how to write bibliography for assignment in kannada

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Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide

Writing an essay can be a daunting task for many, no matter what the language. But writing an essay in Kannada can prove to be especially challenging if you aren’t well-versed in the language. To help make this process easier and give aspiring writers the tools they need to create beautiful works of art, we present our “Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide”! In this comprehensive guide you will learn all about how to structure your work, craft perfect sentences and more. Read on as we equip you with all the knowledge needed for success when it comes to writing essays in Kannada!

1. Introduction to Essay Writing in Kannada

Essay Writing in Kannada: Kannada is a language spoken predominantly in the south Indian state of Karnataka. As such, it belongs to the Dravidian family of languages that are largely confined to India and South Asia. Essay writing in Kannada refers to essays written within this specific linguistic context. Typically, these kinds of essays will focus on topics related to culture, literature or history of Karnataka.

What essay writing in Kannada involves is an understanding and appreciation for its unique structure – with regards to grammar rules as well as stylistic nuances particular to this language. In addition, components like appropriate word choice and sentence structure also hold special importance when crafting any essay written completely or partially in Kannada. Furthermore authors would need keep certain conventions established by literary greats like Kuvempu and Shivarama Karanth at heart while constructing their works.

• Linguistic structures
• Stylistic distinction
• Appropriate word choice

2. Understanding the Requirements of Kannada Essays

Kannada essays are an important form of writing in Kannada. When it comes to essay writing, one has to be aware of the rules and guidelines that need to be followed. Whether you are a student or a professional writer, understanding these requirements is essential to crafting quality content in this language.

Key Aspects:

• Word limit for what essay writing in Kannada
• Structure and presentation style
• Appropriate use of language fundamentals

In order for any piece written in Kannada to qualify as an essay, it must adhere strictly to its specific word limit, which depends on what kind of paper the author is attempting at. For example, college level papers would require more words than those intended for high school students . Following this requirement helps give due credit where necessary.

When it comes down formatting topics related to what essay writing in Kannada , there needs to be consistency throughout the document with respect basic structure elements such as margins, line spacing paragraphs etcetera so that each page follows uniformity . Writing styles may vary depending on topic but appropriate use of grammar remains core part all forms writings done within this language. Taking into account cultural differences also imperative ensure accuracy translations works created using kanna script while being considered scholarly work will stay relevant regardless context times they were discussing .

3. Developing a Plan for Effective Kannada Essays

Planning for Kannada Essays When writing a Kannada essay, it is important to plan the overall structure. Without planning in advance, an essay can lack clarity and relevance. The following steps should be taken when developing a plan for effective essays:

• Decide on the purpose of what essay you are trying to write.
• Choose a topic related to the subject or theme that you want to explore.
• Carefully research all topics related to your chosen theme before starting writing process.

Having researched your subject matter fully, it is now time formulate an appropriate outline. An effective plan will define both how each part of your argument flows logically from one another as well as providing guidance over which points are most relevant.

• Define specific goals at each stage of your paper – this could include precise descriptions in terms of information sources or arguments/counterarguments that need addressing

. alink=”https://www.google.com/search?ei=FxxmXpm-LfSr9QP37K6oCw&q=what+essay+writing+in+kannada&oq=what+essay+writi”>What Essay Writing in Kannada entails . li > Natural ly , creating such plans requires knowledge about What Essay Writing in Kanna da involves . Therefore, ample background reading needs t o take place be fore embark ing on th e task itself . Once competency has been gained through preparatory work done prior crea ting course outlines becomes easier and more effective .

4. Crafting Quality Content with Proper Usage and Grammar

Creating quality content starts with proper usage and grammar rules. What essay writing in Kannada requires the knowledge of how to construct sentences, correct spelling, punctuation and capitalization – all of which are essential tools for creating a well-written document.

To achieve consistency in one’s writing it is important to pay attention to the tiniest details. Below are few tips that can help while working on an assignment:

• Proofread multiple times

With careful proofreading comes accuracy and reliability of your work. Taking time out between two reads will give you enough clarity when correcting mistakes or eliminating errors if any.

• Make use of spell checkers

Spell checks do not replace your own review but can be quite helpful while fixing minor errors as they come up quickly without consuming much time.

5. Articulating Ideas through Logical Flow of Thought and Argumentation

The ability to is essential in clear and concise communication. To communicate thoughts logically, one must be able to articulate them effectively. What essay writing in kannada assists with this by focusing on the structure of an essay and encouraging a logical flow from introduction to conclusion.

Unnumbered List :

• Formal introductions: When beginning an academic paper, it’s important that students learn how to introduce their topic using formal language.
• Developing arguments: Once the introduction has been written, body paragraphs need to have sophisticated reasoning which requires careful fact-checking and consideration.

Essay writers who successfully apply these strategies can create content that flows well throughout its entirety—from start to finish —and propels forward through argumentation that raises questions as much as answers them whenever appropriate.. In addition , they must consider if each sentence supports and builds upon overall objectives set out at the very onset—this process offers valuable learning experiences since connecting evidence organically reinforces student understanding because it teaches thoughtful inquiry toward other sources beyond given scope . With time devoted towards practicing techniques like those mentioned above , individuals gain better command over how they express themselves intellectually within any type of text based format – something invaluable both inside classroom walls and outside during professional arenas .

6. Polishing Your Final Drafts with Relevant Points and Accurate Citations

When putting together any kind of essay, especially those requiring in-depth research and synthesis of sources, it is essential to provide the readers with accurate citations. This will serve multiple purposes: firstly, it shows that you have done your due diligence in researching the assigned topic thoroughly; secondly, it allows readers and citation checkers to track down all relevant materials without hindrance; thirdly, proper citation adds authority to whatever position you are taking on a certain issue.

• Incorporating Relevant Points
• Accurate Citations

7. Conclusion: The Importance of Effective Kannada Essay Writing

Kannada essay writing is an important part of communication within the Kannada language. It not only allows for a more efficient exchange of ideas, but it also serves as an effective way to communicate the thoughts and feelings associated with different topics in this native tongue. Ultimately, what essay writing in Kannada does is it helps people express themselves better through its varied range of tools and techniques that are essential to composing such sophisticated pieces.

First off, one must understand core components associated with successful Kannadat essay writing—effective sentence structure, grammar accuracy and lexical choice. Without these fundamental tenets embedded into the craftsmanship itself, any attempt at expressing thoughts or feelings may be reduced to a jumble of words leaving both reader and writer completely bewildered as to their true meaning or intent. Additionally, having well-defined rhetorical strategies make all the difference when trying talking about specific issues coherently while thoroughly providing numerous perspectives on them as well via comparison/contrasting techniques among other approaches included when creating said essays for maximum effectuality . By using persuasive elements like ethosimpathosand logosin conjunction with figurative devices such astmetaphorsanalogiesand similesessay writers can truly create masterful works capable of simultaneously turning heads yet rewarding readers intellectually too! Therefore concluding that learning how compose quality written work (especially if arguing over controversial subject matter) in this respected dialect should undeniably take precedence over other nonacademic tasks given its importance once entering higher education settings where poor literacy skills will ultimately lead intellectual pursuits down paths otherwise avoidable had proper attention been paid beforehand when honing those very same ability sets needed here! Writing Kannada essays is a great way for anyone to express their thoughts, feelings and beliefs in an elegant and culturally relevant language. This comprehensive guide should help you understand the basics of essay writing in Kannada so that you can use this powerful tool to communicate effectively with your readers. Now get out there, put pen-to-paper—or finger-to-keyboard—and let your words flow!

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A Guide to Writing Essays in Kannada

Are you looking for a way to make your essay writing stand out? Writing in Kannada can be an exciting and rewarding experience. This guide provides tips and advice on how to craft engaging essays in the rich language of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Learn how to create unique pieces that will help immerse yourself deeper into the culture and traditions of this vibrant region!

Table of Contents

1. unlocking the art of essay writing in kannada: a comprehensive guide, 2. tackling the treasure trove of kannada essays: mastering the basics, 3. crafting a stellar introduction: captivating your reader’s attention in kannada, 4. weaving words into unforgettable arguments: building strong body paragraphs in kannada, 5. navigating complexity with clarity: perfecting transitions and flow in your kannada essay, 6. the power of persuasion in ಕನ್ನಡ (kannada): convincing your readers with compelling language, 7. refining your masterpiece : polishing and proofreading your kannadian essay.

Essay Writing: An Overview

• Definition & Purpose of an Essay in Kannada
• Framework for Organization and Presentation of Ideas

The purpose of essay writing is to communicate a particular message or idea, creating an argumentative piece that would be understood by the reader. In order to achieve this, it is important to have a well structured essay with different components leading up to the conclusion. The definition of an essay in Kannada can range from discussing personal experiences and opinions about certain topics, presenting research findings on issues encountered in society or providing analysis into current affairs and news stories. It should follow one unified structure based around introducing your topic area, building upon evidence within each body section before finishing off with concluding remarks. This method will bring together all arguments presented throughout the paper while summarizing any points made beforehand.

Developing an Understanding of Kannada Essays As with any language, the student must first acquire a sufficient knowledge base to form meaningful compositions and essays. The breadth of subject matter contained within Kannada literature is vast. As such, one should consider obtaining both basic instruction in grammar and syntax as well as develop familiarity with different types of essay styles common in the language:

• Descriptive essays
• Argumentative essays
• Discursive essays

In addition to reading wide varieties of authors from classic poets like Sarvajna to contemporary writers, many students find it beneficial to keep up-to-date on current events by reading newspapers or other publications published in the target language. This serves two purposes: familiarizing oneself with idiomatic expressions (and their proper usage) while also gaining exposure modern topics that may provide inspiration for potential writing assignments.

Creating a Stellar Introduction: An introduction is one of the most important parts of an essay. It sets the tone for what follows and provides readers with their first impression of your work. In order to captivate your reader’s attention, it must be informative yet engaging. Here are some tips on crafting a stellar Kannada introduction:

• Focus on creating intrigue – A good introduction should make your audience want to read more by introducing ideas in a provocative manner.
• Be concise – The goal is not just to capture attention but also provide necessary background information without bogging down readers in detail.

To ensure that your introductory paragraph flows together smoothly, you can employ rhetorical techniques such as asking questions or using vivid language and imagery when appropriate. Additionally, consider framing an interesting story at the beginning as this will help draw readers into the rest of the piece.

• Include relevant keywords- Integrate researched concepts which connect thematically with elements from other sections in order to tie everything together cohesively.

Strong Body Paragraphs in Kannada The goal of any argumentative essay is to make a point clearly and effectively. To do this, writers need to construct strong body paragraphs that will make their arguments convincing for readers. In the context of writing essays in the Kannada language, there are few important elements worth considering when crafting powerful paragraphs:

• Using precise vocabulary – It’s essential to choose words with precision and accuracy–words whose meaning is clear–in order to communicate your argument persuasively.
• Incorporating rhetoric elements – Using rhetorical devices such as analogies or metaphors can help express an idea more vividly and bring powerful sensory images into play.

Furthermore, structuring each paragraph according to its purpose helps direct a reader through an argument logically and efficiently. This involves employing techniques such as adding transitional phrases, using topic sentences for better organization, focusing on one main points within each paragraph while avoiding unnecessary details which may distract from elucidating a thesis statement.

Understanding Complexity: Crafting a Kannada essay with transitions and flow is no simple task. Not only does the writer need to be well-versed in the language, but they must also understand how to use words effectively to create something that can engage readers while still making sense within its context. To navigate complexity when crafting an essay, it’s important for writers to know what techniques are available and understand when and how each should be used.

Transitions often determine whether readers will stay engaged or get lost in your thought process; therefore, it’s essential to choose them carefully. Types of transitioning devices include repetition (using same words multiple times), contrast (noting differences between two pieces of information) ,listing (creating numbered/unnumbered lists), deducing (considering details before reaching conclusions). Each has their own purpose but together create harmony among ideas being presented all while creating a more enjoyable reading experience for audiences where they can easily see relationships between different sections instead of jumping from one topic straight into another without explanation or direction.

Flow on the other hand creates a logical progression from beginning till end which helps lead audience towards author’s desired conclusion without leaving any doubts regarding main points made throughout paper . This is achieved through using effective sentence structure such as chunking similar concepts so that reader doesn’t have hard time understanding certain factors examining gaps left behind by previous topics ensuring ideas move forward smoothly For instance if someone wants transition from discussing history of Kannada literature topic then next point should pave way for further analysis rather than starting right away with current publications about language

Kannada is the language most commonly used in Karnataka, India. Its native speakers use this language to express their thoughts and feelings throughout South Asia. As a Kannada speaker, being able to persuade others with your writing can be an invaluable asset for completing projects or obtaining desired results.

• To best utilize persuasive writing techniques in Kannada, it’s imperative that you understand the underlying structures of sentence formation and basic punctuation rules

. For example, standard sentences will consist of four parts: subject; verb; object (optional); particle (which often gives emphasis). Knowing how these components work together is essential for fluency when expressing yourself through the written word.

For those who wish to further refine their persuasive entries in Kannada, they should focus on establishing convincing tone by using powerful and emotive phrases effectively. This is done by incorporating specific words which evoke emotion from readers’ memories – expressions such as ‘hope’ or ‘trust’ are surefire tokens of effective persuasion for achieving one’s goals. By paying attention to details like font size/style and spacing between paragraphs can also help give texts charismatic appeal . Additionally being careful not overuse figurative devices or overly-wordy prose allows writers avoid bombarding readers with too much information at once – something which could negatively affect impressionable audiences..

Now is the time to bring your essay to its apex. After extensive research, careful outlining and comprehensive writing, it’s finally ready for polishing! Polishing an essay can be as simple or detailed as you please – depending on what grade you are aiming for. Here are some tips:

• Correct Spelling/Grammar : Run a spell checker on your document before printing it out (and even after). Make sure each sentence follows proper grammar rules.

Note that in Kannadian essays specifically, there may also be colloquialisms present in the language which won’t appear when running a regular English spellchecker tool – so make sure all of these have been corrected too! You can find resources online if unsure.

• Check Formatting & Referencing : Use this stage to double-check any formatting requirements specified by your professor; such as line spacing, font size etc. You should also take this opportunity to ensure that all referencing has been correctly used throughout the paper and that no sources have unintentionally gone uncited.

Q: Why should I learn how to write essays in Kannada? A: Learning how to write essays in Kannada opens up a whole world of possibilities for expressing your thoughts and ideas. It allows you to communicate effectively with others, showcase your language skills, and delve into the rich literary tradition of Karnataka.

Q: What are some key tips for writing essays in Kannada? A: Start by selecting a compelling topic that engages both you and your audience. Plan out your essay structure beforehand, ensuring it has an introduction, body paragraphs (supporting arguments), and a conclusion. Use clear language, incorporate appropriate grammar rules, and employ well-researched facts or examples when necessary.

Q: How can I improve my vocabulary while writing essays in Kannada? A: Expanding your vocabulary is essential for crafting engaging essays. Read widely across different genres like literature or newspapers written in Kannada to encounter new words regularly. Make use of dictionaries as well as online resources available specifically for Kannda learners.

Q: Can you provide some common expressions used while writing an essay in Kannada? A: Of course! Here are some useful phrases: 1. ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಲೇಖana ನ ವಿಷ‌‌aaaa – In this article/essay 2. ಮೊ†aaa – First 3. aaa †`+Ð åýa – Furthermore / Moreover 4. ßÖ-^^ÑÝ´ þ×Íãá‡à `^ÎßÁÚä… – On the other hand… 5 . ´Çì’¹Óšcø ”OU šŽ ^ÃÁ‹ €óö»… – To summarize…

Remember to adapt these expressions based on the context of your essay!

Q: What are some common mistakes that students make while writing essays in Kannada? A: One common mistake is neglecting to proofread their work, leading to avoidable errors. Students should also be mindful of using complex sentence structures without grasping their meaning fully. It’s important to strike a balance between language complexity and clarity.

Q: Are there any cultural elements I should consider when writing essays in Kannada? A: Absolutely! Incorporating cultural references or examples from Kannada literature can enhance the depth and authenticity of your essay. However, it’s crucial to explain these references for readers who may not be familiar with them.

Q: Can you recommend any resources for further guidance on writing essays in Kannada? A: Sure! There are various books available on essay writing specifically tailored for learners of the Kannada language. Online forums or communities where you can connect with native speakers could provide valuable insights as well.

Remember, practice makes perfect, so don’t shy away from experimenting and honing your skills through regular writing exercises!

And there you have it, a comprehensive guide to writing essays in Kannada! We hope this article has provided you with the necessary tools and insights to embark on your essay-writing journey in this beautiful language. Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, our tips and tricks will surely aid you in crafting powerful arguments, weaving eloquent sentences, and captivating readers with your written work.

Remember that practice makes perfect when it comes to honing your writing skills. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different styles and structures; let your creativity flow through the words as they dance elegantly across each page. Embrace the unique essence of Kannada while expressing yourself articulately – for every word holds its own profound meaning.

As a writer, immerse yourself in the rich heritage of Kannada literature. Immerse yourself not only in classics but also contemporary works by exceptional authors who continue to push boundaries within the realm of storytelling. Expand your repertoire by exploring various genres – from thought-provoking essays to imaginative fiction – all rooted deeply within this enchanting language.

Always remember: an essay is not just a culmination of words carefully chosen; it’s an opportunity for self-expression, exploration, and personal growth. Allow each sentence to unravel new dimensions of understanding while simultaneously leaving room for curiosity and open-ended discussions.

Lastly, never forget those who supported you throughout this enlightening journey; share knowledge generously among peers so that they too may thrive in their own creative pursuits. Encourage dialogue where ideas flourish effortlessly like petals floating upon gentle waves—a testament to unity within diversity—just like Kannada itself.

So go forth now into uncharted territories armed with courage born from pen strokes gliding seamlessly over paper or keyboard—wherever inspiration strikes—and etch indelible stories woven uniquely through the tapestry that is our beloved Kannada language!

Thank you for joining us on this adventure!

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How To Write a Bibliography (Three Styles, Plus Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

• Books and e-books
• Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
• Online articles or websites
• Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography, to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported, and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text, woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order, and may include:

• Author/s or creator/s
• Publication date
• Volume and issue numbers
• Publisher and publication city
• Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Source: Verywell Mind

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list only to items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

• Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
• Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
• Include all types of resources in the same list.
• Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
• Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name; only use their initials.
• If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
• Place the date in parentheses.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, or videos.
• For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books).

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized . Publisher. Publisher’s website

• Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use this format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

• Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

• Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis.  The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

• Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

• War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

Source: Simply Psychology

More APA example pages:

• Western Australia Library Services APA References Example Page
• Ancilla College APA References Page Example
• Scribbr APA References Page Example

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

Source: PressBooks

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

• Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
• Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
• Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
• Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
• Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
• Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
• Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use this format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

• Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

• Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

• Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,   2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

• Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos.

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

• “How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

Source: The Visual Communication Guy

More MLA example pages:

• Writing Commons Sample Works Cited Page
• Scribbr MLA Works Cited Sample Page
• Montana State University MLA Works Cited Page

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material : Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

Source: South Texas College

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

• You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
• Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
• Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
• Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use this format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For journal and magazine articles, use this format.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

• Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

• Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

• Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

• “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

• War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

Source: Chicago Manual of Style

More Chicago example pages:

• Scribbr Chicago Style Bibliography Example
• Purdue Online Writing Lab CMOS Bibliography Page
• Bibcitation Sample Chicago Bibliography

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How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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• If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research.
• If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.
• If your works cited page includes a source that you did not cite in your paper, delete it.
• All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

A bibliography usually appears at the end of a paper on its own separate page. All bibliography entries—books, periodicals, Web sites, and nontext sources such radio broadcasts—are listed together in alphabetical order. Books and articles are alphabetized by the author’s last name.

Most teachers suggest that you follow a standard style for listing different types of sources. If your teacher asks you to use a different form, however, follow his or her instructions. Take pride in your bibliography. It represents some of the most important work you’ve done for your research paper—and using proper form shows that you are a serious and careful researcher.

Bibliography Entry for a Book

A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author’s name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author’s name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type. Be sure to capitalize the words in the title correctly, exactly as they are written in the book itself. Following the title is the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, a comma, the date published, and a period. Here is an example:

Format : Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.

• A book with one author : Hartz, Paula.  Abortion: A Doctor’s Perspective, a Woman’s Dilemma . New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1992.
• A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon.  Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?  New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

Format:  Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers.

• Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.”  Psychology Today  March 1978: 94–106.
• Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.”  Newsweek  20 July 2006: 21–22.
• Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.”  The Daily News  30 June 1998: 73.
• Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.”  Chicago Tribune  21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.”  Pet Place . 10 November 2006.  23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to  How To Write A Research Paper .

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Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

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• Bibliography

If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Here’s a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .

Complete note vs. shortened note

Here’s an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.

Note vs. Bibliography entry

The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the author’s last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .

For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:

Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Citing a source with two or three authors

If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use “and” before the last named author.

1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Shortened note:

1. Borja and Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,” 80-81.

Bibliography:

Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Citing a source with more than three authors

If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means “and others”).

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.

Short version of note:

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability,” 1271.

Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda Leo‐Summers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .

Citing a book consulted online

If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Bibliography entry:

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database

If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 22 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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• Bibliographies

How to create a bibliography or reference list

A list of all cited source materials, known as a bibliography or reference list , must be included at the end of your essay.

They are divided into two sections: primary sources and secondary sources . Each of these sections need to be in alphabetical order .

Each bibliographical reference needs:

• the author's last name followed by their first initial(s)
• the year of publication
• the name of the work (in italics)
• the publication details

What is the difference between a bibliography and a reference list?

Depending on the assessment task, you will either be asked to create a bibliography or a reference list. Here are the differences between the two:

• A bibliography lists all of the materials that have been consulted during your research, regardless of whether or not you've quoted from them
• A reference list  states only the sources that you've quoted in your assignment

Regardless of which you're required to create, you must follow the formatting shown below.

Correct Format for Different Source Types

These examples use the popular APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style. 

Required Elements:

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication).  Name of book . City of Publication: Name of Publishing Company.

Academic Journal Articles

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day OR Season - if known - of publication). Article title.  Name of Journal the Article Appeared In ,  Journal Volume Number (Issue or Part Number), page number(s) of the article.

Newspaper or Magazine Articles

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day of publication). Article title.  Name of Newspaper/Magazine , page number(s) of the article.

Speaker's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month Day Speech was Given). Title of Speech.  Institution, City the Speech was Given at/in.

Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication). Name of webpage.  Retrieved from URL.

Ancient Sources

Ancient Author's Name.  Name of Ancient Work.  (Name of Modern Translator that You're Using, trans.). Location of Modern Translation's Publisher: Name of Modern Translation's Publishing Company, Year of Modern Translation's Publication.

Referencing a Source Found in Another Source

On some occasions you find a source in the pages of different source. Your first task should be to try and quote the source you have found separately from the book that it is in. Do this, look in the bibliography of the book in order to gain the necessary details.

However, if you cannot find the information necessary to create a separate bibliographical entry, you will need to create a bibliographical entry that acknowledges the book that the source was found in.

To do this you will need:

• as many of the details that you can find of the source you are using. (Anything you don't know is left out).
• the full bibliographical details of the book it was found in, along with the page number in the book where the source was found. This is preceded by the phrase "As found in" and the entire bibliographical reference is placed in brackets.

For example:

Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, pp. 903).

Example Reference List

Reference List

Primary Sources

Appian.  The Civil Wars .  (John Carter, trans). New York: Penguin, 1996.

Department of Defence. (1959). Strategic basis of Australian defence policy . Canberra: Department of Defence.

Department of Defence. (1976). Defence White Paper . Canberra: Department of Defence.

Millar, T. (1979). The political-military relationship in Australia . Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper , 6, p. 12.

Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, p. 903).

Secondary Sources

Dibb, P. (2007). The self-reliant defence of Australia: The History of an Idea . (As found in   Huisken, R., & Thatcher., M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia’s defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 11-26).

Horner, D. (1997). Security objectives . (As found in Mediansky, F. (ed). Australian foreign policy: Into the new millennium . South Melbourne: Macmillan, p. 73-92).

Lawson, E. (2009). The Australian defence environment . Australian Defence Force Journal , 179, p. 70-81.

White, H. (2007). Four decades of the defence of Australia: Reflections on Australian defence policy over the past 40 years . (As found in Huisken, R & Thatcher, M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia’s defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 163-187).

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How to Write a Bibliography in APA Format

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

• APA Bibliography
• How to Create One
• Why You Need It

Sample Bibliography

An APA format bibliography lists all of the sources that might be used in a paper. A bibliography can be a great tool to help you keep track of information during the research and writing process. In some cases, your instructor may require you to include a bibliography as part of your assignment.

At a Glance

A well-written APA format bibliography can help you keep track of information and sources as you research and write your psychology paper. To create a bibliography, gather up all of the sources that you might use in your paper. Create an APA format reference for each source and then write a brief annotation. Your annotation should be a brief summary of what each reference is about. You can quickly refer to these annotations When writing your paper and determine which to include.

What Is an APA Format Bibliography?

An APA format bibliography is an alphabetical listing of all sources that might be used to write an academic paper, essay, article, or research paper—particularly work that is covering psychology or psychology-related topics. APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA). This format is used by many psychology professors, students, and researchers.

Even if it is not a required part of your assignment, writing a bibliography can help you keep track of your sources and make it much easier to create your final reference page in proper APA format.

Creating an APA Bibliography

A bibliography is similar in many ways to a reference section , but there are some important differences. While a reference section includes every source that was actually used in your paper, a bibliography may include sources that you considered using but may have dismissed because they were irrelevant or outdated.

Bibliographies can be a great way to keep track of information you might want to use in your paper and to organize the information that you find in different sources. The following are four steps you can follow to create your APA format bibliography.

Start on a New Page

Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. Start it on a new page, with the title "Bibliography" centered at the top and in bold text. Some people use the title "References" instead, so it's best to check with your professor or instructor about which they prefer you to use.

Gather Your Sources

Compile all the sources you might possibly use in your paper. While you might not use all of these sources in your paper, having a complete list will make it easier later on when you prepare your reference section.

Gathering your sources can be particularly helpful when outlining and writing your paper.

By quickly glancing through your working bibliography, you will be able to get a better idea of which sources will be the most appropriate to support your thesis and main points.

Reference Each Source

Your references should be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name, and they should be double-spaced. The first line of each reference should be flush left, while each additional line of a single reference should be a few spaces to the right of the left margin, which is known as a hanging indent.

The format of each source is as follows for academic journals:

• Last name of first author (followed by their first initial)
• The year the source was published in parentheses
• The title of the source
• The journal that published the source (in italics)
• The volume number, if applicable (in italics)
• The issue number, if applicable
• Page numbers (in parentheses)
• The URL or "doi" in lowercase letters followed by a colon and the doi number, if applicable

The following examples are scholarly articles in academic journals, cited in APA format:

• Kulacaoglu, F., & Kose, S. (2018). Borderline personality disorder (BPD): In the midst of vulnerability, chaos, and awe.  Brain sciences ,  8 (11), 201. doi:10.3390/brainsci8110201
• Cattane, N., Rossi, R., & Lanfredi, M. (2017). Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.  BMC Psychiatry,   18 (221). doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2

Visit the American Psychological Association's website for more information on citing other types of sources including online media, audiovisual media, and more.

Create an Annotation for Each Source

Normally a bibliography contains only references' information, but in some cases you might decide to create an annotated bibliography. An annotation is a summary or evaluation of the source.

An annotation is a brief description of approximately 150 words describing the information in the source, your evaluation of its credibility, and how it pertains to your topic. Writing one of these for each piece of research will make your writing process faster and easier.

This step helpful in determining which sources to ultimately use in your paper. Your instructor may also require it as part of the assignment so they can assess your thought process and understanding of your topic.

Reasons to Write a Bibliography

One of the biggest reasons to create an APA format bibliography is simply to make the research and writing process easier.

If you do not have a comprehensive list of all of your references, you might find yourself scrambling to figure out where you found certain bits of information that you included in your paper.

A bibliography is also an important tool that your readers can use to access your sources.

While writing an annotated bibliography might not be required for your assignment, it can be a very useful step. The process of writing an annotation helps you learn more about your topic, develop a deeper understanding of the subject, and become better at evaluating various sources of information.

The following is an example of an APA format bibliography by the website EasyBib:

There are many online resources that demonstrate different formats of bibliographies, including the American Psychological Association website . Purdue University's Online Writing Lab also has examples of formatting an APA format bibliography.

Check out this video on their YouTube channel which provides detailed instructions on formatting an APA style bibliography in Microsoft Word.

You can check out the Purdue site for more information on writing an annotated APA bibliography as well.

What This Means For You

If you are taking a psychology class, you may be asked to create a bibliography as part of the research paper writing process. Even if your instructor does not expressly require a bibliography, creating one can be a helpful way to help structure your research and make the writing process more manageable.

For psychology majors , it can be helpful to save any bibliographies you have written throughout your studies so that you can refer back to them later when studying for exams or writing papers for other psychology courses.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 7th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2020.

Masic I. The importance of proper citation of references in biomedical articles.   Acta Inform Med . 2013;21(3):148–155. doi:10.5455/aim.2013.21.148-155

American Psychological Association. How do you format a bibliography in APA Style?

Cornell University Library. How to prepare an annotated bibliography: The annotated bibliography .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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• Chicago/Turabian Format

How to Write a Bibliography for a School Project

Several school projects can include a research paper. Writing a paper for a school project can be a daunting task. Whether you are writing for college or high school, you need to keep track of the sources you use and reference them at the end of your paper. The type of reference list or bibliography that you use  for your school project will depend on you or your professor.

What Is a Bibliography?

The word bibliography can mean a few different things. So, it’s important to get your terminology right. Many people use the term bibliography as an umbrella term to mean the references listed at the end of your school paper. However, depending on what type of writing style you are using (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.), this can have a different official name.

The reference sheet at the end of your work might be called a works cited in MLA, a reference list in APA , or it might be a bibliography. The main difference between these three is that a bibliography reference page will list all the sources that you used in the creation of the paper, even if they weren’t cited specifically in the body. A reference list or works cited will only list references that are cited in the body of the work.

Choosing Your Style

Before even writing your research paper reference list for that science fair or research project, you need to know the style that you’ll be using. Not only will this be determined by your teacher or professor, but also by the type of research project paper you’re creating.

High School

In high school, your school project will typically be in MLA style. This is because this style makes sourcing websites, audiovisual material and advertisements easier. But, APA and Turabian might also be thrown into the mix.

College projects might be in a number of different styles, depending on the type of project. MLA and APA are prevalent, as are Turabian/Chicago. Harvard is another popular style that might be used to create the reference list, if you use a lot of informational sources.

Type of Project

If your professor didn’t specify a style, you might choose one based on what your school project is about. Generally, the breakdown will look something like:

• Modern Language Association (MLA) is used for English or humanities school projects. You might also use MLA for history projects. The eighth edition of MLA is a new flexible way of citing sources; however, MLA 7 is still useful for learning to research and write papers.
• American Psychological Association (APA) might be used for a school project on behavioral and social sciences. It’s used for subjects such as psychology, education, social work and even business subjects.
• Turabian, which is part of the Chicago Manual of Style, can also be used for school projects in history or social studies.
• Chicago is a more professional writing style for works that might be published.
• Harvard is an easy all around style to use for most subjects. You might choose this style if you have a general project due.

Creating Your Reference Sheet

Now that you know the type of reference page you’re creating, it is time to create your page. By following a few simple steps, this is a breeze.

Step 1: Collect Your Info

As you are completing the paper for your school project, you need to collect source information for reference citations. Generally, this includes:

• Author/editor(s)
• Publication date(s)
• Publisher/company

Step 2: Create Your Title

The title that you use will be dependent on your style.

• MLA: Works Cited
• APA: References
• Chicago/Turabian : Bibliography or References

Step 3: Format Your Page

All the information in your reference list needs to follow specific formatting depending on your style. Here are a few general rules for all styles.

• Center the title.
• Organize entries in alphabetical order.
• Use a hanging indent after the first line for each entry.

Flawless Bibliography

Knowing the style that you’re using for your school project can make creating your bibliography easier. Now that you have a general layout, you are ready to create your reference list.

APA References, Works Cited and Bibliography Differences

MLA 7th Edition vs MLA 8th Edition

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How to cite a wikipedia page in 4 easy ways, works cited vs. bibliography vs. apa references, difference between footnotes and endnotes explained.

How to Write Bibliography for Assignment: Tips on Working with Your Sources

The most tedious and time-consuming part of any school or college written assignment is the bibliography. Sometimes, it can even be challenging! For example, if you’re confused by the variety of citation styles. This is probably when the most students wonder “Is there someone who could complete my assignment ?” That is why Custom-Writing experts prepared a brief guide about creating a perfect bibliography for a project. Some tips regarding the formatting are also included!

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

First of all, you shouldn’t be worried about how to write this dreadful part of your assignment. A bibliography is just a list of all the sources, such as books and articles, that you have used for creating your project. No matter how short your writing task is, you will most likely need to add a list of references.

📍 What Is a Bibliography?

• 👣 Writing Steps
• 📑 Referring to Different Sources

🔨 Reference Generators

🔗 references.

Every time you use a book, magazine, or a webpage for your essay , you need to mention it in a special list called a bibliography. Even if you are not quoting the source but just using it for the general understanding of the topic, you should still include it there. For citing the source in the text , you would only need to write the author’s name and the publication date. Then, the reference about it goes into your bibliography, and that’s where extra information is needed. However, it would depend on the type of source and the citation style. In case you’re not familiar with the variety of the citation styles and the requirements, have a look at our guide , which can save you some time!

Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.

👣 How to Write a Bibliography Step by Step

Now you know what a bibliography is. It is time to learn how to write it! We assure you: there is nothing complicated. Follow the steps below.

Select the Sources

The first thing you need to do is find the proper sources for your research assignment. When selecting the sources, you should consider the questions below.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

Evaluate Each Source

The next step in writing a bibliography is a brief assessment of each source’s importance.

In case you need a bibliography as part of an assignment, you should identify the reason why and the way how you want to use the source. If you’re assigned to write an annotated bibliography as an independent project, examine the source’s contribution to the research area.

By the way, you may want to use the following questions for sources assessment.

Assess the Author’s Background and Credentials

When writing a bibliography for a project, you may need to examine the author’s credentials and experience. Here are some questions to help you.

Write a Summary for Each Source

Look through the following questions that will guide you. And don’t forget to search for the summarizing paragraphs. You may find them at the beginning or conclusion of each section. If there is none or you aren’t satisfied with its contents, you can take the role of a summary typer yourself and create your own custom summary.

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Make a Proper Bibliography

Well, you’re almost there. You’ve evaluated your sources, took short notes, wrote an outline for each reference.

Use your notes and write your bibliography. How?

📑 How to Refer to Different Sources

You will have to use different writing patterns for different sources. Check these guidelines for bibliography writing:

• Book with one author: Author’s last name, first name. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Jones, Edward. The Toy. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book with two authors: Author’s last name, first name, and second author’s full name. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward and Amelia Smith. Strangers. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book without an author: Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Old Lake. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Article in a book without an author: Name of the article. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Swans. Flora and Fauna. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Book with an editor: Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. 100 Recipes for You. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Short story or chapter of a book: Author’s last name, first name. “Title.” Title of the book that the source comes from. Editor (ed.) of the book’s full name. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication. Pages of the source.

Jones, Edward. “Learning to communicate.” The Toy. Ed. Helen Stevenson. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Encyclopedia article with an author/a signed article: Author’s last name, first name. “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume Number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. “The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Encyclopedia article without an author/an unsigned article: “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

“The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

• Journal article: Author’s last name, first name “Article Title.” Name volume number:issue number (year of publication): page numbers.

Jones, Edward, “The Wild Swans.” Flora and Fauna 15:1, (2007): 8-11.

• Magazine article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Magazine title date of publication: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Never been kissed” Us Sept 23, 2002: 221-2.

• Newspaper article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Newspaper title [city of publication, if not in title] date of publication, edition if necessary: section if necessary: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Handbags are Health Hazard.” Daily News [New York] Oct 31 2002: 26.

• Interview: Full name (last name first). Occupation. Date of interview.

Jones, Edward. Writer. February 10, 2006.

• Film: Title, Director, Distributor, Year.

Titanic, Dir. James Cameron, 20th Century Fox, 1998

• Email message: Author of message, (Date). Subject of message. Electronic conference or bulletin board (Online). Available email: LISTSERV@ email address.

Edward Jones, (May 23, 2006). New Winners. Teen Booklist (Online). Edward [email protected]

• Web page: URL (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address). Author (or item’s name, if mentioned), date.

(Boston Globe’s www address) https://www.boston.com/. Today’s News, May 23, 2006.

Nobody wants to do routine work. So you may want to use a citation builder for your assignment. Try one of the source-generating apps or websites below!

By the way,

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

Have you checked our citation guidelines already?

✏️ Bibliography FAQ

A preliminary bibliography is basically the draft of all the sources you think might help your research. You create it when you are still not too familiar with the topic and scanning all the sources available. It’s not the final version of your bibliography since you might find some of the books not as useful as you thought and never use them.

A bibliography card is used to make the process of gathering and categorizing the sources easier. It’s a small piece of paper the size of a standard sticky note. You would take a new one every time you find a useful source. There you need to mention all the information for later referencing. On the back, you can write a brief summary.

Writing a bibliography for a science project is usually no different from creating one for other assignments. It’s a list of the sources the student uses for completing their task. Every source mentioned in the bibliography needs to have some specific publication information as well.

First of all, you need to make sure that your bibliography follows the citation style you are required to use. Otherwise, it will not be alphabetized correctly. Then, if you’re using the MS word program or a similar one, it’s easy to alphabetize your list by choosing the option “Sort.”

• Bibliography Definition by Cambridge English Dictionary
• American Psychological Association Style
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Information on DOI (digital object identifier)
• Free DOI Lookup at Crossref
• Writing a Bibliography as a Part of Research Paper
• Evaluating Bibliographic Citations // Purdue Writing Lab
• The Annotated Bibliography – Cornell
• Bibliography – National Library of Medicine – NIH
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Study Mumbai

ICSE, CBSE study notes & home schooling, management notes, solved assignments

How to make ICSE board (Class 10) projects for (20 Marks)

October 25, 2021 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

ICSE Class 10 project work carries 20 marks and its easy to score good marks even with a well-to-go project. But if you want to score a perfect 20, your project should look neat and well organised. Here are some suggestions to get the maximum marks for your projects (hopefully 20 out of 20).

Lack of Time is a Big Challenge

The other day a worried mother of Class X student called me asking for help to complete her son’s school project. The school had given them only couple of weeks to complete the draft version of the project for the various topics.

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It was Holi and it was a holiday, but her son wanted to play Holi with friends (cannot blame him for that) and refused to spend time with her mother on the project. Her mother, on the other had, is a working mom and even she is busy on most days so is unable to devote lot of time to her son’s activities.

Well, this is a common scenario that you see in most homes. Students are already overloaded with lot of homework, classwork, tuition, etc , and parents are busy with their office work/business.

As a result, project work of the student suffers.

But this being such a crucial year, student/parents cannot afford to take it easy. That is why its important to look for ways to be more effective, and if required, seek extra help.

While we do help with assignments and projects, we discourage students doing a direct copy. Instead, we encourage them to use us as helping hands to carry out research, find information, which the students can then put in their own words.

Format of the ICSE project

ICSE Class X students need to create projects for various subjects such as English Literature, History, Geography, Maths, Hindi, Physics, Chemistry, Biology. Common topics for projects include topics such as Merchant of Venice in English Literature, topics such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Forward Bloc, INA in History, waste management and conservation in Geography, and so on.

The format of the ICSE Board project may have changed a bit, but most of the sections still remain the same as before.

In most cases, the school provides the format in which the project needs to be submitted.

Usually the project is of around 18-20 pages including introduction and conclusion, but it also depends on your teacher.

Almost all the projects are expected to include these sections:

• Acknowledgement
• Introduction
• Body part write about the topics using different headings (2-3 pages each)
• Bibliography (list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, typically printed as an appendix.)

However, depending on the subject, few more sections may be required. For example, for the Math project, some schools ask for the following sections to be included in the project:

• Project: Title
• Pre-requisite knowledge
• Materials required
• Method/ Procedure
• Observation
• Real Life Applications (supported with pictures)
• My Learning Experience/ Learning Outcomes
• References/ Bibliography

Repeat the steps from Project Title to References/ Bibliography if there are multiple projects.

Length of the ICSE project

Most ICSE School projects are about 18-20 pages long, including the introduction and conclusion. But you may have to follow what your teacher has instructed, when it comes to the length of the project.

Need help completing your ICSE project? Please contact here.

Points to be taken care of while writing a Project

• Your project must have an Introduction, Index. Acknowledgement and Conclusion. Basically the right format.
• Project should be individual unique work not to copy from others.
• Presentation is very important, research and write.
• Heading and Sub-headings should be highlighted.
• Pictures should he pasted neatly, captions should be written.
• No sparkles or expensive decorative material should be used.
• Draw margins on paper that you use. A4 size paper.
• Handwriting should be neat and words should he clearly written.
• The project should be handwritten on plain or lined sheets. Coloured paper can be used for pasting pictures.
• The file should he covered neatly and the heading, the name and the class of the student written on it.
• Bibliography at the end is very important. Mention the books, websites, brochures where you got the required material from.

ICSE Project Rules

There are no strict rules as such, but its better to follow what your teachers have instructed, in order to get the maximum marks.

• Make sure you submit your project on time, assuming you have been given a deadline by the school.
• Many teachers insist that you submit a draft copy so that they can review and provide their feedback. Make sure you do that and incorporate the changes suggested by the teacher. If you want full marks, make sure you put in the efforts.
• Make the project neat, structured and well-organized, it shows you have put in the efforts to do it.
• Make sure you proof-read your project, edit it, highlight your views, and more importantly at least read it yourself (there are many students who make their project without much understanding of the their own project).
• Make use of relevant pictures throughout the project.
• Make sure all the instructions that were provided by your teacher in the class, regarding the project, have been incorporated.

Requirements for the Rough Draft

1. Rough drafts need to be neatly written in file sheets 2. The must be submitted in a transparent A4 size file 3. All rough drafts must be handwritten. 4. A printed copy of the interview questionnaire must be added 5. Only content required. No pictures required in the rough draft.

Requirements for the Fair Project

1. Number of words – 1,500 – 2000 (May vary) 2. Fair Projects to be written in the journal. 3. Journals are to be covered with a uniform colour for each class. 4. Pens – Blue or Black only (all other colours, except red, pink and orange can be used for highlighting) 5. Fair Project to be copied as is in the Rough Draft (however, an element of newness can be added)…. Note: Entirely new content is usually not accepted. You will need to check with the teachers if you are looking for some deviation. 6. Order to be followed, as given below (no index required) Cover Page, Certificate Page, Acknowledgement, Introduction, Details of the given project, Questionnaire, Case Study, Conclusion, Bibliography (All the formats are usually provided by th school) 7. Internal Examiner & External Examiner to be written on the Last Page of the project – i.e. after the Acknowledgement 8. Rough Drafts to be submitted in an envelope, along with the Fair Project. 9. Pictures (or drawings) to be stuck on the left hand side and content to be written on the right side. 10. Format of the Cover Page is usually provided

ICSE Project Help

Not able to devote enough time to your child’s ICSE school projects (English literature, History, Geography, Computers, Maths)? Need help completing your son/daughter’s ICSE project? Please contact us here.

Have any questions/suggestions on ICSE school projects? Please share it below in the comments section.

StudyMumbai.com is an educational resource for students, parents, and teachers, with special focus on Mumbai. Our staff includes educators with several years of experience. Our mission is to simplify learning and to provide free education. Read more about us .

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• How to self publish a book in Kannada Language: Step by Step guide
• Self Publishing Guide

Thinking to  publish a book in Kannada Language ? Kannada language, also known as Kanarese or Kannana, is a Dravidian language and the official language of the Indian state of Karnataka in southern India. Kannada is also spoken in states bordering Karnataka.

• According to early-twentieth-century census data, approximately 38 million people spoke Kannada as their first language, with another 9 to 10 million speaking it as a secondary language. Kannada was designated a classical language by the Indian government in 2008.
• Kannada is the second oldest of the four major Dravidian literary languages. The earliest Kannada inscription was discovered in the small community of Halmidi around 450 CE.
• The Kannada script evolved from southern variants of the Ashokan Brahmi script. The Kannada script is closely related to the Telugu script; both evolved from an Old Kannarese (Karnataka) script.
• Southern variants of the Ashokan Brahmi script gave rise to the Kannada script. Kannada and Telugu scripts are closely related; both evolved from an Old Kannarese (Karnataka) script.

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• Kannada is classified into three regional varieties. The southern variety is associated with Mysore and Bangalore, the northern variety with Hubli-Dharwad, and the coastal variety with Mangalore. The Mysore-Bangalore variety serves as the foundation for the prestige varieties.
• Education and class or caste are currently used to differentiate social varieties, resulting in at least three distinct social dialects: Brahman, non-Brahman, and Dalit (formerly untouchable). There is also a diglossia or dichotomy between formal literary varieties and spoken varieties.
• Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri palm leaf manuscript of Dhavala is the oldest preserved manuscript in Kannada. It has 1478 old Kannada leaves from the 9th century AD.
• Kannada is the world’s most logical and scientific language.
• Kannada is based on and heavily influenced by Sanskrit. It has exceptional grammar and is simple to follow and learn. The Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script, is used to write the Kannada language. Kannada literature has received eight Jnanpith awards

How do you self-publish a book in Kannada?

Have you got a story? Do you aspire to become a  successful self published author ? Is language an issue for you? Don’t be concerned. I’ve got a solution for you.

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Keep these pointers in mind before approaching to a  Kannada Book Publishers :

• Prepare your manuscript. Understanding the demand for your manuscript will assist you in identifying what type of services you will require. Do you require editing services? Is it necessary to rewrite it? Do you require the advice of a professional? Do you require a review? Once you’ve determined the requirements for the document, write it all down and go to the next phase.
• Submit your queries to several publishing houses. Visit various publishing houses’ websites and submit your questions regarding the procedure and bundles. It will help you comprehend what they have to offer. Take notes and make sure you understand everything because it will benefit you later in your research.
• Compare and choose. Now that you have all of the facts, you can compare what is best for you. What is reasonable, trendy, healthy, and will assist you at every step? Which publishing house will be there for you at every step of the way, even after the book is published?

Contact your preferred  self publishing house  and begin the publication process. Talk to them, finalize everything, and then sign a contract to begin the process. Keep up with the progress and experience the excitement of becoming a new author. Make sure you understand what you need on your cover page, the genre of your book, and who your target audience will be.

Listed below are some of the Malayalam Books self published by BlueRose Publishers :

Sanchayana by Arun B. P. Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Sanchayana by Arun B. P.

Sanchayana is a collection of three stories. Man’s actions, which are based on his thought process, are based on his beliefs which depend on his mindset, which is formed based on his experiences and the way he perceive the experiences and act upon them. All these things that amused the author have become stories here. Our existence obtains clarity always from others’ perspective. Amidst the ever-changing perspectives by the relationships that have a name and the ones that do not, it is amusing the way we realize our very own existence. In today’s times where everything is artificially designed, sponsored, fabricated and manufactured for consumption, these stories travel back to the past. It belongs to the last leg of those times when the interaction between two humans was deemed a necessity.

Raj Rekha by Mr. Kushwah Kant Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Raj Rekha by Mr. Kushwah Kant

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Nava neenu’ parivartaneya payana by Kanchana Anand Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Nava neenu' parivartaneya payana by Kanchana Anand

The NEW YOU a journey of transformation”, is a self-help book explaining very beautifully about how ordinary people can achieve extraordinary dreams, through the process of transformation. The book will guide you how by reinventing your inner self you can achieve anything and everything in your life. The book systematically takes you through the step by step process. At the end of each chapter very interesting activities have been given to make you practically experience the transformation. To make it easily understandable author has used very simple language and real stories of common people very efficiently throughout. The book involves very simple steps which can be adapted very easily to bring in the transformation. Make use of the book to unleash yourself into NEW YOU. Wish you a happy journey of transformation. “Enrich your life by unlocking the secrets within you.”

Ambegalu by Murugesh Durgad Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Ambegalu by Murugesh Durgad

Ibbaniya PutagaLu by Raghuchandra K R Self Published Kannada Book by BlueRose Publishers

Ibbaniya PutagaLu by Raghuchandra K R

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We as well self publish in many regional languages like  Punjabi ,  Tamil ,  Telugu ,  Malayalam ,  Marathi ,  Bengali , and many more. You can get in touch with us with your queries and your manuscripts. 

We will be over joyed to help you become an  self published author  – just like you dreamed.

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