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Science Essay

Learn How to Write an A+ Science Essay

11 min read

What Is a Science Essay?

A science essay is an academic paper focusing on a scientific topic from physics, chemistry, biology, or any other scientific field.

Science essays are mostly expository. That is, they require you to explain your chosen topic in detail. However, they can also be descriptive and exploratory.

A descriptive science essay aims to describe a certain scientific phenomenon according to established knowledge.

On the other hand, the exploratory science essay requires you to go beyond the current theories and explore new interpretations.

So before you set out to write your essay, always check out the instructions given by your instructor. Whether a science essay is expository or exploratory must be clear from the start. Or, if you face any difficulty, you can take help from a science essay writer as well.

Moreover, check out this video to understand scientific writing in detail.

Now that you know what it is, let's look at the steps you need to take to write a science essay.

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How To Write a Science Essay?

Writing a science essay is not as complex as it may seem. All you need to do is follow the right steps to create an impressive piece of work that meets the assigned criteria.

Here's what you need to do:

Choose Your Topic

A good topic forms the foundation for an engaging and well-written essay. Therefore, you should ensure that you pick something interesting or relevant to your field of study.

To choose a good topic, you can brainstorm ideas relating to the subject matter. You may also find inspiration from other science essays or articles about the same topic.

Conduct Research

Once you have chosen your topic, start researching it thoroughly to develop a strong argument or discussion in your essay.

Make sure you use reliable sources and cite them properly . You should also make notes while conducting your research so that you can reference them easily when writing the essay. Or, you can get expert assistance from an essay writing service to manage your citations.

Create an Outline

A good essay outline helps to organize the ideas in your paper. It serves as a guide throughout the writing process and ensures you don’t miss out on important points.

An outline makes it easier to write a well-structured paper that flows logically. It should be detailed enough to guide you through the entire writing process.

However, your outline should be flexible, and it's sometimes better to change it along the way to improve your structure.

Start Writing

Once you have a good outline, start writing the essay by following your plan.

The first step in writing any essay is to draft it. This means putting your thoughts down on paper in a rough form without worrying about grammar or spelling mistakes.

So begin your essay by introducing the topic, then carefully explain it using evidence and examples to support your argument.

Don't worry if your first draft isn't perfect - it's just the starting point!

Proofread & Edit

After finishing your first draft, take time to proofread and edit it for grammar and spelling mistakes.

Proofreading is the process of checking for grammatical mistakes. It should be done after you have finished writing your essay.

Editing, on the other hand, involves reviewing the structure and organization of your essay and its content. It should be done before you submit your final work.

Both proofreading and editing are essential for producing a high-quality essay. Make sure to give yourself enough time to do them properly!

After revising the essay, you should format it according to the guidelines given by your instructor. This could involve using a specific font size, page margins, or citation style.

Most science essays are written in Times New Roman font with 12-point size and double spacing. The margins should be 1 inch on all sides, and the text should be justified.

In addition, you must cite your sources properly using a recognized citation style such as APA , Chicago , or Harvard . Make sure to follow the guidelines closely so that your essay looks professional.

Following these steps will help you create an informative and well-structured science essay that meets the given criteria.

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How to Structure a Science Essay?

A basic science essay structure includes an introduction, body, and conclusion.

Let's look at each of these briefly.

Introduction

Your essay introduction should introduce your topic and provide a brief overview of what you will discuss in the essay. It should also state your thesis or main argument.

For instance, a thesis statement for a science essay could be,

"The human body is capable of incredible feats, as evidenced by the many athletes who have competed in the Olympic games."

The body of your essay will contain the bulk of your argument or discussion. It should be divided into paragraphs, each discussing a different point.

For instance, imagine you were writing about sports and the human body.

Your first paragraph can discuss the physical capabilities of the human body.

The second paragraph may be about the physical benefits of competing in sports.

Similarly, in the third paragraph, you can present one or two case studies of specific athletes to support your point.

Once you have explained all your points in the body, it’s time to conclude the essay.

Your essay conclusion should summarize the main points of your essay and leave the reader with a sense of closure.

In the conclusion, you reiterate your thesis and sum up your arguments. You can also suggest implications or potential applications of the ideas discussed in the essay.

By following this structure, you will create a well-organized essay.

Check out a few example essays to see this structure in practice.

Science Essay Examples

A great way to get inspired when writing a science essay is to look at other examples of successful essays written by others.

Here are some examples that will give you an idea of how to write your essay.

Science Essay About Genetics - Science Essay Example

Environmental Science Essay Example | PDF Sample

The Science of Nanotechnology

Science, Non-Science, and Pseudo-Science

The Science Of Science Education

Science in our Daily Lives

Short Science Essay Example

Let’s take a look at a short science essay:

Want to read more essay examples? Here, you can find more science essay examples to learn from.

How to Choose the Right Science Essay Topic

Choosing the right science essay topic is a critical first step in crafting a compelling and engaging essay. Here's a concise guide on how to make this decision wisely:

Consider Your Interests: Start by reflecting on your personal interests within the realm of science. Selecting a topic that genuinely fascinates you will make the research and writing process more enjoyable and motivated.
Relevance to the Course: Ensure that your chosen topic aligns with your course or assignment requirements. Read the assignment guidelines carefully to understand the scope and focus expected by your instructor.
Current Trends and Issues: Stay updated with the latest scientific developments and trends. Opting for a topic that addresses contemporary issues not only makes your essay relevant but also demonstrates your awareness of current events in the field.
Narrow Down the Scope: Science is vast, so narrow your topic to a manageable scope. Instead of a broad subject like "Climate Change," consider a more specific angle like "The Impact of Melting Arctic Ice on Global Sea Levels."
Available Resources: Ensure that there are sufficient credible sources and research materials available for your chosen topic. A lack of resources can hinder your research efforts.
Discuss with Your Instructor: If you're uncertain about your topic choice, don't hesitate to consult your instructor or professor. They can provide valuable guidance and may even suggest specific topics based on your academic goals.

Science Essay Topics

Choosing an appropriate topic for a science essay is one of the first steps in writing a successful paper.

Here are a few science essay topics to get you started:

How space exploration affects our daily lives?
How has technology changed our understanding of medicine?
Are there ethical considerations to consider when conducting scientific research?
How does climate change affect the biodiversity of different parts of the world?
How can artificial intelligence be used in medicine?
What impact have vaccines had on global health?
What is the future of renewable energy?
How do we ensure that genetically modified organisms are safe for humans and the environment?
The influence of social media on human behavior: A social science perspective
What are the potential risks and benefits of stem cell therapy?

Important science topics can cover anything from space exploration to chemistry and biology. So you can choose any topic according to your interests!

Need more topics? We have gathered 100+ science essay topics to help you find a great topic!

Continue reading to find some tips to help you write a successful science essay.

Science Essay Writing Tips

Once you have chosen a topic and looked at examples, it's time to start writing the science essay.

Here are some key tips for a successful essay:

Research thoroughly

Make sure you do extensive research before you begin writing your paper. This will ensure that the facts and figures you include are accurate and supported by reliable sources.

Use clear language

Avoid using jargon or overly technical language when writing your essay. Plain language is easier to understand and more engaging for readers.

Referencing

Always provide references for any information you include in your essay. This will demonstrate that you acknowledge other people's work and show that the evidence you use is credible.

Make sure to follow the basic structure of an essay and organize your thoughts into clear sections. This will improve the flow and make your essay easier to read.

Ask someone to proofread

It’s also a good idea to get someone else to proofread your work as they may spot mistakes that you have missed.

These few tips will help ensure that your science essay is well-written and informative!

You've learned the steps to writing a successful science essay and looked at some examples and topics to get you started.

Make sure you thoroughly research, use clear language, structure your thoughts, and proofread your essay. With these tips, you’re sure to write a great science essay!

Do you still need expert help writing a science essay? Our science essay writing service is here to help. With our team of professional writers, you can rest assured that your essay will be written to the highest standards.

Contact our online writing service now to get started!

Also, do not forget to try our essay typer tool for quick and cost-free aid with your essays!

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Betty is a freelance writer and researcher. She has a Masters in literature and enjoys providing writing services to her clients. Betty is an avid reader and loves learning new things. She has provided writing services to clients from all academic levels and related academic fields.

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How to successfully write a scientific essay.

Posted by Cody Rhodes

If you are undertaking a course which relates to science, you are more or less apt to write an essay on science. You need to know how to write a science essay irrespective of whether your professor gives you a topic or you come up with one. Additionally, you need to have an end objective in mind. Writing a science essay necessitates that you produce an article which has all the details and facts about the subject matter and it ought to be to the point. Also, you need to know and understand that science essays are more or less different from other types of essays. They require you to be analytical and precise when answering questions. Hence, this can be quite challenging and tiresome. However, that should not deter you from learning how to write your paper. You can always inquire for pre-written research papers for sale from writing services like EssayZoo.

Also, you can read other people’s articles and find out how they produce and develop unique and high-quality papers. Moreover, this will help you understand how to approach your essays in different ways. Nonetheless, if you want to learn how to write a scientific paper in a successful manner, consider the following tips.

How to successfully write a scientific essay

Select a topic for your article Like any other type of essay, you need to have a topic before you start the actual writing process. Your professor or instructor may give you a science essay topic to write about or ask you to come up with yours. When selecting a topic for your paper, ensure that you choose one you can write about. Do not pick a complex topic which can make the writing process boring and infuriating for you. Instead, choose one that you are familiar with. Select a topic you will not struggle gathering information about. Also, you need to have an interest in it. If you are unable to come up with a good topic, trying reading other people’s articles. This will help you develop a topic with ease.

Draft a plan After selecting a topic, the next step is drafting a plan or an outline. An outline is fundamental in writing a scientific essay as it is the foundation on which your paper is built. Additionally, it acts as a road map for your article. Hence, you need to incorporate all the thoughts and ideas you will include in your essay in the outline. You need to know what you will include in the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Drafting a plan helps you save a lot of time when writing your paper. Also, it helps you to keep track of the primary objective of your article.

Start writing the article After drafting a plan, you can begin the writing process. Writing your paper will be smooth and easier as you have an outline which helps simplify the writing process. When writing your article, begin with a strong hook for your introduction. Dictate the direction your paper will take. Provide some background information and state the issue you will discuss as well as the solutions you have come up with. Arrange the body of your article according to the essay structure you will use to guide you. Also, ensure that you use transitory sentences to show the relationship between the paragraphs of your article. Conclude your essay by summarizing all the key points. Also, highlight the practical potential of our findings and their impacts.

Proofread and check for errors in the paper Before submitting or forwarding your article, it is fundamental that you proofread and correct all the errors that you come across. Delivering a paper that is full of mistakes can affect your overall performance in a negative manner. Thus, it is essential you revise your paper and check for errors. Correct all of them. Ask a friend to proofread your paper. He or she may spot some of the mistakes you did not come across.

In conclusion, writing a scientific essay differs from writing other types of papers. A scientific essay requires you to produce an article which has all the information and facts about the subject matter and it ought to be to the point. Nonetheless, the scientific essay formats similar to the format of any other essay: introduction, body, and conclusion. You need to use your outline to guide you through the writing process. To learn how to write a scientific essay in a successful manner, consider the tips above.

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Highlight the “so what”

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

Leave your readers with the “now what”

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?
What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?
Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?
What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?
What larger context might my argument be a part of?

What to avoid in your conclusion

a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.
a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.
an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.
fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
picture_as_pdf Conclusions

How to Write a Scientific Essay

When writing any essay it’s important to always keep the end goal in mind. You want to produce a document that is detailed, factual, about the subject matter and most importantly to the point.

Writing scientific essays will always be slightly different to when you write an essay for say English Literature . You need to be more analytical and precise when answering your questions. To help achieve this, you need to keep three golden rules in mind.

Analysing the question, so that you know exactly what you have to do

Planning your answer

Writing the essay

Now, let’s look at these steps in more detail to help you fully understand how to apply the three golden rules.

Analysing the question

Start by looking at the instruction. Essays need to be written out in continuous prose. You shouldn’t be using bullet points or writing in note form.
If it helps to make a particular point, however, you can use a diagram providing it is relevant and adequately explained.
Look at the topic you are required to write about. The wording of the essay title tells you what you should confine your answer to – there is no place for interesting facts about other areas.

The next step is to plan your answer. What we are going to try to do is show you how to produce an effective plan in a very short time. You need a framework to show your knowledge otherwise it is too easy to concentrate on only a few aspects.

For example, when writing an essay on biology we can divide the topic up in a number of different ways. So, if you have to answer a question like ‘Outline the main properties of life and system reproduction’

The steps for planning are simple. Firstly, define the main terms within the question that need to be addressed. Then list the properties asked for and lastly, roughly assess how many words of your word count you are going to allocate to each term.

Writing the Essay

The final step (you’re almost there), now you have your plan in place for the essay, it’s time to get it all down in black and white. Follow your plan for answering the question, making sure you stick to the word count, check your spelling and grammar and give credit where credit’s (always reference your sources).

How Tutors Breakdown Essays

An exceptional essay

reflects the detail that could be expected from a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification
is free from fundamental errors
maintains appropriate depth and accuracy throughout
includes two or more paragraphs of material that indicates greater depth or breadth of study

A good essay

An average essay

contains a significant amount of material that reflects the detail that could be expected from a knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification.

In practice this will amount to about half the essay.

is likely to reflect limited knowledge of some areas and to be patchy in quality
demonstrates a good understanding of basic principles with some errors and evidence of misunderstanding

A poor essay

contains much material which is below the level expected of a candidate who has completed the course
Contains fundamental errors reflecting a poor grasp of basic principles and concepts

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Science Essay Examples

Best Science Essay Examples to Learn From

Published on: May 3, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Are you struggling to write a science essay that stands out?

Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed by scientific jargon and complicated concepts?

You're not alone.

Science essays can be a challenge for even the most dedicated students. It's no wonder that so many students struggle to produce top-notch papers.

But fear not!

In this blog post, we'll provide you with some science essay examples and tips. We will help you write a top-notch paper that impresses your professor and earns you a high grade.

So buckle up and get ready to tackle science essays like a pro!

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Science Essay Examples for Students

Writing a science essay can be a daunting task for students. However, with the right guidance and examples, it can also be a rewarding and enlightening experience.

Here, we'll provide you with examples so you can elevate your own writing.

Science Essay Example SPM

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Science Paper Example

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Science Essay Examples for Different Subjects

Science is a vast field that encompasses many different subjects, from biology to physics to chemistry. As a student, you may find yourself tasked with writing a science essay on a subject that you're not particularly familiar with.

We have provided you with science essay examples for different subjects to help you get started.

Social Science Essay Example

Political Science Essay Example

Environmental Science Essay Example

Health Science Essay Example

Computer Science Essay Example

University Science Essay Examples

Science essays are important part of university-level education. However, different universities may have different requirements and expectations when it comes to writing these essays.

That's why we've compiled some science essay examples for different universities. You can see what works and what doesn't, and tailor your own writing accordingly.

Scientific Essay Example University

Mcmaster Health Science Essay Example

Cornell Arts And Science Essay Example

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Structure of a Science Essay

Science essays are a crucial part of many subjects, and learning to structure them effectively is essential for achieving academic success.

Letâs explore scientific essay structure.

Introduction

The introduction of a science essay should introduce the topic and provide some context for the reader.

You should explain the purpose of the essay and provide a thesis statement that outlines the main argument you will make in the essay. A good introduction should also capture the reader's interest and motivate them to read on.

Check out these how to start a science essay examples for better understanding:

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of a science essay should provide evidence to support the thesis statement. You should use scientific evidence, research, and data to support your argument.

Each paragraph should focus on one key point, and the points should be organized logically to create a coherent argument. It is essential to provide citations for all sources you use in your essay.

Here is an example for you:

The conclusion of a science essay should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement in a compelling manner.

You should also provide some final thoughts or recommendations based on the evidence presented in the essay.

The conclusion should be concise and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Natural Science Essay Topics

There are countless interesting, thought-provoking and problem solving essay topics in science.

Explore some compelling natural science essay topics to inspire your writing.

Science Essay Topics for 5th Graders

The importance of recycling for our environment
The different types of clouds and how they form
How animals hibernate during the winter months
The different types of rocks and how they are formed
The role of bees in pollination and food production
How light travels and how we see objects
The properties of magnets and how they work
The different stages of stem cell research
The human digestive system and how it works
The effects of pollution on our environment and health

Science Essay Topics for 6th Graders

The impact of climate change on the planet
The different types of energy and how they are produced
The importance of water conservation and management
The role of artificial intelligence in human life
The structure and function of the human respiratory system
The properties and uses of acids and bases
The effect of light on plant growth and development
The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
The process of photosynthesis and its importance for life on Earth
The impact of technology on the environment and society

Science Essay Topics for 7th Graders

The structure and function of the human circulatory system
The different types of fossils and how they are formed
The impact of natural disasters on the environment and human life
The pros and cons of bacteria in our bodies and in the environment
The physics of sound and how it travels
The effects of air pollution in United States
The properties and uses of different types of waves (sound, light, etc.)
The process of cell division and its role in growth and repair
The structure and function of the human nervous system
The different types of ecosystems and their unique characteristics

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Tips for Writing a Science Essay

Writing a science essay can be challenging, especially if you don't have much experience in writing academic papers.

However, with the right approach and strategies, you can produce a high-quality science essays.

Here are some tips to help you write a successful science essay:

Understand the assignment requirements: Before you start writing your essay, make sure you understand the assignment requirements. Read the prompt carefully and make note of any specific guidelines or formatting requirements.

Choose a topic that interests you: Writing about a topic that you find interesting and engaging can make the process enjoyable and rewarding. Consider topics that you have studied in class or that you have a personal interest in.

Conduct thorough research: To write a successful science essay, you need to have a deep understanding of the topic you are writing about. Conduct thorough research using reliable sources such as academic journals, textbooks, and reputable websites.

Develop a clear and concise thesis statement: Your thesis statement should clearly state your argument or position on the topic you are writing about. It should be concise and specific, and should be supported by evidence throughout your essay.

Use evidence to support your claims: When writing a science essay, it's important to use evidence to support your claims and arguments. This can include scientific data, research findings, and expert opinions.

Edit and proofread your essay: Before submitting your essay, make sure to edit and proofread it carefully. Check for spelling and grammatical errors. Ensure that your essay is formatted correctly according to the assignment requirements.

In conclusion, this blog has provided a comprehensive guide to writing a successful science essay.

By following the tips, students can produce high-quality essays that showcase their understanding of science.

If you're struggling to write a science essay or need additional assistance, CollegeEssay.org is one of the best online essay services to help you out,

Our expert writers have extensive experience in writing science essays for students of all levels.

So why wait? Contact our science essay writing service today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common mistakes to avoid when writing a science essay.

Some common mistakes to avoid include:

Plagiarizing content
Using incorrect or unreliable sources
Failing to clearly state your thesis
Using overly complex language

How can I make my science essay stand out?

To make your science essay stand out, consider choosing a unique or controversial topic. Using relevant and up-to-date sources, and present your information in a clear and concise manner. You can also consider using visuals such as graphs or charts to enhance your essay.

What should I do if I'm struggling to come up with a topic for my science essay?

If you're struggling to come up with a topic for your science essay, consider discussing potential topics with your instructor or classmates. You can also conduct research online or in academic journals to find inspiration.

How important is research when writing a science essay?

Research is an essential component of writing a science essay. Your essay should be grounded in accurate and reliable scientific information. That is why it's important to conduct thorough research using reputable sources.

Can I use personal anecdotes or experiences in my science essay?

While personal anecdotes or experiences can be engaging, they may not always be relevant to a science essay. It's important to focus on presenting factual information and scientific evidence to support your argument or position.

Caleb S. (Law, Literature)

Caleb S. has extensive experience in writing and holds a Masters from Oxford University. He takes great satisfaction in helping students exceed their academic goals. Caleb always puts the needs of his clients first and is dedicated to providing quality service.

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Essays About Science: Top 12 Examples and Prompts

Science can explain almost every aspect of our lives; if you want to write essays about science, start by reading our guide.

The word “science” comes from the Latin word Scientia or “knowledge,” It does indeed leave us with no shortage of knowledge as it advances to extraordinary levels. It is present in almost every aspect of our lives, allowing us to live the way we do today and helping us improve society.

In the 21st century, we see science everywhere. It has given us the technology we deem “essential” today, from our mobile phones to air conditioning units to lightbulbs and refrigerators. Yet, it has also allowed us to learn so much about the unknown, such as the endless vacuum of space and the ocean’s mysterious depths. It is, without a doubt, a vehicle for humanity to obtain knowledge and use this knowledge to flourish.

To start writing essays about science, look at some of our featured essay examples below.

1. The challenging environment for science in the 21st century by Nithaya Chetty

2. disadvantages of science by ella gray, 3. reflections from a nobel winner: scientists need time to make discoveries by donna strickland.

4. The fact of cloning by Cesar Hill

5. T. Rex Like You Haven’t Seen Him: With Feathers by Jason Farago

6. common, cheap ingredients can break down some ‘forever chemicals’ by jude coleman, 1. what is science, 2. a noteworthy scientist, 3. why is it important to study science, 4. are robots a net positive for society, 5. types of sciences, 6. science’s role in warfare.

“Open-ended, unfettered science in its purest form has, over the centuries, been pursued in the interests of understanding nature in a fundamental way, and long may that continue. Scientific ideas and discoveries have often been very successfully exploited for commercial gain and societal improvements, and much of the science system today the world over is designed to push scientists in the direction of more relevance.”

For South Africa to prosper, Chetty encourages cooperation and innovation among scientists. He discusses several problems the country faces, including the politicization of research, a weak economy, and misuse of scientific discoveries. These challenges, he believes, can be overcome if the nation works as one and with the international community and if the education system is improved.

“Technology can make people lazy. Many people are already dependent and embrace this technology. Like students playing computer games instead of going to school or study. Technology also brings us privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge and making profit out of video scandals.”

Gray discusses the adverse effects technology, a science product, has had on human life and society. These include pollution, the inability to communicate properly, and laziness.

She also acknowledges that technology has made life easier for almost everyone but believes that technology, as it is used now, is detrimental; more responsible use of technology is ideal.

“We must give scientists the opportunity through funding and time to pursue curiosity-based, long-term, basic-science research. Work that does not have direct ramifications for industry or our economy is also worthy. There’s no telling what can come from supporting a curious mind trying to discover something new.”

Strickland, a Nobel Prize winner, explains that a great scientific discovery can only come with ample time for scientists to research, using her work as an example. She describes her work on chirped pulse amplification and its possible applications, including removing brain tumors. Her Nobel-awarded work was done over a long time, and scientists must be afforded ample time and funding to make breakthroughs like hers.

4. The fact of cloning by Cesar Hill

“Any research into human cloning would eventually need to be tested on humans. Cloning might be used to create a “perfect human”. Cloning might have a detrimental effect family relationship. However the debate over cloning has more pros out weighting the cons, giving us a over site of the many advantages cloning has and the effects of it as well. Cloning has many ups and downs nevertheless there are many different ways in which it can be used to adapt and analyse new ways of medicine.”

Hill details both the pros and cons of cloning. It can be used for medical purposes and help us understand genetics more, perhaps even allowing us to prevent genetic diseases in children. However, it is expensive, and many oppose it on religious grounds. Regardless, Hill believes that the process has more advantages than disadvantages and is a net good.

“For the kids who will throng this new exhibition, and who will adore this show’s colorful animations and fossilized dino poop, T. rex may still appear to be a thrilling monster. But staring in the eyes of the feather-flecked annihilators here, adults may have a more uncanny feeling of identification with the beasts at the pinnacle of the food chain. You can be a killer of unprecedented savagery, but the climate always takes the coup de grâce.”

In his essay, Farago reviews an exhibition on the Tyrannosaurus Rex involving an important scientific discovery: it was a feathered dinosaur. He details the different displays in the exhibition, including models of other dinosaurs that helped scientists realize that the T-Rex had feathers.

“Understanding this mechanism is just one step in undoing forever chemicals, Dichtel’s team said. And more research is needed: There are other classes of PFAS that require their own solutions. This process wouldn’t work to tackle PFAS out in the environment, because it requires a concentrated amount of the chemicals. But it could one day be used in wastewater treatment plants, where the pollutants could be filtered out of the water, concentrated and then broken down.”

Coleman explains a discovery by which scientists were able to break down a perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance, a “forever chemical” dangerous to the environment. He explains how they could break the chemical bond and turn the “forever chemical” into something harmless. This is important because pollution can be reduced significantly, particularly in the water.

Writing Prompts on Essays about Science

“Science” is quite a broad term and encompasses many concepts and definitions. Define science, explain what it involves and how we can use it, and give examples of how it is present in the world. If you want, you can also briefly discuss what science means to you personally.

Many individuals have made remarkable scientific discoveries, contributing to the wealth of knowledge we have acquired through science. For your essay, choose one scientist you feel has made a noteworthy contribution to their field. Then, give a brief background on the scientists and explain the discovery or invention that makes them essential.

Consider what it means to study science: how is it relevant now? What lessons can we learn from science? Then, examine the presence of science in today’s world and write about the importance of science in our day-to-day lives- be sure to give examples to support your points. Finally, in your essay, be sure to keep in mind the times we are living in today.

Essays about science: Are robots a net positive for society

When we think of science, robots are often one of the first things that come to mind. However, there is much to discuss regarding safety, especially artificial intelligence. Discuss the pros and cons of robots and AI, then conclude whether or not the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. Finally, provide adequate evidence to reinforce your argument and explain it in detail.

From biology to chemistry to physics, science has many branches, each dealing with different aspects of the world and universe. Choose one branch of science and then explain what it is, define basic concepts under this science, and give examples of how it is applied: Are any inventions requiring it? How about something we know today thanks to scientific discovery? Answer these questions in your own words for a compelling essay.

Undoubtedly, technology developed using science has had devastating effects, from nuclear weapons to self-flying fighter jets to deadly new guns and tanks. Examine scientific developments’ role in the war: Do they make it more brutal? Or do they reduce the casualties? Make sure to conduct ample research before writing your essay; this topic is debatable.

For help with your essays, check out our round-up of the best essay checkers .

If you’re looking for inspiration, check out our round-up of essay topics about nature .

Martin is an avid writer specializing in editing and proofreading. He also enjoys literary analysis and writing about food and travel.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Conclusions

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Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research. The following outline may help you conclude your paper:

In a general way,

Restate your topic and why it is important,
Restate your thesis/claim,
Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
Call for action or overview future research possibilities.

Remember that once you accomplish these tasks, unless otherwise directed by your instructor, you are finished. Done. Complete. Don't try to bring in new points or end with a whiz bang(!) conclusion or try to solve world hunger in the final sentence of your conclusion. Simplicity is best for a clear, convincing message.

The preacher's maxim is one of the most effective formulas to follow for argument papers:

Tell what you're going to tell them (introduction).

Tell them (body).

Tell them what you told them (conclusion).

17 Essay Conclusion Examples (Copy and Paste)

essay conclusion examples and definition, explained below

Essay conclusions are not just extra filler. They are important because they tie together your arguments, then give you the chance to forcefully drive your point home.

I created the 5 Cs conclusion method to help you write essay conclusions:

I’ve previously produced the video below on how to write a conclusion that goes over the above image.

The video follows the 5 C’s method ( you can read about it in this post ), which doesn’t perfectly match each of the below copy-and-paste conclusion examples, but the principles are similar, and can help you to write your own strong conclusion:

💡 New! Try this AI Prompt to Generate a Sample 5Cs Conclusion This is my essay: [INSERT ESSAY WITHOUT THE CONCLUSION]. I want you to write a conclusion for this essay. In the first sentence of the conclusion, return to a statement I made in the introduction. In the second sentence, reiterate the thesis statement I have used. In the third sentence, clarify how my final position is relevant to the Essay Question, which is [ESSAY QUESTION]. In the fourth sentence, explain who should be interested in my findings. In the fifth sentence, end by noting in one final, engaging sentence why this topic is of such importance.

Remember: The prompt can help you generate samples but you can’t submit AI text for assessment. Make sure you write your conclusion in your own words.

Essay Conclusion Examples

Below is a range of copy-and-paste essay conclusions with gaps for you to fill-in your topic and key arguments. Browse through for one you like (there are 17 for argumentative, expository, compare and contrast, and critical essays). Once you’ve found one you like, copy it and add-in the key points to make it your own.

1. Argumentative Essay Conclusions

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of _____________. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as ____________, it remains clear that the benefits/merits of _____________ far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support _____________. In the coming years, _____________ will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for _____________.

Version 1 Filled-In

The arguments presented in this essay demonstrate the significant importance of fighting climate change. While there are some strong counterarguments, such as the claim that it is too late to stop catastrophic change, it remains clear that the merits of taking drastic action far outweigh the potential downsides. The evidence presented throughout the essay strongly support the claim that we can at least mitigate the worst effects. In the coming years, intergovernmental worldwide agreements will be increasingly important. Therefore, continual advocacy for the position presented in this essay will be necessary, especially due to its significant implications for humankind.

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding _____________ is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that _____________, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that _____________. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that _____________ not only leads to ____________, but it may also be a necessity for _____________. Moving forward, _____________ should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for _____________. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate _____________ more effectively into society.

Version 2 Filled-In

As this essay has shown, it is clear that the debate surrounding climate change is multifaceted and highly complex. While there are strong arguments opposing the position that we should fight climate change, there remains overwhelming evidence to support the claim that action can mitigate the worst effects. A careful analysis of the empirical evidence suggests that strong action not only leads to better economic outcomes in the long term, but it may also be a necessity for preventing climate-related deaths. Moving forward, carbon emission mitigation should be a priority for all stakeholders involved, as it promises a better future for all. The focus should now shift towards how best to integrate smart climate policies more effectively into society.

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that _____________ holds the potential to significantly alter/improve _____________. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for _____________. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that _____________ presents the most effective solution/approach to _____________. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of _____________ for developing a better _____________. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including _____________.

Version 3 Filled-In

Based upon the preponderance of evidence, it is evident that addressing climate change holds the potential to significantly improve the future of society. The counterarguments, while noteworthy, fail to diminish the compelling case for immediate climate action. Following an examination of both sides of the argument, it has become clear that widespread and urgent social action presents the most effective solution to this pressing problem. Consequently, it is imperative that society acknowledge the value of taking immediate action for developing a better environment for future generations. Failing to address this topic could lead to negative outcomes, including more extreme climate events and greater economic externalities.

2. Expository Essay Conclusions

Overall, it is evident that _____________ plays a crucial role in _____________. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of _____________ on _____________. By understanding the key facts about _____________, practitioners/society are better equipped to navigate _____________. Moving forward, further exploration of _____________ will yield additional insights and information about _____________. As such, _____________ should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on _____________.

Overall, it is evident that social media plays a crucial role in harming teenagers’ mental health. The analysis presented in this essay demonstrates the clear impact of social media on young people. By understanding the key facts about the ways social media cause young people to experience body dysmorphia, teachers and parents are better equipped to help young people navigate online spaces. Moving forward, further exploration of the ways social media cause harm will yield additional insights and information about how it can be more sufficiently regulated. As such, the effects of social media on youth should remain a focal point for further discussions and studies on youth mental health.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of _____________. Through a careful examination of _____________, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on _____________. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that _____________. As research continues to emerge, the importance of _____________ will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of _____________ is not merely desirable, but imperative for _____________.

To conclude, this essay has explored the multi-faceted aspects of globalization. Through a careful examination of globalization, this essay has illuminated its significant influence on the economy, cultures, and society. This understanding allows society to appreciate the idea that globalization has both positive and negative effects. As research continues to emerge, the importance of studying globalization will only continue to grow. Therefore, an understanding of globalization’s effects is not merely desirable, but imperative for judging whether it is good or bad.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that _____________ serves a pivotal role in _____________. By delving into the intricacies of _____________, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in _____________. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on _____________. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of _____________ can only deepen and expand.

Reflecting on the discussion, it is clear that mass media serves a pivotal role in shaping public opinion. By delving into the intricacies of mass media, we have gained valuable insights into its impact and significance. This knowledge will undoubtedly serve as a guiding principle in shaping the media landscape. Moving forward, it is paramount to remain open to further explorations and studies on how mass media impacts society. In this way, our understanding and appreciation of mass media’s impacts can only deepen and expand.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of _____________ in the context of _____________. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect _____________ has on _____________. The knowledge gained from exploring _____________ will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in _____________. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding _____________ will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of _____________ to better navigate and influence _____________.

In conclusion, this essay has shed light on the importance of bedside manner in the context of nursing. The evidence and analysis provided underscore the profound effect compassionate bedside manner has on patient outcome. The knowledge gained from exploring nurses’ bedside manner will undoubtedly contribute to more informed and effective decisions in nursing practice. As we continue to progress, the significance of understanding nurses’ bedside manner will remain paramount. Hence, we should strive to deepen our knowledge of this topic to better navigate and influence patient outcomes.

See More: How to Write an Expository Essay

3. Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion

While both _____________ and _____________ have similarities such as _____________, they also have some very important differences in areas like _____________. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of _____________ and _____________ has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on _____________. For example, as highlighted in the essay, ____________. Despite their differences, both _____________ and _____________ have value in different situations.

While both macrosociology and microsociology have similarities such as their foci on how society is structured, they also have some very important differences in areas like their differing approaches to research methodologies. Through this comparative analysis, a broader understanding of macrosociology and microsociology has been attained. The choice between the two will largely depend on the researcher’s perspective on how society works. For example, as highlighted in the essay, microsociology is much more concerned with individuals’ experiences while macrosociology is more concerned with social structures. Despite their differences, both macrosociology and microsociology have value in different situations.

It is clear that _____________ and _____________, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in _____________. On the other hand, their contrasts in _____________ shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to _____________. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to _____________.

It is clear that behaviorism and consructivism, while seeming to be different, have shared characteristics in their foci on knowledge acquisition over time. On the other hand, their contrasts in ideas about the role of experience in learning shed light on their unique features. The analysis provides a more nuanced comprehension of these subjects. In choosing between the two, consideration should be given to which approach works best in which situation. Despite their disparities, it’s crucial to acknowledge the importance of both when it comes to student education.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that _____________ and _____________ share similarities such as _____________, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in _____________. The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as _____________. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both _____________ and _____________ play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to _____________.

Reflecting on the points discussed, it’s evident that red and orange share similarities such as the fact they are both ‘hot colors’, while also demonstrating unique differences, particularly in their social meaning (red meaning danger and orange warmth). The preference for one over the other would typically depend on factors such as personal taste. Yet, regardless of their distinctions, both red and orange play integral roles in their respective areas, significantly contributing to color theory.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of _____________ and _____________ have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as _____________ give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, _____________ will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both _____________ and _____________ hold significant value within the context of _____________, and each contributes to _____________ in its own unique way.

Ultimately, the comparison and contrast of driving and flying have revealed intriguing similarities and notable differences. Differences such as their differing speed to destination give deeper insights into their unique and shared qualities. When it comes to choosing between them, urgency to arrive at the destination will likely be a deciding factor. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that both driving and flying hold significant value within the context of air transit, and each contributes to facilitating movement in its own unique way.

See Here for More Compare and Contrast Essay Examples

4. Critical Essay Conclusion

In conclusion, the analysis of _____________ has unveiled critical aspects related to _____________. While there are strengths in _____________, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on _____________, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of _____________ should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

In conclusion, the analysis of flow theory has unveiled critical aspects related to motivation and focus. While there are strengths in achieving a flow state, its limitations are equally telling. This critique provides a more informed perspective on how humans achieve motivation, revealing that there is much more beneath the surface. Moving forward, the understanding of flow theory of motivation should evolve, considering both its merits and flaws.

To conclude, this critical examination of _____________ sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While _____________ presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of _____________. Therefore, future engagements with _____________ should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

To conclude, this critical examination of postmodern art sheds light on its multi-dimensional nature. While postmodernism presents notable advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. This in-depth critique offers a comprehensive understanding of how it has contributed to the arts over the past 50 years. Therefore, future engagements with postmodern art should involve a balanced consideration of its strengths and weaknesses.

Upon reflection, the critique of _____________ uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as ________, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of _____________, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of _____________ should be taken into account when considering ____________.

Upon reflection, the critique of marxism uncovers profound insights into its underlying intricacies. Despite its positive aspects such as its ability to critique exploitation of labor, it’s impossible to overlook its shortcomings. This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of marxism’s harmful effects when used as an economic theory, highlighting the necessity for a balanced approach in future interactions. Indeed, both the strengths and weaknesses of marxism should be taken into account when considering the use of its ideas in real life.

Ultimately, this critique of _____________ offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of _____________ such as __________ are significant, yet its limitations such as _________ are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of _____________ but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around _____________ continue to embrace this balanced approach.

Ultimately, this critique of artificial intelligence offers a detailed look into its advantages and disadvantages. The strengths of artificial intelligence, such as its ability to improve productivity are significant, yet its limitations such as the possibility of mass job losses are not insignificant. This balanced analysis not only offers a deeper understanding of artificial intelligence but also underscores the importance of critical evaluation. Hence, it’s crucial that future discussions around the regulation of artificial intelligence continue to embrace this balanced approach.

This article promised 17 essay conclusions, and this one you are reading now is the twenty-first. This last conclusion demonstrates that the very best essay conclusions are written uniquely, from scratch, in order to perfectly cater the conclusion to the topic. A good conclusion will tie together all the key points you made in your essay and forcefully drive home the importance or relevance of your argument, thesis statement, or simply your topic so the reader is left with one strong final point to ponder.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
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Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

Essays on Forensic Science

Forensic science is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of topics. When it comes to writing an essay on forensic science, choosing the right topic is crucial. The topic you choose will determine the direction and scope of your essay, so it's important to select one that is both interesting and relevant. In this article, we will discuss the importance of choosing the right topic, provide some advice on how to choose a topic, and offer a list of recommended essay topics categorized by different areas of forensic science.

The Importance of the Topic

The topic of your forensic science essay is important for several reasons. First, it should be something that interests you and that you are passionate about. This will make the writing process more enjoyable and will likely result in a better quality essay. Secondly, the topic should be relevant and timely. Forensic science is a rapidly evolving field, so it's important to choose a topic that is current and has the potential to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Finally, the topic should be specific enough to allow for in-depth analysis and understanding, but also broad enough to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject.

When choosing a topic for your forensic science essay, there are several things to consider. First, think about your own interests and passions. What aspect of forensic science fascinates you the most? Are you interested in DNA analysis, crime scene investigation, or forensic psychology? Once you have identified your interests, consider the current trends and developments in the field. Is there a new technique or technology that is shaping the future of forensic science? Finally, consider the potential impact of your chosen topic. Will it contribute to the existing body of knowledge, or shed light on an important issue within the field?

Crime Scene Investigation

The role of forensic evidence in solving cold cases
The use of technology in crime scene investigation
The challenges of processing and analyzing evidence from large crime scenes
The importance of proper evidence collection and preservation
The impact of crime scene reconstruction on forensic investigation

DNA Analysis

The use of DNA databases in criminal investigations
The ethical implications of DNA profiling and genetic privacy
The role of DNA in exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals
The challenges of DNA mixture interpretation in forensic analysis
The future of DNA analysis in forensic science

Forensic Psychology

The role of forensic psychologists in criminal profiling
The impact of trauma on eyewitness testimony
The use of forensic psychology in criminal investigations
The challenges of assessing the credibility of witness testimony
The influence of media on public perception of forensic psychology

Digital Forensics

The use of digital evidence in cybercrime investigations
The challenges of recovering and analyzing digital evidence
The role of digital forensics in intellectual property theft cases
The impact of encryption on digital forensic investigations
The future of digital forensics in a technologically advanced world

Forensic Anthropology

The use of forensic anthropology in identifying human remains
The challenges of age estimation in forensic anthropology
The role of forensic anthropology in mass disaster investigations
The impact of cultural and biological factors on forensic anthropological analysis
The future of forensic anthropology in forensic science

Toxicology and Drug Analysis

The impact of drug abuse on toxicological analysis
The challenges of identifying new psychoactive substances in toxicology
The role of toxicology in criminal investigations and court cases
The influence of drug legalization on forensic toxicology
The future of toxicology and drug analysis in forensic science

These are just a few examples of the many topics that you could explore in a forensic science essay. Each of these topics offers a unique opportunity to delve into a specific area of forensic science and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Remember to choose a topic that interests you, is relevant to the field, and has the potential to make an impact. With the right topic, your forensic science essay has the potential to be both engaging and informative.

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The Role of The Forensic DNA Analysis

Forensic entomology: the use of insects, the problems with forensic science in united states, forensic science technicians: career, salary and education, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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My Main Source of Intrigue in Forensic Science as a Career

Forensic toxicologist job description, the role of digital forensic in solving cyber-crimes, dna evidence introduction and historical perspective, proactive forensic science for evidence collection, history of hair & fibers in forensic science, the henry classification system for fingerprint identification, the use of visualizaton in forensic studies, crime scene investigator job overview, history of hair and fiber analysis, importance of quality management in forensic science, forensic anthropology report on specimens, critique of the expert’s role in forensic assessment and as a witness in court, importance of forensic science in criminal justice, importance of forensic science in capital murder investigations, importance of forensic science in african countries, hair testimony: the reliability in criminal justice, forensic science case study, hair evidence case study.

Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly — on the criminal side — during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

Forensic science is a broad field that includes: DNA analysis, fingerprint analysis, blood stain pattern analysis, firearms examination and ballistics, tool mark analysis, serology, toxicology, hair and fiber analysis, entomology, questioned documents, anthropology, odontology, pathology, epidemiology, footwear and tire tread analysis, drug chemistry, paint and glass analysis, digital audio video and photo analysis.

The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve criminal cases is attributed to the book of Xi Yuan Lu (translated as Washing Away of Wrongs), written in China in 1248 by Song Ci (1186–1249), a director of justice, jail and supervision, during the Song dynasty.

Teeth are typically the most reliable identifiers when it comes to identifying a corpse. Hair roots can help identify gender. Dna testing is not 100% accurate. Insects have proven to be a reliable indicator of an individual’s time of death.

Relevant topics

Juvenile Justice System
Mass Incarceration
Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Behavior
War on Drugs
School Shooting
Animal Cruelty
Serial Killer
Bill Of Rights

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Essay on Science and Technology for Students and Children

500+ words essay on science and technology.

Essay on Science and Technology: Science and technology are important parts of our day to day life. We get up in the morning from the ringing of our alarm clocks and go to bed at night after switching our lights off. All these luxuries that we are able to afford are a resultant of science and technology . Most importantly, how we can do all this in a short time are because of the advancement of science and technology only. It is hard to imagine our life now without science and technology. Indeed our existence itself depends on it now. Every day new technologies are coming up which are making human life easier and more comfortable. Thus, we live in an era of science and technology.

Essentially, Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization . This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance to enjoy these results, which make our lives more relaxed and pleasurable.

Benefits of Science and Technology

If we think about it, there are numerous benefits of science and technology. They range from the little things to the big ones. For instance, the morning paper which we read that delivers us reliable information is a result of scientific progress. In addition, the electrical devices without which life is hard to imagine like a refrigerator, AC, microwave and more are a result of technological advancement.

Furthermore, if we look at the transport scenario, we notice how science and technology play a major role here as well. We can quickly reach the other part of the earth within hours, all thanks to advancing technology.

In addition, science and technology have enabled man to look further than our planet. The discovery of new planets and the establishment of satellites in space is because of the very same science and technology. Similarly, science and technology have also made an impact on the medical and agricultural fields. The various cures being discovered for diseases have saved millions of lives through science. Moreover, technology has enhanced the production of different crops benefitting the farmers largely.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

India and Science and Technology

Ever since British rule, India has been in talks all over the world. After gaining independence, it is science and technology which helped India advance through times. Now, it has become an essential source of creative and foundational scientific developments all over the world. In other words, all the incredible scientific and technological advancements of our country have enhanced the Indian economy.

Looking at the most recent achievement, India successfully launched Chandrayaan 2. This lunar exploration of India has earned critical acclaim from all over the world. Once again, this achievement was made possible due to science and technology.

In conclusion, we must admit that science and technology have led human civilization to achieve perfection in living. However, we must utilize everything in wise perspectives and to limited extents. Misuse of science and technology can produce harmful consequences. Therefore, we must monitor the use and be wise in our actions.

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Essay on Scientific Discoveries

Updated on
Feb 7, 2024

Writing and speaking skills are the most important skills in the world. It shows how well a student will convey his or her ideas, experiences and thoughts. Essays are one of the most popular forms of writing to ascertain an applicant’s general knowledge, experiences, writing style and language skills. It is used in many entrance exams like SAT, IELTS, TOEFL and in college applications as well. From a very early age, school curriculums have been encouraging students to write essays and give speeches. Sometimes the topics provided to students can be complicated. So, today we have come up to help the students with an essay on Scientific Discoveries.

Check out our 200+ Essay Topics for School Students in English

Five Qualities of A Good Essay

Before we provide you with an essay on scientific discoveries. Let’s learn about essay writing. Writing an essay is a difficult thing. The writing should be rich in content plus should not bore its readers. Here are the five qualities a perfect essay should have:-

Focus: All of your writing should come under one single topic. No matter how vast your essay is, it should always revolve around the topic of the essay. Avoid unnecessary details.
Development: Every paragraph of your essay should centre the topic of your essay. Try to use examples, details and descriptions.
Free composition: Always follow a basic structure. Before finalising your essay, jot down the points you would like to mention and then make a series. Do not surprise the reader with complicated words, try to keep it as simple as possible.
Correctness: Make sure your essay is free from any grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, mismatched sentences, etc. Always use standard English and complete sentences.
Introduction and Conclusion: The introduction and the conclusion of the writing are the most important parts of the essay. The first impression is always the last, and so is the introduction of your writing. After reading the first two or three lines, if the reader gets bored, he may not read your whole essay. So make sure your essay contains a crispy beginning. Alternatively, make the conclusion so strong and effective that the reader never forgets your essay. Don’t feel afraid to use quotes, catchy lines, slogans and all. They are the cherry on the cake for your essay.

Also Read: Importance of Technology in Education

Also Read: Essay on Athletics in 100, 200 and 300 Words

Sample Essay on Scientific Discoveries

Here is an example of an essay on scientific discoveries to help them out in their school assignments.

Everything around us is a great discovery. Be it a necessity, comfort, or luxury, they all came from different scientific discoveries that took place over some time. Starting from a small pin to a big ship, everything is just a mere invention to make the lives of humans easier. Scientistic discoveries take place in every arena of thought so before we talk about these inventions. Let’s examine what is science. What is science? Science is a system for acquiring knowledge. We use observations, and experimentation to come to a conclusion and explain any natural phenomenon. In simple language, science is the systematic field of study or knowledge gained from experimentations, observations and some accepted facts. And so scientific discoveries have done miracles in human lives. Scientific discoveries and inventions have made our lives easier and more comfortable than we could have ever imagined. Scientific equipment accomplishes lengthy tasks in just minutes. Be it in the health sector, education, transportation, and more. All the inventions are just the gifts of science. Nowadays we are in a situation where without science, we cannot imagine our survival. In the absence of Science, no country, and no single person would have made progress. Scientific discoveries and inventions are machines that accomplish any task of humans either fully or partially. According to the business dictionary, the word ‘invention’ is “a new scientific or technical idea and the means of its embodiment or accomplishment. To be patentable, an invention must be novel, have utility, and be non-obvious. To be called an invention, an idea only needs to be proven as workable. But to be called an innovation, it must also be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need. That’s why only a few inventions lead to innovations because not all of them are economically feasible.” Wikipedia further says, “An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field.” These definitions made us clear about how important scientific discovery is for us. Due to science, we can get all kinds of things we desire for. Electricity is a miracle that gives us light even in the dark. It further helps us to run industries conserve the environment and control pollution . A cricket match is going on in America and we can watch it. Why? Inventions! Nowadays medical science is doing its best all over the world. Let us not forget computers, which is the greatest invention of mankind. However, it is rightly said that every coin has two sides. Scientific discoveries and inventions have given us a lot and at the same time created a lot of disadvantages too. Nowadays people have become so dependent on technology that even walking has become difficult. Inventions made people so lazy, especially the young generation. All they could think about now is sitting at their home, with their computers and tablets on.

Gone are the days when people used to go out, play and have actual fun in life. Also, scientific inventions have made people jobless. Employers are substituting their employees with heavy machines. And this is the sad reality everywhere. Along with a luxurious life, technology has made our lives more complicated. People nowadays catch the disease early due to no exercise and sitting in front of their computer the whole day. The biggest and most disastrous inventions are weapons, guns and bombs. What’s worse than taking the life of people? It has ruined unity, peace and harmony all over the world. Scientific discoveries and inventions have contributed so much that my essay would never be enough to explain it. Ultimately, I would like to say that do not take up the monstrous side. Try the blessing of discoveries and make your life better in every aspect.

Also Read: Essay on Information Technology in 400 Words

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50 Years in Artificial Intelligence

By Dr. William Swartout, Chief Science Officer, USC Institute for Creative Technologies; co-Director, Center for Generative AI and Society; research professor, USC Viterbi School of Engineering

Dr. William (Bill) Swartout has been involved in cutting edge research and development of artificial intelligence systems throughout his career. He is an AAAI Fellow, and received the Robert Engelmore Award from the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) for seminal contributions to knowledge-based systems and explanation, groundbreaking research on virtual human technologies and their applications, and outstanding service to the artificial intelligence community. In this essay for ICT’s 25th anniversary, Dr. Swartout looks back at his career in AI and brings us right up to the present day on ICT’s AI endeavors.

Introduction

When I was in grade school, I read Danny Dunn and the Homework Machine , about a young boy, whose mother is the housekeeper for a prestigious professor. The book was prescient, as science fiction often is, because the professor had access to a very high-end computer, and young Danny and his friends read their textbooks into the machine, only to discover it could do their homework for them!

Of course they get caught (in the end), but the book anticipated the current revolution in generative AI by about 60 years – and absolutely hooked me on the concept of artificial intelligence. The idea that a computer could intelligently produce natural language text that people could read, or that you could have a conversation with a computer was, and remains, fascinating to me, and led me to pursue artificial intelligence throughout my career.

In high school, I joined a computer club, and my friends and I worked on a program to generate modern poetry. The program worked by selecting words randomly from lists and plugging them into a template that indicated what part of speech went where, which assured that the output was at least somewhat grammatical. The results can most charitably be described as “very modern.”

Much of the output didn’t make sense, but there was the occasional phrase or stanza that seemed understandable, and presented things in a novel way. Two things I learned from that were that computers can be really good at generating unanticipated things, and that people can perceive meaning in something, even when none is intended.

“Serious AI” at Stanford

As an undergrad at Stanford, I got my first exposure to “serious AI” working at the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, with Avron Barr , Marian Beard , and Richard Atkinson on BIP, a computer-aided instructional program to teach students how to program in BASIC .

I worked on two modules in that system, first, a solution checker that determined whether or not a student’s program was working correctly, and second, FLOW, a module that dynamically animated the execution of a student’s program on a video terminal, showing them the control flow and how variables changed as the program executed – a not insignificant accomplishment given the capabilities of the terminals at that time.

At that time, I also worked at the Stanford AI Lab with Cordell Green , who was a professor in computer science, and David Shaw , a CS graduate student, on a program to synthesize LISP functions from example input-output pairs. Given an example input (A B C D) and an output (D D C C B B A A) the program would create a LISP function to reverse and double a list for arbitrary lists. This work resulted in my first professional publication at the 1975 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

Explainable AI at MIT

Later, as a graduate student at MIT, while working in the Clinical Decision Making Group headed by my advisor, Peter Szolovits , I returned to my interest in having computers generate texts that people could read, on a project to assist doctors in diagnosing patients and prescribing drugs correctly.

One of the graduate students, Howie Silverman , had written a program called the “Digitalis Therapy Advisor” that could administer the heart drug digitalis to patients at the level of an expert cardiologist. However, the program lacked an ability to explain how it produced its recommendations, and we had found that without an explanatory capability physicians were unlikely to accept a program’s advice.

For my masters thesis, my goal was to give the program an explanatory capability , and, to make things more challenging, the explanations should be produced not by just printing out documentation associated with the program, but by translating the program code into written English. If the code changed, the explanations would change as well.

To accomplish this, I reprogrammed the Digitalis Therapy Advisor into OWL, a programming language developed at MIT by William Martin and his colleagues. In this language, the names of procedures and variables weren’t just strings of text as they are in most programming languages, instead they were structured semantic objects that could be translated into English. Functions were typically named by a structured object that corresponded to a verb phrase that said what the function did, and variables were typically named by noun phrases that described the variable.

This approach gave me the additional information needed for explanations, and the Digitalis Therapy Advisor became one of the first expert systems that could explain, in English, the steps it took to arrive at a particular therapy recommendation.

For my PhD, I took a critical look at the work I had done on my masters, and realized that while it could explain what the program did, it couldn’t explain why it did it.

For example, the digitalis advisor might have a rule such as:

If the patient’s serum calcium is greater than 10, reduce the dose of digitalis by 0.75.

A rule like that would perform correctly, but there’s no hint in the explanation about why that is the right thing to do. In this case, the causal justification is that increased serum calcium increases the risk of arrhythmias, which also can occur with digitalis administration. From an explanation standpoint, we couldn’t give justifications because the knowledge needed to support that was known by the person who programmed the system, but it didn’t need to be in the code for it to perform correctly.

To capture that knowledge so it could be used in explanations, I began by representing causal knowledge in the domain, such as what digitalis causes and how it interacts with other physiological parameters. I then represented abstractly the general problem-solving strategies the program used, such as:

If a drug causes something dangerous that is also caused by a possible patient finding, check for that finding and if it is present, reduce the dose.

I then built an automatic programmer to create the expert system using the general domain knowledge and problem-solving strategies.

Along the way, the automatic programmer recorded the reasoning it did and left behind a trace. During runtime, these “mental breadcrumbs” allowed explanation routines to access the underlying reasoning behind the running code, so that when asked to justify why the program was asking about the patient’s serum potassium, this is an actual justification it could produce:

The system is anticipating digitalis toxicity. Decreased serum potassium causes increased automaticity, which may cause a change to ventricular fibrillation. Increased digitalis also causes increased automaticity. Thus, if the the system observes decreased serum potassium, it reduces the dose of digitalis due to decreased serum potassium.

Natural Language Generation at USC Information Sciences Institute

In 1981, I graduated from MIT and decided that six years of Boston-in-winter had been more than enough. I was eager to return to the west coast. I was excited when I received a job offer from the USC Information Sciences Institute , from Bob Balzer and Bill Mark, because it gave me an opportunity to continue to work on automatic programming and explanation.

In the Explainable Expert Systems (EES) project, working with Bob Neches , Cecile Paris , Yolanda Gil and my graduate student, Johanna Moore , we extended the work I had started in my PhD thesis and began to explore how we could improve the automated explanations by providing clarifying explanations if the first one wasn’t understood.

At the time, a lot of the work in natural language generation had focused on better user models. The idea was that if one knew what the user knew (and didn’t know) you could plan out the perfect explanation that addressed their needs without telling them things they already knew.

At ISI, we felt that the user modeling approach was not likely to work out. Part of the problem was that acquiring a good model of the user was very difficult. The other problem was that this approach ignored a valuable source of information, namely feedback from the user as the explanation is being given.

For human-to-human interaction, this feedback is much more important than a model of the other person. People feel reasonably comfortable talking with someone they don’t know well (have no model of), but rapidly become uncomfortable if the person is a “great stone face” i.e. someone who doesn’t react, with both verbal and non-verbal communication, while the other person is talking.

To be able to justify what an expert system was doing, we captured the design of that system. Our idea for supporting feedback and clarifying explanations was to capture the design of the explanation, that is, to know what the communicative goals were of the explanation and what strategies were used to convey that information. If a user didn’t understand an explanation, the system looked back in the text plan, saw what communicative goal the misunderstood explanation was trying to achieve, and looked for alternative strategies for conveying the same information.

For example, if an abstract description of some principle wasn’t understood, the explanation system might recover by providing an example of that principle in use.

In 1989, I became the Director of the Intelligent Systems Division at ISI, and, although I remained active in research, my major focus during this time became building up the AI capabilities at ISI both in size and stature. As a result, the division grew from about 25 people in 1989 to around 90 when I left a decade later.

Also, while I was running the division, 5 of our researchers were elected as AAAI Fellows , and an additional 5 were elected later. I am very proud of what we accomplished during that period of my career.

The UARC Concept

In the late 1990’s, computer games started to become quite good. Characters in games were no longer highly pixelated, and began to look a lot more like real people. The terrain also evolved to be more realistic, and the behaviors improved to the point where substantially more sophisticated scenarios could be supported.

The Department of Defense noted that, in some ways, video games were becoming more engaging and realistic than the simulations that the military used, and asked whether something could be gained from a closer connection between the military and the entertainment industry.

In 1996, a workshop was held by the National Research Council to examine that question. Representatives from the military, the entertainment industry and academia all attended. That group wrote a report that affirmed the potential value of a closer collaboration.

The next question was how to make all this happen.

Early efforts to fund Hollywood studios directly, to work on problems of interest to the military produced some interesting results, but it was felt that to really see the value, something more enduring was needed.

The DOD Director, Defense Research and Engineering, Anita Jones , and the Army’s Chief Scientist, Mike Andrews , decided to form a University Affiliated Research Center : an institute within a university where people from the very different cultures of the military, entertainment and academia could meet, build trust and, vitally, collaborate on projects.

USC was one of the universities that was considered as a possible site for this new institute. Paul Rosenbloom , one of my colleagues at ISI, was given the task of coordinating USC’s response and writing the proposal. I worked with him on a section of the proposal that outlined how AI-based virtual humans could be used in a simulation to teach soldiers how to confront the kinds of dilemmas they might encounter during deployment. The proposal was submitted, and USC was selected.

A few days later, Paul talked with me about the next steps. He said that rather than joining the new institute, he preferred to stay at ISI (for the time being) but wondered if I might be interested in joining it. I jumped at the chance. In high school, I had been very interested in film-making, and even considered it as a possible career choice for a while, so I saw this new institute as a chance to bring together my interests in film, the creative arts, and artificial intelligence – fields that in high school had seemed completely disjointed, but perhaps now were coming together.

On August 18, 1999, USC hosted an event to commemorate the signing of the contract for the new Institute for Creative Technologies. The celebration was notably grand, reflecting that this was the largest contract that had ever been awarded to USC, to date. The president of USC, Stephen Sampl e; the Secretary of the Army, Louis Caldera ; and Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America all spoke. Even Gray Davis, governor of California , delivered a speech via video link.

But after the celebration was over, a lot of work remained to make ICT a reality, including recruiting staff, leasing a building, installing high end equipment for computing, displays, and audio, developing research tracks with strong outcomes which would convince the Army that their money was being well spent, and working towards an official launch.

ICT Official Opening

It was decided that Tuesday, September 26, 2000 would be our official opening. On reflection, almost too ambitious an undertaking, but the date was set.

We had a small but highly motivated and capable team right at the beginning. Richard Lindheim , formerly EVP, Television at Paramount was hired to be our first Executive Director. Jim Korris , an experienced Hollywood writer/producer with several major credits to his name, became our Creative Director, Cheryl Birch came from Paramount to be our CFO, and I rounded out the senior leadership team as Director of Technology, responsible for the Institute’s basic and applied research projects.

We began to build out the research staff. Paul Debevec, a rising star in computer graphics, joined us from UC Berkeley along with Tim Hawkins, Christopher Tchou, and Jonathan Cohen, forming the basis of our Graphics Lab. Randy Hill (now our current Executive Director at ICT) and Jon Gratch , who emerged as a leader in affective computing, joined us from ISI. Jacki Ford Morie , former Head of Computer Technical and Artistic Training, Disney, came onboard as consultant, before becoming Senior Research Scientist, and David Traum joined to head our Natural Language group.

Because it takes a while to build out a research staff, we began our research projects by collaborating with researchers who were then at ISI. For artificial intelligence, this included a number of people from the Intelligent Systems Division at ISI including Lewis Johnson , Stacy Marsella , Jeff Rickel , Marcus Thiebaux and Richard Whitney .

Mission Rehearsal Exercise

Shortly after the signing ceremony, the Army told us that they wanted us to build the Holodeck from Star Trek , i.e. a highly immersive simulation space that could provide 3D environments, including sights and sounds, where one could interact with virtual humans that were autonomous, AI-enabled, computer-generated characters that looked and behaved like real people as much as possible.

In response, we created our first showcase project, the Mission Rehearsal Exercise (MRE) , a leap-forward prototype that showed what could be done using the very latest technology (in the year 2000) with sound, vision, 3D immersion, graphics and virtual humans.

The television writer Larry Tuch ( Quincy M.E. ) created the scenario for MRE, notably different from almost all military simulations in that no weapons are used. Instead, the trainee, a young lieutenant, is confronted with a challenging dilemma. The simulation is set in an urban landscape in Bosnia. A lieutenant and his platoon are heading to reinforce another unit which is dealing with local unrest.

The simulation opens with the lieutenant arriving at the scene of an accident. One of his Humvees has collided with a civilian car. There is a small child, seriously injured on the ground, and a frantic mother. A crowd starts to form.

What should the lieutenant do? Continue on with the mission, or stop and render aid?

In this scenario, the townspeople, the soldiers, the mother and her child were all virtual humans . From an AI standpoint the most sophisticated virtual human was the platoon sergeant. The trainee lieutenant interacted with the sergeant in English, and the sergeant carried out his commands and also provided advice and recommendations to the lieutenant, much as happens in real life.

To create a highly immersive simulation, we envisioned that it would be presented on a large, curved screen. We had seen such a system at the I/ITSEC conference in November 1999 and wanted to duplicate it at the ICT. As it was realized, the trainee stood in front of a curved screen that was 8.75 feet tall and 31.3 feet wide illuminated by three BARCO projectors that were edge-blended so that the image appeared seamlessly. An SGI Onyx Reality Monster provided the computational resources to drive the experience. Immersive audio was provided by a 10.2 audio system custom developed by Prof. Chris Kyriakakis of the USC Electrical and Computer Engineering – Systems department at USC.

All of the systems were either custom systems or very early in their life cycle and thus not exactly tried and tested. For example, although the projectors were commercial products, the ones delivered to us had very low serial numbers – as I recall we got serial numbers 2, 3, and 4. To compound all that, the building was being built out at the same time that the equipment was being delivered. When the computer was delivered, we had to begin using it right away since it was critical to developing the software for MRE, but the computer room hadn’t been built yet. We wound up putting it in a temporary room with a temporary air conditioner that had air ducts snaking all around. Everyone developed their software on long tables clustered around the computer.

Our entertainment connection did help us out with a few things, however. Due to his connections with Hollywood, Richand Lindheim was able to engage Herman Zimmermann , the set designer for Star Trek to design the interior space for the ICT, and to have it fabricated by Paramount set constructors. This significantly sped up the construction process. About a month or so before the big opening, a group from the Army showed up to make sure things were going to plan. When they toured the under-construction facility, they were aghast. There was wallboard here and there, uncovered ducting and bare floors.

“They’ll never be ready in time,” they said.

What they didn’t realize was that the entire interior had already been constructed and was sitting, in modular form, in a warehouse at Paramount. One day, several large trucks pulled up, unloaded the interior modules, and in short order the interior was complete.

In building the software to support the Mission Rehearsal Exercise simulation, we were running into a number of issues. Due to the limited time available, there were a few things we left out of the initial demo that we added the next year. This included natural language understanding where we relied instead on an operator to recognize what was said.

Additionally, to take advantage of the latest capabilities available, we decided it made sense to integrate several commercial solutions into the AI software that we were developing. We used a package called Vega to render the environment and special effects, while PeopleShop from Boston Dynamics was used to create and animate the virtual human bodies. We used another package, VirtualFriend, from another vendor to give the PeopleShop characters expressive faces. All of this integration came with its own cost, and about a week before the grand opening, we still had not been able to run all the way through our demo without having the system crash at some point.

We eventually traced a major part of the problem to memory leaks, and Marcus Thiebaux ported our code back to ISI where they had some tools for finding memory leaks. Working with the commercial vendors, Marcus pulled an all-nighter getting out the leaks. Finally, on the Saturday before the Tuesday opening, we got the system to run through the scenario in its entirety. I went home and slept very soundly.

However, the next morning I was driving into the Institute and I got a call from Jon Gratch .

“Bill,” he said, “there was a power glitch last night and some of the systems didn’t come back up properly.”

When I got to the office, things got worse. Ben Moore, who was our main integrating programmer, called in from the hospital saying he had a severe sprain that needed to be taken care of. Just when it seemed things couldn’t get much worse, nineteenth century technology conspired against us and the elevators went down. Ben came in on crutches in the early afternoon. Eventually we got most everything to come back up, but the fiber-optic controller that connected the Reality Monster computer on an upper floor with the displays on the ground floor was asking for a password that we didn’t know. The installers had installed it without telling us what the password was and, thinking their job was done, had flown back to the Midwest! Getting in touch with the installers on a Sunday afternoon in the Midwest proved to be a challenge, but we eventually got the password and the system was operational!

On Tuesday, at the grand opening, people were queued up to see the Mission Rehearsal Exercise. The experience was impressive. The wraparound screen enveloped and immersed the viewers, the 10.2 sound system not only surrounded the viewer with sound but gave a vertical dimension as well, so that when a helicopter flew overhead during the demo, it sounded like it was churning its way through the ceiling tiles. And the virtual humans showed where AI technology could go and support training in innovative ways.

We gave the demo dozens of times, and as I recall there was only one crash. We cut this one very close, but we did bring it off with much acclaim. The MRE system went on to win a first place award for a software prototype at the International Conference on Autonomous Agents in 2001, and ICT won the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office/National Training Systems Association Modeling and Simulation Outstanding Achievement Award, largely due to the success of MRE.

Increasing Sophistication of Virtual Humans

We continued to construct these large scale simulations for several more years, emphasizing increasingly sophisticated interactions. In SASO-ST , a trainee had to negotiate with a humanitarian aid doctor about moving the location of his clinic. The character could use several different negotiation strategies in dealing with the request, such as trying to avoid the negotiation, viewing it as a win-lose situation and trying to win, or looking for a potential win-win approach. The approach taken depended on a number of factors including how the doctor viewed the trainee, the trainee’s actions and how they framed the request, as well as the overall context.

SASO-EN continued the negotiations theme, but expanded the context so that the trainee had to interact with both the doctor and a town elder about the location of the clinic. If the trainee was skillful they might use the town elder to help convince the doctor, if not, they may gang up on them. In this system the negotiations could also be influenced by external events, such as an increasing level of unrest in the vicinity.

There were several insights that I gathered from building virtual humans in training scenarios. First a virtual human is perhaps the ultimate test of an integrated AI capability. That is because to be realistic and believable, the virtual human must support so many of those aspects that we expect in a real person. Unlike the Turing test, where one interacts with an AI over a teletype, interaction with a virtual human, just like a real human, is much more.

There is verbal interaction, but equally important there is non-verbal communication: the gestures, facial expressions, posture and tone of voice all convey a lot of information that people are very facile with. Emotions are very much part of being human, but emotion modeling has not been a big concern of traditional AI. Yet, once a virtual human appears on a screen, people will ascribe emotions to it, whether they are intended or not. Thus we were required to build executable models of emotions for our virtual humans. Jon Gratch and Stacy Marsella did groundbreaking research in building emotion models and their resulting EMA emotion modeling framework is a classic.

Another realization was the value of story. Story not only engages and immerses the user, but it also makes building virtual humans feasible. Story creates a strong context for people, and that context limits what they are likely to say. When the lieutenant trainee was in the MRE scenario in Bosnia dealing with the injured child he is very focused, which not only limits what he will talk about, but also limits what responses the AI needs to support. At the time, if we had tried to put virtual humans into the world in a general sense, it would have been too hard – there would have been too many situations to deal with. By embedding virtual humans in the context of a story, implementation became much more feasible.

Stories can have another impact. A good story can create a rich social environment that raises new research issues. Most work in natural language processing had assumed that the interaction was one-on-one between a computer and a person, and that it was a cooperative conversation. In some of our negotiation scenarios, a trainee would interact with multiple virtual humans simultaneously, which raises issues of how to understand when a conversation with one virtual human has stopped and another starts. A cooperative conversation assumes that people will stay on topic. But one of the negotiation strategies is to avoid the negotiation by changing the topic. A cooperative conversation also assumes shared goals, which may not be the case at all in a negotiation.

Virtual Humans Move to the Museum

Initially, we thought that virtual humans would primarily act as role players in training simulations, but as we gained experience in developing and using them, we realized that they can be used in other ways as well. Virtual humans could act as coaches or mentors, they could answer questions about themselves or other topics.

Our first question-answering character was Sgt. Blackwell . He was a character with a bit of an attitude who could answer questions about himself, the ICT, and a few other topics. His responses were fixed and pre-recorded in advance. Users would ask questions in English and we used speech recognition to get the words in the question which were sent to a classifier that had been trained on a set of question-answer pairs.

The classifier would find the best response to the question or indicate that none was available. That response was then played for the user. If no response was found, the system would give what we called an “off topic” response, which was either a request for the user to rephrase or re-ask their question, or a suggestion to move to a different topic. Sgt. Blackwell was installed in the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum in New York from December 2006 to July 2007 as part of the National Design Triennial.

We built several interactive question-answering systems like Blackwell. With NSF funding we created a pair of virtual museum guides for the Boston Museum of Science. Ada and Grace were identical twins (named after computer science pioneers, Ada Lovelace and Admiral Grace Murray Hopper ) that inhabited the computer area of the museum.

They had a significantly more extensive range of responses than Blackwell and could answer questions about what visitors could see in the museum, their background, computers, and the technology that made them work. A companion exhibit dynamically showed visitors the science behind how the characters worked. The exhibit predated the Apple purchase and roll-out of Siri (originally developed at the Stanford Research Institute), so for visitors seeing a system that could understand what you said and respond reasonably was quite impressive. We estimated that approximately 250,000 visitors encountered Ada and Grace during their time in the museum.

New Dimensions in Testimony

New Dimensions in Testimony is perhaps one of the best uses of the question-answering technology, and one of the systems I’m proudest of arose from a collaboration we did with the USC Shoah Foundation . The Foundation was started by Steven Spielberg and over the years has recorded many interviews with Holocaust survivors. A little over ten years ago people from the Foundation came to visit the ICT. They said that for many visitors to a Holocaust museum, it was the opportunity to interact with a real Holocaust survivor that was most meaningful to them. The ability to ask them questions about what happened, how they and their families were affected, and the effect the Holocaust had on their attitudes toward life, religion, and the people who had oppressed them. The problem was that all of the survivors were getting a lot older, which meant we will be the last generation able to have that sort of first-hand experience.

The question on the minds of the Shoah personnel was could there be some way to use technology to preserve the ability of future generations to have an interactive conversation with a Holocaust survivor?

To answer that question, we brought about a dozen Holocaust survivors in and videotaped them using multiple high-resolution cameras as they answered a wide ranging set of questions about their life before, during and after the war, and how their experiences had shaped them and affected their attitudes. For some of the survivors we recorded as many as about 1500 responses. We then used our question-answering technology to create a system that could respond to visitors’ questions by playing back the video responses that had been recorded. We called the system New Dimensions in Testimony (NDT).

We found that a couple of things worked together to make the NDT experience especially compelling. First by recording as many responses as we did it meant that as long as a visitor stayed on topic, asking questions about the survivor’s experiences before, during and after the war, and their attitudes, it was very likely that we had an appropriate answer in our response database. That meant that users rarely got an off-topic response, which preserved the feeling of having a conversation with a person. While people might have initially been impressed by the AI driving the experience after a few interactions the AI essentially disappeared because it worked as well as it did, allowing visitors to focus on the substance of the responses. Second, many of the survivors were excellent story tellers with compelling stories to tell.

These two elements worked together to make NDT the most moving experience I’ve ever worked on and the only one that would regularly move people to tears.

Personal Assistant for Lifelong Learning (PAL3)

In 2015, I returned to one of my earliest interests: using computers in education. We began working on PAL3, a personal assistant for lifelong learning . The long-term goal was to create an agent that could accompany a learner throughout their career. The system would know the learner’s background, such as what courses they had studied, how they did, and what their mastery was of various topics. It would also know what their goals were, and what was needed to achieve them, and it would have access to a set of learning resources that it could recommend to the learner adaptively based on their background, performance, and learning goals. The initial version of PAL3 ran on a Microsoft Surface and was designed to teach sailors about basic electronics. Although almost all training in the military is mandatory, we wanted to make PAL3 so engaging that sailors would use it voluntarily. To achieve that we used what we had learned from working with the entertainment industry. PAL3 had an engaging animated character, a high-tech talking drone, that interacted with learners, encouraging them when they reached achievements and acting as a guide to the content. Points were given for using the system and these could be traded in for various enhancements, such as changing the paint scheme on one’s drone. We adopted an open learner model, so learners could see at any time how they were doing and what they had achieved, and how they compared to the class average.

The Navy was interested in reducing the knowledge decay that occurred when sailors graduated from one school but then had to wait for extended periods before entering the next school. In a controlled study we showed that PAL3 could eliminate, in aggregate, that knowledge decay, even if it was used on a voluntary basis. Later, we ported PAL3 to run on smartphones which made it even more available to learners and used it in new and widely varied content areas, such as leadership training and even suicide prevention training. We are now using it to teach AI skills as a critical part of the new AI Research Center of Excellence for Education , described next.

AI Research Center of Excellence for Education (AIRCOEE)

The recent revolution in AI has already had a huge impact on society and promises even more. AI systems are much more robust and capable. Now, knowledge of AI and machine learning is widely seen as key to staying ahead, both individually and as a nation, of our near-peer competitors. Yet, the vast majority of people in the United States have at best only a passing knowledge of AI. Furthermore, rapid technological advancements will make many jobs obsolete, and although new jobs will be created, people lack the requisite skills for the jobs of the future. Compounding these problems, AI technologies are advancing at an accelerating rate, outpacing the ability of current educational centers to keep up.

Perceiving that need, we proposed a new AI Research Center of Excellence for Education . The Center was funded in the summer of 2023, and its major goal is to use AI to teach AI, that is, to develop AI-based educational tools and create AI content that is accessible. Our goal with the Center is to increase AI literacy broadly, so that while people educated by the program might not be ready to become proficient programmers, they will have a solid understanding of AI: what it is, what it can be used for, where its use may not be appropriate, and what ethical considerations need to be taken into account when it is used.

USC Center for Generative AI and Society

Open AI’s ChatGPT was released on November 30, 2022. Now, about 18 months later it is clear that generative AI systems like ChatGPT are having a profound disruptive effect on education.

The “homework machine” I’d read about in my youth seemed to be a reality, and students had at their disposal a set of systems that could complete writing assignments, generate artwork, and even solve programming problems.

People became alarmed about the effects generative AI would have on society. In March 2023, USC established the Center for Generative AI and Society with the goal of better understanding the effects of generative AI and how it can be used for good. Alongside my role at ICT, I also serve as Co-Director, Education Branch, for the Center for GenAI, where we are focused on two areas that are heavily impacted by generative AI: education and media/creative industries. The Education Branch is a collaboration involving Ben Nye and Aaron Shiel at the ICT with Gale Sinatra, Stephen Aguilar and Changzhao Wang at the Rossier School of Education.

Working with faculty from the USC Writing Program , we have created a writing tool that uses generative AI. But our approach is entirely different from the vast majority of AI writing tools and supports a fundamentally different approach to writing education. Rather than writing text for a user, our tool uses generative AI to help students become better writers themselves, by helping them brainstorm ideas, improving their critical thinking skills and using AI to critique their work.

Also unlike other tools, our framework captures a student’s writing process at a fine-grained level, which will ultimately allow instructors to evaluate student work based on the process they go through rather than the final artifact (essay) they produce. Grading the process rather than the artifact makes cheating much more difficult and will give instructors better insights into how their students approach writing.

Final thoughts

It’s very satisfying to me to see that some of the science fiction that inspired me in my youth is now becoming a reality. While I don’t think that the doomsday predictions that some have offered are likely to come to pass, like any technology, AI can be used for good or for bad.

Because AI is so powerful, the imperative is even stronger to carefully consider the effects of how we use AI.

I believe there are three elements in how we need to approach AI intelligently.

The first is education. As I’ve outlined above, as a society we need to become more AI literate broadly so that we understand the implications of this new technology.

The second is regulation. Part of that means having appropriate laws in place so that people who use AI for nefarious purposes, such as to create a malicious deepfake, can be held to account. The other part of regulation is certification. Technologies such as aviation, automobiles, communications and pharmaceuticals are regulated by the government and must meet certain standards to ensure that the public is not put at untoward risk.

The third is technology research. Generally speaking, research makes technologies safer as time goes on by addressing shortcomings of early versions. As an example, airplanes and automobiles are much safer now than they were in their infancy. It is my belief that AI research, if appropriately funded and directed, will help ensure that the AI of the future is safer than the AI of today, and that the best is yet to come.

AI research has been my life’s work, and I am proud to have been a part of its development. In the past 50 years, since my undergraduate days at Stanford, I’ve seen AI go through not one, but two “winters” – and now it feels as if we are emerging into a very interesting “spring.” I am beyond excited to see what’s next, and to know that at ICT, as we celebrate our 25th anniversary, we are continuing to forge ahead into a brilliant AI future.

Common App announces 2024–2025 Common App essay prompts

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We are happy to announce that the Common App essay prompts will remain the same for 2024–2025.

Our decision to keep these prompts unchanged is supported by past research showing that overall satisfaction with the prompts exceeded 95% across our constituent groups - students, counselors, advisors, teachers, and member colleges. Moving forward, we want to learn more about who is choosing certain prompts to see if there are any noteworthy differences among student populations and incorporate feedback into future decisions.

While some schools are beginning discussions with juniors and transfer students about college options, it's important to clarify that this doesn't mean students need to start writing their essays right away. By releasing the prompts early, we hope to give students ample time for reflection and brainstorming. As you guide students with their planning, feel free to use our Common App Ready essay writing resource, available in both English and Spanish .

For students who wish to start exploring the application process, creating a Common App account before August 1 ensures that all their responses, including their personal essays, will be retained through account rollover .

Below is the full set of essay prompts for 2024–2025.

Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.
The lessons we take from obstacles we encounter can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a challenge, setback, or failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?
Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?
Reflect on something that someone has done for you that has made you happy or thankful in a surprising way. How has this gratitude affected or motivated you?
Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.
Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more?
Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design.

We will retain the optional community disruption question within the Writing section. Over the next year, we'll consult with our member, counselor, and student advisory committees to ensure we gather diverse perspectives and make informed decisions.

News and updates

Financial aid is complicated

Washington State University applications surge with help from Common App

Gig workers are writing essays for AI to learn from

Companies are hiring highly educated gig workers to write training content for AI models .
The shift toward more sophisticated trainers comes as tech giants scramble for new data sources.
AI could run out of data to learn from by 2026, one research institute has warned.

As artificial intelligence models run out of data to train themselves on, AI companies are increasingly turning to actual humans to write training content.

For years, companies have used gig workers to help train AI models on simple tasks like photo identification , data annotation, and labelling. But the rapidly advancing technology now requires more advanced people to train it.

Companies such as Scale AI and Surge AI are hiring part-timers with graduate degrees to write essays and creative prompts for the bots to gobble up, The New York Times reported . Scale AI, for example, posted a job last year looking for people with Master's degrees or PhDs, who are fluent in either English, Hindi, or Japanese and have professional writing experience in fields like poetry, journalism, and publishing.

Watch: Nearly 50,000 tech workers have been laid off — but there's a hack to avoid layoffs

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How to Write a Science Essay
The body of your essay will contain the bulk of your argument or discussion. It should be divided into paragraphs, each discussing a different point. For instance, imagine you were writing about sports and the human body. Your first paragraph can discuss the physical capabilities of the human body.
PDF Tutorial Essays for Science Subjects
Dr Peter Judge | Tutorial Essays for Science Subjects 2 greater the progress that you'll make in the session. The best tutorials are those where the students are well prepared with a solid foundational knowledge. Planning your essay You will likely be set your first essay in your first week at Oxford: It's typical to
How to Conclude an Essay
Step 1: Return to your thesis. To begin your conclusion, signal that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument. Don't just repeat your thesis statement —instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction. Example: Returning to the thesis.
Scientific Writing Made Easy: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Undergraduate
The conclusion, generally located in its own short section or the last paragraph of the Discussion, represents your final opportunity to state the significance of your research. Rather than merely restating your main findings, the conclusion should summarize the outcome of your study in a way that incorporates new insights or frames interesting ...
How to Write a Conclusion, With Examples
Restate your thesis: remind readers of your main point. Reiterate your supporting points: remind readers of your evidence or arguments. Wrap everything up by tying it all together. Write a clincher: with the last sentence, leave your reader with something to think about. For many, the conclusion is the most dreaded part of essay writing.
How to Write a Scientific Essay
Take concise notes while reading, focusing on information relevant to the essay. Identify the most crucial information and examples that support the argument. Begin writing the essay, considering starting with the middle sections for clarity. Circle back to the introduction and conclusion once the main body is outlined.
Ending the Essay: Conclusions
Finally, some advice on how not to end an essay: Don't simply summarize your essay. A brief summary of your argument may be useful, especially if your essay is long--more than ten pages or so. But shorter essays tend not to require a restatement of your main ideas. Avoid phrases like "in conclusion," "to conclude," "in summary," and "to sum up ...
How to successfully write a scientific essay
In other types of essays, you can express yourself. But, in scientific essays, there is little to no room to do so. Contrariwise, science essays seek out impartial logicality and accurate knowledge. Also, these essays test your judgment skills and analysis. Select a topic for your article Like any other type of essay, you need to have a topic ...
Writing a Research Paper Conclusion
Step 1: Restate the problem. The first task of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your research problem. You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture. While you are restating a problem you've already introduced, you should avoid phrasing ...
Conclusions
Highlight the "so what". At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what's at stake—why they should care about the argument you're making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put ...
Our top essays by scientists in 2021
Our top essays by scientists in 2021. 20 Dec 2021. 10:50 AM ET. By Katie Langin. Share: Robert Neubecker. When I emailed Phil De Luna in March to ask whether he was OK with titling the essay he'd written for Science " After falling in love, I reimagined my career path—for the better ," I wasn't sure how he'd react to the "love ...
How to Write a Scientific Essay • Oxford Learning College
Essays need to be written out in continuous prose. You shouldn't be using bullet points or writing in note form. If it helps to make a particular point, however, you can use a diagram providing it is relevant and adequately explained. Look at the topic you are required to write about.
Top 15 Science Essay Examples for Students
The body paragraphs of a science essay should provide evidence to support the thesis statement. You should use scientific evidence, research, and data to support your argument. ... Conclusion of Science Essay Example. In conclusion, science plays a vital role in our modern world. It has led to significant advancements in technology, medicine ...
Essays About Science: Top 12 Examples And Prompts
3. Reflections from a Nobel winner: Scientists need time to make discoveries by Donna Strickland. "We must give scientists the opportunity through funding and time to pursue curiosity-based, long-term, basic-science research. Work that does not have direct ramifications for industry or our economy is also worthy.
Conclusions
Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research.
Essay on Science for Students and Children
Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas. Science as a Subject. In class 1 only a student has Science as a subject. This only tells us about the importance of Science. Science taught us about Our Solar System. The Solar System consists of 9 planets and the Sun. Most Noteworthy was that it also tells us about the origin of our ...
Our top essays by scientists in 2019
6. In academia, hard work is expected—but taking a break is effort well spent, too. Mattias Björnmalm reflected on why it's important to take time away from work. 7. How I became easy prey to a predatory publisher. Alan Chambers recounted how an email and the pressure to publish led him astray. 8.
17 Essay Conclusion Examples (Copy and Paste)
Essay Conclusion Examples. Below is a range of copy-and-paste essay conclusions with gaps for you to fill-in your topic and key arguments. Browse through for one you like (there are 17 for argumentative, expository, compare and contrast, and critical essays). Once you've found one you like, copy it and add-in the key points to make it your own.
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1 page / 569 words. In forensic science history, the importance of examining a hair or fiber was recorded at its early stages. One of the first forensic science articles involving the scientific study of hair was published in France, in 1857. This introduced the knowledge of hair and fiber... Forensic Science.
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Science. Science: A Blessing Or A Curse Everything in the universe has its uses and abuses. The same applies to science. Science has revolutionized human existence and has made it happier and more comfortable. Modern science has many wonders. Electricity is one of its greatest wonders. It is a source of energy.
Essay on Science and Technology for Students and Children
500+ Words Essay on Science and Technology. Essay on Science and Technology: Science and technology are important parts of our day to day life. We get up in the morning from the ringing of our alarm clocks and go to bed at night after switching our lights off. All these luxuries that we are able to afford are a resultant of science and technology.
Essay on Scientific Discoveries & Inventions
Here are the five qualities a perfect essay should have:-. Focus: All of your writing should come under one single topic. No matter how vast your essay is, it should always revolve around the topic of the essay. Avoid unnecessary details. Development: Every paragraph of your essay should centre the topic of your essay.
50 Years in Artificial Intelligence
In this essay for ICT's 25th anniversary, Dr. Swartout looks back at his career in AI and brings us right up to the present day on ICT's AI endeavors. Introduction . When I was in grade school, I read Danny Dunn and the Homework Machine, about a young boy, whose mother is the housekeeper for a prestigious professor. The book was prescient ...
Leana S. Wen
Leana S. Wen, a Washington Post contributing columnist who writes the newsletter The Checkup with Dr. Wen, is a professor at George Washington University's Milken Institute School of Public Health ...
In the beginning, there was love. We can move with its power
The reciprocity has tended to be discounted since the birth of modern science because of the way dispassionate objectivity is valued, a stance that has brought gains. But perhaps for not much longer. 'We do not obtain the most precious gifts by going in search of them but by waiting for them,' Weil observed, because gifts are given in love ...
Admitted students talk role of ChatGPT in essays amid changing
Questions about the role of AI in essay writing and the weight essays should hold in the admissions process remain, during an admissions cycle already upturned by the Supreme Court's decision to strike down affirmative action. These concerns have already resulted in Duke University's decision to abandon the practice of scoring applicant essays.
The Texas Education Agency has turned to machines to grade essays
"In conclusion, the use of AI, such as ChatGPT, has the potential to revolutionize the grading of STAAR essays. By leveraging AI technology, educators can streamline the grading process, provide ...
Common App announces 2024-2025 Common App essay prompts
For students who wish to start exploring the application process, creating a Common App account before August 1 ensures that all their responses, including their personal essays, will be retained through account rollover. Below is the full set of essay prompts for 2024-2025.
Gig workers are writing essays for AI to learn from
Companies such as Scale AI and Surge AI are hiring part-timers with graduate degrees to write essays and creative prompts for the bots to gobble up, The New York Times reported.

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4. The fact of cloning by Cesar Hill