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Software industry experiments: A systematic literature review

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Software industry experiments: A systematic literature review

2013, 2013 1st International Workshop on Conducting Empirical Studies in Industry (CESI)

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Amela Karahasanovic , Tore Dybå

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering

Amela Karahasanovic

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Henrique Vignando

Journal of Systems and Software

Dag Sjøberg

Miguel Goulão

Systematic reviews on software engineering literature have shown an insufficient experimental validation of claims, when compared to the standard practice in other well established sciences. Poor validation of software engineering claims increases the risks of introducing changes in the software process of an organization, as the potential benefits assessment is based on hype, rather than on facts. The software engineering community lacks widely disseminated experimental best practices. This paper contributes with a model of the experimental software engineering process that captures the best practices in the area and is aligned with recent proposals for experimental data dissemination. This process model can be used either as a support in the definition of software engineering experiments or in conducting comparisons among experiment results.

Manoel Mendonça

ESEM 2010 - Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement

Per Runeson

Vilmar Nepomuceno , Larissa Falcão

Context: Researchers perform experiments to check their proposals under controlled conditions. Thus, experiments are an important category of empirical studies and are the classical approach for identifying cause-effect relationships. Goal: Quantitatively characterize and analyze the controlled experiments in software engineering published in journal and conference proceedings over the decade 2003-2013. Method: We performed a systematic mapping study that includes all full papers published at EASE, ESEM and ESEJ. Results: We obtained 110 papers that report controlled experiments. In these experiments we obtained quantitative data about authors and institutions, subjects, tasks, environment, replication and threats to validity. Conclusions: The main contribution of this work is to show the amount of experiments published in the three main venues of Empirical Software Engineering between the years 2003-2013 and also how these experiments have being reported and executed.

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HR software pricing: 2024 industry overview

Teresa Bitler

Sierra Campbell

“Verified by an expert” means that this article has been thoroughly reviewed and evaluated for accuracy.

Published 7:22 a.m. UTC April 15, 2024

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Human resources (HR) software helps businesses manage employees and their data, assisting with tasks such as hiring, onboarding, time tracking, performance reviews and more. Most can also integrate with other software, including project management platforms.

While there are free HR software solutions on the market, you can expect to pay anywhere from $4 to more than $1,000 per month for a subscription-based platform. Generally, the more you pay, the more features and functionality you get. 

In this guide, we compare the HR software pricing of some of the most popular HR management systems, so you can decide which one is best for your business.

Featured payroll software offers

Via OnPay’s website

Monthly fee

$40 per month plus $6 per employee

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$35 per month + $8 per user

Via Gusto’s Website

Starting at $40 plus $6 per month per employee

SurePayroll

Via SurePayroll’s website

$29.99 per month plus $5 per employee

HR software pricing factors

Several factors influence the cost of HR software, including the number of employees and features. Prioritizing what’s important can help reduce costs, but some factors will be out of your control.

Here’s what to consider when deciding which HR management system is right for your business.

• Company size. The more users that need access to the software, the more you’ll pay. Similarly, HR providers usually charge more based on the number of employees that need to be tracked. However, some providers do offer a discount to large companies with high-volume payroll needs.
• Features and functionality. Costs increase for more features and advanced features like AI-generated projections. On the other hand, some providers offer free versions of their software that have minimal features.
• Customization. You’ll pay extra for a custom solution that takes the provider time to develop. Then, you’ll need to budget extra funds for the provider to review the customization and ensure it will be compatible with any updates to the software.
• Integration and implementation. Anything more than installing the HR software will cost extra, including moving data from an old system to the new one (data migration) and making the new software work with existing software (integration), such as project management software . Onsite training of your staff on how to use the software generally costs more, too.
• Customer support. Generally, free versions offer little or no customer support, while higher-priced software solutions provide access to live chat or phone support. Other help, like training, usually comes at an additional charge.
• Pricing model. You can pay for HR software on a subscription basis or purchase it outright. The subscription model can be more expensive as your company grows, but with purchased software, you will need to fork over for updates.
• Payment type. Providers give discounts to businesses willing to pay annually for their software subscription instead of on a monthly basis. Additionally, you’ll generally pay less if you sign a multi-year contract.

How are HR software pricing plans structured?

There are two main HR software pricing plans: subscription and perpetual license. The best option for your business will depend on your budget, the size of your company, security concerns and how much support you need. 

Subscription

The most common HR software pricing plan is subscription. Under this pricing structure, businesses pay a monthly or annual fee — based on the number of users, features, and level of support — to access the software on the cloud. 

Most subscription plans also offer tiered packages, starting with a low-cost, basic version of the platform. At each additional level, the number of features and services increases along with the price.

Some software providers have a free version, too. While potentially good for very small companies, these “freemium” options have limited HR tools and are designed to provide just enough functionality to entice you to upgrade to a paid version. Even if you can get by on the free version’s features, you will likely need to upgrade to get more seats and accommodate more employees as your company grows.

Because subscription plans are cloud-based, they are a good option for businesses that don’t want to host or manage their own data. Another advantage of cloud-based subscription plans is that they automatically update when a new version is available.

Perpetual license

With perpetual licensing, businesses pay for the software upfront and host it on their own servers. The HR software pricing plan may come in the form of a one-time fee or an annual subscription that includes maintenance and support fees. Depending on the provider, you may have the option to purchase add-ons or customize the software to meet your needs for an additional charge.

Perpetual licensing is usually best for large companies concerned about data security. Since the information is hosted on their internal servers, large companies can control the measures taken to keep data safe. 

However, because the software provider doesn’t know the company’s servers or IT setup, it can only give minimal tech support. The company also will need to install updates and perform the maintenance a provider normally would for a subscription platform. 

How much does HR software cost?

You can find no-cost “freemium” HR software with basic features, but these often limit the number of platform users and the number of employees you can service. For a comprehensive solution, expect to pay anywhere from a few dollars per month to more than $1,000 per month. 

The wide range in HR software pricing depends on the features and functionality, size of your company, customization and other factors noted above. Most HR software platforms also give a discount if you pay annually instead of per month.

Top HR software pricing examples

Is hr software worth it.

HR software can be expensive, but it’s worth the cost for most businesses for these main reasons.

• Automation. HR software can automate tasks like payroll, reducing the need for manual entry. Additionally, because more tasks are automated, you may not need to hire as many staff.
• Compliance. Cloud-based platforms update to reflect changes in payroll tax rates, overtime rules and other employment laws. This can reduce the risk of your staff making costly mistakes based on prior rules.
• Integration. Some HR software can sync with your workforce platform, allowing you to share information across departments. For example, your workforce platform can share timekeeping information, which may be necessary for payroll or performance reviews.
• Improved hiring and onboarding. With applicant tracking features, HR can monitor an applicant’s progress through the hiring process. After they are hired, HR can use software checklists and e-signature tools to streamline onboarding.
• Analytics. Most HR platforms can capture data and display it in easy-to-understand reports. Some also provide visual graphs and charts. 

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

The best HR software depends on your company’s needs and budget. Based on our assessment of 25 HR platforms across nearly 40 categories, Monday.com comes out on top because it is easy to use and integrates with more than 200 third-party applications. 

However, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the best software for your company. To determine the best HR platform for your company, you should at the least consider price, features, support and the ability to customize.

Of the HR software providers that list their pricing, 15Five offers a solution for $4 per month, though other options are not far behind. GoCo costs $5 per month while Eddy is $6 per month and ClickUp charges $7 per month for its first paid tier, though it also offers a free plan option.

Some companies offer a “freemium” version of their HR software with basic features. Often, these free versions limit the number of employees that can be on the payroll or the number of people who can use the software, so as your company grows, you may need to upgrade to a paid plan. 

Additionally, you may have to pay for some features or upgrade for some features. For example, the free version of Monday.com doesn’t offer time and attendance tracking.

The cost of outsourcing your payroll needs to a third party can range from free to $125 (plus $10 per employee) per month for QuickBooks Payroll’s elite plan. On average, the cost is $30 to $80 per month if you choose a paid option. However, many free and low-cost providers have limits.

For example, Payroll4Free is free for only your first 10 employees. After that, you will pay for additional increments of employees.

There are three main types of all-in-one HR software solutions: human resources information systems (HRIS) , human resources management systems (HRMS) and human capital management (HCM) software. Within these, there are several sub-categories, including:

• Recruitment software.
• Onboarding software.
• Time and attendance software.
• Payroll services.
• Performance management software.
• Employee scheduling software.
• Workforce planning tools.

Blueprint is an independent publisher and comparison service, not an investment advisor. The information provided is for educational purposes only and we encourage you to seek personalized advice from qualified professionals regarding specific financial decisions. Past performance is not indicative of future results.

Blueprint has an advertiser disclosure policy . The opinions, analyses, reviews or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the Blueprint editorial staff alone. Blueprint adheres to strict editorial integrity standards. The information is accurate as of the publish date, but always check the provider’s website for the most current information.

Teresa Bitler has over 10 years of experience writing about personal finance and real estate as well as consumer and business product reviews. Her work has appeared at CreditCards, The Penny Hoarder, Yahoo, MSN, HuffPost, U.S. News & World Report, Moving, and Personal Real Estate Investor.

Sierra Campbell is a small business editor for USA Today Blueprint. She specializes in writing, editing and fact-checking content centered around helping businesses. She has worked as a digital content and show producer for several local TV stations, an editor for U.S. News & World Report and a freelance writer and editor for many companies. Sierra prides herself in delivering accurate and up-to-date information to readers. Her expertise includes credit card processing companies, e-commerce platforms, payroll software, accounting software and virtual private networks (VPNs). She also owns Editing by Sierra, where she offers editing services to writers of all backgrounds, including self-published and traditionally published authors.

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Manufacturing industry profoundly impact economic and societal progress. As being a commonly accepted term for research centers and universities, the Industry 4.0 initiative has received a splendid attention of the business and research community. Although the idea is not new and was on the agenda of academic research in many years with different perceptions, the term “Industry 4.0” is just launched and well accepted to some extend not only in academic life but also in the industrial society as well. While academic research focuses on understanding and defining the concept and trying to develop related systems, business models and respective methodologies, industry, on the other hand, focuses its attention on the change of industrial machine suits and intelligent products as well as potential customers on this progress. It is therefore important for the companies to primarily understand the features and content of the Industry 4.0 for potential transformation from machine dominant manufacturing to digital manufacturing. In order to achieve a successful transformation, they should clearly review their positions and respective potentials against basic requirements set forward for Industry 4.0 standard. This will allow them to generate a well-defined road map. There has been several approaches and discussions going on along this line, a several road maps are already proposed. Some of those are reviewed in this paper. However, the literature clearly indicates the lack of respective assessment methodologies. Since the implementation and applications of related theorems and definitions outlined for the 4th industrial revolution is not mature enough for most of the reel life implementations, a systematic approach for making respective assessments and evaluations seems to be urgently required for those who are intending to speed this transformation up. It is now main responsibility of the research community to developed technological infrastructure with physical systems, management models, business models as well as some well-defined Industry 4.0 scenarios in order to make the life for the practitioners easy. It is estimated by the experts that the Industry 4.0 and related progress along this line will have an enormous effect on social life. As outlined in the introduction, some social transformation is also expected. It is assumed that the robots will be more dominant in manufacturing, implanted technologies, cooperating and coordinating machines, self-decision-making systems, autonom problem solvers, learning machines, 3D printing etc. will dominate the production process. Wearable internet, big data analysis, sensor based life, smart city implementations or similar applications will be the main concern of the community. This social transformation will naturally trigger the manufacturing society to improve their manufacturing suits to cope with the customer requirements and sustain competitive advantage. A summary of the potential progress along this line is reviewed in introduction of the paper. It is so obvious that the future manufacturing systems will have a different vision composed of products, intelligence, communications and information network. This will bring about new business models to be dominant in industrial life. Another important issue to take into account is that the time span of this so-called revolution will be so short triggering a continues transformation process to yield some new industrial areas to emerge. This clearly puts a big pressure on manufacturers to learn, understand, design and implement the transformation process. Since the main motivation for finding the best way to follow this transformation, a comprehensive literature review will generate a remarkable support. This paper presents such a review for highlighting the progress and aims to help improve the awareness on the best experiences. It is intended to provide a clear idea for those wishing to generate a road map for digitizing the respective manufacturing suits. By presenting this review it is also intended to provide a hands-on library of Industry 4.0 to both academics as well as industrial practitioners. The top 100 headings, abstracts and key words (i.e. a total of 619 publications of any kind) for each search term were independently analyzed in order to ensure the reliability of the review process. Note that, this exhaustive literature review provides a concrete definition of Industry 4.0 and defines its six design principles such as interoperability, virtualization, local, real-time talent, service orientation and modularity. It seems that these principles have taken the attention of the scientists to carry out more variety of research on the subject and to develop implementable and appropriate scenarios. A comprehensive taxonomy of Industry 4.0 can also be developed through analyzing the results of this review.

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Oztemel, E., Gursev, S. Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies. J Intell Manuf 31 , 127–182 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-018-1433-8

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Received : 30 January 2018

Accepted : 28 June 2018

Published : 24 July 2018

Issue Date : January 2020

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-018-1433-8

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