examples of financial research papers

Research Topics & Ideas: Finance

120+ Finance Research Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project

If you’re just starting out exploring potential research topics for your finance-related dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of finance-centric research topics and ideas.

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Finance Research Topics

• Corporate finance topics
• Investment banking topics
• Private equity & VC
• Asset management
• Hedge funds
• Financial planning & advisory
• Quantitative finance
• Treasury management
• Financial technology (FinTech)
• Commercial banking
• International finance

Corporate Finance

These research topic ideas explore a breadth of issues ranging from the examination of capital structure to the exploration of financial strategies in mergers and acquisitions.

• Evaluating the impact of capital structure on firm performance across different industries
• Assessing the effectiveness of financial management practices in emerging markets
• A comparative analysis of the cost of capital and financial structure in multinational corporations across different regulatory environments
• Examining how integrating sustainability and CSR initiatives affect a corporation’s financial performance and brand reputation
• Analysing how rigorous financial analysis informs strategic decisions and contributes to corporate growth
• Examining the relationship between corporate governance structures and financial performance
• A comparative analysis of financing strategies among mergers and acquisitions
• Evaluating the importance of financial transparency and its impact on investor relations and trust
• Investigating the role of financial flexibility in strategic investment decisions during economic downturns
• Investigating how different dividend policies affect shareholder value and the firm’s financial performance

Investment Banking

The list below presents a series of research topics exploring the multifaceted dimensions of investment banking, with a particular focus on its evolution following the 2008 financial crisis.

• Analysing the evolution and impact of regulatory frameworks in investment banking post-2008 financial crisis
• Investigating the challenges and opportunities associated with cross-border M&As facilitated by investment banks.
• Evaluating the role of investment banks in facilitating mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets
• Analysing the transformation brought about by digital technologies in the delivery of investment banking services and its effects on efficiency and client satisfaction.
• Evaluating the role of investment banks in promoting sustainable finance and the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in investment decisions.
• Assessing the impact of technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of investment banking services
• Examining the effectiveness of investment banks in pricing and marketing IPOs, and the subsequent performance of these IPOs in the stock market.
• A comparative analysis of different risk management strategies employed by investment banks
• Examining the relationship between investment banking fees and corporate performance
• A comparative analysis of competitive strategies employed by leading investment banks and their impact on market share and profitability

Private Equity & Venture Capital (VC)

These research topic ideas are centred on venture capital and private equity investments, with a focus on their impact on technological startups, emerging technologies, and broader economic ecosystems.

• Investigating the determinants of successful venture capital investments in tech startups
• Analysing the trends and outcomes of venture capital funding in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, or clean energy
• Assessing the performance and return on investment of different exit strategies employed by venture capital firms
• Assessing the impact of private equity investments on the financial performance of SMEs
• Analysing the role of venture capital in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship
• Evaluating the exit strategies of private equity firms: A comparative analysis
• Exploring the ethical considerations in private equity and venture capital financing
• Investigating how private equity ownership influences operational efficiency and overall business performance
• Evaluating the effectiveness of corporate governance structures in companies backed by private equity investments
• Examining how the regulatory environment in different regions affects the operations, investments and performance of private equity and venture capital firms

Asset Management

This list includes a range of research topic ideas focused on asset management, probing into the effectiveness of various strategies, the integration of technology, and the alignment with ethical principles among other key dimensions.

• Analysing the effectiveness of different asset allocation strategies in diverse economic environments
• Analysing the methodologies and effectiveness of performance attribution in asset management firms
• Assessing the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria on fund performance
• Examining the role of robo-advisors in modern asset management
• Evaluating how advancements in technology are reshaping portfolio management strategies within asset management firms
• Evaluating the performance persistence of mutual funds and hedge funds
• Investigating the long-term performance of portfolios managed with ethical or socially responsible investing principles
• Investigating the behavioural biases in individual and institutional investment decisions
• Examining the asset allocation strategies employed by pension funds and their impact on long-term fund performance
• Assessing the operational efficiency of asset management firms and its correlation with fund performance

Hedge Funds

Here we explore research topics related to hedge fund operations and strategies, including their implications on corporate governance, financial market stability, and regulatory compliance among other critical facets.

• Assessing the impact of hedge fund activism on corporate governance and financial performance
• Analysing the effectiveness and implications of market-neutral strategies employed by hedge funds
• Investigating how different fee structures impact the performance and investor attraction to hedge funds
• Evaluating the contribution of hedge funds to financial market liquidity and the implications for market stability
• Analysing the risk-return profile of hedge fund strategies during financial crises
• Evaluating the influence of regulatory changes on hedge fund operations and performance
• Examining the level of transparency and disclosure practices in the hedge fund industry and its impact on investor trust and regulatory compliance
• Assessing the contribution of hedge funds to systemic risk in financial markets, and the effectiveness of regulatory measures in mitigating such risks
• Examining the role of hedge funds in financial market stability
• Investigating the determinants of hedge fund success: A comparative analysis

Financial Planning and Advisory

This list explores various research topic ideas related to financial planning, focusing on the effects of financial literacy, the adoption of digital tools, taxation policies, and the role of financial advisors.

• Evaluating the impact of financial literacy on individual financial planning effectiveness
• Analysing how different taxation policies influence financial planning strategies among individuals and businesses
• Evaluating the effectiveness and user adoption of digital tools in modern financial planning practices
• Investigating the adequacy of long-term financial planning strategies in ensuring retirement security
• Assessing the role of financial education in shaping financial planning behaviour among different demographic groups
• Examining the impact of psychological biases on financial planning and decision-making, and strategies to mitigate these biases
• Assessing the behavioural factors influencing financial planning decisions
• Examining the role of financial advisors in managing retirement savings
• A comparative analysis of traditional versus robo-advisory in financial planning
• Investigating the ethics of financial advisory practices

The following list delves into research topics within the insurance sector, touching on the technological transformations, regulatory shifts, and evolving consumer behaviours among other pivotal aspects.

• Analysing the impact of technology adoption on insurance pricing and risk management
• Analysing the influence of Insurtech innovations on the competitive dynamics and consumer choices in insurance markets
• Investigating the factors affecting consumer behaviour in insurance product selection and the role of digital channels in influencing decisions
• Assessing the effect of regulatory changes on insurance product offerings
• Examining the determinants of insurance penetration in emerging markets
• Evaluating the operational efficiency of claims management processes in insurance companies and its impact on customer satisfaction
• Examining the evolution and effectiveness of risk assessment models used in insurance underwriting and their impact on pricing and coverage
• Evaluating the role of insurance in financial stability and economic development
• Investigating the impact of climate change on insurance models and products
• Exploring the challenges and opportunities in underwriting cyber insurance in the face of evolving cyber threats and regulations

Quantitative Finance

These topic ideas span the development of asset pricing models, evaluation of machine learning algorithms, and the exploration of ethical implications among other pivotal areas.

• Developing and testing new quantitative models for asset pricing
• Analysing the effectiveness and limitations of machine learning algorithms in predicting financial market movements
• Assessing the effectiveness of various risk management techniques in quantitative finance
• Evaluating the advancements in portfolio optimisation techniques and their impact on risk-adjusted returns
• Evaluating the impact of high-frequency trading on market efficiency and stability
• Investigating the influence of algorithmic trading strategies on market efficiency and liquidity
• Examining the risk parity approach in asset allocation and its effectiveness in different market conditions
• Examining the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in quantitative financial analysis
• Investigating the ethical implications of quantitative financial innovations
• Assessing the profitability and market impact of statistical arbitrage strategies considering different market microstructures

Treasury Management

The following topic ideas explore treasury management, focusing on modernisation through technological advancements, the impact on firm liquidity, and the intertwined relationship with corporate governance among other crucial areas.

• Analysing the impact of treasury management practices on firm liquidity and profitability
• Analysing the role of automation in enhancing operational efficiency and strategic decision-making in treasury management
• Evaluating the effectiveness of various cash management strategies in multinational corporations
• Investigating the potential of blockchain technology in streamlining treasury operations and enhancing transparency
• Examining the role of treasury management in mitigating financial risks
• Evaluating the accuracy and effectiveness of various cash flow forecasting techniques employed in treasury management
• Assessing the impact of technological advancements on treasury management operations
• Examining the effectiveness of different foreign exchange risk management strategies employed by treasury managers in multinational corporations
• Assessing the impact of regulatory compliance requirements on the operational and strategic aspects of treasury management
• Investigating the relationship between treasury management and corporate governance

Financial Technology (FinTech)

The following research topic ideas explore the transformative potential of blockchain, the rise of open banking, and the burgeoning landscape of peer-to-peer lending among other focal areas.

• Evaluating the impact of blockchain technology on financial services
• Investigating the implications of open banking on consumer data privacy and financial services competition
• Assessing the role of FinTech in financial inclusion in emerging markets
• Analysing the role of peer-to-peer lending platforms in promoting financial inclusion and their impact on traditional banking systems
• Examining the cybersecurity challenges faced by FinTech firms and the regulatory measures to ensure data protection and financial stability
• Examining the regulatory challenges and opportunities in the FinTech ecosystem
• Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence on the delivery of financial services, customer experience, and operational efficiency within FinTech firms
• Analysing the adoption and impact of cryptocurrencies on traditional financial systems
• Investigating the determinants of success for FinTech startups

Commercial Banking

These topic ideas span commercial banking, encompassing digital transformation, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the evolving regulatory and competitive landscape among other key themes.

• Assessing the impact of digital transformation on commercial banking services and competitiveness
• Analysing the impact of digital transformation on customer experience and operational efficiency in commercial banking
• Evaluating the role of commercial banks in supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
• Investigating the effectiveness of credit risk management practices and their impact on bank profitability and financial stability
• Examining the relationship between commercial banking practices and financial stability
• Evaluating the implications of open banking frameworks on the competitive landscape and service innovation in commercial banking
• Assessing how regulatory changes affect lending practices and risk appetite of commercial banks
• Examining how commercial banks are adapting their strategies in response to competition from FinTech firms and changing consumer preferences
• Analysing the impact of regulatory compliance on commercial banking operations
• Investigating the determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty in commercial banking

International Finance

The folowing research topic ideas are centred around international finance and global economic dynamics, delving into aspects like exchange rate fluctuations, international financial regulations, and the role of international financial institutions among other pivotal areas.

• Analysing the determinants of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on international trade
• Analysing the influence of global trade agreements on international financial flows and foreign direct investments
• Evaluating the effectiveness of international portfolio diversification strategies in mitigating risks and enhancing returns
• Evaluating the role of international financial institutions in global financial stability
• Investigating the role and implications of offshore financial centres on international financial stability and regulatory harmonisation
• Examining the impact of global financial crises on emerging market economies
• Examining the challenges and regulatory frameworks associated with cross-border banking operations
• Assessing the effectiveness of international financial regulations
• Investigating the challenges and opportunities of cross-border mergers and acquisitions

Choosing A Research Topic

These finance-related research topic ideas are starting points to guide your thinking. They are intentionally very broad and open-ended. By engaging with the currently literature in your field of interest, you’ll be able to narrow down your focus to a specific research gap .

When choosing a topic , you’ll need to take into account its originality, relevance, feasibility, and the resources you have at your disposal. Make sure to align your interest and expertise in the subject with your university program’s specific requirements. Always consult your academic advisor to ensure that your chosen topic not only meets the academic criteria but also provides a valuable contribution to the field. 

If you need a helping hand, feel free to check out our private coaching service here.

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Financial Management Research Paper Topics

Financial management research paper topics have emerged as an essential part of contemporary education in business and economics. As financial management continues to evolve with global economic changes, the need for research and analysis in this area grows. This article provides a comprehensive guide for students who study management and are assigned to write research papers on various aspects of financial management. From understanding the diverse topics to learning how to write an impactful research paper, this page offers valuable insights. Additionally, it introduces iResearchNet’s writing services, specifically tailored to assist students in achieving academic excellence. The content is structured to guide students through topic selection, writing, and leveraging professional services to meet their academic goals. Whether a novice or an advanced student of financial management, this resource offers a multifaceted perspective on the vast and dynamic field of financial management research.

100 Financial Management Research Paper Topics

The field of financial management offers a vast array of research paper topics. This complex discipline touches every aspect of business operations, influencing strategic planning, decision-making, and organizational growth. Below, you will find a comprehensive list of financial management research paper topics, divided into 10 categories. Each category offers 10 unique topics that cater to various interests within financial management. These topics have been carefully selected to reflect the richness and diversity of the subject.

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• The Role of Budgeting in Financial Planning
• Strategic Financial Management in SMEs
• The Impact of Working Capital Management on Profitability
• Ethical Considerations in Financial Planning
• Risk Management in Financial Planning
• Cost Control Techniques in Manufacturing
• Financial Decision-making Processes in Non-profit Organizations
• The Impact of Inflation on Financial Planning
• International Financial Planning Strategies
• The Relationship between Corporate Governance and Financial Planning

Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management

• The Efficient Market Hypothesis: A Critical Analysis
• The Role of Behavioral Finance in Investment Decisions
• Modern Portfolio Theory and Its Limitations
• Risk and Return Analysis in Emerging Markets
• Socially Responsible Investment Strategies
• The Impact of Political Instability on Investment Decisions
• Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): An In-depth Study
• Impact of Technology on Portfolio Management
• Mutual Funds vs. ETFs: A Comparative Study
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Investment Management

Corporate Finance

• Capital Structure Decisions in Startups
• The Role of Dividends in Corporate Financial Management
• Mergers and Acquisitions: Strategic Financial Analysis
• Corporate Financing in Developing Economies
• An Analysis of Venture Capital Financing
• The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Financial Performance
• The Role of Financial Management in Business Turnaround Strategies
• Debt Financing vs. Equity Financing: A Comparative Analysis
• Corporate Financial Risk Management Strategies
• Financing Innovation: Challenges and Opportunities

International Financial Management

• Exchange Rate Dynamics and International Financial Decisions
• The Role of International Financial Institutions in Economic Development
• Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions
• Globalization and Its Impact on Financial Management
• International Tax Planning Strategies
• Challenges in Managing International Financial Risk
• Currency Risk Management in Multinational Corporations
• International Capital Budgeting Decisions
• The Impact of Cultural Differences on International Financial Management
• Foreign Direct Investment Strategies and Financial Management

Financial Markets and Institutions

• The Role of Central Banks in Financial Stability
• The Evolution of Microfinance Institutions
• The Impact of Regulation on Banking Operations
• An Analysis of Stock Market Efficiency
• Financial Derivatives and Risk Management
• The Role of Technology in Financial Services
• A Study of Financial Crises and Regulatory Responses
• Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms: A New Paradigm
• The Role of Credit Rating Agencies in Financial Markets
• The Future of Cryptocurrency in the Financial Landscape

Personal Finance Management

• Financial Literacy and Personal Investment Decisions
• The Role of Technology in Personal Finance Management
• Retirement Planning Strategies
• Impact of Consumer Behavior on Personal Financial Decisions
• Personal Finance Management in the Gig Economy
• A Study of Personal Bankruptcy Trends
• Credit Card Management Strategies for Individuals
• The Effect of Education on Personal Financial Management
• The Role of Financial Counseling in Personal Finance
• Estate Planning: A Comprehensive Analysis

Risk Management

• Enterprise Risk Management: A Strategic Approach
• The Role of Insurance in Financial Risk Management
• Financial Innovations in Risk Management
• A Study of Credit Risk Management in Banks
• Risk Management Strategies in Supply Chain Finance
• Cyber Risk Management in Financial Institutions
• The Impact of Climate Change on Financial Risks
• A Study of Operational Risk Management in the Healthcare Sector
• Behavioral Aspects of Risk Management
• Crisis Management and Financial Stability

Financial Technology (FinTech)

• The Rise of Blockchain Technology in Finance
• The Impact of FinTech on Traditional Banking
• Regulatory Challenges in the Age of FinTech
• Financial Inclusion through FinTech Innovation
• Artificial Intelligence in Financial Services
• The Future of Cryptocurrencies: Opportunities and Risks
• A Study of Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms
• FinTech and Consumer Privacy: Ethical Considerations
• Mobile Banking: An Evolutionary Study
• The Role of Big Data Analytics in Financial Decision Making

Ethics and Sustainability in Finance

• Ethical Investing: Trends and Challenges
• Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Finance
• Sustainable Finance in Emerging Economies
• Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Criteria in Investment
• The Impact of Business Ethics on Financial Performance
• The Role of Sustainability in Corporate Financial Strategy
• Green Bonds and Financing Sustainable Development
• Social Impact Investing: Opportunities and Challenges
• A Study of Gender Equality in Financial Institutions
• Financial Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Accounting and Finance

• Forensic Accounting: Techniques and Case Studies
• The Role of Management Accounting in Financial Decision-making
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption
• The Impact of Taxation on Financial Management
• Accounting Information Systems: An In-depth Analysis
• The Role of Auditing in Corporate Governance
• Accounting Ethics: A Study of Professional Conduct
• Environmental Accounting and Sustainable Development
• The Effect of Automation on Accounting Practices
• A Comparative Study of GAAP and IFRS

The extensive list above offers a broad spectrum of financial management research paper topics. They cater to different academic levels and areas of interest, providing a wealth of opportunities for students to explore the multi-dimensional world of financial management. The selection of these topics can lead to exciting discoveries and insights, pushing the boundaries of existing knowledge in the field. Whether it’s understanding the intricate dynamics of global finance or delving into the ethical considerations in investment decisions, these topics serve as starting points for thought-provoking research that can shape future practices in financial management. By choosing a topic from this comprehensive list, students embark on a journey of intellectual exploration that can contribute to both academic success and the broader understanding of financial management in the modern world.

Financial Management and the Range of Research Paper Topics

Financial management is a multifaceted discipline that stands at the intersection of economics, business administration, and finance. It governs the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of financial activities within an organization or individual framework. In an ever-changing global economy, the importance of financial management cannot be overstated. It empowers organizations and individuals to make informed decisions, manage risks, and achieve financial stability and growth. This article delves into the vast domain of financial management and explores the wide array of research paper topics it offers.

A. Definition and Core Concepts of Financial Management

Financial management refers to the efficient and effective management of money to achieve specific objectives. It involves processes and tasks such as budgeting, forecasting, investment analysis, risk management, and financial reporting. The primary goals are to maximize shareholder value, ensure liquidity, and maintain solvency.

• Budgeting and Forecasting : These processes involve planning and estimating future financial needs and outcomes. They guide decision-making and help in aligning resources with organizational goals.
• Investment Analysis : This includes evaluating investment opportunities and determining the most profitable and sustainable investments.
• Risk Management : This aspect focuses on identifying, evaluating, and mitigating financial risks, including market risk, credit risk, and operational risk.
• Financial Reporting : This entails the preparation and presentation of financial statements that accurately reflect the financial position of an organization.

B. Importance of Financial Management

• Ensuring Financial Stability : Effective financial management helps in maintaining the financial health of an organization or individual by ensuring a balance between income and expenditure.
• Optimizing Resources : It enables the optimal utilization of resources by aligning them with short-term and long-term goals.
• Strategic Planning : Financial management plays a key role in strategic planning by providing insights into financial capabilities and constraints.
• Enhancing Profitability : By making informed investment and operational decisions, financial management enhances the profitability of an organization.

C. Modern Trends and Challenges in Financial Management

The evolution of technology, globalization, regulatory changes, and societal expectations have shaped modern financial management. Some noteworthy trends and challenges include:

• Financial Technology (FinTech) : The integration of technology into financial services has revolutionized banking, investing, and risk management.
• Globalization : The interconnectedness of global markets presents both opportunities and challenges in managing international financial operations.
• Sustainability and Ethics : The growing focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria has led to ethical investing and sustainable finance.
• Regulatory Compliance : Navigating the complex regulatory landscape is a challenge that requires constant adaptation and vigilance.

D. Range of Research Paper Topics in Financial Management

The vastness of financial management offers a rich source of research paper topics. From exploring the intricacies of investment analysis to understanding the ethical dimensions of finance, the possibilities are endless. The following are some broad categories:

• Corporate Finance : Topics related to capital structure, mergers and acquisitions, dividend policies, and more.
• Investment and Portfolio Management : Including research on investment strategies, portfolio optimization, risk and return analysis, etc.
• International Financial Management : This encompasses studies on exchange rate dynamics, global financial strategies, cross-border investments, etc.
• Risk Management : Topics include various risk management techniques, insurance, financial innovations in risk management, etc.
• Personal Finance Management : This field covers financial planning for individuals, retirement strategies, credit management, etc.
• Financial Technology : Blockchain, cryptocurrencies, mobile banking, and more fall under this innovative domain.
• Ethics and Sustainability in Finance : Research in this area may focus on ethical investing, corporate social responsibility, green financing, etc.

Financial management is an expansive and dynamic field that intertwines various elements of finance, economics, and business administration. Its importance in today’s world is immense, given the complexities of the global financial system. The array of research paper topics that this subject offers is indicative of its diversity and depth.

From traditional concepts like budgeting and investment analysis to modern phenomena like FinTech and sustainability, the world of financial management continues to evolve. It invites scholars, practitioners, and students to explore, question, and contribute to its understanding.

The range of research paper topics in financial management offers avenues for academic inquiry and practical application. Whether it’s investigating the effects of globalization on financial strategies or exploring personal finance management in the gig economy, there’s a topic to spark curiosity and inspire research. These research endeavors not only enrich academic literature but also play a crucial role in shaping the future of financial management. In a rapidly changing world, continuous exploration and learning in this field are essential to remain relevant, innovative, and responsible.

How to Choose Financial Management Research Paper Topics

Choosing the right research paper topic in the field of financial management is a critical step in the research process. The chosen topic can shape the direction, depth, and impact of the research. Given the wide array of subfields within financial management, selecting a suitable topic can be both exciting and challenging. Here’s a comprehensive guide to assist you in choosing the ideal financial management research paper topic.

1. Understand Your Interest and Strengths

• Assess Your Interests : Consider what aspects of financial management intrigue you the most. Your enthusiasm for a subject can greatly enhance the research process.
• Identify Your Strengths : Understanding where your skills and knowledge lie can guide you towards a topic that you can explore competently.
• Connect with Real-world Issues : Relating your interests to current industry challenges or trends can make your research more relevant and engaging.

2. Consider the Scope and Depth

• Define the Scope : A clear understanding of the scope helps in keeping the research focused. Too broad a topic can make the research vague, while too narrow may limit your exploration.
• Determine the Depth : Decide how deep you want to delve into the topic. Some subjects may require extensive quantitative analysis, while others may be more theoretical.

3. Examine Academic and Industry Relevance

• Align with Academic Requirements : Ensure that the topic aligns with your course objectives and academic requirements.
• Analyze Industry Needs : Consider how your research could contribute to the industry or address specific financial management challenges.

4. Evaluate Available Resources and Data

• Assess Data Accessibility : Ensure that you can access the necessary data and information to conduct your research.
• Consider Resource Limitations : Be mindful of the time, financial, and technological resources that you’ll need to complete your research.

5. Review Existing Literature

• Analyze Previous Research : Review related literature to identify gaps, controversies, or emerging trends that you can explore.
• Avoid Duplication : Ensure that your chosen topic is unique and not merely a repetition of existing studies.

6. Consult with Experts and Peers

• Seek Guidance from Faculty : Consulting with faculty or mentors can provide valuable insights and direction.
• Collaborate with Peers : Discussions with classmates or colleagues can help in refining ideas and getting diverse perspectives.

7. Consider Ethical Implications

• Evaluate Ethical Considerations : Ensure that your research complies with ethical guidelines, especially if it involves human subjects or sensitive data.
• Reflect on Social Impact : Consider how your research might influence society, policy, or industry standards.

8. Test the Feasibility

• Conduct a Preliminary Study : A small-scale preliminary study or analysis can help in gauging the feasibility of the research.
• Set Realistic Goals : Ensure that your research objectives are achievable within the constraints of time, resources, and expertise.

9. Align with Career Goals

• Consider Future Applications : Think about how this research might align with your career goals or professional development.
• Build on Past Experience : Leveraging your past experiences or projects can lend depth and continuity to your research.

10. Stay Flexible and Adaptable

• Be Open to Change : Research is often an iterative process; being flexible allows for adaptation as new insights or challenges emerge.
• Maintain a Balanced Perspective : While focusing on your chosen topic, keep an open mind to interrelated areas that might enrich your research.

Choosing the right financial management research paper topic is a nuanced process that requires careful consideration of various factors. From understanding personal interests and academic needs to evaluating resources, ethics, and feasibility, each aspect plays a significant role in shaping the research journey.

By following this comprehensive guide, students can navigate the complexities of selecting a suitable research paper topic in financial management. The ultimate goal is to find a topic that resonates with one’s interests, aligns with academic and professional objectives, and contributes meaningfully to the field of financial management. Whether delving into the dynamics of risk management or exploring the impact of FinTech innovations, the chosen topic should be a catalyst for inquiry, creativity, and growth.

How to Write a Financial Management Research Paper

Writing a research paper on financial management is a rigorous process that demands a thorough understanding of financial concepts, analytical skills, and adherence to academic standards. From selecting the right topic to presenting the final piece, each step must be methodically planned and executed. This section provides a comprehensive guide to help students craft an impactful financial management research paper.

1. Understand the Assignment

• Read the Guidelines : Begin by understanding the specific requirements of the assignment, including formatting, length, deadlines, and the expected structure.
• Clarify Doubts : If any aspect of the assignment is unclear, seek clarification from your instructor or mentor to avoid mistakes.

2. Choose a Strong Topic

• Identify Your Interest : Select a topic that interests you, aligns with your strengths, and meets academic and industry relevance. Refer to the previous section for detailed guidelines on choosing a topic.

3. Conduct Extensive Research

• Explore Varied Sources : Use academic journals, textbooks, online databases, and industry reports to gather diverse perspectives and evidence.
• Evaluate the Credibility : Ensure that the sources are credible, relevant, and up-to-date.
• Organize Your Findings : Maintain well-organized notes, including source citations, to facilitate smooth writing later.

4. Develop a Thesis Statement

• Define Your Focus : Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the central argument or purpose of your research.
• Align with the Evidence : Ensure that your thesis is well-supported by the evidence you have gathered.

5. Create an Outline

• Structure Your Paper : Plan the structure of your paper, including the introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Organize Ideas : Arrange your ideas, arguments, and evidence logically within the outline.

6. Write a Compelling Introduction

• Introduce the Topic : Provide background information and context to the reader.
• Present the Thesis : Clearly state your thesis to guide the reader through your research.
• Engage the Reader : Use compelling language to create interest in your study.

7. Develop the Body of the Paper

• Present Your Arguments : Use clear and concise paragraphs to present each main idea or argument.
• Support with Evidence : Include relevant data, charts, graphs, or quotations to support your claims.
• Use Subheadings : Subheadings can help in organizing the content and making it more reader-friendly.

8. Include Financial Analysis

• Apply Financial Models : Use relevant financial models, theories, or frameworks that pertain to your topic.
• Perform Quantitative Analysis : Utilize statistical tools, if necessary, to analyze financial data.
• Interpret the Results : Ensure that you not only present the numbers but also interpret what they mean in the context of your research.

9. Write a Thoughtful Conclusion

• Summarize Key Points : Recap the main arguments and findings of your paper.
• Restate the Thesis : Reiterate your thesis in light of the evidence presented.
• Provide Insights : Offer insights, implications, or recommendations based on your research.

10. Revise and Edit

• Review for Clarity : Read through the paper to ensure that the ideas flow logically and the arguments are well-articulated.
• Check for Errors : Look for grammatical, spelling, and formatting errors.
• Seek Feedback : Consider getting feedback from peers, tutors, or mentors to enhance the quality of your paper.

11. Follow Formatting Guidelines

• Adhere to Citation Style : Follow the required citation style (APA, MLA, etc.) consistently throughout the paper.
• Include a Bibliography : List all the references used in the research in a properly formatted bibliography.
• Add Appendices if Needed : Include any supplementary material like data sets or additional calculations in the appendices.

Writing a financial management research paper is a complex task that demands meticulous planning, diligent research, critical analysis, and clear communication. By adhering to these detailed guidelines, students can craft a research paper that not only meets academic standards but also contributes to the understanding of intricate financial management concepts.

Whether exploring investment strategies, corporate finance, or financial risk management, a well-crafted research paper showcases one’s analytical capabilities, comprehension of financial principles, and the ability to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. It is an invaluable exercise in intellectual exploration and professional development within the realm of financial management.

iResearchNet Writing Services

For custom financial management research paper.

For students who are striving to excel in their academic journey, but are grappling with the challenges of creating a robust financial management research paper, iResearchNet comes to the rescue. With an array of quality writing services tailored to suit your unique needs, we are here to help you achieve your academic goals. Here’s an overview of our unique offerings, aimed at providing you the best in custom financial management research paper writing.

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : Our team comprises handpicked writers, each holding degrees in finance or related fields. They come with a wealth of experience in academic writing, industry exposure, and a deep understanding of financial management concepts. They have the expertise to delve into complex topics and transform them into comprehensive, high-quality research papers.
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Financial Research Paper Topics: Interesting Finance Questions to Uncover

Are you having trouble thinking of a good topic for your finance research paper? Believe it or not, you are not alone. It might be difficult to find the perfect financial research topic time and time again. After all, picking the right subject is crucial to your financial field. Whether you’re putting together a presentation, penning an essay, or doing research papers, your choice of subject is of critical significance.

To aid you in overcoming this obstacle, we have compiled a detailed list of organized finance topics for research papers. If you want to be sure you choose the right subject for your financial management efforts, we’ve provided a concise guide with crucial advice.

How to Choose Topics for a Finance Research Paper?

If you need assistance deciding on a subject for your finance research paper, here are some pointers. But before we get into those pointers, it’s important to keep in mind that custom writing services may be a great resource for choosing finance topics for your research paper. You may save yourself time and effort by relying on their staff of seasoned writers to help you choose a subject that is both interesting and applicable to your assignment. The following are three guidelines for deciding on a subject for a finance research paper:

• Find Unanswered Questions : Try to pinpoint issues that haven’t received enough attention so far in financial research. You may add to the corpus of knowledge already available by identifying information gaps. Investigate financial management, traditional finance, corporate finance, personal finance and similar topics in order to develop a workable solution or to provide novel ideas.
• Review Existing Literature : Gaining familiarity with the state of the art in finance research requires reading theses and academic articles. Doing so will aid you in pinpointing certain niches in which you may excel. Search the literature for broad perspectives or recurring themes that might help you zero in on a particular issue.
• Stay Updated and Seek Input : Conduct internet research to keep up with the latest financial concerns. Investigate pressing concerns in the industry, such as the effects of the global financial crisis or new developments in the financial markets. You should also talk about your topic with others who have written research papers, such as your friends, classmates, or professors. Getting their thoughts might help you hone your subject and provide vital information.

Where to Get Data for Finance Papers?

It is crucial to get accurate and up-to-date information while conducting studies in the financial sector. One efficient method is to pay for papers or to hire a finance researcher and analysts to do the work for you, especially when it comes to personal finance.

• ProQuest is a significant tool since it provides access to scholarly literature from every field of study in the form of periodicals, newspapers, industry reports, dissertations, and profiles of prominent businesses.
• Scopus and Web of Science provide a plethora of resources, including journals, books, and conference proceedings, that provide comprehensive coverage across academic subjects.
• Global Financial Data (GFD) is one such database that caters only to finance research, and its extensive research has a wealth of data on various asset classes, prices, indexes, and currency exchange rates.
• Bloomberg, Thomson Reuters Datastream, and WRDS provide faculty and researchers with institutional access to a plethora of financial data and tools. This includes real-time market data, financial statements, economic indicators, and personal finance topics to write about.

List of Finance Research Topics

This exhaustive list covers everything you need, whether you’re an MBA student, a finance management professional, or a college student. Explore the exciting field of finance research, delving into areas like healthcare financing, the latest developments in the field, corporate finance, and the aftereffects of the global financial crisis. The finance research papers” in this volume will keep you interested and well-informed.

Finance Research Topics for MBA

Investment analysis, financial management, and personal finance are just a few of the many disciplines that fall under the umbrella of finance research subjects for MBA students. Such topics in finance are essential because they provide MBA students with a solid grounding in financial theory and practice. Here are a few suggestions for MBA students looking for research topics in finance:

• Risk Management Strategies in Financial Institutions.
• Behavioral Finance in Investment Decision-Making.
• Financial Inclusion and Economic Development.
• Comparative Analysis of IFRS Adoption and Financial Reporting Quality.
• Impact of Financial Technology (Fintech) on Traditional Banking.

Finance Management Research Topics

Finance management topics include a broad spectrum of areas that dive into the complexities of managing financial resources in different contexts. Investment analysis, risk management, financial markets, and corporate finance all fall under finance management. Writing a finance research paper helps you understand financial decision-making, develop effective strategies, and advance the field. Before commencing your research paper, consider the following finance research paper ideas:

• Corporate Risk Management Strategies On Firm Performance.
• Benefit Investment Management Practices In Pension Funds.
• Assessing Financial Risks And Mitigation Techniques In Developing Market Multinationals.
• Electronic Banking And Financial Inclusion In Developed And Developing Nations.
• An Empirical Study Of Investor Behavior And Global Finance Data.

Healthcare Finance Research Topics

Explore the application of financial theory to the healthcare sector while writing about finance research paper topics. This financial research is essential for expanding our knowledge of healthcare economics, investment strategies, cost control, and healthcare policy. Finance researchers may also investigate intricate monetary systems to enhance healthcare services and the health of patients. Some healthcare finance topics might include the following:

• Impact Of Healthcare Policy On Financial Sustainability.
• Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Healthcare Interventions.
• Healthcare Reimbursement Models And Their Impact On Healthcare Providers.
• Economic Evaluation Of Preventive Healthcare Programs.
• Healthcare Financing And Access To Care For Underserved Populations.

Interesting Finance Dissertation Topics

For the purposes of writing finance research papers and finishing a dissertation, investigating interesting finance topics is essential. You can gain a more thorough comprehension of economic principles and their real-world applications. In order to have a high-quality research paper done quickly and with no effort, it’s a good idea to look into help with dissertation writing services. For your next research paper, you can consider the following interesting financial topics:

• The banking sector and digital transformation: customer experience and operational effectiveness.
• Corporate risk management strategies in the banking industry: Traditional vs. developing risk management procedures.
• A case study of emerging nations and how well-functioning financial systems foster economic progress.
• Financial aid programs in promoting access to higher education
• A post-pandemic examination of banking institutions’ resilience and regulatory measures’ systemic risk mitigation.

Current Research Topics in Finance

Examining current finance research paper topics is essential due to the dynamic nature of the financial industry. By digging into current financial topics to write about, you learn more about the market, investing methods, risk management, and more. This financial research supports decision-making, policy-making, and the development of new financial solutions. Here are a few lists of subjects to consider if you are looking for current financial topics to write about.

• Financial Statement Analysis And Investment Decisions In Different Industries.
• Exploring The Effectiveness Of Machine Learning Algorithms In Predicting Financial Asset Prices.
• The Role Of Financial Derivatives In Managing Risk And Enhancing Returns In The Business Sector.
• Corporate Governance Practices On Financial Performance And Asset Valuation.
• Sustainable Finance Projects In Promoting Environmental, Social, And Governance (ESG) Goals.

Best Finance Research Topics

A finance research paper topic requires the identification of intriguing subjects for extensive research. The best financial research opens the door to explorations of many facets of finance, including investing tactics and the stock market. As you start to write research papers on finance topics, you’ll open up opportunities for self-discovery, theory-building, and prudent decision-making. You’ll also help them become better researchers and writers, leading to better articles.

• Artificial Intelligence and Financial Decision-Making.
• Financial Risk Management in the Age of Cryptocurrencies.
• Behavioral Finance and Investment Decision-Making.
• The Effectiveness of Financial Regulations in Preventing Market Manipulation.
• The Role of Fintech in Financial Inclusion: Case Studies from the United States.

Interesting Finance Topics for College Students

Among the many subsets that make up the umbrella term finance topics for college students are financial research and finance topics for paper. Financial research topics are important because they help students learn the fundamentals of finance, get them ready for the issues they’ll face in the real world, and develop the analytical thinking they’ll need to make sound judgments in the future. Here are a few examples of finance topics to talk about among college students:

• A Comparative Study of E-commerce on Traditional Retail Banking.
• Comparing Interest Rate Changes with Stock Market Volatility in Developed and Emerging Markets.
• The Effectiveness of Microfinance Institutions in Alleviating Poverty.
• Financial Education Programs and College Students’ Financial Decision-Making.
• Initial Public Offering (IPO) Underpricing: Comparative Study of Developed and Developing Markets.

Finance Research Paper Topics for University Students

Investing, banking, corporate finance, and other areas fall under the umbrella of finance-related topics for the purposes of a university research paper. Because it deepens their knowledge, sparks new ideas, and helps the financial sector expand, topics in finance are more important for college students to study. Students who buy custom assignments benefit from individualized attention, time savings, and the insight of subject matter experts. Check out our extensive finance research topic list to uncover interesting topics for your next paper.

• Interest Rate Changes On Corporate Borrowing And Investment Decisions.
• Financial Literacy And Investment Behavior Among University Students.
• Impact Of International Trade And Globalization On Financial Markets.
• Factors Influencing Mergers And Acquisitions In The Financial Industry.
• Financial Derivatives In Managing Risk In The Stock Market.

Public Finance Research Topics

Research Topics in Public Finance include a broad spectrum of questions concerning fiscal and monetary policy at the national, state, and local levels of government. Understanding the effects of government spending and fiscal policies on GDP growth, income distribution, and social welfare is essential, which is why studies in this field are so important. Policymakers can do better for the world when they have access to information on financial research paper topics to read about.

• The potential of digital currencies as financial assets in public finance management.
• Impact of Tax Policy on Economic Growth: A Comparative Study.
• Government Debt and its Implications on Fiscal Sustainability.
• Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure Development.
• Effectiveness of Fiscal Stimulus Packages in Times of Economic Crisis.

Corporate Finance Research Topics

Corporate Finance Research explores various financial management topics within businesses. Conducting research in this area is crucial for understanding financial decision-making, risk management, capital structure, and valuation. It helps companies optimize their financial strategies, make informed investment decisions, and enhance overall financial performance.

• Corporate Governance and Financial Performance: An Industry Comparison.
• Debt Financing in Manufacturing Sector Corporate Investment Decisions.
• Corporate Taxation and Capital Structure Decisions: A Comparative Study of Countries.
• Corporate Venture Capital and Startup Financing: A Comparative Analysis.
• Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Capital Allocation Efficiency: Emerging Markets.

Business Finance Research Topics

Subjects that fall under the umbrella of business finance topics include any and all discussions of how businesses handle their money, from budgeting to investing to making important business decisions. Researching business finance is essential since it reveals new tendencies, aids in the creation of cutting-edge tactics, and boosts monetary output. It helps companies maintain competitiveness in a fast-paced industry and make well-informed choices. These samples can assist you whether you are looking for financial research paper topics or investment research paper ideas.

• Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance.
• Exchange Rate Fluctuations on International Business Transactions.
• Financial Innovation and SME Financing.
• Financial Markets in Economic Development.
• Financial Leverage and Firm Value in Different Industries.

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Financial Research Paper Topics – The Complete List to Choose From

Table of contents

• 1 How to Choose Financial Research Topics?
• 2 List of Finance Topics to Write About
• 3 Interesting Finance Topics
• 4 Research Topics for Finance Students
• 5 Finance Research Topics for MBA
• 6 Public Finance Topics
• 7 International Research Topics in Finance
• 8 Healthcare Finance Research Topics
• 9 Corporate Finance Topics
• 10 Business Finance Topics
• 11 Personal Finance Topics
• 12 Conclusion

A search for the right financial research paper topic is constant. Indeed, we can understand this because knowing the reasonable topics in finance puts us ahead of the game. Students majoring in business are obliged to make presentations and submit essays, projects, and research papers on banking and accounting at one point in their career.

The challenges of picking the best finance topics are, however, always within. For this reason, we’ve done extensive research and have composed a great list of financial research paper topics and divided them into groups for you to choose from.

If you’re in doubt about how to choose your topic, we’ve got that covered too. Read our easy guide on which steps to take to ensure your paper topic is appropriate, along with our vital tips on what to pay attention to when choosing them.

How to Choose Financial Research Topics?

To choose the proper topic and get prepared for the process of research paper writing , you should first explore something that nobody has explored so far. Other than that step of selecting a unique topic, here are some other helpful tips we recommend in selecting the best and most appropriate financial research topic:

• Find a question that has no answers yet in the field of your study and give it additional research to find a suitable solution;
• Read several finance theses and papers to get a good idea for choosing your topic;
• Always find a general viewpoint for your financial research topic and use your study to narrow it down to something specific;
• Do online research and find what topics may be a burning issue to work on them. This type of research will make the research paper topic valid, compelling, suitable for your particular research, and unique;
• Talk about your topic with your friends or other people who have experience in writing papers. You can consult your professors too.

List of Finance Topics to Write About

We offer you a list of exciting finance topics you can write about divided into groups. This way, you can choose the best topic from your target group and make sure you can cover it to a T. Have fun researching.

Interesting Finance Topics

Perhaps you want to write an interesting business paper. You’ll need to choose among some of the most recurring finance paper topics and write a persuasive paper. Here’s our list of the ten options we find most engaging.

• A comparative study on the set-backs and benefits of acquisition and merger
• Possible solutions to the Capital Asset Pricing Model
• Future commerce and the impact of manipulating commodity
• A comparative analysis of the Continuous-time model application
• Building stability for retail investors using the Systematic Investment Strategy
• US’ economy and income tax
• How does the American economy function with the current banking operations
• Financial statement analysis and the ratio analysis – is it a practical component?
• Senior citizen investment – a case study of this portfolio
• Multi-level marketing and its applications in different economies of the world

Research Topics for Finance Students

Finance students have to write research papers throughout their years of study. Sometimes, it may be hard to find the most engaging financial topics to write about, which is why our list should help.

• The differences and similarities between traditional finance and behavioral one
• Consumer satisfaction in e-banking
• The best risk management methods for the manufacturing industry – a detailed analysis
• A derivative marketplace and its financial risks – identification and measuring
• Potential risks for the banking sector and how to avoid them?
• The new technologies behind banking in commercial banks

Finance Research Topics for MBA

The following list of research topics in finance would help you intrigue your professors and look at the discipline from a new perspective.

• Investment analysis of your chosen company
• Capital management – a detailed report
• Saving taxes – considerations and financial plans
• Life insurance investments and the involvement of investors in them
• A comparative analysis between traditional products and UIL

Public Finance Topics

Public finance topics are a type of finance research paper topics that covers taxation, government borrowing, and other aspects.

• Accounting and government budgeting
• The austerity related to finance and government education
• The theory and practice of government taxation
• How does the government raise money through borrowing
• The government’s revenue collection plan
• Budgeting and accounting of the government

International Research Topics in Finance

Since business transactions are happening worldwide, and local trade is no longer the only option, we must study international business.

• What can we do to prevent global economic crises?
• Can the banking industry lower the impact of the recurring financial crisis?
• Can a country achieve funding healthcare for homeless people?
• Which sectors of healthcare need more funding?
• The problems of high prices of medication in the US

Healthcare Finance Research Topics

Here are some of the most relevant topics for healthcare finance:

• What’s better – paid or free healthcare?
• Healthcare finance – the origins
• Is financing healthcare a privilege or a right?
• Healthcare policies in the U.S. through history
• How can first-world countries improve healthcare?
• How much impact does the government have on its healthcare?
• Can we achieve worldwide free healthcare?

Corporate Finance Topics

Corporate finance deals with structuring capital, financing, and making decisions for each investment. The following list of research topics in finance covers ways to make minimal mistakes in this field.

• Possible solutions to ethical concerns in corporate finance
• Small and medium-capitalization businesses – understanding their investment patterns
• Investment for mutual funds – a detailed analysis of its different streams
• How do equity investors manage their potential risks
• What are the potential pros and cons of SWIFT, and how does it work?

Business Finance Topics

Each decision we make in business has some financial implications. Therefore, we must understand the fundamentals to write finance topics that require management, analysis, valuation, etc.

• Establishing business enterprises and the application of business finance
• Business modernization and the role of business finance
• Selling our life insurance – Is tax an effective incentive here?
• Who do mutual funds change within the public and private sectors?
• Different investment options for different financial classes – Is there a preference?
• The choices and preferences of investors – A detailed analysis
• The investors’ perspective on investing in private insurance companies
• Corporate entities and increasing their accountability
• Business finance and its ethical concerns
• Small to medium business tax payments

Personal Finance Topics

Personal finance is a susceptible area, as we all like to tend to our finances appropriately. Here are some of the most exciting burning issues in this field:

• Possible saving strategies while you’re on a budget – An evaluation
• The effect of inflation and the increase in the interest rate on personal finance
• Employees and employers working from home – what are the benefits?
• Is free healthcare or affordable healthcare a common right every citizen should have?
• What are the best ways to save money when you’re on a budget?
• Credit scored – a detailed analysis
• The importance of vehicle and credit loans
• How does tax impact making our financial decisions?
• What are the best ways to properly manage credit?
• Mobile banking and its difficulties

Yes, choosing among numerous financial research paper topics can sometimes be overwhelming. Still, we’ve laid out all the inspirational ideas for them in categories so that you can find your best pick fast and easily. If you feel like you can’t write that paper yourself, that’s okay too.

Contact our services at PapersOwl for some first-class research writing. On the other hand, if you feel like you are a professional in this field, we have you covered for that too. You can write research papers for money through our service and make extra cash from your writing skills.

If you have any additional questions about finance research topics, please contact our college paper help . Our team of experts will tend to all of your questions promptly.

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Working papers.

This series allows members of the OFR staff and their coauthors to disseminate preliminary research findings in a format intended to generate discussion and critical comments. Comments and suggestions for improvements to these papers are welcome and should be directed to the authors. OFR publications may be quoted without additional permission. Papers in the series are works in progress and subject to revision. Views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent official positions or policy of the OFR or Treasury.

March 5, 2024 | By Thomas Ruchti, Andrew Bird, Stephen A. Karolyi, and Michael Hertzel

The Value of Lending Relationships

In this paper, the authors estimate, for the first time, the economic value of lenders’ relationships to borrowers. (Working Paper no. 24-02).

January 24, 2024 | By Mark Paddrik and Stathis Tompaidis

Intermediation Networks and Derivative Market Liquidity: Evidence from CDS Markets

In over-the-counter markets, dealers facilitate trade by providing liquidity and acting as intermediaries. The authors present a model that links the relationships of these intermediaries to market liquidity, and they empirically test the model using supervisory data from the U.S. single-name credit default swap market (Working Paper no. 24-01).

December 28, 2023 | By Dasol Kim, William Goetzmann, and Robert Shiller

Crash Narratives

The financial press is a conduit for popular narratives that reflect collective memory about historical events. Some collective memories relate to major stock market crashes, and investors may rely on associated narratives, or crash narratives, to inform their current beliefs and choices. Using recent advances in computational linguistics, we develop a higher-order measure of narrativity based on newspaper articles that appear following major crashes. We provide evidence that crash narratives propagate broadly once they appear in news articles and significantly explain predictive variation in market volatility. We exploit investor heterogeneity using survey data to distinguish the effects of narrativity and fundamental conditions and find consistent evidence. Finally, we develop a measure of pure narrativity to examine when the financial press is more likely to employ narratives (Working Paper no. 23-10).

December 5, 2023 | By Francisco E. Ilabaca and Greta Meggiorini

Trend Inflation Under Bounded Rationality

This paper evaluates the implications of introducing bounded rationality into a New Keynesian model with trend inflation. We develop a New Keynesian model with trend inflation that departs from rational expectations and introduces cognitive discounting. In a model with rational expec­tations, higher trend inflation generates macroeconomic instability by making the economy more susceptible to equilibrium indeterminacy. We find that cognitive discounting increases the region of determinacy, and therefore, trend inflation becomes less destabilizing (Working Paper no. 23-09).

October 11, 2023 | By Thomas Ruchti, Yashar Barardehi, Andrew Bird, and Stephen A. Karolyi

Are Short-selling Restrictions Effective?

Despite strong predictions based on theories of disagreement, limited empirical evidence has linked short-selling restrictions to higher prices. We test this relationship using quasi-experimental methods based on Rule 201, a threshold-based policy that restricts aggressive short selling when intraday returns cross −10%. When comparing stocks on either side of the threshold in the same hour of trading, we find that the restriction leads to short-sale volumes that are 8% lower and daily returns that are 35 bps higher. These price effects do not reverse after the restriction is lifted (Working Paper no. 23-08).

June 27, 2023 | By Jeremy Bejarano

The Transition to Alternative Reference Rates in the OFR Financial Stress Index

The OFR Financial Stress Index (OFR FSI or FSI) is a daily market-based snapshot of stress in global financial markets. Originally, the OFR FSI was constructed from 33 financial market variables that are correlated with some form of financial stress. Seven of these variables are based on LIBOR or other ceasing and/or already-ceased benchmark interest rates. As such, these seven variables are now obsolete. However, since its inception, the OFR FSI was intended to allow for the periodic replacement of obsolete variables as the need arises (Working Paper no. 23-07).

June 12, 2023 | By Gregory Phelan, Jean-Paul L’Huillier, and Hunter Wieman

Technology Shocks and Predictable Minsky Cycles

This paper offers an economical and internally consistent model to rationalize macrofinancial boom-bust cycles. The authors present a simple model that can clarify the interaction of optimism with capital reallocation and demonstrate how this interaction can generate predictable boom-bust financial cycles. This clarification enhances our understanding of the channels through which credit markets could threaten financial stability (Working Paper no. 23-06).

May 16, 2023 | By Gregory Phelan and David Love

Sustainability with Risky Growth

This research will help policymakers understand how economic growth, risk, and the financial sector influence sustainability objectives. It provides a useful theoretical framework useful to help assess what policies related to growth and financial depth are likely to affect sustainability (Working Paper no. 23-05).

April 25, 2023 | By R. Jay Kahn, Matthew McCormick, Vy Nguyen, Mark Paddrik, and H. Peyton Young

Anatomy of the Repo Rate Spikes in September 2019

Repurchase agreement (repo) markets represent one of the largest sources of funding and risk transformation in the U.S. financial system. Despite the large volume, repo rates can be quite volatile, and in the extreme, they have exhibited intraday spikes that are 5-10 times the rate on a typical day. This paper uses a unique combination of intraday timing data from the repo market to examine the potential causes of the dramatic spike in repo rates in mid-September 2019 (Working Paper no. 23-04).

April 20, 2023 | By Jean-Paul L’Huillier and Gregory Phelan

Can Supply Shocks be Inflationary with a Flat Phillips Curve?

Empirical estimates find that the relationship between inflation and the output gap is close to nonexistent—a so-called flat Phillips curve. We show that standard pricing frictions cannot simultaneously produce a flat Phillips curve and meaningful inflation from plausible supply shocks. This is because imposing a flat Phillips curve immediately implies that the price level is also rigid with respect to supply shocks. In quantitative versions of the New Keynesian model, price markup shocks need to be several orders of magnitude bigger than other shocks in order to fit the data, leading to unreasonable assessments of the magnitude of the increase in costs during inflationary episodes. Hence, we propose a strategic microfoundation of price stickiness in which prices are sticky with respect to demand shocks but flexible with respect to supply shocks (Working Paper no. 23-03).

April 3, 2023 | By Thomas M. Eisenbach and Gregory Phelan

Fragility of Safe Assets

The market for U.S. Treasury securities experienced extreme stress in March 2020, when prices dropped precipitously (yields spiked) over a period of about two weeks. This was highly unusual, as Treasury prices typically increase during times of stress. Using a theoretical model, we show that markets for safe assets can be fragile due to strategic interactions among investors who hold Treasury securities for their liquidity characteristics. Worried about having to sell at potentially worse prices in the future, such investors may sell preemptively, leading to self-fulfilling “market runs” that are similar to traditional bank runs in some respects. Our results motivate potential policy interventions to stabilize the market during times of stress and disruption (Working Paper no. 23-02).

March 22, 2023 | By William Chen and Gregory Phelan

Digital Currency and Banking-Sector Stability

Digital currencies provide a potential form of liquidity competing with bank deposits. We introduce digital currency into a macro model with a financial sector in which financial frictions generate endogenous systemic risk and instability. In the model, digital currency is fully integrated into the financial system and depresses bank deposit spreads, particularly during crises, which limits banks’ ability to recapitalize following losses. The probability of the banking sector being in crisis states can grow significantly with the introduction of digital currency. While banking-sector stability suffers, household welfare can improve significantly. Financial frictions may limit the potential benefits of digital currencies (Working Paper no. 23-01).

September 22, 2022 | By Andrew Ellul and Dasol Kim

Counterparty Choice, Bank Interconnectedness, and Bank Risk-taking

We investigate whether banks’ counterparty choices in OTC derivative markets contribute to network fragility. We use novel confidential regulatory data and show that banks are more likely to choose densely connected non-bank counterparties and do not hedge such exposures. Banks are also more likely to connect with riskier counterparties for their most material exposures, suggesting the existence of moral hazard behavior in network formation. Finally, we show that these exposures are correlated with systemic risk measures despite greater regulatory oversight after the crisis. (Working Paper no. 22-06).

August 23, 2022 | By Ron Alquist and Ram Yamarthy

Hedge Funds and Treasury Market Price Impact: Evidence from Direct Exposures

The increasing importance of non-bank financial intermediaries has raised new questions about the risks that hedge funds pose to the financial system. The OFR examined how changes in hedge fund exposures affect U.S. Treasury prices and the yield curve. Using confidential hedge fund data from the SEC's Form Private Fund (PF), OFR analysts calculated hedge funds' aggregate, net Treasury exposures, and their fluctuations over time. This revealed economically significant and consistent evidence that changes in hedge fund exposures are related to Treasury yield changes. Furthermore, particular strategy groups and lower-levered hedge funds were seen to have a larger estimated price impact on Treasuries. Finally, asset pricing tests show that U.S. Treasury investors demand additional return compensation due to the risks associated with hedge fund demand (Working Paper no. 22-05).

July 11, 2022 | By Todd Keister and Cyril Monnet

Central Bank Digital Currency: Stability and Information

One often cited concern about central bank digital currency (CBDC) is that it could make runs on banks and other financial intermediaries more common. This working paper identifies two ways a CBDC may enhance rather than weaken financial stability. First, banks do less maturity transformation when depositors have access to CBDC, reducing their exposure to depositor runs. Second, monitoring the flow of funds into CBDC allows policymakers to react more quickly to periods of stress, which lessens the incentive for depositors and other short-term creditors to withdraw assets (Working Paper no. 22-04).

June 28, 2022 | By Chase P. Ross, Landon J. Ross, and Sharon Y. Ross

Cash-Hedged Stock Returns

This paper studies firms’ cash holdings and the implications for asset prices and financial stability. Corporate cash piles vary across companies and over time, and cash holdings are important for financial stability because of their value in crises. Firms’ cash holdings earn low returns that are correlated across firms. Thus, the asset pricing results are important both for investors who are managing a portfolio’s risk and policymakers concerned about sources of vulnerability. We show how investors can hedge out the cash on firms’ balance sheets when making portfolio choices. Cash generates variation in beta estimates, and we decompose stock betas into components that depend on the firm’s cash holding, return on cash, and cash-hedged return. Common asset pricing premia have large implicit cash positions, and portfolios of cash-hedged premia often have higher Sharpe ratios because of the correlation between firms’ cash returns. We show the value of a dollar increased in 2020, and firms hold cash because they are riskier. (Working Paper no. 22-03).

April 14, 2022 | By Johannes Poeschl and Ram Yamarthy

Aggregate Risk in the Term Structure of Corporate Credit

Higher rates of default can occur when corporations have difficulty accessing short- and long- term credit markets, increasing risks to financial stability. This paper uses credit spread data across different maturities to study what the shape and risk sensitivity of a firm's term structure can tell us about its fragility. Firms that are more financially constrained display a negatively sloped credit spread curve, have short-term spreads that are more sensitive to aggregate conditions, and face heightened rollover risks. Such financing fragility at the short end of the curve can harm a firm's ability to take advantage of investment opportunities (Working Paper no. 22-02).

February 10, 2022 | By Samuel J. Hempel, Dasol Kim, and Russ Wermers

Financial Intermediary Funding Constraints and Segmented Markets

This working paper examines the role of financial intermediaries, namely authorized participants (APs), in the propagation of shocks across funds that they support and the underlying assets held by those funds. Corporate bond ETF trades by the Federal Reserve through the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF) beginning in May 2020 were extremely large and likely alleviated inventory capacity constraints for APs that were counterparties to those transactions. ETFs that were not traded by the Federal Reserve, but overlap in their bond holdings with those traded, exhibit a positive and significant price reaction within minutes of the transaction. Consistent evidence is found for the prices of their underlying bonds. The paper's findings support the view that the inclusion of ETFs in the SMCCF had broader "spillover" effects in stabilizing markets beyond the ETFs directly targeted by the program (Working Paper no. 22-01).

June 9, 2021 | By Mark Paddrik and H. Peyton Young

Assessing the Safety of Central Counterparties

Under central clearing, parties to a financial contract enter into two matched contracts with the central counterparty that offset one another. Central clearing protects against defaults among counterparties that could threaten financial stability, but also concentrates the risk of default at the central counterparty. This working paper shows how to estimate the probability that a central counterparty could cover any specified fraction of payment defaults by its members using public disclosure data. The framework supplements conventional risk management approaches predicated on a specific number of member defaults. The paper applies the approach to assessing the safety of a wide range of central counterparties located in different geographical regions and specializing in different asset classes (Working Paper no. 21-02).

April 1, 2021 | By Daniel Barth and R. Jay Kahn

Hedge Funds and the Treasury Cash-Futures Disconnect

This paper examines the potential financial stability risks of the Treasury cash-futures basis trade, an arbitrage of pricing differences between the two Treasury markets. Using regulatory data on hedge fund exposures and repurchase agreement (repo) transactions, the paper provides evidence that at its peak the trade was associated with more than half of hedge funds' Treasury positions and a quarter of dealers' repo lending. The trade exposes hedge funds to rollover risk on repo financing and margin risk on the futures, both of which materialized in March 2020. While Treasury market disruptions spurred hedge funds to sell Treasuries, the unwinding of the basis trade was likely a consequence rather than the primary cause of the stress. We present evidence suggesting prompt intervention by the Federal Reserve prevented larger spillovers from the trade into broader Treasury market functioning. (Working Paper no. 21-01)

December 3, 2020 | By Berardino Palazzo and Ram Yamarthy

Credit Risk and the Transmission of Interest Rate Shocks

Unexpected changes in interest rates, often observed through the course of monetary policy, can have a significant effect on corporate credit risk. Using high frequency measures of interest rate surprises surrounding Federal Open Market Committee announcements and daily credit default swap (CDS) spreads, this paper finds a positive, significant relationship between monetary policy shocks and corporate credit risk over the last two decades. One component of the spread affected is compensation related to expected losses in default. The other affected component is the credit risk premium, which measures additional compensation for default risk. Riskier firms, with higher CDS spreads or leverage, or lower market capitalization, are much more sensitive to monetary policy shocks. Among the three measures of firm risk, CDS spreads appear to capture this sensitivity best. High frequency and daily equity returns also exhibit a significant and asymmetric response to policy announcements. (Working Paper no. 20-05)

June 18, 2020 | By Mark Paddrik and Simpson Zhang

Central Counterparty Default Waterfalls and Systemic Loss

This paper examines how a central counterparty (CCP) uses a default waterfall to manage and allocate resources to cover defaults of clearing members and clients. A resilient waterfall ensures cleared payments are paid in full and on-time, reducing the threat to financial stability from losses and their spillovers. However, the amount of resources collected and their allocation affect clearing incentives. This paper models and evaluates the trade-offs between resiliency and participation in a credit default swaps market. It finds that the benefits of greater central clearing rates generally dominate the benefits of increased waterfall resources. (Working Paper no. 20-4)

February 25, 2020 | By Daniel Barth and Phillip Monin

Illiquidity in Intermediate Portfolios: Evidence from Large Hedge Funds

This paper examines whether hedge funds’ returns include a premium that compensates investors for accepting the risk from illiquid asset holdings. It finds that the premium is large and a significant share of risk-adjusted returns. The size of the premium matters for financial stability because it signals investors’ view of the importance of illiquidity risk. (Working Paper no. 20-03)

February 25, 2020 | By Daniel Barth, Laurel Hammond, and Phillip Monin

Leverage and Risk in Hedge Funds

This paper examines the relationship between hedge funds’ use of leverage and their portfolio risk. It finds that more leveraged funds tend to have less volatile returns and less chance of an extreme negative return. More leveraged funds also tend to hold higher quality and more liquid assets. (Working Paper no. 20-02)

February 25, 2020 | By Daniel Barth, Juha Joenvaara, Mikko Kauppila, and Russ Wermers

The Hedge Fund Industry is Bigger (and has Performed Better) Than You Think

This paper shows that hedge fund industry gross assets exceeded $8.3 trillion, and net assets were at least $5.0 trillion, at year-end 2016. This estimate is around 37 percent larger than the next largest estimate. This paper also shows that funds reporting publicly available data have much lower returns, and much higher net flows, than funds reporting only non-public regulatory data. The outperformance of the non-publicly reporting funds appears to arise entirely from alpha rather than greater exposure to systematic risk factors. (Working Paper no. 20-01)

October 23, 2019 | By Robert Garrison, Pankaj Jain, and Mark Paddrik

Cross-Asset Market Order Flow, Liquidity, and Price Discovery

This paper examines the complex intra-day linkages between the U.S. equity securities market and the equity derivatives market. The paper finds a positive, but short-lived, relationship between the two markets’ order flow activities, which relate to the supply, demand, and withdrawal of liquidity between the two markets. The paper also finds that cross-asset market order flow is a key component of liquidity and price discovery, particularly during periods of market volatility. (Working Paper no. 19-04)

October 1, 2019 | By Mathias S. Kruttli, Phillip J. Monin, and Sumudu W. Watugala

The Life of the Counterparty: Shock Propagation in Hedge Fund-Prime Broker Credit Networks

This paper shows the post-crisis hedge fund-prime broker credit network is concentrated among 10 percent of participants. The average fund borrows from three brokers, and the brokers lending the most are highly connected. The paper finds that a liquidity shock to a prime broker results in reduced borrowing by hedge funds due to the broker reducing its supply of credit. Larger, more connected, and better-performing funds, and those that do less over-the-counter trading, are better able to compensate for the reduction in credit from the broker. (Working Paper no. 19-03)

August 6, 2019 | By Meraj Allahrakha, Jill Cetina, Benjamin Munyan, and Sumudu Watugala

The Effects of the Volcker Rule on Corporate Bond Trading: Evidence from the Underwriting Exemption

This paper examines the impact of the Volcker rule, which bans proprietary trading by commercial banks and their affiliates, with some exceptions. It finds evidence that the rule has increased the cost of liquidity provided by firms it covers, but not decreased the firms’ exposure to liquidity risk. It also finds that the rule has decreased the market share of covered firms. Customers appear to be trading more with non-bank dealers, who are exempt from the Volcker rule but also cannot borrow at the Federal Reserve's discount window. (Working Paper no. 19-02)

March 12, 2019 | By Mark Paddrik and Stathis Tompaidis

Market-Making Costs and Liquidity: Evidence from CDS Markets

This paper examines whether liquidity deteriorated in the single-name credit default swaps market due to regulatory reforms after the 2007-09 financial crisis. It finds evidence of both increased spreads and lower volumes, consistent with the reforms increasing the cost of market-making for bank-dealers. It also finds that transaction prices between dealers and clients have become more dependent on the inventories of individual dealers as interdealer trade has declined. (Working Paper no. 19-01)

October 9, 2018 | By Haelim Anderson, Daniel Barth, and Dong Beom Choi

Reducing Moral Hazard at the Expense of Market Discipline: The Effectiveness of Double Liability Before and During the Great Depression

This paper examines the impact of double liability on bank risks and depositor safety before and during the Great Depression. Under double liability, shareholders of failing banks lost their initial investments and had to pay up to the par value of their stock to compensate depositors. The paper finds that double liability did not reduce bank risk before the Great Depression, but that deposits were less susceptible to runs. (Working Paper no. 18-06)

August 29, 2018 | By Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan, and Emil Siriwardane

OTC Intermediaries

This paper estimates the systemic effects of exit by a key over-the-counter (OTC) intermediary. In the model, risk-averse traders are connected by a core-periphery network. If traders are also averse to concentrated bilateral exposures, then the incomplete network prevents full risk sharing. The impact of the network structure on prices is quantified using proprietary data on all credit default swap transactions in the United States from 2010 to 2013. There are a small number of key OTC intermediaries whose exit can move markets dramatically. Eliminating one of these intermediaries leads to over a 20 percent increase in credit spreads. The Internet Appendix includes extensions of the model. (Working Paper no. 18-05)

August 28, 2018 | By Agostino Capponi, Paul Glasserman, and Marko Weber

Swing Pricing for Mutual Funds: Breaking the Feedback Loop Between Fire Sales and Fund Runs

This paper develops a model of a downward spiral of falling prices and increasing redemptions that can lead to the failure of a mutual fund. It shows how mutual funds can best design swing pricing for effectiveness at preventing runs, even under extreme market stress. (Working Paper no. 18-04)

April 19, 2018 | By Simpson Zhang and Mihaela van der Schaar

Reputational Dynamics in Financial Networks During a Crisis

This paper studies the role of learning and reputation in economic networks, such as interbank lending and derivatives trading networks, in times of market distress or financial crisis. The model demonstrates the importance of maintaining firm anonymity and identifies network structures that offer increased resilience. (Working Paper no. 18-03)

April 10, 2018 | By Jen-Wen Chang and Simpson Zhang

Competitive Pay and Excessive Manager Risk-taking

This paper assesses whether compensation plans can drive excessive risk-taking. It develops a model showing that principals offer contracts incentivizing less risky behavior when the market for managers is sluggish. But hot labor markets result in contracts that incentivize risk-taking. The market for executive talent heats up for larger projects and during financial bubbles, when debt funding increases. The results suggest policymakers should consider the impacts of compensation and corporate governance policies on competition for managers. (Working Paper no. 18-02)

March 28, 2018 | By Joe McLaughlin, Adam Minson, Nathan Palmer, and Eric Parolin

The OFR Financial System Vulnerabilities Monitor

This paper describes the purpose, construction, interpretation, and use of the OFR Financial System Vulnerabilities Monitor. The monitor, a heat map of 58 quantitative indicators, is a starting point for assessing vulnerabilities in the U.S. financial system. The OFR launched the monitor in 2017 to help fulfill its mandate to measure and monitor risks to U.S. financial stability. (Working Paper no. 18-01)

December 15, 2017 | By Mathias S. Kruttli, Phillip J. Monin, and Sumudu W. Watugala

Investor Concentration, Flows, and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Hedge Funds

Some hedge funds have a few large investors. Such a concentrated investor base can make a fund vulnerable to unexpected requests for large redemptions. This paper shows that U.S. hedge funds in part account for that risk by holding more cash and liquid assets. These holdings help funds accommodate large outflows, but also result in lower risk-adjusted returns. The Internet Appendix includes methodology details. (Working Paper no. 17-07)

November 2, 2017 | By Mark Paddrik and H. Peyton Young

How Safe are Central Counterparties in Derivatives Markets?

How likely is a central counterparty, or CCP, to default after a severe credit shock? This working paper uses credit default swap data to estimate the direct and indirect impacts of a default by CCP counterparties in derivatives trades. It finds that a CCP could be more vulnerable to failure than conventional stress tests have shown. (Working Paper no. 17-06)

October 31, 2017 | By Kenechukwu Anadu and Viktoria Baklanova

The Intersection of U.S. Money Market Mutual Fund Reforms, Bank Liquidity Requirements, and the Federal Home Loan Bank System

After the financial crisis, reforms of money market funds and changes to banks’ liquidity requirements had an unintended consequence of increased Federal Home Loan Banks’ reliance on short-term funding from money market funds to finance longer-term loans and other assets. This increase could make the financial system more vulnerable and pose risks to financial stability. (Working Paper no. 17-05)

October 25, 2017 | By Phillip Monin

The OFR Financial Stress Index

The 2007-09 financial crisis showed that stress in the financial system can have devastating effects on the economy. To measure such stress, the OFR has developed a Financial Stress Index. This working paper describes how the index is constructed and how the OFR uses it to monitor financial stability. (Working Paper no. 17-04)

September 29, 2017 | By Mark D. Flood, Dror Y. Kenett, Robin L. Lumsdaine, and Jonathan K. Simon

The Complexity of Bank Holding Companies: A New Measurement Approach

Some bank holding companies are very complex, with hundreds or thousands of subsidiaries. This complexity complicates the job of unwinding a failed bank holding company. In this working paper, OFR researchers propose a new way to measure complexity that can support the resolution process after a bank holding company fails. (Working Paper no. 17-03)

April 5, 2017 | By Katherine Gleason, Steve Bright, Francis Martinez, and Charles Taylor

Europe’s CoCos Provide a Lesson on Uncertainty

European banks issue contingent convertible bonds. These bonds can force investors to absorb losses when a bank is under stress. The authors find that heightened uncertainty about discretion by banks on when to make payments to investors and by regulators on when to trigger a loss absorption mechanism worsened price declines in a stressed market. (Working Paper no. 17-02)

February 21, 2017 | By Paul Glasserman and Qi Wu

Persistence and Procyclicality in Margin Requirements

This paper describes how to set margin levels for derivatives contracts so that margin calls do not add to market stress during times of instability. Price volatility varies by asset class. Certain qualities of volatility should be taken into account to set the most effective margin levels without adding to market stress. (Working Paper no. 17-01)

December 20, 2016 | By Anqi Liu, Mark Paddrik, Steve Yang, and Xingjia Zhang

Interbank Contagion: An Agent-based Model Approach to Endogenously Formed Networks

The authors create an agent-based model that can help regulators understand risk in the interbank funding market. Tests of the model against actual bank failures before, during, and after the 2007-09 financial crisis suggest that the market has become more resilient to asset write-downs and liquidity shocks. The model uses balance sheet data from more than 6,600 U.S. banks. (Working Paper no. 16-14)

December 6, 2016 | By Mark Paddrik, Haelim Park, and Jessie Jiaxu Wang

Bank Networks and Systemic Risk: Evidence from the National Banking Acts

This paper uses unique data to analyze how the national banking acts in 1863 and 1864 reshaped the U.S. bank network in the 1860s. The laws concentrated reserves in New York and regional cities, creating systemically important banks. The paper shows this concentration made contagion more likely if big banks faced economic shocks. (Working Paper no. 16-13)

December 1, 2016 | By Mark Paddrik, Sriram Rajan, and H. Peyton Young

Contagion in the CDS Market

This paper assesses the risk of contagion in the credit default swap (CDS) market. This risk emerges through the inability of CDS counterparties to make payments during systemic stress. The authors find that the central counterparty contributes significantly less to network contagion than do several peripheral firms that are large net sellers of CDS protection. (Working Paper no. 16-12)

November 10, 2016 | By Meraj Allahrakha, Jill Cetina, and Benjamin Munyan

Do Higher Capital Standards Always Reduce Bank Risk? The Impact of the Basel Leverage Ratio on the U.S. Triparty Repo Market

This paper examines how risk-taking in the repurchase agreement, or repo, market changed after regulators introduced the supplementary leverage ratio for banks. The paper finds that broker-dealers owned by U.S. bank holding companies now borrow less in the repo market overall after the change, but a larger percentage of the borrowing is backed by more risky collateral. (Working Paper no. 16-11)

October 11, 2016 | By Richard Neuberg, Paul Glasserman, Benjamin Kay, and Sriram Rajan

The Market-implied Probability of European Government Intervention in Distressed Banks

This paper assesses the likelihood of European government support in distressed banks. To measure market expectations of these events, the authors study the credit spread between old credit default swap contracts and new ones with a definition of default linked to government intervention. (Working Paper no. 16-10)

September 27, 2016 | By Matthias Raddant and Dror Y. Kenett

Interconnectedness in the Global Financial Market

This working paper shows how network analysis can facilitate the monitoring of movements by stocks in the global financial system over time. The paper analyzes nearly 4,000 stocks in 15 countries. It concludes that stock returns tend to move together within regions — but not across them — in times of stability, but move in sync globally in times of crisis. (Working Paper no. 16-09)

August 23, 2016 | By Viktoria Baklanova, Cecilia Caglio, Frank Keane, and Burt Porter

A Pilot Survey of Agent Securities Lending Activity

A new securities lending survey sheds light on these transactions that help underpin smooth-functioning capital markets. The pilot project by the OFR, Federal Reserve, and staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission shows that participating agents facilitated about $1 trillion in daily securities loans during a three-day period in 2015. Collecting these data on a permanent basis could help regulators identify potential vulnerabilities in a key component of our financial system. (Working Paper no. 16-08)

July 26, 2016 | By Samim Ghamami and Paul Glasserman

Does OTC Derivatives Reform Incentivize Central Clearing?

The requirement that standardized over-the-counter derivatives be cleared through central counterparties, or CCPs, is intended in part to create a cost incentive favoring central clearing. This working paper shows that the cost incentive does not necessarily favor central clearing, and when it does, it might be because of insufficient levels of guarantee funds, which banks provide to protect CCPs in the event of CCP member default. (Working Paper no. 16-07)

May 26, 2016 | By Andrea Aguiar, Richard Bookstaber, Dror Y. Kenett, and Thomas Wipf

A Map of Collateral Uses and Flows

Collateral is exchanged among market participants to support financial activities, including secured funding, securities lending, securities exchanges, margin lending, derivatives, and clearing. This working paper creates a collateral map to show how collateral moves among bilateral counterparties, triparty banks, and central counterparties, and can spread stress through the financial system. The paper also discusses the recent increase in collateral demand, effects of post-crisis regulation, and collateral-related stress scenarios. (Working Paper no. 16-06)

May 11, 2016 | By Cindy M. Vojtech, Benjamin S. Kay, and John C. Driscoll

The Real Consequences of Bank Mortgage Lending Standards.

This paper describes how mortgage lending standards, as measured by responses to the Federal Reserve's quarterly Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey, relate to changes in the availability of mortgage loans at banks from 1990 to 2013. The research suggests that the survey's reported changes in credit standards are a leading indicator of the financial industry's vulnerability to shocks. (Working Paper no. 16-05)

April 20, 2016 | By Harry Mamaysky and Paul Glasserman

Does Unusual News Forecast Market Stress?

This paper investigates the use of automated text analysis by computers as a tool for monitoring financial stability. The authors find negative sentiment extracted from tens of thousands of news articles about 50 large financial services companies is useful in forecasting volatility in the stock market. The method, which also considers the "unusualness" of news, may help anticipate stress in the financial system. (Working Paper no. 16-04)

March 30, 2016 | By John Bluedorn and Haelim Park

Stopping Contagion with Bailouts: Microevidence from Pennsylvania Bank Networks During the Panic of 1884

This working paper examines how a bailout orchestrated by New York Clearinghouse member banks stopped financial contagion during the Panic of 1884. The private-sector assistance to Metropolitan National Bank, an important correspondent bank for many banks outside New York City, prevented a minor financial crisis in New York from becoming a broad, systemic event, according to the authors' analysis. (Working Paper no. 16-03)

March 23, 2016 | By Mark D. Flood and Phillip Monin

Form PF and Hedge Funds: Risk-measurement Precision for Option Portfolios

This paper examines the precision of Form PF in measuring the risk hedge funds pose to the financial system. Hedge funds and other private funds now file Form PF with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The paper extends the methodology of a 2015 OFR working paper and finds that options significantly weaken the risk-measurement tolerances in Form PF. (Working Paper no. 16-02)

March 8, 2016 | By Jill Cetina, Mark Paddrik, and Sriram Rajan

Stressed to the Core: Counterparty Concentrations and Systemic Losses in CDS Markets

This paper applies the Federal Reserve's supervisory stress test scenarios to examine the impacts on banks — and the banking system as a whole — from default of their largest counterparties in the credit derivatives markets. The authors find higher loss concentrations for the banking system than for individual firms and potential for large indirect losses when a major counterparty defaults. (Working Paper no. 16-01)

November 25, 2015 | By Maya Eden and Benjamin Kay

Safe Assets as Commodity Money

This paper examines the systemic implications of the supply of liquid safe assets, such as Treasury bills. The paper explores how liquid safe assets facilitate the trades of risky assets. The paper finds that financial markets may be remarkably resilient to changes in the stock of liquid assets. (Working Paper no. 15-23)

October 29, 2015 | By Benjamin Munyan

Regulatory Arbitrage in Repo Markets

This paper documents a pattern of foreign-owned broker-dealers reducing their borrowing in the U.S. triparty repo market, a key source of short-term funding in the financial system, at quarter end and immediately returning to the market when a new quarter begins. This activity reduces their capital requirements under the leverage ratio. (Working Paper no. 15-22)

October 20, 2015 | By Paul Glasserman and H. Peyton Young

Contagion in Financial Networks

This paper surveys the rapidly growing literature about interconnectedness and financial stability. The paper focuses on insights in the literature on the relationship between network structure and the vulnerability of the financial system to contagion. (Working Paper no. 15-21)

October 7, 2015 | By Jill Cetina and Katherine Gleason

The Difficult Business of Measuring Banks' Liquidity: Understanding the Liquidity Coverage Ratio

Bank regulators adopted a new requirement called the Liquidity Coverage Ratio after the financial crisis to help ensure banks maintain enough liquid assets to cover their financial obligations during times of stress. This paper uses a series of increasingly complex examples to demonstrate issues in analyzing this new liquidity metric. (Working Paper no. 15-20)

October 1, 2015 | By Jingnan Chen, Mark D. Flood, and Richard B. Sowers

Measuring the Unmeasurable: An Application of Uncertainty Quantification to Financial Portfolios

Uncertainty is a crucial factor in financial stability, but it is notoriously difficult to measure. This working paper extends techniques from engineering to quantify fundamental economic uncertainty, and applies the method to an example of portfolio stress testing. By this measure, uncertainty peaked in late 2008. (Working Paper no. 15-19)

September 16, 2015 | By Richard Bookstaber and Mark Paddrik

An Agent-based Model for Crisis Liquidity Dynamics

This paper presents an agent-based model for examining price impacts and liquidity dynamics during financial crises, which are often characterized by sharp reductions in liquidity followed by cascades of falling prices. The model highlights the implications of changes in market makers' ability to provide intermediation services and the decision cycles of liquidity demanders versus liquidity suppliers during a crisis. (Working Paper no. 15-18)

September 9, 2015 | By Viktoria Baklanova, Adam Copeland, and Rebecca McCaughrin

Reference Guide to U.S. Repo and Securities Lending Markets

This paper is a reference guide on U.S. repo and securities lending markets. It discusses the main institutional features of these markets, their vulnerabilities, and data gaps that prevent market participants and regulators from addressing known vulnerabilities. (Working Paper no. 15-17)

August 19, 2015 | By Paul Glasserman and Linan Yang

Bounding Wrong-Way Risk in Measuring Counterparty Risk

This paper proposes a new method for bounding the impact of "wrong-way risk" on counterparty credit risk measurement for a portfolio of derivatives. Wrong-way risk refers to the possibility that a counterparty's default risk increases with the market value of the exposure. (Working Paper no. 15-16)

August 13, 2015 | By Chester Curme, Rosario N. Mantegna, Dror Y. Kenett, Michele Tumminello, and H. Eugene Stanley

How Lead-Lag Correlations Affect the Intraday Pattern of Collective Stock Dynamics

This paper explores how the increasing correlation among intraday stock returns affects the possibility to diversify investment risk and potentially may affect market stability. (Working Paper no. 15-15)

August 6, 2015 | By Sumudu W. Watugala

Economic Uncertainty and Commodity Futures Volatility

This paper investigates the dynamics of commodity futures volatility and analyzes the impact of increased emerging market demand on commodity markets. (Working Paper no. 15-14)

July 30, 2015 | By Mark D. Flood, Phillip Monin, and Lina Bandyopadhyay

Gauging Form PF: Data Tolerances in Regulatory Reporting on Hedge Fund Risk Exposures

This paper examines the precision of Form PF, a regulatory filing introduced after the financial crisis to measure risk exposures for private funds, including hedge funds. The paper finds that Form PF's measurement tolerances are large enough to allow private funds with dissimilar risk profiles to report similar risk measurements to regulators. (Working Paper no. 15-13)

June 18, 2015 | By Dror Y. Kenett, Sary Levy-Carciente, Adam Avakian, H. Eugene Stanley, and Shlomo Havlin

Dynamical Macroprudential Stress Testing Using Network Theory

This paper presents a dynamic bipartite network model for a stress test of a banking system's sensitivity to external shocks in individual asset classes. As a case study, the model is applied to investigate the Venezuelan banking system from 1998 to 2013. The model quantifies the sensitivity of bank portfolios to different shock scenarios and identifies systemic vulnerabilities that stem from connectivity and network effects, and their time evolution. The model provides a framework for dynamical macroprudential stress testing. (Working Paper no. 15-12)

May 28, 2015 | By Mark D. Flood, John C. Liechty, and Thomas Piontek

Systemwide Commonalities in Market Liquidity

This paper identifies hidden liquidity regimes (high, medium and low) across a broad range of financial markets that can be used for characterizing periods of market stress and identifying underlying predictors of liquidity shocks. This regime could have provided meaningful predictions of liquidity disruptions up to 15 trading days in advance of the 2008 financial crisis. These methods offer a potential framework for monitoring and predicting a systemwide collapse in market liquidity, which could signal a collapse of liquidity in the funding markets as experienced in the financial crisis. (Working Paper no. 15-11)

May 13, 2015 | By Javed Ahmed, Christopher Anderson, and Rebecca Zarutskie

Are the Borrowing Costs of Large Financial Firms Unusual?

This paper examines evidence of a too-big-to-fail subsidy for large financial firms by comparing borrowing costs of large and small firms across industries. The paper finds that larger firms borrow more cheaply in many industries, and this size effect is often largest in nonfinancial industries. These results challenge the notion that expected government bailouts are behind borrowing cost advantages enjoyed by the largest financial firms. (Working Paper no. 15-10)

May 13, 2015 | By Jill Cetina and Bert Loudis

The Influence of Systemic Importance Indicators on Banks' Credit Default Swap Spreads

This paper examines credit default swap (CDS) spreads in a sample of international banks for evidence of a benefit related to possible measures of systemic importance. The authors find a consistent, statistically significant negative relationship between five-year CDS spreads of banks and nine different systemic importance indicators. The paper shows that the benefit is most pronounced for banks within a certain asset range. Such evidence is weaker for banks identified by regulators as global systemically important banks. (Working Paper no. 15-09)

May 7, 2015 | By Agostino Capponi, W. Allen Cheng, and Sriram Rajan

Systemic Risk: The Dynamics under Central Clearing

This paper develops a model for concentration risks that clearing members pose to central counterparties. Over time, larger clearing members crowd out smaller clearing members. Systemic risk is created because high clearing member concentration results in relatively lower lending, higher cost of capital, and increasingly costly hedging. To address this risk, the paper proposes a self-funding systemic risk charge. (Working Paper no. 15-08)

May 7, 2015 | By Paul Glasserman, Ciamac C. Moallemi, and Kai Yuan

Hidden Illiquidity with Multiple Central Counterparties

This paper focuses on the systemic risks in markets cleared by multiple central counterparties (CCPs). Each CCP charges margins based on the potential impact from the default of a clearing member and subsequent liquidation of a large position. Swaps dealers can split their positions among multiple CCPs, effectively "hiding" potential liquidation costs. A lack of coordination among CCPs can lead to a "race to the bottom" because CCPs with lower perceived liquidation costs can drive competitors out of the market. (Working Paper no. 15-07)

May 7, 2015 | By Therese C. Scharlemann and Stephen H. Shore

The Effect of Negative Equity on Mortgage Default: Evidence from HAMP PRA

This paper uses data from the Home Affordable Modification Program to examine the impact of principal forgiveness on mortgage default. On average 3.1 percent of loans become delinquent and exit the program each quarter. The authors estimate that the rate would have been 3.8 percent absent principal forgiveness, which averaged 28 percent of the initial mortgage balance. (Working Paper no. 15-06)

April 2, 2015 | By Charles W. Calomiris, Matthew Jaremski, Haelim Park, and Gary Richardson

Liquidity Risk, Bank Networks, and the Value of Joining the Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System was created to reduce risks related to seasonal swings in loan demand and to stabilize fluctuations in interest rates. Many state-chartered banks chose not to join the system because of the cost of the Federal Reserve's reserve requirements. The inability to attract many state-chartered banks created indirect access to government protection (lender of last resort) without federal regulation. (Working Paper no. 15-05)

March 26, 2015 | By Mark D. Flood and Oliver R. Goodenough

Contract as Automaton: The Computational Representation of Financial Agreements

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Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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What the data says about crime in the U.S.

A growing share of Americans say reducing crime should be a top priority for the president and Congress to address this year. Around six-in-ten U.S. adults (58%) hold that view today, up from 47% at the beginning of Joe Biden’s presidency in 2021.

We conducted this analysis to learn more about U.S. crime patterns and how those patterns have changed over time.

The analysis relies on statistics published by the FBI, which we accessed through the Crime Data Explorer , and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), which we accessed through the  National Crime Victimization Survey data analysis tool .

To measure public attitudes about crime in the U.S., we relied on survey data from Pew Research Center and Gallup.

Additional details about each data source, including survey methodologies, are available by following the links in the text of this analysis.

With the issue likely to come up in this year’s presidential election, here’s what we know about crime in the United States, based on the latest available data from the federal government and other sources.

How much crime is there in the U.S.?

It’s difficult to say for certain. The  two primary sources of government crime statistics  – the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) – paint an incomplete picture.

The FBI publishes  annual data  on crimes that have been reported to law enforcement, but not crimes that haven’t been reported. Historically, the FBI has also only published statistics about a handful of specific violent and property crimes, but not many other types of crime, such as drug crime. And while the FBI’s data is based on information from thousands of federal, state, county, city and other police departments, not all law enforcement agencies participate every year. In 2022, the most recent full year with available statistics, the FBI received data from 83% of participating agencies .

BJS, for its part, tracks crime by fielding a  large annual survey of Americans ages 12 and older and asking them whether they were the victim of certain types of crime in the past six months. One advantage of this approach is that it captures both reported and unreported crimes. But the BJS survey has limitations of its own. Like the FBI, it focuses mainly on a handful of violent and property crimes. And since the BJS data is based on after-the-fact interviews with crime victims, it cannot provide information about one especially high-profile type of offense: murder.

All those caveats aside, looking at the FBI and BJS statistics side-by-side  does  give researchers a good picture of U.S. violent and property crime rates and how they have changed over time. In addition, the FBI is transitioning to a new data collection system – known as the National Incident-Based Reporting System – that eventually will provide national information on a much larger set of crimes , as well as details such as the time and place they occur and the types of weapons involved, if applicable.

Which kinds of crime are most and least common?

Property crime in the U.S. is much more common than violent crime. In 2022, the FBI reported a total of 1,954.4 property crimes per 100,000 people, compared with 380.7 violent crimes per 100,000 people.  

By far the most common form of property crime in 2022 was larceny/theft, followed by motor vehicle theft and burglary. Among violent crimes, aggravated assault was the most common offense, followed by robbery, rape, and murder/nonnegligent manslaughter.

BJS tracks a slightly different set of offenses from the FBI, but it finds the same overall patterns, with theft the most common form of property crime in 2022 and assault the most common form of violent crime.

How have crime rates in the U.S. changed over time?

Both the FBI and BJS data show dramatic declines in U.S. violent and property crime rates since the early 1990s, when crime spiked across much of the nation.

Using the FBI data, the violent crime rate fell 49% between 1993 and 2022, with large decreases in the rates of robbery (-74%), aggravated assault (-39%) and murder/nonnegligent manslaughter (-34%). It’s not possible to calculate the change in the rape rate during this period because the FBI  revised its definition of the offense in 2013 .

The FBI data also shows a 59% reduction in the U.S. property crime rate between 1993 and 2022, with big declines in the rates of burglary (-75%), larceny/theft (-54%) and motor vehicle theft (-53%).

Using the BJS statistics, the declines in the violent and property crime rates are even steeper than those captured in the FBI data. Per BJS, the U.S. violent and property crime rates each fell 71% between 1993 and 2022.

While crime rates have fallen sharply over the long term, the decline hasn’t always been steady. There have been notable increases in certain kinds of crime in some years, including recently.

In 2020, for example, the U.S. murder rate saw its largest single-year increase on record – and by 2022, it remained considerably higher than before the coronavirus pandemic. Preliminary data for 2023, however, suggests that the murder rate fell substantially last year .

How do Americans perceive crime in their country?

Americans tend to believe crime is up, even when official data shows it is down.

In 23 of 27 Gallup surveys conducted since 1993 , at least 60% of U.S. adults have said there is more crime nationally than there was the year before, despite the downward trend in crime rates during most of that period.

While perceptions of rising crime at the national level are common, fewer Americans believe crime is up in their own communities. In every Gallup crime survey since the 1990s, Americans have been much less likely to say crime is up in their area than to say the same about crime nationally.

Public attitudes about crime differ widely by Americans’ party affiliation, race and ethnicity, and other factors . For example, Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are much more likely than Democrats and Democratic leaners to say reducing crime should be a top priority for the president and Congress this year (68% vs. 47%), according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.

How does crime in the U.S. differ by demographic characteristics?

Some groups of Americans are more likely than others to be victims of crime. In the  2022 BJS survey , for example, younger people and those with lower incomes were far more likely to report being the victim of a violent crime than older and higher-income people.

There were no major differences in violent crime victimization rates between male and female respondents or between those who identified as White, Black or Hispanic. But the victimization rate among Asian Americans (a category that includes Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders) was substantially lower than among other racial and ethnic groups.

The same BJS survey asks victims about the demographic characteristics of the offenders in the incidents they experienced.

In 2022, those who are male, younger people and those who are Black accounted for considerably larger shares of perceived offenders in violent incidents than their respective shares of the U.S. population. Men, for instance, accounted for 79% of perceived offenders in violent incidents, compared with 49% of the nation’s 12-and-older population that year. Black Americans accounted for 25% of perceived offenders in violent incidents, about twice their share of the 12-and-older population (12%).

As with all surveys, however, there are several potential sources of error, including the possibility that crime victims’ perceptions about offenders are incorrect.

How does crime in the U.S. differ geographically?

There are big geographic differences in violent and property crime rates.

For example, in 2022, there were more than 700 violent crimes per 100,000 residents in New Mexico and Alaska. That compares with fewer than 200 per 100,000 people in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine, according to the FBI.

The FBI notes that various factors might influence an area’s crime rate, including its population density and economic conditions.

What percentage of crimes are reported to police? What percentage are solved?

Most violent and property crimes in the U.S. are not reported to police, and most of the crimes that  are  reported are not solved.

In its annual survey, BJS asks crime victims whether they reported their crime to police. It found that in 2022, only 41.5% of violent crimes and 31.8% of household property crimes were reported to authorities. BJS notes that there are many reasons why crime might not be reported, including fear of reprisal or of “getting the offender in trouble,” a feeling that police “would not or could not do anything to help,” or a belief that the crime is “a personal issue or too trivial to report.”

Most of the crimes that are reported to police, meanwhile,  are not solved , at least based on an FBI measure known as the clearance rate . That’s the share of cases each year that are closed, or “cleared,” through the arrest, charging and referral of a suspect for prosecution, or due to “exceptional” circumstances such as the death of a suspect or a victim’s refusal to cooperate with a prosecution. In 2022, police nationwide cleared 36.7% of violent crimes that were reported to them and 12.1% of the property crimes that came to their attention.

Which crimes are most likely to be reported to police? Which are most likely to be solved?

Around eight-in-ten motor vehicle thefts (80.9%) were reported to police in 2022, making them by far the most commonly reported property crime tracked by BJS. Household burglaries and trespassing offenses were reported to police at much lower rates (44.9% and 41.2%, respectively), while personal theft/larceny and other types of theft were only reported around a quarter of the time.

Among violent crimes – excluding homicide, which BJS doesn’t track – robbery was the most likely to be reported to law enforcement in 2022 (64.0%). It was followed by aggravated assault (49.9%), simple assault (36.8%) and rape/sexual assault (21.4%).

The list of crimes  cleared  by police in 2022 looks different from the list of crimes reported. Law enforcement officers were generally much more likely to solve violent crimes than property crimes, according to the FBI.

The most frequently solved violent crime tends to be homicide. Police cleared around half of murders and nonnegligent manslaughters (52.3%) in 2022. The clearance rates were lower for aggravated assault (41.4%), rape (26.1%) and robbery (23.2%).

When it comes to property crime, law enforcement agencies cleared 13.0% of burglaries, 12.4% of larcenies/thefts and 9.3% of motor vehicle thefts in 2022.

Are police solving more or fewer crimes than they used to?

Nationwide clearance rates for both violent and property crime are at their lowest levels since at least 1993, the FBI data shows.

Police cleared a little over a third (36.7%) of the violent crimes that came to their attention in 2022, down from nearly half (48.1%) as recently as 2013. During the same period, there were decreases for each of the four types of violent crime the FBI tracks:

• Police cleared 52.3% of reported murders and nonnegligent homicides in 2022, down from 64.1% in 2013.
• They cleared 41.4% of aggravated assaults, down from 57.7%.
• They cleared 26.1% of rapes, down from 40.6%.
• They cleared 23.2% of robberies, down from 29.4%.

The pattern is less pronounced for property crime. Overall, law enforcement agencies cleared 12.1% of reported property crimes in 2022, down from 19.7% in 2013. The clearance rate for burglary didn’t change much, but it fell for larceny/theft (to 12.4% in 2022 from 22.4% in 2013) and motor vehicle theft (to 9.3% from 14.2%).

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Nov. 20, 2020.

• Criminal Justice

John Gramlich is an associate director at Pew Research Center

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