mount etna geography case study

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Europe’s most active volcano , Mount Etna, has been hitting the headlines recently after a series of spectacular eruptions. In Etna’s first eruption of 2021, explosive lava fountains reached over 1500 m in one of the most amazing eruptions in decades.

Mount Etna, located on the island of Sicily, has been largely dormant for the past two years. The stratovolcano (composite) dominates the skyline of the Italian island, where it sits on the eastern coast.

Located between the cities of Messina and Catania, it is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus – a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea – and the highest peak in Italy south of the Alps.

The recent activity is typical of a strombolian eruption among the normal activities of the more than 3,300-metre-high volcano. The recent eruption is the strongest explosion in the southern crater since it was discovered in 1971.

On Monday 22nd February 2021, at around 11 pm, the lava fountains, surrounded by gigantic clouds of smoke, exceeded 1,500 metres (4,900ft) in height, while thousands of rock fragments, some the size of fridges, were thrown from the crater into the sky for several kilometres.

Etna is a hyperactive volcano with over 3,500 years of historically documented eruptions. The volcano has been erupting on and off since September 2013. Since September 2019, it’s been erupting from its various summit craters virtually continuously. In December 2020, Etna’s explosive activity and lava output began to spike, and in February 2021, it has been launching fluid lava skywards.

Etna is an unusual volcano in that it can produce explosive eruptions of runny lava and release slower flowing, thick lava flows. Scientists are still trying to work out why this is the case.

The magma from the latest eruption appears to be coming up from deep within the mantle . Extremely hot, fluid magma is rapidly rising through the network of conduits within and below the volcano. However, there is another factor that is contributing to the current explosive eruptions.

There are high quantities of water vapour in Etna’s magma, which makes it explosive. The water does not cool the magma. As the molten magma approaches the surface, the pressure drops, and the bubble of water vapour expands violently, leading to lava being ejected out of the volcano.

Following each explosive lava fountain , less gassy magma lingers just below the vent. This is then cleared when a new volley of gassy magma rises from below. These explosive eruptions are known as volcanic paroxysms.

Authorities have reported no danger to the nearby towns, however, local airports have been temporarily closed, as has the airspace around the volcano. Etna’s last major eruption was in 1992. Despite the explosive nature of the recent eruption, there is no risk to the population, other than from the ash that covers buildings and smoke that can, after a few hours, cause breathing problems. In March 2017 vulcanologists, tourists and a BBC film crew were injured during an eruption when a flow of lava ran into snow, producing superheated steam that sent fragments of rock flying in all directions.

Further reading For a Volcanologist Living on Mount Etna, the Latest Eruption Is a Delight  – Advisory – this article contains expletives (swear words).

In Pictures: Mount Etna eruption lights up Sicily’s night sky

Mount Etna: BBC crew caught up in volcano blast

Mount Etna illuminates night sky with 1,500-metre lava fountain

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Volcano case study - Mount Etna (2002-2003), Italy

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Can you describe the location of Mount Etna? Could you draw a sketch map to locate Mount Etna?

Case study task

Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the 2002-2003 eruption of Mount Etna. You should use the 'Five W's" subheadings to give your case study structure.

What happened?

The Guardian - Sicilian city blanketed in ash [28 October 2002]

When did it happen?

Immediately before midnight on 26 October 2002 (local time=GMT+1), a new flank eruption began on Mount Etna. The eruption ended after three months and two days, on 28 January 2003.

Where did it happen?

The eruption occurred from fissures on two sides of the volcano: at about 2750 m on the southern flank and at elevations between 2500 and 1850 m on the northeastern flank.

Why did it happen?

Mount Etna is a volcano. The reasons why Mount Etna is located where it is are complex. Here are some of the theories:

• One theory envisages a hot spot or mantle-plume origin for this volcano, like those that produce the volcanoes in Hawaii.
• Another theory involves the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate.
• Another group of scientists believes that rifting along the eastern coast of Sicily allows the uprise of magma.

Who was affected by it happening?

• The Italian Government declared a state of emergency in parts of Sicily, after a series of earthquakes accompanying the eruption of forced about 1,000 people flee their homes.
• A ship equipped with a medical clinic aboard was positioned off Catania - to the south of the volcano - to be ready in case of emergency.
• Emergency workers dug channels in the earth in an attempt to divert the northern flow away from the town of Linguaglossa.
• Schools in the town have been shut down, although the church has remained open for people to pray.
• Villagers also continued their tradition of parading their patron saint through the streets to the railway station, to try to ward off the lava flow.
• Civil protection officials in Catania, Sicily's second-biggest city, which sits in the shadow of Etna, surveyed the mountain by helicopter and were ready to send water-carrying planes into the skies to fight the fires.
• The tourist complex and skiing areas of Piano Provenzana were nearly completely devastated by the lava flows that issued from the NE Rift vents on the first day of the eruption.
• Heavy tephra falls caused by the activity on the southern flank occurred mostly in areas to the south of the volcano and nearly paralyzed public life in Catania and nearby towns.
• For more than two weeks the International Airport of Catania, Fontanarossa, had to be closed due to ash on the runways.
• Strong seismicity and ground deformation accompanied the eruption; a particularly strong shock (magnitude 4.4) on 29 October destroyed and damaged numerous buildings on the lower southeastern flank, in the area of Santa Venerina.
• Lava flows from the southern flank vents seriously threatened the tourist facilities around the Rifugio Sapienza between 23 and 25 November, and a few days later destroyed a section of forest on the southwestern flank.
• The eruption brought a heightened awareness of volcanic and seismic hazards to the Sicilian public, especially because it occurred only one year and three months after the previous eruption that was strongly featured in the information media.

Look at this video clip from an eruption on Mount Etna in November 2007.  What sort of eruption is it?

There is no commentary on the video - could you add your own explaining what is happening and why?

You should be able to use the knowledge and understanding you have gained about 2002-2003 eruption of Mount Etna to answer the following exam-style question:

In many parts of the world, the natural environment presents hazards to people. Choose an example of one of the following: a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or a drought. For a named area, describe the causes of the example which you have chosen and its impacts on the people living there. [7 marks]

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Home » Volcanoes » Mount Etna

Mount Etna - Italy

Article by jessica ball.

Mount Etna night eruption: A night photo of Mount Etna producing an eruption of glowing ejecta in 2008. These spectacular eruptions can be seen from many parts of Sicily. Image copyright iStockphoto / Frizi.

Mount Etna: Introduction

Mount Etna is the highest and most active volcano in Europe . Towering above the city of Catania on the island of Sicily, it has been growing for about 500,000 years and is in the midst of a series of eruptions that began in 2013.

Etna has displayed a variety of eruption styles , including violent explosions and voluminous lava flows . More than 25% of Sicily's population lives on Etna's slopes, and it is the main source of income for the island, both from agriculture (due to the rich volcanic soil) and tourism.

Where is Mount Etna? Map showing the location of Mount Etna on the east coast of Sicily. Map by Geology.com and MapResources.

Table of Contents

New Elevation Record: A map showing the location of a new record elevation of Mount Etna - on the rim of the southeastern crater. Map by the National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology. Nearby Volcanoes: Stromboli , Vesuvius

Mount Etna: New Record Elevation

In August 2021, The National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology in Catania, Italy, reported that a series of about 50 small eruptions in early 2021 added about 100 feet to the elevation of Mount Etna. View announcement .

Accumulations of lava and pyroclastic materials produced by these eruptions made a location on the rim of the southeastern crater the highest point on the volcano. The new elevation of 11,013 feet (3357 meters) is the volcano's highest determined elevation in recorded history.

Simplified plate tectonics cross section showing how Mount Etna is located above a subduction zone formed where the Eurasian and African plates collide. In this subduction zone, a window has torn in the subducting slab.

Mt. Etna: A view of snowcapped Mount Etna. Image copyright iStockphoto / Domenico Pellegriti.

Mount Etna: Plate Tectonic Setting

Mount Etna is associated with the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate, which also produced Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei, but is part of a different volcanic arc (the Calabrian rather than Campanian). A number of theories have been proposed to explain Etna's location and eruptive history, including rifting processes, a hot spot, and intersection of structural breaks in the crust. Scientists are still debating which best fits their data, and are using a variety of methods to build a better image of the Earth's crust below the volcano.

VEI:   The Most Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

Ruins of a small house partially buried by volcanic debris from Mount Etna. Image copyright iStockphoto / Peeter Viisimaa.

Mount Etna Geology and Hazards

Mount Etna consists of two edifices: an ancient shield volcano at its base, and the younger Mongibello stratovolcano, which was built on top of the shield. The basaltic shield volcano eruptions began about 500,000 years ago, while the stratovolcano began forming about 35,000 years ago from more trachytic lavas. The volcano's slopes currently host several large calderas which formed when the roofs of magma chambers collapsed inward, including the east-facing, horseshoe-shaped Valle de Bove.

Etna's current activity consists of continuous summit degassing, explosive Strombolian eruptions, and frequent basaltic lava flows. Ash clouds from the explosive eruptions are especially hazardous to aircraft, since ash that is pulled into a jet engine can melt, coat moving parts with a layer of glass, and cause the engine to shut down. These dangerous ash clouds are often visible from space.

Etna has also produced pyroclastic flows, ashfalls , and mudflows, but the lava flows are the most immediately hazardous type of activity, especially to the city of Catania.

The lava flows themselves usually do not move fast enough to threaten humans, but they can cover large areas and destroy crops and buildings. In the event of a large flank (fissure) eruption, evacuating the inhabitants of towns and cities near the volcano would be a huge challenge.

Mount Etna ash plume: An oblique photograph of Mount Etna looking to the southeast taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station on October 30, 2002. The dark plume rising from the top of the volcano is an ash cloud. The broad white cloud streaming from areas of lower elevation is smoke produced by forest fires ignited as a hot lava flow moved through a pine forest. The ash and smoke caused air traffic to be diverted and forced the closing of roads, schools and businesses. Larger Image.

Mount Etna ash plume: An oblique photograph of Mount Etna on the west coast of the island of Sicily. This photo is looking to the southeast with the Mediterranean Sea in the background and was taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station on October 30, 2002. The scene shows the ash plume from the eruption being carried by wind across the Mediterranean Sea to Libya, over 350 miles away. Larger Image.

A Sicilian vineyard growing in the shadow of Mount Etna. The inhabitants of Sicily must balance the advantage of rich volcanic soil with the dangers of losing their crops and farms to an eruption from the still-active volcano. Image copyright iStockphoto / Domenico Pellegriti.

Mount Etna: Eruption History

Etna's eruptions have been documented since 1500 BC, when phreatomagmatic eruptions drove people living in the eastern part of the island to migrate to its western end. The volcano has experienced more than 200 eruptions since then, although most are moderately small. Etna's most powerful recorded eruption was in 1669, when explosions destroyed part of the summit and lava flows from a fissure on the volcano's flank reached the sea and the town of Catania, more than ten miles away. This eruption was also notable as one of the first attempts to control the path of flowing lava.

The Catanian townspeople dug a channel that drained lava away from their homes, but when the diverted lava threatened the village of Paterno, the inhabitants of that community drove away the Catanians and forced them to abandon their efforts.

An eruption in 1775 produced large lahars when hot material melted snow and ice on the summit, and an extremely violent eruption in 1852 produced more than 2 billion cubic feet of lava and covered more than three square miles of the volcano's flanks in lava flows. Etna's longest eruption began in 1979 and went on for thirteen years; its latest eruption began in September 2013, and is still ongoing.

About the Author

Jessica Ball is a graduate student in the Department of Geology at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Her concentration is in volcanology, and she is currently researching lava dome collapses and pyroclastic flows. Jessica earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the College of William and Mary, and worked for a year at the American Geological Institute in the Education/Outreach Program. She also writes the Magma Cum Laude blog , and in what spare time she has left, she enjoys rock climbing and playing various stringed instruments.

Find Other Topics on Geology.com:

A Level Geography Mount Etna Case Study

Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and has been erupting for thousands of years. The study of Mount Etna provides valuable insights into volcanic activity, hazards, and management strategies.

Geographical Location

Mount Etna is situated in northeastern Sicily, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It covers an area of approximately 1,190 square kilometers and reaches a height of 3,326 meters above sea level. Its proximity to populated areas makes it a significant hazard, as eruptions can pose risks to human settlements and infrastructure.

Volcanic Activity

Mount Etna is characterized by frequent eruptions, with the most recent eruptive period starting in 2011 and still ongoing. The volcano produces both explosive and effusive eruptions, with lava flows being the most common form of activity. Eruptions can vary in intensity, ranging from minor emissions of ash and gas to more significant explosive events.

Impact on Environment

The volcanic activity of Mount Etna has shaped the surrounding landscape significantly. Lava flows have created new landforms, such as lava tubes and volcanic cones. The deposition of volcanic ash enriches the soil, making the area fertile for agriculture. However, eruptions can also have adverse effects on the environment, such as deforestation, soil erosion, and air pollution.

Impact on Human Settlements

The proximity of Mount Etna to populated areas poses risks to human settlements. Volcanic ash and gases can affect air quality, causing respiratory problems for residents. Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars can destroy infrastructure and homes. Regular eruptions also disrupt economic activities, such as agriculture and tourism, impacting the local economy.

Management Strategies

Due to the high volcanic activity, Mount Etna requires effective management strategies to mitigate risks and protect human lives and property. The Italian government, in collaboration with local authorities, has implemented several measures:

Monitoring and Early Warning Systems

A sophisticated monitoring network is in place to detect volcanic activity and provide early warnings to nearby communities. This includes seismic monitoring, gas emission analysis, and ground deformation measurements. Alerts are issued through various communication channels to ensure prompt evacuation and preparedness.

Evacuation Plans

Evacuation plans have been developed to facilitate the safe relocation of residents during volcanic crises. These plans involve designated safe zones, evacuation routes, and transportation arrangements. Regular drills and public awareness campaigns are conducted to ensure the population is well-prepared and informed.

Volcano Tourism and Research

Mount Etna’s volcanic activity has attracted tourists and researchers from around the world. Volcano tourism provides economic benefits to the region and allows for scientific study and monitoring. Researchers study the volcano to better understand its behavior and improve forecasting capabilities.

Mount Etna serves as an essential case study for A Level Geography students due to its ongoing volcanic activity and the range of impacts it has on the environment and human settlements. The management strategies implemented in the area provide valuable insights into mitigating volcanic hazards and protecting communities. By studying Mount Etna, students can develop a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of volcanic systems and their management.

Sebastiano & Alessandro

Sicily Life is the product of two young friends "Siciliani" natives: Sebastiano & Alessandro. We like to provide our local experiences to all who like to experience the secrets of Sicily. Our goal is to help people coming to Sicily feel like they are home and not tourists! We both have experience in hotel management and hospitality services; You will find we have an infectious love for our native land. Sicily Life is distinguished by the highest level of personalized service available to each guest. Your host is on hand to make your vacation come true and provide all the needed arrangements.

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Mount Etna 2002 Case Study A-Level Geography OCR

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

18 April 2024

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This 3 page case study consists of three sections (facts at a glance, impacts, and recovery), all of which are valuable knowledge to students studying A-Level Geography OCR. This particular Mount Etna case study is for the Hazard Earth topic.

This case study will help students get an understanding of the different ways in which volcanic eruptions can impact an area as well as the effects eruptions have socially, environmentally, and economically. This knowledge will be valuable to students in the summer exam series.

Italy’s Mount Etna volcano, which erupted in 2002 had many widespread impacts on the local economy as well as on the environment also, so acts as a good case study for students to learn about as part of the hazardous earth topic of the OCR specification.

A-Level geography is a great subject for A-Level students to learn. It teaches them a range of topics from different landscape systems, understanding food around the world, migration patterns, and more. All of which will be used by students throughout their careers and beyond.

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6x Hazardous Earth Case Studies OCR A-Level Geography

Included is 6 case studies made for the hazardous earth topic of the A-Level Geography OCR specification. The six case studies include: - Chile Earthquake 2010 - China Earthquake 2008 - Haiti Earthquake 2010 - Iceland Volcanic eruption 2010 - Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 - Mount Etna Eruption 2002 Each case study covers elements which would be useful for students to know for each case study that can be applied in the exam. Examples include recovery methods, reasons for vulnerability, impacts, causes, and more. Each case study is 2/3 pages and they all include a short header section which includes a list of facts for students to memorize to gain extra marks in the exam. A-Level geography is a great subject for A-Level students to learn. It teaches them a range of topics from different landscape systems, understanding food around the world, migration patterns, and more. All of which will be used by students throughout their careers and beyond. Who are Phillips Resources? At Phillips Resources we use your feedback to create the highest quality and most desired resources so that students can get the grades they desire and teachers are trusting in the resources they use and also are left stress free from not having to create their own resources as often.

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Mount Etna 2002 case study

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• volanic eurption
• natural hazards

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Where is Mount Etna?

Island of Sicily-Italy

What was Italy’s GDP per Capita?

What % of the population of Sicily live on the flanks of Mount Etna

What type of lava did Mt Etna erupt?

Basaltic with a VEI of 1-3

When did Mt. Etna start to show signs of erupting?

December 1991

When did the 1991 eruptions start?

14th december

How long did the 1991 eruptions last for?

What temperatures did the lava flows reach?

1000 degrees c

There was enough lava to fill out how many Wembley stadiums?

The lava also destroyed springs which gave water to which town?

Zafferana-population of 8,000

How many people were injured and killed?

What did economic costs rise to?

What are the measurements of the earth barrier that was constructed in January 1992?

234m long 21m high

When was the final successful intervention carried out?

May 27-29 1992

How many kg of explosives were used in the final successful intervention?

When did the eruption end?

How much did the Italian government set aside to restore the area?

8 million USD

What height range were the effusion vents at?

2,200 and 2,350 m high

Decks in Geography-physical Class (165):

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Phillips Resources

Mount Etna Hazardous Earth Case Study A-Level Geography OCR

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This A-Level geography case study has three sections and covers everything students studying OCR A-Level Geography need to know about the 2002 Mount Etna volcanic eruption. This case study is for the hazardous earth section of OCR's physical geography specification.

Section 1: Facts at a glance

Section 2: Impacts

Section 3: Recovery

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• Natural hazards
• Created by: portialeoniee
• Created on: 11-02-20 15:40
• Home to approx. one million people.
• Lava destroyed springs and water supply was disrupted.
• Schools closed
• Buildings destroyed by lava
• Lava destroyed tourist station at Piano Provenzana
• Catania airport closed due to ash
• Lava took out power cables
• Agricultural yields affected
• Millions of insurance claims for property damage
• The Italian Army's heavy equipment was brought in to block and divert lava flows
• The Italian government pledged immediate financial assistance of more than $8 million.
• Orange groves, vineyards, chestnuts and hazel groves destroyed
• Ash deposited material as far away as Libya, 600km
• Land swelling and gas emissions
• Development of evacuation plans and emergency supplies.
• Dams of soil and volcanic rock were put up to protect the tourist base and helped to divert lava flow.
• Evacuation of people from Nicolosi
• Buildings strengthened to reduce risk of collapse from weight of ash
• Mount Etna used for tourism to generate local income.
• Management plans
• Italy, 2002

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