omit the page number.
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APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.
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It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Missing element | What to do | Reference format |
---|---|---|
Author | Start the reference entry with the source title. | Title. (Date). Source. |
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date”. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
Title | Describe the work in square brackets. | Author. (Date). [Description]. Source. |
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.
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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .
When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.
When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:
(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).
Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.
If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.
The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:
Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).
APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online sources.
However, if you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html
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Where can I find the date of a Web page?
Usually the date is available at the bottom of the Web page. It may state last updated , last modified or last reviewed .
If there is no date available then use (n.d.) for no date.
is section will cover the following examples:
For youtube videos and audio podcasts , go to the Audiovisual Media tab.
For more examples and information, consult the following publications:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)
Call Number: BF76.7 .P83 2020
Locations: Main Reference Collection 1st Floor (1 copy); Book Stacks (5 copies)
When you are attempting to cite an online document or page that is more than one Web page, then cite a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Remember, if there isn't a date available for the document use ( n.d. ) for no date.
For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.
The following format will be used:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .
In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.
References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Page or section from a website created by a corporate or group author, page or section from a website created by an individual author, page or section from a website with an unknown author, report or document from a website – corporate or group author, government document from a website, in-text citation for two or more authors/editors, on the web but not a website.
Be careful! Just because you found something on the web, it doesn’t mean you are citing a website.
Look at the material closely – is it a journal article? A newspaper article? An encyclopedia? An eBook? Use the format that best describes the item. APA treats a source as a website only when it does not fit another category.
Citing source from websites can be challenging because they are not standardized in the same way as journal articles or books. This video from Valencia East Library walks you through the process with an example from the Centre for Disease Control website.
How to Cite Webpages: APA 7th ed. from Valencia East Library on Vimeo .
It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.
If there is no known author, you can start the citation with the title of the website instead. However, APA tends to reserve this type of citation for a very small set of sources: for example, The Bible and some dictionaries and encyclopedias such as Wikipedia (which should not form a central part of your research).
The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.
If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.
If there is no date provided, put the letters (n.d.) in round brackets where you'd normally put the date.
Titles of websites should be in plain text but use italics for webpages, articles, etc.
Retrieval Date
Most website citations in APA 7th Edition do not require a retrieval date. Unfortunately, however, determining which situations require this date can be challenging. If you use a stable, archived version of a web page, no retrieval date is needed. But if you use a web page that is continually updated, providing a retrieval date can help clarify inconsistencies between the page when you viewed it and when it was viewed by your reader.
If a URL is too long to fit onto one line, try to break it at a slash (/).
Note : All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.
A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.
Corporation/Group/Organization's Name. (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of page: Subtitle (if any) . URL
Example | Canadian Cancer Society. (2013, April 14). . http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/cancer-research/?region=on |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Corporation/Group's Name, Year) Example: (Canadian Cancer Society, 2013) |
In-Text Quote | (Corporation/Group's Name, year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Canadian Cancer Society, 2013, Behavioural research section, para. 2) When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the paragraph number to identify where your quote came from. |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of page: Subtitle (if any) . Website name. URL
Example | Kmec, J. (2012, March 13). The Society Pages. https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/03/13/wheres-the-boss-and-what-counts-as-work/ |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Author Last Name, Year) Example: (Kmec, 2012) |
In-Text Quote | (Author Last Name, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Kmec, 2012, para. 1) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the paragraph number to identify where your quote came from. |
Title of page: Subtitle (if any) . (Year webpage was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Name of Website. URL
Example | (n.d.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/environment , to emphasize that the page could be updated, include a retrieval date: (n.d.). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/environment : For further explanation of retrieval dates, see the Tips section on this page. |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Shortened title, Year) Example: (Timeline: Environmental, n.d) |
In-Text Quote | (Shortened title, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Timeline: Environmental, n.d, Canadian National Parks Act section) When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph to identify where your quote came from. In this example, there is only one paragraph under the specific heading, so no paragraph number is needed. |
Corporation/Group/Organization's Name. (Year report was last updated/published, Month Day if given). Title of report: Subtitle if given (Pub. No. Publication Number if given). Website Name if different from author. URL
Example | College of Nurses of Ontario. (2009). (Pub. No. 41034). http://www.cno.org/docs/prac/41034_Ethics.pdf : If there was a chapter or section number instead of a publication number, it would be included after the title in the same place as the publication number: (Chapter xx) or (Section xx). |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Corporation/Group's Name, Year) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009) |
In-Text Quote | (Corporation/Group's Name, Year, p. Page Number) Example: (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009, p. 4) |
Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher if different from author. URL
Example | Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). . http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/ speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspx |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year) Example: (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010) |
In-Text Quote | (Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2010, By Age Five section, para. 4) : When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph to identify where your quote came from. |
Author's Last Name, First intial. Second Initial if Given or Username if real name not provided. (Year blog post was published, Month Day). Title of blog post. Title of Blog . URL
Example | Dobbs, D. (2012, June 13). Fun in cities: Feature, not bug. . http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/fun-in-cities-feature-not-bug/ : If the blog author's real name is not provided, use their username instead. |
In-Text Paraphrase | (Author's Last Name, Year) Example: (Dobbs, 2012) |
In-Text Quote | (Author's Last Name, Year, Section Heading section if given) Example: (Dobbs, 2012) : This blog post has no page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings so this information is left out of the in-text citation. |
Title of entry. (Year article was edited, Month Day). In Wikipedia . URL
Note : Cite the archived version of the page you used. To access this information on Wikipedia select "View history," choose the version you used, and copy its URL.
Wikipedia may not be considered an acceptable source for a college or university assignment. Be sure to evaluate the content carefully and check your assignment.
Example | Veterinary medicine. (2019, December 22). In . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_medicine&oldid=931891450 |
In-Text Paraphrase | ("Title of Entry," Year) Example: ("Veterinary Medicine," 2019) |
In-Text Quote | ("Title of Entry," Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number) Example: ("Veterinary Medicine," n.d., Paraveterinary Workers section, para. 1) : When used in an in-text citation, the title of the entry should be in quotation marks, with each word starting with a capital letter. When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. |
Number of Authors/Editors | First Time Paraphrased | Second and Subsequent Times Paraphrased | First Time Quoting | Second and Subsequent Times Quoting |
---|---|---|---|---|
Two | (Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) | (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) |
Three to Five | (Case, Daristotle, Hayek, Smith, & Raash, 2011) | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case, Daristotle, Hayekm, Smith, & Raash, 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
Six or More | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) | (Case et al., 2011, p. 57) |
If you are on a large website with multiple web pages, your citation should include the full URL (address) to the page you used, not only the home page.
If the information is expected to change, include the retrieval date before the url. Otherwise include only the URL.
Author's last name, initials. (date of publication). Title of document . Site name if different from author. Retrieved date, from http://Web address
Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Chronic fatigue syndrome . Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490
U.S. Department of State. (2020, February 2). China travel advisory . Retrieved February 12, 2020, from https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/china-travel-advisory.html
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In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
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⚙️ Styles | APA 6 & APA 7 |
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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Group authors include the name of a study group, government agency, association, corporation, task force, hospital, organization, etc. Put the name of the group author in the author position followed by a period. Do not include an abbreviation for the group author within the reference. Abbreviations should only be introduced and used within the body of the paper.
(American Psychological Association, 2019)
American Psychological Association (2019) ....
For more information about group authors, see Section 9.11 on pages 288-289 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.
Should my urls be live.
It depends. When adding URLs to a paper or other work, first, be sure to include the full hyperlink. This includes the http:// or the https://. Additionally, consider where and how the paper or work will be published or read. If the work will only be read in print or as a Word doc or Google Doc, then the URLs should not be live (i.e., they are not blue or underlined). However, if the work will be published or read online, then APA advises to include live URLs. This would allow the reader to click on a link and go to the source.
More Information
For more information, see Section 9.35 on pages 299-300 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.
NOTE: Check your instructor's preference about using live URLs. Some instructors may not want you to use live URLs.
Some URLs may be long and complicated. APA 7th edition allows the use of shorter URLs. Shortened URLs can be created using any URL shortener service; however, if you choose to shorten the URL, you must double-check that the URL is functioning and brings the reader to the correct website.
Common URL Shortner websites include:
For more information about URLs, see Section 9.36 on page 300 of APA Manual, 7th edition.
NOTE: Check your instructor's preference about using short URLs. Some instructors may want the full URL.
The CSS Library website (http://libguides.css.edu/CSSLibrary ) provides services and resources for all faculty, staff, and students who are currently affiliated with the institution.
When referring to an entire website in general and not citing specific content on the website, such as a particular document, it is sufficient to name the website in text and include the URL in parentheses. Only include this information within the body of the paper and do not include a reference in the reference list.
For more information about webpages and websites, see Section 10.16 on page 350 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.
Minnesota Department of Health. (n.d.). Workplace wellness: Making good health a priority at
work. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/workwellness/index.html
Begin the reference with the author of the webpage. For a personal name, list the last name of the author, followed by the first and middle initial (if there is one provided). For group authors or companies, list the group author or company name. Do not abbreviate group authors or the company name in the reference list. Add a period after the author.
Next, add the date. If there is no identifiable date, then use the abbreviation for no date, which is "n.d.". Add a period after each letter and do not add a space between the letters. Put the date in parentheses. Then, add a period after the parentheses. NOTE: The date should be the date the webpage was created or the date the webpage was last updated .
Next, add the title of the webpage. Follow the general capitalization rule by capitalizing the first word of the title and subtitle as well as any proper nouns. Italicize the title and add a period after the title.
Complete the reference by adding the web address (URL) where the webpage can be found. Remove the hyperlink. Do not add a period after the URL. NOTE : In APA 7th edition, most webpages will identify the website where the webpage was found; however, when the author and the website are the same, skip the website name. Instead, just add the URL. Additionally, check the instructor's preference about live hyperlinks. In general, if the assignment is an online resource (e.g., Brightspace discussion, webpage, etc.), then keep live hyperlinks. If the assignment is a paper, then remove the hyperlinks.
For more information about websites and webpages, see Section 10.16 on pages 350-352 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.
(Minnesota Department of Health, n.d.)
The Minnesota Department of Health (n.d.) provided suggestions ...
For more information about author format in parenthetical and narrative citations, see Section 8.17 and Table 8.1 on page 266 of the APA Manual, 7th edition.
Hamman, J. (2019, November 21). What teachers should know about dysgraphia . Edutopia.
https://www.edutopia.org/article/what-teachers-should-know-about-dysgraphia
Date: (2019, november 21)..
Next, add the date. If the date includes a month and day, begin the date with the year followed by a comma. Then, add the month and the day. Fully spell out the month. Do not abbreviate. Put the date in parentheses. Then, add a period after the parentheses. NOTE: The date should be the date the webpage was created or the date the webpage was last updated .
Next, add the title of the webpage. Follow the general capitalization rule by capitalizing the first word of the title and subtitle as well as any proper nouns. Italicize the title. Add a period after the title.
Complete the reference by identifying the website where the webpage was found. Add a period after the website name. Then, add the web address (URL) where the webpage can be found. Remove the hyperlink. Do not add a period after the URL. NOTE : check the instructor's preference about live hyperlinks. In general, if the assignment is an online resource (e.g., Brightspace discussion, webpage, etc.), then keep live hyperlinks. If the assignment is a paper, then remove the hyperlinks.
(Hamman, 2019)
Hamman (2019) shared ...
Table of Contents
The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the latest edition of the APA Style Manual (i.e., APA 7 th edition ) in 2019. APA Style has its origins in 1929 , when a group of academics and professionals decided to develop a set of guidelines that would standardize scientific writing. The earliest form was a seven-page guide published in the Psychological Bulletin . The first formal edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952, with subsequent editions appearing in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and most recently, in 2019.
Over the years, the APA style guide has evolved considerably to meet the changing needs of a wide range of disciplines, from social and behavioral sciences to health care, natural sciences, and humanities. APA Style is widely used by academic journals and books.
As APA 7 th edition is the current and most updated version, students and researchers should familiarize themselves with the style guidelines, including the reference and citation styles.
The aim of style guides such as the APA Style Guide is to simplify the work of editors and make it easier for readers to understand a text by ensuring a uniform format for a given publication. For example, the APA Style Guide will contain guidelines that lay down the APA reference format and APA style citation for authors to follow.
The APA Style Guide can be a valuable reference when writing and formatting academic papers, irrespective of discipline. However, this style is primarily used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social sciences (e.g., sociology, psychology, anthropology), behavioral sciences, education, business, and nursing.
If you are a student, you may consult with an instructor to check what style your discipline uses before using APA Style in your work. Most importantly, be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you plan to publish in to ensure APA 7 th edition is the correct style to use.
Researchers rely on citations and references to give credit to original sources, support their arguments, and guide readers to additional information for further study. Let us now look at how to cite sources in APA format. The formatting requirements of APA 7th edition citation for referring to secondary sources in your text are as follows.
The APA citation format includes the author’s last name and the year of publication. When referring to a particular part of a source, the page number may be included, e.g., “(Rawat et al., 2018, p. 115).”
APA style citation in the text may be parenthetical or narrative.
In parenthetical citation, the author’s name and the year of publication are placed in parentheses within the text. This style is used at the end of a sentence. See below for an example:
In narrative citation, the author’s name appears as a part of the sentence, followed by the publication year in parentheses. See below for an example:
Table 1: How to cite sources in APA format when there are multiple authors and organizations as authors
1
| (Sinha, 2022) | Sinha (2022) |
2
| (Latimer & Schulz, 1999) | Latimer and Schulz (1999) |
≥3
| (Khatri et al., 2023) | Khatri et al. (2023) |
Organization as an author* | (WHO, 2016)
| WHO (2016) |
*First time with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016); all subsequent citations: (WHO, 2016)
Table 2: How to cite sources in APA format when some information is missing
Author | Use the title of the source in title case
| (FAQs, 2004) | FAQs. (2004) Crazy Camp Chronicles. http://www.crazycamps/faq |
Date
| Use “n.d.” (for no date) | (Kalanithi, n.d.) | Kalanithi, O. (n.d.). The curious case of the coughing cloud. Merriweather Publishing. |
Page number
| Use an alternative locator | (Williams, 1988, Chapter 14) (Bush, 2021, para. 2) | |
Title
| Describe the source | (Gupta, 2023)
| Gupta, G. (2023). [Collection of patient feedback for a new therapy]. Unpublished raw data. |
After APA citations , let us now look at the APA reference format. As an academic, you might use a wide array of source types. According to the APA style guide , each type is formatted in a certain manner. The most commonly used sources are journal articles, books, and dissertations. However, you occasionally might need to cite webpages, podcasts, and news article. How would all these appear in an APA 7 reference page ? You will find your answers in Table 3!
Table 3: How to format various sources in the APA reference list
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of the article. (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy | Singh, C., Solomon, D., & Rao, N. (2021). How does climate change adaptation policy in India consider gender? An analysis of 28 state action plans. (7), 958-975
| |
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). (editors, translators, editions, etc.). Publisher.
| Angelou, M. (1970). Random House.
| |
Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In Initial. Last name (Eds.), (ed., pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI of chapter | Saxena, R. K., Saxena, K. B., & Varshney, R. K. (2019). Pigeonpea ( L. Millsp.): an ideal crop for sustainable agriculture. In J. M. Al-Khayri, S. M. Jain, D. V. Johnson (Eds.), , Springer, Cham. .
| |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). . Website name. URL | Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE). (n.d.). Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved July 13, 2022, from
| |
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). [Master’s thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Name of institution]. URL or database name | Srinidhi, A. (2024). . [internal PhD, WU, Wageningen University]. Wageningen University. https://doi.org/10.18174/654556 | |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article. . URL | Das, S. (2024, August 20). Auto companies Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland board the fully built bus boom. .
| |
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title (episode number if known) [Audio podcast episode]. In Publisher. URL | Huberman, A. (Host). (2022, April 17). Using light (sunlight, blue light & red light) to optimize health [Audio podcast episode]. In . Andrew Huberman.
|
Papers formatted according to APA 7th edition typically contain the following elements:
Title page with the title (bold, centered), running head and page number in the header, author names and affiliations, and author notes (ORCID ID, conflicts of interest, etc.); see below:
Next comes the abstract . It should be double spaced and use consistent font. The keywords appear below the abstract, with an indent.
For the main text, margins are 1 inch on all four side s. T he text is double spaced . T he font used should be consistent . H eadings are used to separate sections , and d etails on heading levels are as follows:
Source: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings
Finally, the APA 7 reference page contains the references to all sources used in the paper. References are double-spaced and use hanging indents :
Style guides in academic writing serve to standardize formatting, citations, and language use across scholarly works. They provide readers with cues they can use to follow the text more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them. In other words, it avoids distraction of unfamiliar or non-uniform formatting.
In this piece about APA 7th edition , we have explained in detail the nuances of APA citations , including how to cite in APA format and how to format the APA 7 reference page . A brief primer on formatting a manuscript in line with APA 7th edition is also provided.
The updates from APA 6th to APA 7th Edition reflect a commitment to improving clarity, inclusivity, and usability in scholarly writing. The salient differences from APA 6 th edition are as follows:
According to APA 7 th edition , a reference would appear as below:
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy .
The in-text citation would include the author name(s) and year of publication, e.g., (Andriolatou, 2007).
APA 7 citation style would vary depending on the number of authors and whether you are citing the source parenthetically or narratively:
Single author, parenthetical: (Bik, 2020)
Single author, narrative: Bik (2020) reported that…
Two authors, parenthetical: (Bik & Urs, 2019)
Two authors, narrative: As demonstrated by Bik and Urs (2019), …
Three or more authors, parenthetical: (Bik et al., 2023)
Three or more authors, narrative: Bik et al. (2023) have published…
When someone else’s words are copied verbatim in your paper, it refers to a direct quote.
For APA 7 citation of short direct quotes (<40 words), use quotation marks around the quote and cite the author, year, and page number:
Another way to look at it is how people “get a broader range of experience than they would on a feature” (Catmull, 2014, p. 209).
For APA 7 citation of longer quotes, or block quotes, the sentence preceding the quote ends in a colon and is followed by the quoted text. No quotation marks are used. The quote is indented and cited without a period at the end (see the figure below).
Figure: How to cite block quotes in APA citations
To conclude
Over the years, the APA style guide has evolved significantly. The current version, APA 7th edition , has expanded in both scope and size to accommodate the needs of wide-ranging fields and to address changing times. Despite these changes, the core intention—to provide clear, consistent guidelines for effective communication—remains at the heart of APA Style .
For busy researchers, not only is it difficult to remember the different elements of citations and references and the subtle differences in formatting, but it also a tedious task to manually format in-text citations and reference lists and ensure consistency between them. In addition, you might need to format (and even re-format) your manuscript according to different journals, which might follow styles different from APA 7th edition (MLA, Chicago, AMA, etc.)! But there is no need to worry…help is at hand!
Citation generators are online tools that format references in different styles. There are a number of citation generators available, and Paperpal has launched its new citation generator , which stands out from the others in many ways. As a part of Paperpal’s writing workflow, you can easily find and cite sources accurately in a matter of seconds.
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Mla works cited page: format, template & examples.
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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in apa.
Once you’ve identified a credible website to use, create a citation and begin building your reference list. Citation Machine citing tools can help you create references for online news articles, government websites, blogs, and many other website! Keeping track of sources as you research and write can help you stay organized and ethical. If you end up not using a source, you can easily delete it from your bibliography. Ready to create a citation? Enter the website’s URL into the search box above. You’ll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It’s that easy to begin!
If you’re wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below.
Author Last Name, First initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of web page . Name of Website. URL
Example of an APA format website:
Austerlitz, S. (2015, March 3). How long can a spinoff like ‘Better Call Saul’ last? FiveThirtyEight. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-can-a-spinoff-like-better-call-saul-last/
Keep in mind that not all information found on a website follows the structure above. Only use the Website format above if your online source does not fit another source category. For example, if you’re looking at a video on YouTube, refer to the ‘YouTube Video’ section. If you’re citing a newspaper article found online, refer to ‘Newspapers Found Online’ section. Again, an APA website citation is strictly for web pages that do not fit better with one of the other categories on this page.
When adding the text of a post, keep the original capitalization, spelling, hashtags, emojis (if possible), and links within the text.
Structure: Facebook user’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Monday Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of Facebook post [Source type if attached] [Post type]. Facebook. URL
Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached]
Post type examples: [Status update], [Video], [Image], [Infographic]
Gomez, S. (2020, February 4). Guys, I’ve been working on this special project for two years and can officially say Rare Beauty is launching in [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/Selena/videos/1340031502835436/
Life at Chegg. (2020, February 7) It breaks our heart that 50% of college students right here in Silicon Valley are hungry. That’s why Chegg has [Images attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/LifeAtChegg/posts/1076718522691591
Structure: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [Twitter Handle]. (Year, Month Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of tweet [source type if attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached], [Poll attached]
Example: Edelman, J. [Edelman11]. (2018, April 26). Nine years ago today my life changed forever. New England took a chance on a long shot and I’ve worked [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Edelman11/status/989652345922473985
APA citation format: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [@Instagram handle]. (Year, Month Day). Up to the first 20 words of caption [Photograph(s) and/or Video(s)]. Instagram. URL
Example: Portman, N. [@natalieportman]. (2019, January 5). Many of my best experiences last year were getting to listen to and learn from so many incredible people through [Videos]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsRD-FBB8HI/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
If this guide hasn’t helped solve all of your referencing questions, or if you’re still feeling the need to type “how to cite a website APA” into Google, then check out our APA citation generator on CitationMachine.com, which can build your references for you!
APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDF
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Note: The default citation style is now APA 7. To use APA 6 ensure that the APA 6 button is selected.
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Copy the information below in your paper according to the Guide on the right. Use your own page numbers.
In-text citations are required when you use someone else's ideas, theories or research in your paper.
Examples: (choose depending if author and/or date is mentioned in text)
Quotation :
Paraphrase :
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
No authors : Use the title in place of author. Shorten title if needed. Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report.
Two authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Three or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2017)
Spell out the name in full the first time and abbreviate subsequent times only if abbreviation is well known.
When quoting always provide author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material.
If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with quotation marks. Cite the source immediately after the close of the quotation marks.
If the authors are named in the text, they do not have to be used in the citation.
In fact, "a neurosis is characterized by anxiety" (Kristen & Warb, 2012, p. 157).
"A neurosis is characterized by anxiety," according to Kristen and Warb's (2012, p. 157) longitudinal study.
If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.
If the document does not contain page numbers, include paragraph numbers.
If neither is available omit page and paragraph numbers. Do not count paragraph numbers.
When paraphrasing from multiple sources, include all authors name in parentheses in alphabetical order.
Note: APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.)
Two or more authors : Within the text use the word and . If the authors' names are within parentheses use the & symbol.
Three to five authors : Include all authors' last names the first time the citation is used. If you use the same citation again within the same paragraph, use only the first last name followed by 'et al'. If you used the citation again omit the year.
Six or more authors: Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."
(Wasserstein et al., 2010)
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
In-text citations are called parenthetical references in MLA. This involves placing information about the source in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. The information in the parenthetical references must match the corresponding information in the list of works cited.
The purpose of parenthetical references is to indicate to readers not only what works you used, but what you used from each source and where in the source you found the material. This can be done by inserting a parenthetical reference in your text at the spot where you have used the source's ideas or words.
You should keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as clarity and accuracy permit.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Herick 22)
Example: Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34). 1
Each superscript then refers to a numbered citation in the footnotes or endnotes.
Footnotes/endnotes:
The first time the in-text reference is cited you must include, author's first name, author's last name, title, place of publication, publisher name, year and referenced pages. e.g.
1. James Smith, The first and last war , (New York, Hamilton, 2003), 2.
If the citation has already been cited it may be shortened to author's last name, shortened title, and page referenced number. e.g.
2. Smith, The first , 220-221.
If the citation has been referenced immediately prior, the note may be shortened even further to ibid with the page number. e.g.
3. Ibid., 786.
For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date.
An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, author may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as ed. or trans. are omitted.
(Woodward 1987)
(Schuman and Scott 1987)
When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, vol. is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The n in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates "note" (see 14.164 ). The last example shows how one might cite a section of a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic documents (see 15.8 ).
(Piaget 1980, 74)
(LaFree 2010, 413, 417–18)
(Johnson 1979, sec. 24)
Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87)
(García 1987, vol. 2)
(García 1987, 2:345)
(Barnes 1998, 2:354–55, 3:29)
(Fischer and Siple 1990, 212n3)
(Hellman 1998, under "The Battleground")
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.
Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.
Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.
Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.
Foundational resources.
Whether you're new to APA or have been using it for some time, these resources will set you on track for becoming more comfortable writing in this style.
In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.
We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
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Master academic writing with APA’s essential teaching and learning resource
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Teaching APA Style? Become a course adopter of the 7th edition Publication Manual
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Guides, checklists, webinars, tutorials, and sample papers for anyone looking to improve their knowledge of APA Style
Available formats, also available from.
A WALL STREET JOURNAL , USA TODAY , AND PUBLISHERS WEEKLY BESTSELLER. The newest official release of the P ublication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Seventh Edition includes four different formats—spiral-bound and tabbed, paperback, hardcover, and ebook, all of which are in full color. It is the official source for APA Style.
With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields.
Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process—from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication. The seventh edition is an indispensable resource for students and professionals to achieve excellence in writing and make an impact with their work. The seventh edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect best practices in scholarly writing and publishing.
List of Tables and Figures
Editorial Staff and Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Types of Articles and Papers
Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards in Publishing
Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Findings
Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
Required Elements
Paper Elements
Organization
Sample Papers
Overview of Reporting Standards
Common Reporting Standards Across Research Designs
Reporting Standards for Quantitative Research
Reporting Standards for Qualitative Research
Reporting Standards for Mixed Methods Research
Effective Scholarly Writing
Continuity and Flow
Conciseness and Clarity
Grammar and Usage
Sentence Construction
Strategies to Improve Your Writing
General Guidelines for Reducing Bias
Reducing Bias by Topic
Punctuation
Capitalization
Abbreviations
Statistical and Mathematical Copy
Presentation of Equations
General Guidelines for Tables and Figures
Sample Tables
Sample Figures
General Guidelines for Citation
Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation
In-Text Citations
Paraphrases and Quotations
Reference Categories
Principles of Reference List Entries
Reference Elements
Reference Variations
Reference List Format and Order
Author Variations
Date Variations
Title Variations
Source Variations
Textual Works
Data Sets, Software, and Tests
Audiovisual Media
Online Media
General Guidelines for Legal References
Legal Reference Examples
Preparing for Publication
Understanding the Editorial Publication Process
Manuscript Preparation
Copyright and Permission Guidelines
During and After Publication
Credits for Adapted Tables, Figures, and Papers
Widely followed style guide for academic papers. — The Wall Street Journal
Many students look upon citation writing with a shudder, but proper citing is vital to good scholarship. Here a team of style and publication experts covers APA-style grammar and format, which is used by scientific journals and in many graduate and undergraduate classes. The volume also tackles big-picture issues including copyright, plagiarism, the publication process, and predatory journals. Taking on everything from tables and figures to bias-free language, this is a clear guide to APA style. — Library Journal
I strongly encourage you to dig into the rich resource of the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . I am thoroughly energized about the ways this guide can push language forward. —American Library Association’s Rainbow Round Table
An endorsement from the APA is a big deal for the singular “they.” The APA is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 118,000 members. The Publican Manual is used by all writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in a wide variety of disciplines, so this clarification has the potential to significantly expand the use of inclusive language. — Out
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) has gone through it’s first update in a decade. One of the major changes in this seventh edition is a full embracing of the singular ‘they’ pronoun...This full acceptance in the APA style guide is major. And wonderful. — Medium
Gather round, style hounds: the seventh edition of the American Psychological Association's Publication Manual...includes some (pretty) significant changes. — Inside Higher Education
One of the most popular guides for academic writing standards across the curriculum. For many editors, faculty, and students, this means mastering new rules in short order...all appearances indicate that the changes will be mostly user-friendly...The worst thing about change is often the unknown. This quick glimpse at what the APA has in store offers encouraging news about the road ahead. — Faculty Focus
View the supplemental resources for the Publication Manual . The content is organized by chapter as an easily navigable guide to help make your papers more accurate, accessible, and inclusive.
Ancillary instructional materials are available to instructors for the Publication Manual , including lecture slides.
Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition
Undergraduate Writing in Psychology, Third Edition
Reporting Qualitative Research in Psychology, Rev Ed.
View the APA Style website for additional style and grammar guidelines.
Basic APA Formatting Guidelines
Journal article.
Alvarez, N. & Mearns, J. (2014). The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41 (3), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004 Prior research has shown narrative writing to help with making meaning out of trauma. This article uses grounded theory to analyze semi-structured interviews with ten spoken word poets. Because spoken word poetry is performed live, it creates personal and community connections that enhance the emotional development and resolution offered by the practice of writing. The findings are limited by the small, nonrandom sample (all the participants were from the same community).
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Type of citation Example citation; Reference List Citation: National Association of Social Workers. (2005). NASW standards for clinical social work in social work practice.
Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
Provide the name of the news website in the source element of the reference. Link to the comment itself if possible. Otherwise, link to the webpage on which the comment appears. Either a full URL or a short URL is acceptable. 3. Webpage on a website with a government agency group author.
1) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. Abbreviating Corporation/Group Author Name in In-Text citations: Author names for corporations/groups can often be abbreviated.
Learn how to cite websites in APA style 7th edition with examples and tips from USC librarians. Find out the latest changes and updates in the citation format.
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
In other words, a webpage is an independent page of a website. If you simply mention a whole website it is not necessary to create a reference list entry. Name the website in the text of your paper and provide the URL in parentheses. Notes: Use the webpage and website category for your source only if there is no better category for it. Do not ...
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th ...
For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided. The following format will be used: In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue.
APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication. Additionally, APA 7 th edition no longer requires the use of "Retrieved ...
In-Text Quote. (Author Last Name, Year, Section Name section, para. Paragraph Number if more than one paragraph in section) Example: (Kmec, 2012, para. 1) Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the paragraph number to identify where your quote came from.
To cite particular information on a website, determine the reference type (e.g., report, webpage) and then follow the appropriate format. Learn more. Website references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.16 and the Concise Guide Section 10.14.
Websites. If you are on a large website with multiple web pages, your citation should include the full URL (address) to the page you used, not only the home page. For the publication date, use the one that corresponds to the page you are referencing (not the copyright date for the entire site). Last updated date is ok but last reviewed is not.
Generate APA style citations quickly and accurately with our FREE APA citation generator. Enter a website URL, book ISBN, or search with keywords, and we do the rest! Updated with APA 7th Edition!
Complete the reference by adding the web address (URL) where the webpage can be found. Remove the hyperlink. Do not add a period after the URL. NOTE: In APA 7th edition, most webpages will identify the website where the webpage was found; however, when the author and the website are the same, skip the website name. Instead, just add the URL.
The authority on APA Style and the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Find tutorials, the APA Style Blog, how to format papers in APA Style, and other resources to help you improve your writing, master APA Style, and learn the conventions of scholarly publishing.
Elements of a Basic Website Reference Citation. Webpage citation is covered in APA Manual, 7th Edition, Section 10.16, beginning at page 350. Parenthetical in-text citation: (Cohn, 2022) Narrative in-text citation: Cohn (2022)... Citing Specific Parts of a Webpage (See APA Publication Manual, Sec. 8.13, p. 264)
Statistics in APA; APA Classroom Poster; Changes in the 7th Edition; General APA FAQs; Reference List: Textual Sources; Reference List: Online Media; APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Suggested Resources Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises. Purdue OWL; Research and Citation; APA Style (7th Edition ...
Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source. The evolution of this style. The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020.
What is APA 7th Edition?. The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the latest edition of the APA Style Manual (i.e., APA 7 th edition) in 2019.APA Style has its origins in 1929, when a group of academics and professionals decided to develop a set of guidelines that would standardize scientific writing.The earliest form was a seven-page guide published in the Psychological Bulletin.
Enter the website's URL into the search box above. You'll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It's that easy to begin! If you're wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below. Structure: Author Last Name, First initial.
Citefast automatically formats citations in APA 7th edition. Note: The default citation style is now APA 7. To use APA 6 ensure that the APA 6 button is selected. APA 7. APA 6. MLA 8. Chicago. To create a citation choose a source and enter details below. Note: APA 7th edition is now the starting choice for creating citations.
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Citing Sources in APA 7th ed. APA Style; APA 7th Edition; Research Tutorials. Narrowing a Topic ; Background Research ; Types of Information ; Beginning your Research ; Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership This link opens in a new window; Education Policy; Education Statistics; Special Education Resources; Children's Books
This Academic Writer Tutorial will walk you through the basics of APA 7th edition. From paper elements to citations and references, it has all you need to get you on your way to feeling confident about APA. ... Tags: APA, APA Toolkit, citation, citing, Paper sample, paper template in Word, Toolkit. Departments. Academic Affairs; Faculty ...
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism. We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
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Parenthetical citation: "Direct quote" (Furlong, 2015, p.25). Narrative citation, if the author is mentioned in the sentence, place the year after the last name and the page number after the quote. Example: Furlong (2015) found that "direct quote" (p. 25) More guidelines can be found in the PDF Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition.