essay thesis for a brave new world

35 Brave New World Essay Topics

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Choosing the Right “Brave New World” Essay Topic

Selecting an intriguing essay topic on Aldous Huxley’s dystopian novel, “Brave New World,” can set the stage for your instructor’s first impression of your work. If the topic naturally piques your interest, writing becomes more effortless. Ideally, narrow down topics, as they tend to provide clearer direction. However, before you embark on writing, ensure you have an organized outline and adequate sources to support your essay.

Potential Essay Topics on “Brave New World”

• Character Discontentment: Explore why characters like Bernard and John are dissatisfied in society compared to others. Example .
• Realism of the Caste System: Analyze the book’s caste system – is it realistic or mere fiction?
• Sacrifices for Greater Good: Identify instances in the novel where citizens endure hardships for a more significant cause.
• Religion vs. Science: Using the plot of Brave New World , discuss the roles of religion and science in the novel’s society.
• John’s Uniqueness: Examine John’s differences from the rest of the nation’s people.
• Illusion of Contentment: Argue why such a government form would be detrimental, even if its citizens seem content.
• Perfection vs. Imperfection: Does the novel portray an ideal or flawed world?
• Dehumanization: Identify the techniques of dehumanization depicted in the story.
• Happiness vs. Reality: Delve into the question of whether a society can be genuinely happy and yet grounded in reality.
• Relevance Today: Discuss parallels between the book’s themes and today’s world. How has Huxley’s vision impacted our modern perspective?

Symbolism and Motifs in Beowulf

• The role of dragons in ancient literature and Beowulf.
• The significance of the mead hall and community bonding.
• Water’s symbolic role in Beowulf’s challenges and battles.
• The representation of light and darkness in the poem.
• The importance of armor and shields in the poem.

Historical and Cultural Context

• Beowulf’s relationship with historical Scandinavian events.
• How Beowulf reflects Anglo-Saxon values and beliefs.
• Paganism vs. Christianity in Beowulf.
• The societal structure and its influence on the narrative.
• The depiction of funeral rites and their significance.

Character Analyses

• Unferth’s role and contrast with Beowulf.
• The depiction of women: Wealhtheow and Grendel’s mother.
• King Hrothgar’s leadership vs. Beowulf’s heroism.
• The significance of Wiglaf and the idea of loyalty.
• Analyzing Aeschere’s importance to Hrothgar and the story.

Narrative Techniques and Literary Devices

• The role of the scop (bard) in Beowulf.
• The use of kennings and their impact on imagery.
• Alliteration and its rhythmic role in Beowulf.
• The function of epic similes in the poem.
• The influence of oral tradition on the narrative style.

Themes and Philosophies

• The concept of fate (wyrd) in Beowulf.
• The price of pride and its consequences.
• The exploration of mortality and legacy.
• The balance between courage and recklessness.
• Revenge as a driving force in Beowulf.

Comparative Analyses

• Beowulf and modern superheroes: parallels and contrasts.
• Comparing Beowulf to other epics like “The Iliad” or “Gilgamesh”.
• Beowulf and the Norse sagas: similarities and differences.
• The idea of the monstrous in Beowulf vs. other literature.
• Beowulf’s influence on Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings”.

Broader Perspectives

• Beowulf’s relevance in the 21st century.
• The challenges and merits of translating Beowulf.
• How adaptations (like movies or novels) have interpreted Beowulf.
• The depiction of heroism in Beowulf vs. modern culture.
• The ethics and values presented in Beowulf and their applicability today.

In-depth Explorations

• The importance of loyalty and kinship in the poem.
• The nature of evil: Analyzing Grendel and his lineage.
• The concept of legacy in Beowulf’s final act.
• The depiction of aging and its impact on heroism.
• The influence of external forces, like God or fate, on characters’ decisions.

Beowulf’s Battles

• A detailed look into Beowulf’s battle with the dragon.
• Strategy and might: The takedown of Grendel.
• Psychological warfare: Beowulf vs. Grendel’s mother.
• The consequences and aftermath of each of Beowulf’s battles.
• The role of supernatural vs. human strength in Beowulf’s combat scenes.

Engaging Ideas to Explore

• Elements of Personality: Explore the personality traits emphasized in the World State.
• Sexuality and Roles: Examine the portrayal and significance of sexuality in the world state.
• Societal Conflicts: Identify and discuss the main conflicts present within the novel’s society.
• Marriage and Relationships: Dive into how relationships, especially marriage, are perceived and executed in this dystopian setting.
• Drugs and Contentment: Discuss the use of drugs in the society and their impact on achieving personal contentment.

Further Assistance

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• Brave New World

Aldous Huxley

• Literature Notes
• Brave New World Revisited: Further Thoughts on the Future
• Book Summary
• About Brave New World
• Character List
• Summary and Analysis
• Character Analysis
• Bernard Marx
• John the Savage
• Mustapha Mond
• Helmholtz Watson
• Character Map
• Aldous Huxley Biography
• Critical Essays
• Society and the Individual in Brave New World
• Full Glossary for Brave New World
• Essay Questions
• Practice Projects
• Cite this Literature Note

Critical Essays Brave New World Revisited: Further Thoughts on the Future

In 1958, Aldous Huxley published a collection of essays on the same social, political, and economic themes he had explored earlier in his novel  Brave New World . Although the form differs — the work is nonfiction instead of fiction — Huxley's characteristic intelligence and wit enlivens the essays of  Brave New World Revisited  just as it did in his novel.

Brave New World has been called a "novel of ideas," because Huxley takes as his primary focus for the fiction the contrast and clash of different assumptions and theories rather than merely the conflict of personalities. In Brave New World Revisited , Huxley dispenses with the fictional construct altogether and lets the ideas themselves form and inform his work. In a sense, then, Huxley opened his debate about the future in fiction — for artistic purposes — and then continued it in philosophy with persuasion in mind.

Part of Huxley's reason for "revisiting" the themes of Brave New World stems from his horrified recognition that the world he created in fiction was in fact becoming a reality. In the depths of the Cold War, a totalitarian world state — a Communist dictatorship, perhaps — seemed a distinct possibility; and so, with the world on the verge of destruction or tyranny, Huxley felt compelled to search for and find the hope for freedom missing in his novel.

In describing the modern, postwar world, Huxley acknowledges the prophetic power of George Orwell's 1984 . In communist nations, Huxley points out, leaders used to control individuals with punishment, just as the representatives of Big Brother frighten and at times torture citizens into submission in Orwell's novel. But in the Soviet Union at least, the death of Stalin brought an end to the "old-fashioned" form of universal tyranny. By the late 1950s, in the Soviet bloc, governments attempted to control high-ranking individuals with rewards — just as in Brave New World . Meanwhile, the government continued to enforce conformity on the masses by fear of punishment. Communist totalitarianism, therefore, combined the Brave New World and 1984 styles of oppression. Both novels proved sadly prophetic.

Still, Huxley argues, the future will look more like Brave New World than 1984 . In the West, pleasure and distraction, used by those in power, control people's spending, political loyalties, and even their thoughts. Control through reward poses a greater threat to human freedom because, unlike punishment, it can be introduced unconsciously and continued indefinitely, with the approval and support of the people being controlled.

In place of the Nine Years' War — the calamity that brought the society of Brave New World into being — Huxley points to the danger of overpopulation as the trigger for tyranny. Just as the fictional war brought the call for a totalitarian World State, the chaos caused by overpopulation may be demanding control through over organization. Instead of many little businesses producing necessities, an over-organized society allows big business to mass-produce anything and everything saleable, while controlling consumer spending through commercials and social pressure. The resulting programmed consumption — "Ending is better than mending" — of Brave New World had already begun to take over the post-war world, at least in the West.

The literal consumption of soma -like drugs also captures Huxley's attention. By the 1950s, readily available tranquilizers adjusted people to a maladjusted culture, smoothing out any inconvenient instincts of resistance, just as a soma -holiday eliminated the recognition of unhappiness.

Huxley takes particular pride, mixed with dismay, at the prophetic quality of his own future vision. In the 1950s, commercial jingles — what Huxley calls "singing commercials" — seem to invade and take over the conscious mind and culture, in the same way that the brave new world runs smoothly on the slogans of hypnopaedia. Hypnopaedia itself, of course, was a well-respected reality by the time of Brave New World Revisited . And the use of subliminal persuasion, a method for introducing subconscious suggestions, had already caused a scandal in American movies. Although subliminal persuasion does not appear in Brave New World , Huxley wishes aloud that he had included it, since the unconscious power of the suggestions seems perfect for the cheery authoritarianism of the dystopia.

In general, Huxley warns his readers that they may be talking themselves into accepting a world that they would reject, if only they were fully conscious of its nature. But, distracted by consumerism and pleasure, people seldom truly engage the reality they are living, just as the citizens of the brave new world seldom recognize the restraints of their society. Unconscious manipulation through language — propaganda — keeps individual minds open to any suggestions, even the most inhuman.

Huxley cites, from recent history, Hitler's power of manipulation through language as a frightening example. Quoting from the dictator's autobiography, Huxley emphasizes the importance of Hitler's skillful use of propaganda in motivating citizens to support his leadership. Hitler, for instance, deliberately scheduled his public addresses at night, a time when fatigue makes people vulnerable to suggestion, excitable, and most likely to succumb to the mass hysteria Hitler produced at his rallies. Huxley's fictional Controllers of the brave new world follow the same pattern with the Solidarity Services, a ritual of programmed mass hysteria to produce social loyalty. A different form of the same suggestibility occurs in light sleep, the period when the hypnopaedic voices whisper society's wisdom into the ears of children and young adults. In both cases, the rational self has its guards down, and any message — however irrational — may make its way into the mind and influence behavior.

According to Huxley, even in the 1950s, propaganda emanates from those who want to control behavior on a large scale, just as the World Controllers of Brave New World want to maintain stability. Dictators like Hitler use propaganda to whip up support and to direct violence against anyone identified as the enemy. In the 1950s, Huxley argues, propaganda represents the principal tool of the "Power Elite," C. Wright Mills' term for the government and business leaders controlling communication and the economy. Through commercials, subliminal messages, and careful suppression of challenging truths, Huxley declares, propaganda is infiltrating the language of society, becoming perhaps the only way to speak at all. If the trend continues, Westerners may be in danger of becoming as unconsciously manipulated and enslaved as the citizens of the brave new world.

Identifying the enemy of freedom as propaganda, Huxley finds the solution that eluded him in Brave New World . Education in the recognition and resistance of propaganda must be the responsibility of every individual. Referring to the brief history of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Huxley emphasizes that government and other authorities may oppose the unmasking of anti-rational, manipulative language for their own reasons. Still, Huxley insists, the only hope lies in the active mind, able and willing to make its own judgments. Individual freedom, compassion, and intelligence — the very qualities missing in the dystopia of Brave New World — can guide the fully conscious, fully human mind into a truly free, truly human future.

Previous Society and the Individual in Brave New World

Brave New World Aldous Huxley

Brave New World essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley.

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Brave New World Essays

Methods of control in 1984 and brave new world anonymous, brave new world.

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God's Role in a Misery-Free Society Zachary Zill

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World portrays a world in which pain and suffering have been all but eliminated, where pleasure is perpetual, and where society is immersed in stability. In a world such as this, the novel argues, there is no need for God...

Character Analysis: Brave New World Michael Wainwright

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Personal Influences Behind Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Michael Wainwright

Although the stark imagery of Aldous Huxleyâs classic Brave New World may seem difficult to match with reality, it is not surprising that the inspirations for this dark, bitter work were bred in the authorâs own life and times. Born on July 26,...

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Concluding Ambiguity in Brave New World Caitlin V Johnson 12th Grade

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Every author has a purpose behind every piece they write; some sort of message or deeper meaning behind their work. Aldous Huxley’s purpose in writing Brave New World was most definitely a warning towards the possibilities of the future. The...

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Brave New World

Aldous huxley, everything you need for every book you read..

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Aldous Huxley's Brave New World . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Brave New World: Introduction

Brave new world: plot summary, brave new world: detailed summary & analysis, brave new world: themes, brave new world: quotes, brave new world: characters, brave new world: symbols, brave new world: theme wheel, brief biography of aldous huxley.

Historical Context of Brave New World

Other books related to brave new world.

• Full Title: Brave New World
• When Written: 1931
• Where Written: France
• When Published: 1932
• Literary Period: Modernism
• Genre: Dystopian fiction
• Setting: London and New Mexico, under the fictional World State government
• Climax: The debate between Mustapha Mond and John
• Antagonist: The World State; Mustapha Mond
• Point of View: Third Person

Extra Credit for Brave New World

Lukewarm Reception. Though Brave New World is now considered to be one of the most important works of dystopian fiction ever written, its reception in the 1930s was much more restrained, even negative. It was dismissed by some reviewers as an unsophisticated joke and as repugnant in its account of promiscuous sexuality. Granville Hicks, an American Communist, even attacked Huxley as privileged, saying his book showed that Huxley was out of touch with actual human misery.

The Doors of Rock and Roll. As one might expect, Huxley's book about his experiences with hallucinogenic drugs, The Doors of Perception , was a cult classic among certain groups. One of those groups was a rock and roll band in search of a name. After Jim Morrison and his friends read Huxley's book, they had one: The Doors.

Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Brave New World — Brave New World Symbolism Analysis

Brave New World Symbolism Analysis

• Categories: Brave New World Dystopia Symbolism

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The savage reservation, the savage’s death.

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Brave New World: A+ Sample Critical Essay Outlines

The following essay topics are relating to an entire book. Each of these topics is a brave new world essay sample and thesis outline. You can use them as pickup points for your essay paper. 

Essay Outline #1

Thesis statement: The individuals who govern this Brave New World might not be normal, but they aren’t abnormal. Their main aim is social stability and not anarchy. From the novel, social stability is set to be very vital. Here is why:

• The stable societies don’t see the need for an international war or a civil conflict. 
• A stable society cannot cause the need or want of any war, including a civil one. In (I), everyone sees the need or want, but in (II), neither the need nor want exists. 
• Any stable society shouldn’t take from other communities. If they get everything provided, then there is no need for any war. Greed and envy aren’t necessary. 
• For a society to be stable, a few firm and constant people have to control it. People have to think they own everything they need, whether they have it or not. They should see control as generous. 

Essay Outline #2

Thesis statement: Two societies exist in John, the Savage. John is a stranger in both two cultures. How does it build him to be perfect for changing flaws in the new world?

• John, as a stranger, notices paradoxes existing in this new world. 
• He sees the religious influence around things. Mustapha Mond holds that religion is unnecessary.  The T sign made resembles the cross sign.  The solidarity group looks like the rites of Christian communion. 
• Linda informs John that this other place is a perfect civilization.  John becomes a savage after losing his identity.  John can’t continue to see the same faces of the poor Bokanovsky Group Castes.  Savage John recognizes why Shakespeare’s plays and other books are unavailable for everyone. Even these higher castes don’t have them.  He sees no meaning in words like freedom for the castes. 
• The salvage. Because of social stability, people lose their spirits.  The new world doesn’t acknowledge heroes and martyrs and heroes. 

Essay Outline #3

Thesis statement: John uses Shakespeare’s plays, Romeo and Juliet, the Tempest, and Othello. They aid him in expressing his feelings in the novel. 

• John’s work is from Shakespeare’s plays. The plays influence the views of his two worlds. 
• He remembers the words of Othello after seeing Lenina or Linda in a bad state. Othello makes the use of baset words to explain Desdemona and the imagined lover.  John perceives the mother as the downfall of women after her mother’s open and free sex with the pope.  Lenina sexually relates with John. John uses words that describe women as whores erupt in his mind. 
• Bernard offers to bring John to London. John decides to use Miranda’s words from The Tempest.  He describes his thoughts about the new world.  The moment he gets to the Electrical Equipment Corporation, John vomits. “The brave new world” words make him vomit after sticking in his throat.  Up to the end of this novel, John doesn’t see the need to think about Miranda’s words. He can’t use them to substantiate what is before his eyes. 
• John thinks of how Lenina is romantic. His mind swarms into Romeo’s words that center on Juliet.  The first time his eyes see Lenina at a reservation, John remembers Juliet.  While in London, Lenina goes round in John’s mind as he wishes her to be. He uses words that describe Juliet. 

What is hypnopedia teaching in the Brave New World?

Sleep teaching or hypnopedia means governing bodies teach children class distinctions and morality. To impart the knowledge to a child, the tutor repeats messages and slogans while the child sleeps. The tutor has to be near the child. Doing this aims at instilling the slogans and messages in a child’s memory. The data and slogans boost societal ideals about proper behavior. It also promotes class roles about conformity and sex. 

In the second chapter, the director expounds on the sleep teaching principle. The director holds on to the fact that one can’t teach science using hypnopedia. It’s because one has to know what science is all about. Children can only learn moral education using this hypnopedia teaching. 

The above outline is a perfect example of a good essay. It has a summary of the best points from the brave new world novel. 

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Huxley's Brave new world : essays

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Novel Response: Brave New World Essay

Introduction, the theme of tailor-made programs, how the theme relates with the real life situation.

Authored by Aldous Huxley in 1932, Brave New World is a must-read fascinating chef-d’oeuvre that features the manager of hatchery who wittingly introduces several boys in a research with a sole agenda of tampering with the bright future of the boys in the name of tailor-made programs.

Huxley utilizes a lot of creativity in using this approach to reach young people, symbolized by ‘boys’ in the masterwork, aiming at voicing a word of caution to them especially when they adopt scientific methods of doing things. According to Huxley, tailor-made work programs and production systems as evidenced in the novel have led to the loss of direction of many young people and more so students.

The author addresses the theme of tailor-made programs through various depictions of characters in the book. He uses changes in the environment to elaborate the effects of tailor-made programs. For instance, he uses changes in the world state society of the characters to illustrate how the changes influence their lives in a negative way. For instance, he uses a character such as Bernard to demonstrate the negative impact of a change in an environment or simply the impact of tailor-made programs on young people.

Bernard is against sexual and immoral behaviors that are evident in the world state society when he first encounters them. However, when he changes the environment by meeting new friends (a symbol of advanced technology), he changes his behaviors and begins to behave like the people in this world state by getting involved in promiscuous sexual relationships.

These programs affect most of the characters that are used in the program negatively. One example of the character is Bernard who, after being exposed to a different environment, behaves differently from the way he used to behave. Another character is John who takes his life away after his views on personal values and world-state society clash.

The clash leads to negative consequences that see his hanging after he is blindly influenced to change his once adorable behavior. In addition, the use of soma is very popular among the youths. The youths use this drug to attain happiness. They have failed to understand the negative impacts of the drug on their health. Therefore, the programs lead many youths to engage in deviant behaviors that the society does not uphold.

The theme depicted in the book rhymes with the real life situation. Many youths are prone to the use of drugs upon their completion of school. They aspire to attain happiness. They do not want to face the truth. Furthermore, peer influence is one f the problems that the youth face. When they engage in a constructive or gainful employment, they proceed to seek happiness by getting involved in deviant behaviors such as promiscuous sex and drug use.

As Huxley has demonstrates, tailor-made programs can be of benefit to the society. However, they can as well lead to more problems and challenges to those at risk like the young people and students. Many young people who have the opportunity to engage in these programs do not utilize them well.

However, they use them to expose themselves to the dangers smoking, drug abuse, and irresponsible sexual behaviors. They seek happiness instead of the truth. In most cases, these uncouth behaviors have led to their death. Likewise, in the real world, the programs have the potential of transforming youths. Nevertheless, because they do not use them well, they are misled. They end up ruining their life in pursuit of happiness. Therefore, there is the need for young people to be cautious in everything they do.

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IvyPanda . 2020. "Novel Response: Brave New World." July 1, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/novel-response-brave-new-world/.

1. IvyPanda . "Novel Response: Brave New World." July 1, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/novel-response-brave-new-world/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Novel Response: Brave New World." July 1, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/novel-response-brave-new-world/.

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Who is Abbas Attar? Why a Google Doodle is celebrating Iranian photographer today

French – Iranian photographer and journalist Abbas Attar has been honoured with a Google Doodle celebrating his 80th birthday.

Best known by his mononym “Abbas”, he was renowned for his photojournalism and essays chronicling conflicts, religions and plights of communities around the world from the 1970s until his death in 2018.

The Google Doodle – released on Friday 29 March, 2024, which would have been his 80th birthday – depicts Abbas holding a camera against a backdrop of the Google logo on what appears to be an unfocused collection of photos.

It is also in black and white, matching Abbas’s signature photographic style which he often said was used to capture “the suspended moment”.

Who was Abbas?

Abbas was a French-Iranian photographer and journalist whose work focused on conflicts around the globe as well as religion and its intersection with society.

He was born on 29 March, 1944 in south-east Iran and is believed to have become enamoured with photography before moving to Paris , though little is known of his early life.

Portraits to Dream In is more than token feminism - it's heaven

In a career spanning six decades, beginning in the 1970s, Abbas covered wars and revolutions across Bangladesh , Biafra, Bosnia, Chile, Cuba , Mexico , the Middle East , Northern Ireland , apartheid-era South Africa and Vietnam .

He was a member of French photo agencies Sipa Press from 1971-73 and Gamma from 1974-80 before joining international photography cooperative Magnum Photos in 1981.

Abbas died in Paris on 25 April, 2018, aged 74.

Google’s summary of the Doodle said : “With his work published worldwide, Abbas was a veteran member of a renowned photo agency and one of the greatest photographers of all time.

“His humanistic images live on to inspire future generations to strive for lucidity and honesty so as to gain a better understanding of our world. And the people who live in it.

“Happy birthday Abbas!”

What are his most famous works?

Among Abbas’s most famous works are his coverage of the Iranian Revolution in the late 1970s and his books featuring photography and diaries from his time travelling throughout Mexico.

His work recording the rise of religious fundamentalism was published in a seminal book Iran: the Confiscated Revolution .

Following a voluntary 17-year exile, Abbas returned to Iran in 1997 and later released the photographic diary Iran Diary: 1971 – 2002 .

During his years of exile, Abbas journeyed through Mexico from 1983-86 and attempted to photograph the country as a novelist may write about it, producing the books Return to Oapan and Return to Mexico: Journeys Beyond the Mask which helped to define his photographic aesthetic.

What is Nowruz? Iranian New Year celebrations marked with Google Doodle

From 1987 to 1994 he focused on the growth of Islamism across the world, with his book and exhibition Allah O Akbar: A Journey Through Militant Islam spanning four continents and 29 countries and drawing further attention following the 9/11 attacks.

It was followed by In Whose Name? The Islamic World after 9/11 in 2009, the culmination of seven years of work across 16 countries.

His lifelong interest in religions and faith then led him to photograph Christianity – explored in his 2000 book Faces of Christianity: A Photographic Journey – as well as Animism, Buddhism, Hinduism in subsequent decades, while he was working on documenting Judaism at the time of his death.

The Google Doodle description added: “His prescient work explored how religious fanaticism was replacing political ideologies as a major source of conflict around the world.”

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Scheming and Sex in a Queer King’s Court

In the historical drama “Mary and George,” new on Starz, Julianne Moore plays an ambitious mother whose son catches the eye of King James I of England.

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By Roslyn Sulcas

Reporting from London

Standing in a shadowy archway on a bridge leading into Broughton Castle in Oxfordshire, England, sheep nibbling the grass below, Julianne Moore curtsied deeply, lowering her eyes before a splendidly gowned woman. “Your Majesty,” she began, before being drowned out by a loud “baa” from the sheep. Moore burst out laughing, as did her fellow actress, Trine Dyrholm, who was playing Queen Anne of England. “Talk to the sheep!” Moore commanded the director, Oliver Hermanus. “Tell them we’re doing a TV mini-series!”

That mini-series is the visually sumptuous, seven-part “Mary and George ,” strewn with sex scenes that look like Caravaggio paintings and riddled with all the good things: intrigue, scheming, cunning and villainy. The show, which premieres on Starz on April 5 , was inspired by Benjamin Woolley’s 2018 nonfiction book, “The King’s Assassin,” and tells the mostly true tale of Mary Villiers (Moore), a minor 17th-century aristocrat with major ambitions, and her ridiculously handsome son, George ( Nicholas Galitzine) , who she uses as a path to power and riches at the court of King James I (Tony Curran).

James likes ridiculously handsome young men. “The king,” says Mary’s new husband, Lord Compton, “is a dead-eyed, horny-handed horror who surrounds himself with many deceitful well-hung beauties.”

George’s ascent isn’t easy: Mary must get the current favorite, the Earl of Somerset (Laurie Davidson), out of the way; forge and break alliances; and murder the odd opponent. George, naïve and insecure, must learn how to deploy his beauty and charm. But over the course of the series, George becomes a powerful political figure, with Mary a formidable, frequently antagonistic, presence alongside him.

“These are people who use sex not just for intimacy and relationship building, but for power, as a transaction,” Moore said in a video interview. “The most compelling thing to me about Mary was that she was very aware of how limited her choices were. She had no autonomy, her only paths are through the men she is married to, or her sons.” George, she said, “is almost her proxy; he has access to a world she doesn’t have.”

Moore added that she was also intrigued by playing “a not particularly admirable character. There is a neediness and voraciousness in her that is kind of shocking,” she said. “She rips through life and people.” (The one exception is her uncharacteristically tender relationship with Sandie, a brothel owner played by Niamh Algar.)

George, at least at the outset, is quite different. “When we meet him, he is a very soft, fragile young man,” Galitzine said. “Then gradually, through the machinations of his mother, he turns into a coarse villain.” He and Moore didn’t discuss their characters or relationship much, he said, which fed his interpretation. “George feels very uneasy around his mother a lot of the time, he doesn’t know whether her love for him is unconditional,” he said. “In a lot of ways, their relationship is much less tender than the one he has with James.”

The king was a fascinating, complex character, to play, Curran said, and much less well-known than his Tudor predecessors. “Julianne was the only American in the show, and said she didn’t know much about King James. Then she got to England and realized that no one there knew much about him either,” he said. “But he was an influential monarch: a king who did not go to war, a misunderstood king, a queer king, a Scottish king on an English throne.”

Although James’s sexuality drives the story, Curran said that surviving letters between George and the king suggest a deep relationship. “Nick and I talked about that a lot,” he said. “How their relationship grew, whether James was in love with George, and if it was reciprocated.”

Our current era tends to see history through a Victorian lens, said the producer Liza Marshall, who developed the show after being intrigued when she heard about a lecture on James’s sexuality. “We think we invented modern sexuality, but I think people accepted the king, who was married with nine children, liked handsome young men, and didn’t judge that.”

The show’s writer, D.C. Moore (“Killing Eve”) said he knew immediately that the characters’ language “had to have a wit and a verve and a drive, and be front-footed and unashamed.” He added that, although he wove in phrases from George and James’s letters and other historical sources, he had been “free and fresh with the dialogue, because I wanted people to understand this era.”

Hermanus, the show’s lead director — who had never worked in TV before, and whose movies have mostly been set in modern-day South Africa — said that when he read the first three episodes, he laughed out loud. “It was so funny and brave and daring and mad,” he said. “I thought, I’d love to try that, because I had never worked in that tone before.”

He developed an “animalistic and cutthroat” aesthetic, showing the production team and cast collages of “animals being torn apart, pheasants being attacked by dogs, swans being assaulted. It felt like the right reference: Eat, or be eaten.”

The director added that he had used a lot of slow motion to enhance the painterly settings. “You have time to absorb the details and create drama,” he said. “People staring at each other: Who is looking at who, who is plotting against who?”

Hermanus, who directed the first three episodes (Alex Winckler and Florian Cossen were the other directors) said that he had been emphatic about wanting the sex scenes to be specific. “We had a great intimacy coordinator, and it was really great to be adventurous about how we choreographed those scenes,” he said.

Moore said that she had loved the vitality and urgency of the show, and the awareness that “this history could be told through a female lens, a queer lens. Oliver always said it felt very punk, very active and modern.” She laughed. “It’s not a historical drama that is relaxing!”

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