as well as reductions in mild exacerbations and increases in morning peak expiratory flow. 10 Shortly after the AIR trial, the Research in Severe Asthma (RISA) trial was conducted to evaluate bronchial thermoplasty in patients with more severe, symptomatic asthma. 11 In this population, bronchial thermoplasty resulted in a transient worsening of asthma symptoms, with a higher rate of hospitalizations during the treatment period. 11 Hospitalization rate equalized between the treatment and control groups in the posttreatment period, however, and the treatment group showed significant improvements in rescue medication use, prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) % predicted, and asthma control questionnaire scores. 11

The AIR-2 trial followed, which was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of 288 patients with severe asthma. 6 Similar to the RISA trial, patients in the treatment arm of this trial experienced an increase in adverse respiratory effects during the treatment period, the most common being airway irritation (including wheezing, chest discomfort, cough, and chest pain) and upper respiratory tract infections. 6

The majority of adverse effects occurred within 1 day of the procedure and resolved within 7 days. 6 In this study, bronchial thermoplasty was found to significantly improve quality of life, as well as reduce the rate of severe exacerbations by 32%. 6 Patients who underwent the procedure also reported fewer adverse respiratory effects, fewer days lost from work, school, or other activities due to asthma, and an 84% risk reduction in emergency department visits. 6

Long-term (5-year) follow-up studies have been conducted for patients in both the AIR and the AIR-2 trials. In patients who underwent bronchial thermoplasty in either study, the rate of adverse respiratory effects remained stable in years 2 to 5 following the procedure, with no increase in hospitalizations or emergency department visits. 7,12 Additionally, FEV1 remained stable throughout the 5-year follow-up period. 7,12 This finding was maintained in patients enrolled in the AIR-2 trial despite decreased use of daily ICS. 7

Bronchial thermoplasty is an important addition to the asthma treatment armamentarium. 7 This treatment is currently approved for individuals with severe persistent asthma who remain uncontrolled despite the use of an ICS and LABA. Several clinical trials with long-term follow-up have now demonstrated its safety and ability to improve quality of life in patients with severe asthma, such as Mr. T.

Severe asthma can be a challenge to manage. Patients with this condition require an extensive workup, but there are several treatments currently available to help manage these patients, and new treatments are continuing to emerge. Managing severe asthma thus requires knowledge of the options available as well as consideration of a patient's personal situation-both in terms of disease phenotype and individual preference. In this case, the patient expressed a strong desire to not add any additional medications to his asthma regimen, which explained the rationale for choosing to treat with bronchial thermoplasty. Personalized treatment necessitates exploring which of the available or emerging options is best for each individual patient.

Published: April 16, 2018

1. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Asthma Care Quick Reference.
2. Olin JT, Wechsler ME. Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. BMJ . 2014;349:g5517.
3. Boehringer Ingelheim. Asthma: U.S. FDA approves new indication for SPIRIVA Respimat [press release]. September 16, 2015.
4. Peters SP, Kunselman SJ, Icitovic N, et al. Tiotropium bromide step-up therapy for adults with uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med . 2010;363:1715-1726.
5. Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med . 2012;367:1198-1207.
6. Castro M, Rubin AS, Laviolette M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2010;181:116-124.
7. Wechsler ME, Laviolette M, Rubin AS, et al. Bronchial thermoplasty: long-term safety and effectiveness in patients with severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2013;132:1295-1302.
8. Global Initiative for Asthma: Pocket Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention (for Adults and Children Older than 5 Years).
10. Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, et al. Asthma control during the year after bronchial thermoplasty. N Engl J Med . 2007;356:1327-1337.
11. Pavord ID, Cox G, Thomson NC, et al. Safety and efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty in symptomatic, severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2007;176:1185-1191.
12. Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Niven RM, et al. Long-term (5 year) safety of bronchial thermoplasty: Asthma Intervention Research (AIR) trial. BMC Pulm Med . 2011;11:8.

A Case Study of a Patient with Bronchial Asthma

Jul 13, 2014

2.66k likes | 20.38k Views

A Case Study of a Patient with Bronchial Asthma. Prepared by: Airen L. Jamago LTI - Male Department. I. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA. Name: Patient X Age: 47 years old Sex: Male Nationality: Saudi Date of Admission: Dec. 7, 2011. II. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT.

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A Case Study of a Patientwith Bronchial Asthma Prepared by: Airen L. Jamago LTI- Male Department

I. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Name: Patient X Age: 47 years old Sex: Male Nationality: Saudi Date of Admission: Dec. 7, 2011

II. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT • SKIN - warm, slightly dry, hair evenly distributed • HEAD - symmetric skull, no flaking of scalp, no lesions and tenderness • EYES - no redness and discharges, sclera white and clear, pupils reactive to light and accommodation • NOSE AND SINUSES - nasal septum straight, not perforated, no discharged, NGT present

MOUTH - dry lips, no gum bleeding, tongue and uvula in midline position, oral cavity slightly pale, no ulcers, no swelling and palpable masses NECK - no palpable lymph nodes, trachea on midline position, Tracheostomy tube present BREAST - nipples at the same level, no palpable masses and discharge

THORAX AND LUNGS - thorax is symmetric, chest expansion is decrease due to muscle weakness, bony prominences are marked, there is loss of subcutaneous tissue, no tenderness, wheezes audible upon auscultation • UPPER EXTREMITIES - decorticate position, arms are unable to abduct and adduct • NAILS - convex in curvature, rough, with slightly delayed capillary refill

ABDOMEN - not distended, ( + ) bowel sounds LOWER EXTREMITIES - unable to flex, abduct and adduct GENITALIA - skin of the glans penis is smooth, no ulceration, urethral meatus located ventrally on the end of the penis, no discharge and palpable masses

III. PATIENT HISTORY

A. Past Medical History

B. Present Medical History

IV. TOPIC PRESENTATION

V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

V. ETIOLOGY inflammation Asthma symptoms

VI. ETIOLOGY

VII. Signs and Symptoms Common Symptoms: Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

Signs of Pending Asthma Attack • Frequent cough, especially at night • Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath • Feeling very tired or weak when exercising • Wheezing or coughing after exercise • Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody • Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter • Signs of a cold or allergies (sneezing, runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache) • Trouble sleeping

Symptoms of Asthma Attack • Severe wheezing when breathing both in and out • Coughing that won't stop • Very rapid breathing • Chest pain or pressure • Tightened neck and chest muscles, called retractions • Difficulty talking • Feelings of anxiety or panic • Pale, sweaty face • Blue lips or fingernails

VIII. INTERVENTIONS The four parts of continually managing asthma are: Identify and minimize contact with asthma triggers. Understand and take medications as prescribed. Monitor asthma to recognize signs when it is getting worse. Know what to do when asthma gets worse.

Nursing Interventions Maintain respiratory function and relieve broncho-constriction while allowing mucus plug expulsion. Control exercise-induced asthma by having the patient sit down, rest, and use diaphragmatic and pulse-lip breathing until shortness of breath subsides. Supervise the patient’s drug regimen.

Demonstrate the proper use of metered dose inhaler properly. Reassure the patient during an asthma attack and stay with him. Place the patient in semi-fowler’s position and encourage diaphragmatic breathing

Assist him to relax as much as possible. • Administer oxygen via nasal cannula to ease breathing and to increase arterial oxygen saturation during an acute asthma attack. • Adjust oxygen according to the patient’s vital functions and ABG measurements. • Administer drugs and I.V. fluids as ordered.

Combat dehydration with I.V. fluids until the patient can tolerate oral fluids, which will help loosen secretions. Encourage the patient to express his fears and concerns about his illness. Encourage the patient to identify and comply with care measures and activities that promote relaxation.

IX. TREATMENT Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughingand shortness of breath Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity level and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay

Long-Term Control Medicines Inhaled corticosteroids Cromolyn Omalizumab Inhaled long-acting beta2 agonists Leukotriene modifiers Theophylline

Quick-Relief Medicines Proventil Ventolin Xopenex

X. COMPLICATIONS • Decreased ability to exercise and take part in other activities • Lack of sleep due to night time symptoms • Permanent changes in the function of the lungs • Persistent cough • Trouble breathing that requires breathing assistance (ventilator) • DEATH

XI. PRIORITIZATION OF NURSING PROBLEMS Ineffective airway clearance related to mucus accumulation. Impaired Gas Exchange related to altered oxygen supply, obstruction of airways by secretions, bronchospasm. Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung expansion. Hyperthermia related to underlying infection in the lungs. Impaired nutrition less than body requirements related to inadequate intake.

NURSING CARE PLAN NO. 1

NURSING CARE PLAN 2

NURSING CARE PLAN 3

XIV. CONCLUSION • Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes (airways) that causes swelling and narrowing (constriction) of the airways. • The bronchial narrowing is usually either totally or at least partially reversible with treatments. • The most common chronic illness in children, affecting one in every 15. • It involves only the bronchial tubes and usually does not affect the air sacs or the lung tissue. • The narrowing that occurs in asthma is caused by three major factors: inflammation, bronchospasm, and hyperreactivity.

Allergy can play a role in some, but not all, asthma patients. Many factors can precipitate asthma attacks and they are classified as either allergens or irritants. • Symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, and chest tightness.It is usually diagnosed based on the presence of wheezing and confirmed with breathing tests. • Chest X-rays are usually normal in asthma patients. • Avoiding precipitating factors is important in the management of asthma. • Medications can be used to reverse or prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma.

XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY nursingfile.com/.../nursing-interventions-for-asthma.htm www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/nurs_gde.pdf www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/asthma-symptoms www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001196 www.medicinenet.com/asthma/article.htm Murray, J. and J. Nadel. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Third edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000.Peters, et al. "Tiotropium Bromide Step-Up Therapy for Adults With Uncontrolled Asthma." NEJM363 (2010): 1715-1726. Medically reviewed by: Ellen Reich, MD, Board Certified in Allergy and Immunology, Board Certified in Pediatrics

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A Case Study of a Patient with Bronchial Asthma

Published by Marion Gardner Modified over 9 years ago

Presentation on theme: "A Case Study of a Patient with Bronchial Asthma"— Presentation transcript:

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Published: 16 October 2014

A woman with asthma: a whole systems approach to supporting self-management

Hilary Pinnock 1 ,
Elisabeth Ehrlich 1 ,
Gaylor Hoskins 2 &
Ron Tomlins 3

npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine volume 24 , Article number: 14063 ( 2014 ) Cite this article

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A 35-year-old lady attends for review of her asthma following an acute exacerbation. There is an extensive evidence base for supported self-management for people living with asthma, and international and national guidelines emphasise the importance of providing a written asthma action plan. Effective implementation of this recommendation for the lady in this case study is considered from the perspective of a patient, healthcare professional, and the organisation. The patient emphasises the importance of developing a partnership based on honesty and trust, the need for adherence to monitoring and regular treatment, and involvement of family support. The professional considers the provision of asthma self-management in the context of a structured review, with a focus on a self-management discussion which elicits the patient’s goals and preferences. The organisation has a crucial role in promoting, enabling and providing resources to support professionals to provide self-management. The patient’s asthma control was assessed and management optimised in two structured reviews. Her goal was to avoid disruption to her work and her personalised action plan focused on achieving that goal.

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An overview of clinical decision support systems: benefits, risks, and strategies for success

Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update

A 35-year-old sales representative attends the practice for an asthma review. Her medical record notes that she has had asthma since childhood, and although for many months of the year her asthma is well controlled (when she often reduces or stops her inhaled steroids), she experiences one or two exacerbations a year requiring oral steroids. These are usually triggered by a viral upper respiratory infection, though last summer when the pollen count was particularly high she became tight chested and wheezy for a couple of weeks.

Her regular prescription is for fluticasone 100 mcg twice a day, and salbutamol as required. She has a young family and a busy lifestyle so does not often manage to find time to attend the asthma clinic. A few weeks previously, an asthma attack had interfered with some important work-related travel, and she has attended the clinic on this occasion to ask about how this can be managed better in the future. There is no record of her having been given an asthma action plan.

What do we know about asthma self-management? The academic perspective

Supported self-management reduces asthma morbidity.

The lady in this case study is struggling to maintain control of her asthma within the context of her busy professional and domestic life. The recent unfortunate experience which triggered this consultation offers a rare opportunity to engage with her and discuss how she can manage her asthma better. It behoves the clinician whom she is seeing (regardless of whether this is in a dedicated asthma clinic or an appointment in a routine general practice surgery) to grasp the opportunity and discuss self-management and provide her with a (written) personalised asthma action plan (PAAP).

The healthcare professional advising the lady is likely to be aware that international and national guidelines emphasise the importance of supporting self-management. 1 – 4 There is an extensive evidence base for asthma self-management: a recent synthesis identified 22 systematic reviews summarising data from 260 randomised controlled trials encompassing a broad range of demographic, clinical and healthcare contexts, which concluded that asthma self-management reduces emergency use of healthcare resources, including emergency department visits, hospital admissions and unscheduled consultations and improves markers of asthma control, including reduced symptoms and days off work, and improves quality of life. 1 , 2 , 5 – 12 Health economic analysis suggests that it is not only clinically effective, but also a cost-effective intervention. 13

Personalised asthma action plans

Key features of effective self-management approaches are:

Self-management education should be reinforced by provision of a (written) PAAP which reminds patients of their regular treatment, how to monitor and recognise that control is deteriorating and the action they should take. 14 – 16 As an adult, our patient can choose whether she wishes to monitor her control with symptoms or by recording peak flows (or a combination of both). 6 , 8 , 9 , 14 Symptom-based monitoring is generally better in children. 15 , 16

Plans should have between two and three action points including emergency doses of reliever medication; increasing low dose (or recommencing) inhaled steroids; or starting a course of oral steroids according to severity of the exacerbation. 14

Personalisation of the action plan is crucial. Focussing specifically on what actions she could take to prevent a repetition of the recent attack is likely to engage her interest. Not all patients will wish to start oral steroids without advice from a healthcare professional, though with her busy lifestyle and travel our patient is likely to be keen to have an emergency supply of prednisolone. Mobile technology has the potential to support self-management, 17 , 18 though a recent systematic review concluded that none of the currently available smart phone ‘apps’ were fit for purpose. 19

Identification and avoidance of her triggers is important. As pollen seems to be a trigger, management of allergic rhinitis needs to be discussed (and included in her action plan): she may benefit from regular use of a nasal steroid spray during the season. 20

Self-management as recommended by guidelines, 1 , 2 focuses narrowly on adherence to medication/monitoring and the early recognition/remediation of exacerbations, summarised in (written) PAAPs. Patients, however, may want to discuss how to reduce the impact of asthma on their life more generally, 21 including non-pharmacological approaches.

Supported self-management

The impact is greater if self-management education is delivered within a comprehensive programme of accessible, proactive asthma care, 22 and needs to be supported by ongoing regular review. 6 With her busy lifestyle, our patient may be reluctant to attend follow-up appointments, and once her asthma is controlled it may be possible to make convenient arrangements for professional review perhaps by telephone, 23 , 24 or e-mail. Flexible access to professional advice (e.g., utilising diverse modes of consultation) is an important component of supporting self-management. 25

The challenge of implementation

Implementation of self-management, however, remains poor in routine clinical practice. A recent Asthma UK web-survey estimated that only 24% of people with asthma in the UK currently have a PAAP, 26 with similar figures from Sweden 27 and Australia. 28 The general practitioner may feel that they do not have time to discuss self-management in a routine surgery appointment, or may not have a supply of paper-based PAAPs readily available. 29 However, as our patient rarely finds time to attend the practice, inviting her to make an appointment for a future clinic is likely to be unsuccessful and the opportunity to provide the help she needs will be missed.

The solution will need a whole systems approach

A systematic meta-review of implementing supported self-management in long-term conditions (including asthma) concluded that effective implementation was multifaceted and multidisciplinary; engaging patients, training and motivating professionals within the context of an organisation which actively supported self-management. 5 This whole systems approach considers that although patient education, professional training and organisational support are all essential components of successful support, they are rarely effective in isolation. 30 A systematic review of interventions that promote provision/use of PAAPs highlighted the importance of organisational systems (e.g., sending blank PAAPs with recall reminders). 31 A patient offers her perspective ( Box 1 ), a healthcare professional considers the clinical challenge, and the challenges are discussed from an organisational perspective.

Box 1: What self-management help should this lady expect from her general practitioner or asthma nurse? The patient’s perspective

The first priority is that the patient is reassured that her condition can be managed successfully both in the short and the long term. A good working relationship with the health professional is essential to achieve this outcome. Developing trust between patient and healthcare professional is more likely to lead to the patient following the PAAP on a long-term basis.

A review of all medication and possible alternative treatments should be discussed. The patient needs to understand why any changes are being made and when she can expect to see improvements in her condition. Be honest, as sometimes it will be necessary to adjust dosages before benefits are experienced. Be positive. ‘There are a number of things we can do to try to reduce the impact of asthma on your daily life’. ‘Preventer treatment can protect against the effect of pollen in the hay fever season’. If possible, the same healthcare professional should see the patient at all follow-up appointments as this builds trust and a feeling of working together to achieve the aim of better self-management.

Is the healthcare professional sure that the patient knows how to take her medication and that it is taken at the same time each day? The patient needs to understand the benefit of such a routine. Medication taken regularly at the same time each day is part of any self-management regime. If the patient is unused to taking medication at the same time each day then keeping a record on paper or with an electronic device could help. Possibly the patient could be encouraged to set up a system of reminders by text or smartphone.

Some people find having a peak flow meter useful. Knowing one's usual reading means that any fall can act as an early warning to put the PAAP into action. Patients need to be proactive here and take responsibility.

Ongoing support is essential for this patient to ensure that she takes her medication appropriately. Someone needs to be available to answer questions and provide encouragement. This could be a doctor or a nurse or a pharmacist. Again, this is an example of the partnership needed to achieve good asthma control.

It would also be useful at a future appointment to discuss the patient’s lifestyle and work with her to reduce her stress. Feeling better would allow her to take simple steps such as taking exercise. It would also be helpful if all members of her family understood how to help her. Even young children can do this.

From personal experience some people know how beneficial it is to feel they are in a partnership with their local practice and pharmacy. Being proactive produces dividends in asthma control.

What are the clinical challenges for the healthcare professional in providing self-management support?

Due to the variable nature of asthma, a long-standing history may mean that the frequency and severity of symptoms, as well as what triggers them, may have changed over time. 32 Exacerbations requiring oral steroids, interrupting periods of ‘stability’, indicate the need for re-assessment of the patient’s clinical as well as educational needs. The patient’s perception of stability may be at odds with the clinical definition 1 , 33 —a check on the number of short-acting bronchodilator inhalers the patient has used over a specific period of time is a good indication of control. 34 Assessment of asthma control should be carried out using objective tools such as the Asthma Control Test or the Royal College of Physicians three questions. 35 , 36 However, it is important to remember that these assessment tools are not an end in themselves but should be a springboard for further discussion on the nature and pattern of symptoms. Balancing work with family can often make it difficult to find the time to attend a review of asthma particularly when the patient feels well. The practice should consider utilising other means of communication to maintain contact with patients, encouraging them to come in when a problem is highlighted. 37 , 38 Asthma guidelines advocate a structured approach to ensure the patient is reviewed regularly and recommend a detailed assessment to enable development of an appropriate patient-centred (self)management strategy. 1 – 4

Although self-management plans have been shown to be successful for reducing the impact of asthma, 21 , 39 the complexity of managing such a fluctuating disease on a day-to-day basis is challenging. During an asthma review, there is an opportunity to work with the patient to try to identify what triggers their symptoms and any actions that may help improve or maintain control. 38 An integral part of personalised self-management education is the written PAAP, which gives the patient the knowledge to respond to the changes in symptoms and ensures they maintain control of their asthma within predetermined parameters. 9 , 40 The PAAP should include details on how to monitor asthma, recognise symptoms, how to alter medication and what to do if the symptoms do not improve. The plan should include details on the treatment to be taken when asthma is well controlled, and how to adjust it when the symptoms are mild, moderate or severe. These action plans need to be developed between the doctor, nurse or asthma educator and the patient during the review and should be frequently reviewed and updated in partnership (see Box 1). Patient preference as well as clinical features such as whether she under- or over-perceives her symptoms should be taken into account when deciding whether the action plan is peak flow or symptom-driven. Our patient has a lot to gain from having an action plan. She has poorly controlled asthma and her lifestyle means that she will probably see different doctors (depending who is available) when she needs help. Being empowered to self-manage could make a big difference to her asthma control and the impact it has on her life.

The practice should have protocols in place, underpinned by specific training to support asthma self-management. As well as ensuring that healthcare professionals have appropriate skills, this should include training for reception staff so that they know what action to take if a patient telephones to say they are having an asthma attack.

However, focusing solely on symptom management strategies (actions) to follow in the presence of deteriorating symptoms fails to incorporate the patients’ wider views of asthma, its management within the context of her/his life, and their personal asthma management strategies. 41 This may result in a failure to use plans to maximise their health potential. 21 , 42 A self-management strategy leading to improved outcomes requires a high level of patient self-efficacy, 43 a meaningful partnership between the patient and the supporting health professional, 42 , 44 and a focused self-management discussion. 14

Central to both the effectiveness and personalisation of action plans, 43 , 45 in particular the likelihood that the plan will lead to changes in patients’ day-to-day self-management behaviours, 45 is the identification of goals. Goals are more likely to be achieved when they are specific, important to patients, collaboratively set and there is a belief that these can be achieved. Success depends on motivation 44 , 46 to engage in a specific behaviour to achieve a valued outcome (goal) and the ability to translate the behavioural intention into action. 47 Action and coping planning increases the likelihood that patient behaviour will actually change. 44 , 46 , 47 Our patient has a goal: she wants to avoid having her work disrupted by her asthma. Her personalised action plan needs to explicitly focus on achieving that goal.

As providers of self-management support, health professionals must work with patients to identify goals (valued outcomes) that are important to patients, that may be achievable and with which they can engage. The identification of specific, personalised goals and associated feasible behaviours is a prerequisite for the creation of asthma self-management plans. Divergent perceptions of asthma and how to manage it, and a mismatch between what patients want/need from these plans and what is provided by professionals are barriers to success. 41 , 42

What are the challenges for the healthcare organisation in providing self-management support?

A number of studies have demonstrated the challenges for primary care physicians in providing ongoing support for people with asthma. 31 , 48 , 49 In some countries, nurses and other allied health professionals have been trained as asthma educators and monitor people with stable asthma. These resources are not always available. In addition, some primary care services are delivered in constrained systems where only a few minutes are available to the practitioner in a consultation, or where only a limited range of asthma medicines are available or affordable. 50

There is recognition that the delivery of quality care depends on the competence of the doctor (and supporting health professionals), the relationship between the care providers and care recipients, and the quality of the environment in which care is delivered. 51 This includes societal expectations, health literacy and financial drivers.

In 2001, the Australian Government adopted a programme developed by the General Practitioner Asthma Group of the National Asthma Council Australia that provided a structured approach to the implementation of asthma management guidelines in a primary care setting. 52 Patients with moderate-to-severe asthma were eligible to participate. The 3+ visit plan required confirmation of asthma diagnosis, spirometry if appropriate, assessment of trigger factors, consideration of medication and patient self-management education including provision of a written PAAP. These elements, including regular medical review, were delivered over three visits. Evaluation demonstrated that the programme was beneficial but that it was difficult to complete the third visit in the programme. 53 – 55 Accordingly, the programme, renamed the Asthma Cycle of Care, was modified to incorporate two visits. 56 Financial incentives are provided to practices for each patient who receives this service each year.

Concurrently, other programmes were implemented which support practice-based care. Since 2002, the National Asthma Council has provided best-practice asthma and respiratory management education to health professionals, 57 and this programme will be continuing to 2017. The general practitioner and allied health professional trainers travel the country to provide asthma and COPD updates to groups of doctors, nurses and community pharmacists. A number of online modules are also provided. The PACE (Physician Asthma Care Education) programme developed by Noreen Clark has also been adapted to the Australian healthcare system. 58 In addition, a pharmacy-based intervention has been trialled and implemented. 59

To support these programmes, the National Asthma Council ( www.nationalasthma.org.au ) has developed resources for use in practices. A strong emphasis has been on the availability of a range of PAAPs (including plans for using adjustable maintenance dosing with ICS/LABA combination inhalers), plans for indigenous Australians, paediatric plans and plans translated into nine languages. PAAPs embedded in practice computer systems are readily available in consultations, and there are easily accessible online paediatric PAAPs ( http://digitalmedia.sahealth.sa.gov.au/public/asthma/ ). A software package, developed in the UK, can be downloaded and used to generate a pictorial PAAP within the consultation. 60

One of the strongest drivers towards the provision of written asthma action plans in Australia has been the Asthma Friendly Schools programme. 61 , 62 Established with Australian Government funding and the co-operation of Education Departments of each state, the Asthma Friendly Schools programme engages schools to address and satisfy a set of criteria that establishes an asthma-friendly environment. As part of accreditation, the school requires that each child with asthma should have a written PAAP prepared by their doctor to assist (trained) staff in managing a child with asthma at school.

The case study continues...

The initial presentation some weeks ago was during an exacerbation of asthma, which may not be the best time to educate a patient. It is, however, a splendid time to build on their motivation to feel better. She agreed to return after her asthma had settled to look more closely at her asthma control, and an appointment was made for a routine review.

At this follow-up consultation, the patient’s diagnosis was reviewed and confirmed and her trigger factors discussed. For this lady, respiratory tract infections are the usual trigger but allergic factors during times of high pollen count may also be relevant. Assessment of her nasal airway suggested that she would benefit from better control of allergic rhinitis. Other factors were discussed, as many patients are unaware that changes in air temperature, exercise and pets can also trigger asthma exacerbations. In addition, use of the Asthma Control Test was useful as an objective assessment of control as well as helping her realise what her life could be like! Many people with long-term asthma live their life within the constraints of their illness, accepting that is all that they can do.

After assessing the level of asthma control, a discussion about management options—trigger avoidance, exercise and medicines—led to the development of a written PAAP. Asthma can affect the whole family, and ways were explored that could help her family understand why it is important that she finds time in the busy domestic schedules to take her regular medication. Family and friends can also help by understanding what triggers her asthma so that they can avoid exposing her to perfumes, pollens or pets that risk triggering her symptoms. Information from the national patient organisation was provided to reinforce the messages.

The patient agreed to return in a couple of weeks, and a recall reminder was set up. At the second consultation, the level of control since the last visit will be explored including repeat spirometry, if appropriate. Further education about the pathophysiology of asthma and how to recognise early warning signs of loss of control can be given. Device use will be reassessed and the PAAP reviewed. Our patient’s goal is to avoid disruption to her work and her PAAP will focus on achieving that goal. Finally, agreement will be reached with the patient about future routine reviews, which, now that she has a written PAAP, could be scheduled by telephone if all is well, or face-to-face if a change in her clinical condition necessitates a more comprehensive review.

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Pinnock, H., Ehrlich, E., Hoskins, G. et al. A woman with asthma: a whole systems approach to supporting self-management. npj Prim Care Resp Med 24 , 14063 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.63

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BRONCHIAL ASTHMA: A REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS AND EMERGENCY CONDUCTS (Atena Editora)

2024, BRONCHIAL ASTHMA: A REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS AND EMERGENCY CONDUCTS (Atena Editora)

Introduction: Bronchial asthma is a medical condition marked by chronic inflammation of the airways and variable restriction of expiratory flow, which can be partially or completely reversible, naturally or with the use of medication. Objective: To analyze the symptoms that indicate asthma and the essential emergency therapeutic approaches to effectively manage this clinical condition. Methodology: This study is a systematic literature review, carried out in 2024. Trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews published in the last 12 months, in the PubMed database, were selected and eligible. The terms “Asthma” AND “Treatment” AND “Symptom” were used. Results: A total of 38 studies were found, including 3 clinical trials, no meta-analysis and 5 systematic reviews. After analysis, it is concluded that the symptoms are characterized by shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest and wheezing when breathing. The cough, both dry and productive, is more evident at night. Bronchial reactivity increases the sensitivity of the airways to allergens, irritants and exercise, which can lead to acute attacks that require urgent medical attention. For the treatment of asthma in acute crisis situations, emergency therapeutic interventions are essential. Prompt use of short-acting bronchodilators relieves airway constriction. Systemic corticosteroids help reduce inflammation, while oxygen therapy is administered to ensure adequate oxygenation. In extreme cases, epinephrine may be used to improve respiratory function. Continuous monitoring of vital signs is crucial, and hospitalization may be necessary in more serious situations. Having a personalized and fundamental action plan and seeking immediate medical assistance is crucial in the face of severe and persistent symptoms. Conclusions: Therefore, bronchial asthma is a complex condition that requires a multifaceted approach for its effective management. The characteristic symptoms, such as shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing, may indicate an imminent crisis, requiring emergency therapeutic interventions, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids and oxygen therapy. Early recognition of signs of deterioration and prompt intervention are crucial to avoid serious complications and hospitalizations. A personalized action plan and the search for immediate medical assistance are essential to ensure adequate control of the condition and a better quality of life for asthmatic patients.

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Asthma is the leading chronic disease among children in most industrialized countries. However, the evidence base on specific aspects of pediatric asthma, including therapeutic strategies, is limited and no recent international guidelines have focused exclusively on pediatric asthma. As a result, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology nominated expert teams to find a consensus to serve as a guideline for clinical practice in Europe as well as in North America. This consensus report recommends strategies that include pharmacological treatment, allergen and trigger avoidance and asthma education. The report is part of the PRACTALL initiative**, which is endorsed by both academies.

ASTHMA IN PRIMARY CARE: THE ROLE OF BASIC HEALTH UNITS IN THE PREVENTION OF EXACERBATIONS (Atena Editora)

Atena Editora

Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by a hyperresponsiveness of the airways that limits the respiratory flow, mainly triggered by environmental exposure and inadequate management of the disease. This disease affects about 300 million people worldwide and a good part of the Brazilian population. Its epidemiological characteristic is the generation of extensive expenses for the federal governments and for the SUS, having as the basis of its pharmacological treatment the use of corticosteroids and bronchodilators of short and long duration, using inhalation devices as essential equipment and more modern according to new studies to avoid its most important complication: exacerbation (with its main symptoms of hypoxemia, dyspnea and lowered level of consciousness). The objective of this work is to understand the role of health professionals in Primary Care and how to prevent these exacerbations and effectively reduce morbidity and mortality and reduce costs. A search was carried out in review articles, in order to understand the best ways to approach the patient in primary care, based on 3 main pillars: environmental control for the asthmatic patient; the correct use of inhaler devices and the initial management of an asthma attack. It is concluded that, with this review article, the role of professionals in Primary Health Care and Basic Health Units are essential for better asthma control, reducing possible crises and improving the patient's quality of life.

Applied Sciences

Carmen Rondón

Respiratory diseases are pathological conditions that affect airways, hampering breathing and causing high mortality. In particular, asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are two of the most common airway diseases that affect millions of people and have a high prevalence in childhood and adulthood. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease characterized by wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough. AR occurs with rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Indeed, these pathologies share common physiopathological mechanisms such as airway hyperresponsiveness and similar immunopathology such as tissue eosinophilia and T-helper type 2 inflammation. Moreover, AR can be an important risk factor for suffering asthma. Thus, early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to improving the health and quality of life of these patients. Classical drugs such as corticosteroids have been used; however, in the last decades, efforts to improve treatments have increase...

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTROLLED ASTHMA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PRIMAVERA DO LESTE MATO GROSSO IN 2016 (Atena Editora)

Introduction: Asthma is a very prevalent disease in childhood and is usually associated with various environmental and household exposure factors, personal history and family history. It is a condition that affects the quality of life of individuals. Goal: It is to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and economic factors, birth and childhood conditions, paternal and maternal pathological history, intra-household exposure and, mainly, exposure to pesticides on controlled asthma in children and adolescents. Methodology: Case-control study with primary data collected through the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire in children and adolescents in the city of Primavera do Leste – MT. The sample obtained by randomization is 452 individuals, 226 cases and 226 controls. Results: In logistic regression, low birth weight (OR = 2.04), attendance at daycare (OR = 1.78), household activity that uses pesticides (OR = 2.74) remained factors favorable to the development of controlled asthma. Breastfeeding (OR = 0.04) as a protective factor against asthma. Conclusion: The association of several sociodemographic factors, the child's physiological history, household exposure and exposure to pesticides with controlled asthma was observed. Therefore, prevention and health promotion actions must start from primary health care, with education of the population about the need for the correct use of Personal Protective Equipment, as well as the cautious use of pesticides in or near the home.

TOMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO COVID 19 (Atena Editora)

Introduction: Computed axial tomography is a diagnostic imaging study in the field of medicine, it is expressed in images that show the interior of the human body structurally, through millimeter cross-sections using radiation. Objective: To identify the radiological findings in the chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of COVID - 19, through a systematic review of evidence-based medicine. Methodology: Non-experimental descriptive study, through a systematic review of scientific articles from the main evidence-based medicine repositories and databases, through a search prism (Pubmed, Cochrane, Elseiver, Google Scholar). It is a logical deductive method, through the literature search, the radiological parameters of computed tomography in patients diagnosed with COVID - 19 are analyzed and described. Conclusion: Lung computed tomography can fully show its distribution, results of changes in shape and density and dynamic changes in patients with COVID-19 in the course of the disease and important clinical manifestations. The combination of the patient's laboratory indicators can help guide early clinical diagnosis, early isolation and early rehabilitation of coronavirus, and can be used as a basis for evaluating treatment-induced adverse reactions and the time in which symptoms linked to the radiological study appear.

Annals of Thoracic Medicine

Hassan S . Alorainy

Nikolai Khaltaev

World Journal of Clinical Cases

Seval Kendirli

David Carmona

Mahsa Akbari

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GINA Slide Set

Updated august 2023.

What’s New in 2023 — Slide Set

PowerPoint slide set summarizing GINA’s objectives, documents, and management recommendations from the 2023 update of the GINA Report, with background information about asthma and the burden of this disease.

GINA documents are protected by copyright. A single copy of this document may be downloaded for your own educational use, but copies may not be made for distribution or posted on a website without authorization from GINA. No additions or changes may be made to slides. Use of the slide set or of individual slides for commercial or promotional purposes requires approval from GINA.

ADDITIONAL SLIDE SETS:

2022 GINA Difficult-to-treat & Severe Asthma Guide — Slide Set COVID-19 — Slide Set

What is known about asthma?

Asthma is a common and potentially serious chronic disease that imposes a substantial burden on patients, their families and the community. It causes respiratory symptoms, limitation of activity, and flare-ups (attacks) that sometimes require urgent health care and may be fatal.

Fortunately… asthma can be effectively treated and most patients can achieve good control of their asthma. When asthma is under good control, patients can:

Avoid troublesome symptoms during day and night
Need little or no reliever medication
Have productive, physically active lives
Have normal or near normal lung function
Avoid serious asthma flare-ups (exacerbations, or attacks)

What is asthma? Asthma causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time in their occurrence, frequency and intensity.

These symptoms are associated with variable expiratory airflow, i.e., difficulty breathing air out of the lungs due to bronchoconstriction (airway narrowing), airway wall thickening, and increased mucus. Some variation in airflow can also occur in people without asthma, but it is greater in asthma.

Factors that may trigger or worsen asthma symptoms include viral infections, domestic or occupational allergens (e.g., house dust mite, pollens, cockroach), tobacco smoke, exercise and stress. These responses are more likely when asthma is uncontrolled. Some drugs can induce or trigger asthma, e.g., beta-blockers, and (in some patients) aspirin or other NSAIDs.

Asthma flare-ups (also called exacerbations or attacks) may occur, even in people taking asthma treatment. When asthma is uncontrolled, or in some high-risk patients, these episodes are more frequent and more severe, and may be fatal.

A stepwise approach to treatment takes into account the effectiveness of available medications, their safety, and their cost to the payer or patient.

Regular controller treatment , particularly with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing medications, markedly reduces the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms and the risk of having a flare-up.

Asthma is a common condition, affecting all levels of society. Olympic athletes, famous leaders and celebrities, and ordinary people live successful and active lives with asthma .

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v.16(5); 2024 May
PMC11183517

Subglottic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Mimicking Bronchial Asthma: A Case Report

1 Internal Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND

Guruprasad T J

2 Respiratory Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, IND

Spurthy Padmanabha

3 Pulmonology, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, IND

Harshitha K R

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of tumor that usually originates from minor salivary glands in the oral cavity. ACC of the larynx is even rare. This case study describes a 36-year-old non-smoking male farmer who initially presented with dyspnea and was misdiagnosed with bronchial asthma. Spirometry revealed fixed airway obstruction. Further evaluation revealed a pedunculated mass obstructing the airway, which was diagnosed as ACC by histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen. The patient was treated with radiation therapy, resulting in clinical improvement after six weeks. ACC is highly invasive and slow-growing, with perineural extension and a higher risk of recurrence. Metastasis in the lungs is common. Adequate preoperative staging, including imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, is important for planning treatment. The role of radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy is still under trial.

Introduction

Laryngeal carcinoma is the second most prevalent malignancy of the upper aero-digestive tract with over 13,000 cases documented yearly in the United States solely [ 1 ]. Despite squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) contributing to the majority (~90%) of malignant laryngeal tumors, the larynx is susceptible to a wide range of malignancies with different histologic characteristics [ 2 ]. ACC is a relatively slow-growing tumor that most frequently arises from minor salivary glands of the oral cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx [ 3 ]. Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) predominantly affect salivary glands of the oral cavity. ACC of the larynx is one of the rarest variants accounting for <1% of laryngeal tumors, originating along the mucosa of the laryngo-tracheal tract, as there are few salivary glands [ 4 , 5 ]. The available research estimates that there have only been less than 100 case reports on ACC published globally [ 6 ]. In contrast to SCC, ACC of the larynx is not related to a history of smoking or no distinct predisposing risk factors to this malignancy [ 4 , 5 ]. Hoarseness and dyspnea are frequently the predominant symptoms, while local-regional metastases are extremely rare, at least for cancers that start in the subglottic region [ 6 , 7 ]. The median survival period is about eight years [ 7 ]. Although the clinical behavior of extra laryngeal ACC is well known, currently only limited case series are available for laryngeal ACCs. Here, we describe a case of ACC of the larynx with an atypical presentation that was initially misdiagnosed as asthma. However, the following discussion details how further evaluation helped in arriving at an accurate diagnosis.

Case presentation

A 36-year-old Indian farmer, a non-smoker male, presented with a history of dyspnea for five months, which aggravated on exertion, for which he was treated for bronchial asthma with bronchodilators in a local hospital. His dyspnea had worsened for half a month and was associated with noisy breathing for five days. The patient also complained of a cough for one week associated with yellow mucoid, non-foul smelling, and occasionally blood-tinged sputum. He complained of hoarseness of voice for five days. He denied a history of chest pain, palpitations, orthopnea, facial puffiness, upper limb swelling, difficulty in swallowing, fever, loss of weight, and loss of appetite. The patient had no known comorbidities. He gave the history of a road traffic accident 12 years ago with blunt trauma chest and rib fractures.

Physical examination on presentation revealed a temperature of 36.9°C, pulse of 91 bpm, blood pressure of 124/80 mmHg, respiratory rate of 23 cycles/minute, and oxygen saturation of 96% on room air. Stidor was present. Respiratory system examination revealed no abnormality on inspection, palpation, and percussion. Bilateral vesicular breath sounds of reduced intensity were heard in all areas of auscultation associated with inspiratory rhonchi.

On further evaluation, a posterior-anterior (PA) view chest radiograph revealed hyperinflated lung fields, with normal mediastinum (Figure (Figure1A). 1A ). Spirometry was suggestive of fixed upper airway obstruction (Figure (Figure1B). 1B ). Routine blood investigations were within normal limits.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is cureus-0016-00000060571-i01.jpg

PA, posterior-anterior

The patient underwent a check bronchoscopy for evaluation of upper airway obstruction, which revealed a pedunculated mass arising from the right posterolateral subglottic area causing near-total airway obstruction (Figure (Figure2 2 ).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is cureus-0016-00000060571-i02.jpg

A contrast-enhanced CT of the neck and thorax revealed a round to oval well-defined soft tissue density mass lesion arising from the posterolateral aspect of the trachea in the region of subglottis with posterior extension causing near-total obstruction of the tracheal lumen. The study did not reveal any significant involvement of mediastinal or cervical lymph nodes. The tumor mass showed no infiltration into surrounding structures, vessels, or nerves (Figure 3 ).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is cureus-0016-00000060571-i03.jpg

CECT, contrast-enhanced computed tomography

The patient underwent elective tracheostomy followed by microlaryngeal surgery. Intraoperative findings revealed edematous left aryepiglottic fold, edematous false cords, and fibrous subglottic stenosis. A biopsy was taken. Grossly, the specimen was described as a gray-white soft tissue. Microscopy revealed basaloid cells arranged in a cribriform pattern (Figure (Figure4) 4 ) and lobules with abundant hyaline globules (Figure (Figure5), 5 ), with focal areas showing necrosis and hemorrhage. Histopathological examination was suggestive of ACC. Immunohistochemistry of ACC cells revealed positive for S100 and negative for P63, which suggested that the tumor consisted of myoepithelial cells.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is cureus-0016-00000060571-i04.jpg

Based on histopathology and CECT head and neck, the patient was diagnosed with carcinoma subglottis cT1 N0 M0 stage I (AJCC) ACC. The patient was advised for laryngectomy with modified radical neck dissection but the patient was unwilling for surgery, hence the patient was treated with radical radiotherapy (RT) via IMRT with neck irradiation. The primary tumor was irradiated with 70 Gy in 35 fractions, 2 Gy/fraction, and 5 fractions/week. During follow-up after six weeks post-RT, the patient had improved clinically.

ACC is a rare malignancy of the larynx, with a mean age of presentation between the fifth and sixth decade of life, lacking a distinct gender predominance [ 8 - 10 ]. The youngest age of ACC presentation is 12 years as reported by Javadi et al. [ 10 ]. ACC originates from mixed seromucinous glands of the larynx. Although these glands diminish in number from supraglottis to subglottis, subglottis remains the most commonly affected location. Nearly two-thirds of ACC originates from the subglottic region, and the remaining one-third of cases arise from the supraglottic region, leaving the glottic region an extremely uncommon site for ACC [ 8 , 9 ]. The etiology of ACC is still unclear. ACC of the larynx is a highly invasive and slow-growing tumor with perineural extension with an increased rate of recurrence after initial treatment [ 10 ].

The initial presentation of laryngeal ACC varies with the anatomical site and size of the tumor. Tumors arising from supraglottis present with dysphagia and pharyngeal paresthesia. Hoarseness of voice or dyspnea indicates involvement of the glottis. The presence of airway obstruction and stridor implicates the presence of a subglottic tumor [ 11 , 12 ]. Laryngeal ACC remains asymptomatic in the beginning stages, with submucosal non-ulcerated mass, leading to a delay in the diagnosis giving a chance for ACC to spread deeply before a diagnosis is made [ 11 , 13 ]. In this case, the growth was arising from the subglottic area obliterating the trachea and causing dyspnea associated with stridor.

Despite the rarity of cervical lymph node metastasis in ACC accounting for nearly 10-15% of head and neck cases, nodal metastasis poses as one of the commonest reasons for therapy failure [ 10 , 14 ]. However, neck dissection is performed in all the patients with ACC with evidence of nodal metastasis evidenced by physical examination and imaging modalities [ 14 ].

ACC has demonstrated a high rate of perineural invasion even in the early stages of the tumor leading to treatment failure and early recurrence. Distant metastasis can occur even in the absence of local recurrence. The most frequent location of distant metastases in ACC is the lungs, with vertebral metastasis contributing to poor survival [ 10 , 12 ]. However, few authors have described lesser survival in tumors originating from minor salivary glands suspecting that they might have originated secondary to an increased rate of distant metastasis [ 12 ].

Histopathological evaluation is necessary as the clinical presentation of ACC mimics laryngeal SCC. Based on histology, the World Health Organization classification of tumors, there are three subtypes of ACC namely cribriform, tubular, and solid. The tubular subtype (well differentiated/grade I) has the best prognosis, cribriform (moderately differentiated/grade II) is the commonest variety, and the least common subtype, which is the solid variant (poorly differentiated/grade III), exhibits the worst prognosis. The cells in each of these categories have a mucinous or hyaline matrix. Although basaloid SCC is a well-known entity in the larynx and the prognosis for ACC is significantly better than that of basaloid SCC, it is still necessary to distinguish the basaloid variant of SCC from ACC despite the etiological and histological distinctions between laryngeal SCC and ACC [ 15 ]. Often these ACCs demonstrate mixed histological growth patterns hence classified according to the predominant pattern.

Adequate preoperative workup for staging is necessary. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of the head and neck is the preferred imaging modality in ACC to assess the location of the primary tumor, extra luminal extension, regional and distant metastasis, and to stage the primary tumor. In our case, the CECT neck and thorax showed a submucosal mass in the subglottic area without any extension to the extra laryngeal soft tissues or regional metastasis, correlating with the histopathological findings. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate soft tissue and perineural spread of tumors with a sensitivity of 95% [ 16 ].

Management of ACC is still a controversy. The primary modality in the treatment of ACC is radical surgery with neck dissection. Post-operative radiotherapy is advised in cases with residual lesions or involved margins. Patients will have benefit in terms of locoregional control. Postoperatively, a dose of 60 Gy-66 Gy can be given based on the presence of positive margin/perineural invasion [ 17 ]. Neck node stations can be irradiated based on lymph node involvement as per standard protocol. In settings where RT is used definitely, gross tumors and nerves with tumor involvement can be irradiated to a dose of 70 Gy with irradiation of the neck to standard dose and elective volumes using the same principles of rest of head and neck tumors. Overall survival benefit is 26.5 to 87% and locoregional recurrence rate is 24 to 57% with definitive radiotherapy [ 18 ]. The role of RT with concurrent chemotherapy in ACC is ongoing [ 19 ].

Conclusions

ACC of the larynx is a rare and invasive tumor with varied clinical presentations. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment planning. While surgery is the primary treatment, radiation therapy plays a significant role, especially in cases of residual disease or involvement of margins. Further research is needed to better understand this rare malignancy and optimize treatment strategies.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Spurthy Padmanabha, K K Athish, Guruprasad T J, Harshitha K R

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Spurthy Padmanabha, Guruprasad T J, Harshitha K R

Supervision: Spurthy Padmanabha, Guruprasad T J

Drafting of the manuscript: K K Athish, Guruprasad T J

Concept and design: Guruprasad T J

Human Ethics

Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study

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A Case Study of a Patient with Bronchial Asthma

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A woman with asthma: a whole systems approach to supporting self-management

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GINA Slide Set

What is known about asthma?

Subglottic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Mimicking Bronchial Asthma: A Case Report

Guruprasad T J

Spurthy Padmanabha

Harshitha K R

Introduction

Case presentation

Conclusions

Author Contributions

Human Ethics

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