odisha coast case study

Protecting India's Coastline: Odisha

STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• Odisha’s Chilka Lake is one of India’s hotspots of biodiversity, including the rare Irrawady dolphin.
• The turtles are at risk from uncontrolled mechanized fishing in prohibited areas, the non-use of turtle excluder devices, and insensitive tourism.
• On two stretches of coastline, the project is seeking to plant mangroves, protect sea turtles, and pilot shoreline protection.

Odisha’s Chilka Lake is one of India ’s hotspots of biodiversity and one of the largest brackish water lakes in the world. The lake is home to the rare Irrawady dolphin. The Bhitarkanika wetlands contain the second-largest mangrove ecosystem in Asia. Both these areas are also home to large vulnerable populations dependent on coastal resources. A range of port development activities are also under way.

Every year, hundreds of thousands of endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles come to nest on some of Odisha’s beaches. The turtles are, however, at risk from uncontrolled mechanized fishing in prohibited areas, the non-use of turtle excluder devices, and insensitive tourism. In addition, their mass nesting site on the Gahirmatha coast has been gradually shifting northward over the last 20 years due to coastal erosion.

Parts of the mangroves have been reclaimed for cultivation, fuelwood, and timber, as well as for large-scale shrimp farming. And Bhitarkanika’s delicate ecosystem is facing a major threat from the alteration of freshwater inflows due to construction of hydrological structures upstream.

Odisha’s coast is subject to extreme tidal variations. Sea levels have been known to rise by about 4 meters in certain stretches, inundating up to 3 km of coastal land. In addition, frequent cyclones cause heavy losses to agriculture and fisheries, while dislocating life for a large number of poor farmers and fishermen. The coast is also subject to a strong littoral drift, causing an estimated 1.5 million tons of sand to move from the southwest to the northeast in a year.

While the area faces little industrial pollution, the untreated/semi-treated sewage from coastal settlements and effluents from fertilizer plants and industries at Paradip port need to be checked.

Project activities

The  Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project is working on two stretches of coastline: Gopalpur-Chilka and Paradip-Dhamra. In these areas, the project is seeking to plant mangroves and other shelterbelt species, protect the Olive Ridley sea turtles and other aquatic life, and pilot shoreline protection in the village of Pentha. Communities are being trained to plant mangrove nurseries and given incentives to protect them. A gene bank of mangrove species has been established and some 200 hectares have already been planted.

To conserve the turtles, awareness is being raised among local people, and tourists are being sensitized.  Community members are being trained and armed to function as boatmen and guards to prevent poaching of these vulnerable creatures, especially during their nesting season. To protect turtle nesting habitats, the project is also seeking to complete the solid waste management system for the coastal town of Paradip.

On the periphery of Chilka Lake and the Gahirmatha Wildlife Sanctuary, the project is seeking to improve the livelihoods of resource-dependent communities, including fisherfolk impacted by the ban on fishing during the Olive Ridley breeding season. Carefully planned, small-scale community-based tourism is being developed. Local communities are being trained to get jobs as boatmen, guides, and dolphin spotters. About 400,000 people from 235 coastal villages are expected to benefit through these measures. 

To protect endangered species, motor boat traffic around the Chilka Lake is being regulated. The region’s 3000-plus fishing and tourist boats are being converted into eco-friendly vessels that no longer rely on diesel or other fossil fuels to run them. For the first time in Asia, real-time monitoring and management of lake waters is being undertaken. All fishing around the area is to be certified by the Marine Stewardship Council. Moreover, a wetlands research center is being established to expand knowledge about the area’s fish species, the Irrawady dolphin, and migratory bird habitats.

The ICZM project is further augmenting conservation efforts under the world’s first program to protect the estuarine crocodile. The already successful program has increased crocodile numbers in the area from eight in 1975 to more than 1,600 today.

• Protecting India's Coastline
• Protecting India's Coastline: Gujarat
• Protecting India's Coastline: West Bengal
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project documents
• Odisha Villagers Tell President How World Bank Projects Have Improved Their Lives
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Loss and Damages from Cyclone: A Case Study from Odisha, a Coastal State

• First Online: 14 October 2020

Cite this chapter

• Trupti Mishra 5 &
• Krishna Malakar 6  

Part of the book series: Disaster Research and Management Series on the Global South ((DRMSGS))

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Natural disasters such as cyclones result in tremendous loss and damages to life and property of coastal communities. However, studies assessing loss and damages are limited in the literature. This study attempts to document the loss and damages incurred by the marine fishing community affected by Cyclone Phailin in 2013, on the coast of Gopalpur in Odisha (India). A survey composed of 300 responses was conducted and it was found that a high percentage (72.67%) of the community experienced decline in income after the cyclone. This may be a result of damage to fishing gear from the cyclone. Although most fishermen were able to start fishing one to three weeks after the cyclone, their income returned to previous levels (before the cyclone) at a much later time. Fortunately, there were no deaths in the surveyed households as a result of the cyclone. Lastly, it was seen that the time and average cost to rebuild houses was greater than that to repair gear. Given the importance of assessing loss and damages in vulnerable communities, this study contributes to the literature by providing a basic overview of the experiences of coastal fishing communities in the aftermath of Cyclone Phailin.

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Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) for funding the study.

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Trupti Mishra

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Mishra, T., Malakar, K. (2020). Loss and Damages from Cyclone: A Case Study from Odisha, a Coastal State. In: Singh, A., Fernando, R.L.S., Haran, N.P. (eds) Development in Coastal Zones and Disaster Management. Disaster Research and Management Series on the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4294-7_19

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• Case studies
• Created by: sophie_st3vens
• Created on: 17-04-20 11:35
• East Indian coastline
• Straight coastline with few inlets/ harbours
• 1435km^2 of Mangrove forests
• narrow coastal ***** supports most of the population
• has 6 major deltas from rivers
• salty lagoon
• habitat for birdlife, encouraging ecotourism
• during monsoon the lake becomes more diluted due to the rain
• it's a temporary store in the water cycle
• offer protection against cyclones
• places with < 3km of mangrove were affected more by cyclones
• breeding grounds for fish, provides a source of income
• ecotourism due to the bird species
• large fish stocks offshore for food and income
• can do renewable energy like offshore wind
• delta regions (with constant river inputs) give fertile agricultural land
• ecotourism potentials
• Ports placed along the coast
• historical sites maintained along the coast, good for tourism
• significant coastal erosion
• with most living at coasts, some hard defences used, but only shifts the erosion further down
• in summer there's more deposition and in winter there's lots of storms and erosion
• Ports have blocked natural sand flow so beaches further north are eroded
• lost 28% of the coastline
• water becomes too saline to drink, crops can't grow in this water
• if you can increase wealth in a community, it will become more resilient to issues
• introducing ecotourism allows jobs for locals
• in 1999 a cyclone hit, killing 10000 and it affected how prepared they are now
• has now got successful evacuation measures in place
• had organised relief shelters before it had even hit
• now monitor to alarm and prepare everyone well before
• poorest had to adapt the most with no one helping the issue
• where houses have been destroyed, communities have adapted to move further inland
• can also migrate to cities to adapt but this may be last resort
• helping villages grow mangroves for better protection
• takes into account all stakeholders

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The Holderness Coast

The Holderness Coast is Europe’s fastest eroding coastline.

The Holderness Coast Case Study

Looking for information on the landforms of erosion and deposition on the Holderness Coast? You can find it here .

What is the location of the Holderness Coast?

The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. It extends 61km from Flamborough in the north to Spurn Point in the south.

Lost settlements on the Holderness Coast

The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe’s fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres. This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Approximately 3 miles (5kms) of land has been lost since Roman times, including 23 towns/villages. These are shown on the map below.

What is the geology of the Holderness Coast?

Underlying the Holderness Coast is bedrock made up of Cretaceous Chalk. However, in most places, this is covered by glacial till deposited over 18,000 years ago. It is this soft boulder clay that is being rapidly eroded.

There are two main reasons why this area is eroding so rapidly. The first is the result of the strong prevailing winds creating destructive waves. The second is that the cliffs are made of soft boulder clay, which erodes rapidly when saturated.

Holderness Coast Case Study

The Holderness Coast is a great case study for examining coastal processes and their associated features. This is because the area contains ‘textbook’ examples of coastal erosion and deposition. The exposed chalk of Flamborough provides examples of erosion and features such as caves, arches and stacks. Coastal management at Hornsea and Withernsea are examples of hard engineering solutions to coastal erosion. Erosion at Skipsea illustrates the human impact of erosion in areas where coastlines are not being defended.  Mappleton is an excellent case study of an attempt at coastal management, which has a negative impact further along the coast.

Spurn Point provides evidence of longshore drift on the Holderness Coast. It is an excellent example of a spit, a depositional landform . Around 3% of the material eroded from the Holderness Coast is deposited here annually.

Find out more about the landforms of coastal erosion and deposition on the Holderness Coast .

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AQA A-Level Geography - Odisha Case Study

Subject: Geography

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*Revision Powerpoint for AQA AS/A-Level Geography *Odisha Case Study (Coastal Systems and Landscapes unit/topic) *Easy to understand, simplified and condensed notes (5 slides)

Topics Included:

• Risk and Oppurtunity in Odisha, India (location summary)
• Opportunities for human occupation and development
• Risks for human occupation and development
• Managing the Odisha coastline
• Management of Mahanadi Delta

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What has Odisha recently developed?

Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

What does the ICZM aim to do?

Establish sustainable economic and social activity. Resolve challenges and conflict. Protect coastal environment.

What stakeholders does the ICZM involve?

Water Resource Department. Greenspace India. Odisha Tourism Development Corporation.

Name 3 issues which have been identified?

Coastal erosion and processes. Vulnerability to disaster - cyclones. Pollution and environmental quality management. Biodiversity Conservation.

A wide range of public consultations have been held within villages on what topics?

Assessment and control of coastal erosion. Development of ecotourism. PLANTING/REPLANTING MANGROVES - MAIN.

What is good about A wide range of public consultations being held within villages?

It is sustainable and long term.

How is the Mahanadi Delta being managed?

Important ecological zone - habitats. Loss of mangroves due tp development of fisheries. Wetlands International, Indian Government and ICZM help villagers to plant mangroves - sustainable.

How do mangroves provide resilience?

Provide protection against strong winds, floods, tsunamis - reducing destructive force by 90% and costal erosion.

Give evidence of increased resilience?

1999 10,000 people killed in a tropical cyclone.

2013 only 44 people killed in a tropical cyclone.

How did people in Odisha mitigate their problems?

Improved warnings. Evacuation. Shelter.

Decks in - Coastal Systems; Case Studies - Geog A level Class (14):

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