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High school chemistry

Welcome to high school chemistry, unit 1: atoms, elements, and the periodic table, unit 2: chemical bonding, unit 3: chemical reactions, unit 4: stoichiometry and the mole, unit 5: states of matter, unit 6: thermochemistry, unit 7: solutions, acids, and bases, unit 8: reaction rates and equilibrium, unit 9: nuclear chemistry.

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Number Theory
Probability
Everyday Math
Classical Mechanics
Electricity and Magnetism
Computer Science
Quantitative Finance

Take a guided, problem-solving based approach to learning Chemistry. These compilations provide unique perspectives and applications you won't find anywhere else.

The Chemical Reaction

What's inside.

Introduction
Chemical Kinetics
Reaction Principles
Elements of Reactivity

Science Essentials

Introduction to Science
The Scientific Process
Measurement

Physics of the Everyday

In the House
On the Field
Fuel the World
Out in Nature
Infrastructure

Community Wiki

Browse through thousands of Chemistry wikis written by our community of experts.

Fundamentals

Chemistry in action
Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds
Dalton's Atomic Model
Bohr's Model
Periodic Table of the Elements
Atomic and Molecular Weights
Mole Concept
Concentration Terminology
Nuclear Decay
Balancing Chemical Reactions
Limiting Reagents
Laws of Chemical Combination
Try It At Home Chemistry Experiments
Chemistry Of Drugs

Chemical Bonding

Ionic Compounds
Lewis Structure
Hybridisation
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSPER) Theory
Sigma and Pi Bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory
Coordinate Bonds
Polarity of a Molecule
Van der Waals Force
Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonds
Surface Tension
Strength of Intermolecular Forces
Chemistry of Diamonds

Reaction Mechanics

Chemical Equilibrium
Basics of Statistical Mechanics
Le Chatelier's Principle
Acids and Bases
Acid/Base Equilibrium
Thermal Expansion
Rate of Chemical Reactions
Order of Chemical Reactions
Activation Energy
Chemistry of Fireworks
Thermometry
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Galvanic Cells

Organic Chemistry

Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
IUPAC Nomenclature - Branched Chain Alkanes, Cyclic Compounds Unsaturated Compounds
Structural Isomerism
Geometric Isomerism
Optical Isomerism
Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance Effects, and Hyperconjugation
Reactive Intermediates
Common Types of Organic Reactions
Grignard Reagent
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Do objects gain protons to become positive?
Chemistry Of Poisons
Chemistry Of Nutrition
Reverse Transcription
Mutation and DNA repair
Viral Replication

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Chemistry Help and Problems

In our chemistry help section, you’ll find a broad range of topics from very basic chemistry all the way through

some more advanced organic chemistry topics. Browse our chemistry topics below, or contact one of our chemistry tutors for private help.

Before you get into the other topics, learning HOW to learn chemistry is a great place to start, and this section will help.

Numbers and Math Operations

What math do you need know for chemistry? This section illuminates those specific operations.

Units, Measures, & Dimensions

Take a look at all the various types of measures and units you need to understand chemistry.

Atomic Structure

Need to understand how atoms are structured? Get started here.

The Periodic Table

Almost everyone has heard of the periodic table, but do you know how to read it? This section gives you a thorough

history of the periodic table, and explains how elements are divided and grouped in the table.

Take a deep dive on every element on the periodic table.

Mixtures and solutions may seem to have a lot in common, but they’re actually very different. Find out more here.

States of Matter

Matter has a variety of different states, ranging from gases to solids. Learn more about them in this section.

What are the different bonds and how do you create a compound? Get some clarity in this thorough section.

Let’s learn more about writing simple chemical equations and types of reactions. We cover a lot of ground here.

Moles and Percents

What are moles and why do we need them? No, not the animal – although those are great too!

Basic Stoichiometry

What is stoichiometry and what forms does it take? This section goes into detail.

Redox and Electroplating

Let’s go further into electrochemistry and redox reactions.

What are gases and the laws that govern them? We take a look here.

Acids and Bases

What makes an acid or a base weak or strong? What are acids and bases in the first place? Let’s dig in.

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are ions with many atoms; they contain more than one element. They are charged just like regular

ions; for example, an ion looks like this: Cl – , while a polyatomic ion looks like this:

ClO 3 – . While the chloride ion only contains one element – chlorine – the chlorate ion contains

both chlorine and oxygen. Read this lesson for examples of other commonly known polyatomic ions.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a property of atoms that has to do with the tendency to attract electrons from another atom to

form an ionic bond. Electronegativity is measured using the Pauling scale, which was instated by Linus Pauling. Read

this lesson to find out all about electronegativity!

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

All reactions can be classified as endothermic (storing energy) or exothermic (releasing energy). This lesson

reviews the ways in which reactions store and give off energy, including items like heat, light, and mechanical energy.

Once you’ve read this lesson, test yourself with a quick practice quiz to review the endothermic and exothermic

Hydrolysis occurs when one adds water to a compound, which causes the compound to break apart into a cation and an

anion. Then, water can bond chemically with the substance, changing its chemical form.These reactions often take place

when ionic compounds dissolve in water. Read on to learn more about the process of hydrolysis!

Dynamic Equilibrium

When a reaction is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, the reaction is reversible. This means that, to maintain

equilibrium, the products break apart to form the reactants. Read this lesson for more information on dynamic

equilibrium!

Enthalpy is a state function that is measured in kilojoules per mole. Enthalpy is abbreviated as H in the

Gibbs free energy equation: G = H – TS. Enthalpy can help an observer discern whether a reaction is endothermic or

exothermic based on the enthalpy having a positive or negative value. Read on to find out more about enthalpy!

Like enthalpy, entropy is also a state function that is defined as ΔS , or S f –

S i . It is a spontaneous reaction that occurs naturally. Entropy measures the disorder of a system. Read this

lesson to learn more about entropy!

Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is used to experimentally determine the molecular weight of a sample by ionizing a molecule and

passing it through electrical and magnetic fields. The observer would then note how the ionized compound responds,

which correlates with the molecular weight in a quantifiable way. Read on to learn more about the intricate process of

mass spectrometry!

Hess’s Law

Hess’s law is much like solving a puzzle using the change in entropy of a reaction. The result is that one can tell

the change in energy (in kJ/mol) of a reaction. Hess’s law requires a balanced equation with proper coefficients. Read

on for more advice on implementing Hess’s law!

Born-Haber Cycle

The Born-Haber cycle is a series of chemical processes that are used to calculate the lattice energy of ionic

solids. The Born-Haber cycle can be thought of as a special case of Hess’s law. Read on for a definition of lattice

energy as well as examples of how the Born-Haber cycle is used to calculate lattice energy.

This page identifies different types of bonds, including covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen. It explains

how to draw compound structures by counting electrons and placing bonds accordingly. The Octet and Duet rules are also

explained here.

Electron Configuration

This page details how electrons are arranged in an atom, including information about the orbitals (s, p, d, and f)

and how to easily tell which orbital an electron is in. You’ll also learn about the diagonal rule and electron

Electron Delocalization

Electron delocalization can be really confusing! In order to understand this concept, one must learn about

resonance, bonding, and aromaticity. Read on for more information about electron delocalization!

Aufbau Principle

The Aufbau principle describes how electrons fill energy levels in an atom. In order to write the electron

configuration of an atom, one must know how the subshells fill. Using the diagonal rule will certainly help with this

process. Read on for more information about the Aufbau principle.

Orbital Hybridization

Hybridization occurs when two atomic orbitals combine to form one hybrid orbital. One of the more common types of

hybridization is sp 3 hybridization, which is described in detail in this lesson. Read on for more detailed

information on the intricacies of electron orbitals.

Electrolysis

Electrolysis occurs in electrolytic cells when an electrical current causes a nonspontaneous oxidation-reduction

reaction. This lesson describes how electrolysis is used, including extracting pure metals from the Earth’s crust. Read

on for more information on the process of electrolysis!

Voltaic Cells

Voltaic cells use chemical energy to do electrical work. A redox reaction occurs, and the electrons are forced

through an electrical circuit. Read on to find out the specifics on how voltaic cells power electrical processes!

Radiation Chemistry

The study of nuclear reactions is called radiation chemistry. A nuclear reaction involves the nucleus of an atom.

These types of processes were first discovered by Marie Curie in the late 1800s. Read on for more details about

radiation chemistry!

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Introduces carbon structures and interactions between molecules. Basic vocabulary and ideas are introduced

concerning alcohols and hydrocarbons. Combustion of a hydrocarbon is also discussed briefly.

Alkanes and Alkenes

Alkanes and alkenes are both hydrocarbons that follow the standard nomenclature procedures. Learn whether alkanes

and alkenes are saturated or unsaturated, which is more reactive, and how to name a compound by looking at its

structure in this lesson.

Aromatic Electrophilic Substitutions (EArS Reactions)

When aromatic compounds undergo reactions with electrophiles, a substitution reaction occurs. This reaction is known

as an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EArS or EAS) reaction. Read on for an in-depth description of how these

reactions occur!

Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes are exciting because, compared to alkanes, they are very highly reactive when paired with

nucleophiles or bases. Halogenoalkanes are also SP3 hybridized. Read this lesson to find out more information on

halogenoalkanes!

Carbonyl Condensation Reactions

A carbonyl condensation reaction occurs between two carbonyl partners and involve nucleophilic addition and α

substitution. This lesson also covers aldol condensation as well as the Robinson annulation reaction. Read on for more

details about these chemical processes.

Elimination Reactions

An elimination reaction occurs when a starting product breaks down into two new products that contain all the atoms

of the original reactant. There are two types: E1 and E2. Read this lesson for more information about elimination

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions occur when a nucleophile interacts with an electrophile. Read this lesson for a

step by step explanation of what happens during a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

This lesson also covers nucleophilic substitution including the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. Effects on kinetic rate,

alkyl group, and more are discussed in this lesson.

Cyclohexane Rings

Because many students cannot and do not draw organic structures correctly, one of our most prominent chemistry

tutors took the time to explain how to draw cyclohexane rings in great detail. She even shows more than one way to get

a perfect drawing of this ring. Read the lesson to find out how to draw these rings correctly!

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers are a category of isomers. Learn about the different categories of isomers in this lesson, and how you will study stereoisomers in chemistry and biochemistry.

Content in this section of Wyzant Lessons has been curated by tutors, as well as by Chemtutor.com creator David Wilner.

David Wilner is a native of Georgia, USA, born just before the end of WWII. Mr. Wilner is happiest when he is explaining things in science (pontificating), so it is natural that he has been a science teacher in high school and a teacher of chemistry at Georgia Perimeter College.

Still need help after using our chemistry resources? Use our service to find a chemistry tutor .