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Nursing Research Review of Literature

Jan 06, 2020

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Nursing Research Review of Literature. Professor Dr. Ali K. Al- Juboori. Review of Literature: Major Goal. To develop a strong knowledge base to carry-out research and other educational and clinical practice activities. Objectives.

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Nursing ResearchReview of Literature Professor Dr. Ali K. Al-Juboori

Review of Literature: Major Goal • To develop a strong knowledge base to carry-out research and other educational and clinical practice activities

Objectives • (1) To determine what is known & unknown about a problem, subject or concept • (2) To determine gaps, consistencies and inconsistencies • (3)To answer unanswered questions • (4)To identify conceptual frameworks used to examine problems

(5) To generate useful research ?’s & hypotheses of interest to nursing • (6) Todetermines appropriate research design, methodology, & analysis based on earlier reports • (7) To determine if there is a need for replication of study • (8) To synthesize strengths & weaknesses of earlier reports in a concise manner

literature review concentrate on the following: • 1.When the problem/ concept was identified • 2.When was it 1st investigated • 3.How was it previously investigated • 4.By whom was it investigated (individual, multi-site, WHO etc) • 5.Gaps & inconsistencies identified (provides directions for future research)

Steps For Reviewing The Literature: • (1) Determine concept/ issue/ topic/ problem of interest • (2) Identify key words, variables, and terms • (3) Conduct print (recent reviews) & computer searches of abstracts (e.g., PUBMED, MEDLINE) • (4) Print-out key abstracts & organize sources for retrieval للمراجعة (e.g., organize by journal name, year etc) • (5) get relevant articles (current reviews as a starting point)

Steps For Reviewing The Literature: • (6) Select articles & weed-out all irrelevant articles • (7) Copy all relevant, classical & ground-breaking articles (who’s quoting نقل عن who?) • (8) Review articles systematically (abstract, background, researches, methods, results, discussion) • (9) Synthesize critical summaries (e.g., chronologically زمنيا, according to type etc) • (10) Summarize & systematically critique each source

Critiquing Criteria for Review of Literature: after completing review • (1) Does literature review fit purpose(s) of the current proposed study ? • (2) Are all relevant concepts & variables included in the review? • (3) Do summaries reflect essential components of the study (e.g., study design, results, instruments, validity, reliability issues, etc) • (4) Does critique include strengths, weaknesses, limitations with design, etc? • (5) What are gaps or inconsistencies?

(6) Are primary & current sources used mostly?(e.g., chronologically زمنيا ? • (7)How does the review reflect critical thinking?

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NURSING RESEARCH “THE LITERATURE REVIEW”

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Literature Reviews for Nursing Research (Presentation)

Literature reviews for nursing research.

This presentation has been used in information literacy classes with YR 3 nursing science students in the NURS 344, Nursing Research, course. 

Objectives: 

• Discuss nature & purpose of literature reviews
• Review defining elements of research articles
• Discover approaches & strategies for your review of the literature  

Accompanying materials:  Worksheets for tracking searches, article analysis and research synthesis. 

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Nursing Resources : Conducting a Literature Review

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What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is an essay that surveys, summarizes, links together, and assesses research in a given field. It surveys the literature by reviewing a large body of work on a subject; it summarizes by noting the main conclusions and findings of the research; it links together works in the literature by showing how the information fits into the overall academic discussion and how the information relates to one another; it assesses the literature by noting areas of weakness, expansion, and contention. This is the essentials of literature review construction by discussing the major sectional elements, their purpose, how they are constructed, and how they all fit together.

All literature reviews have major sections:

• Introduction: that indicates the general state of the literature on a given topic;
• Methodology: an overview of how, where, and what subject terms used to conducted your search so it may be reproducable
• Findings: a summary of the major findings in that field;
• Discussion: a general progression from wider studies to smaller, more specifically-focused studies;
• Conclusion: for each major section that again notes the overall state of the research, albeit with a focus on the major synthesized conclusions, problems in the research, and even possible avenues of further research.

In Literature Reviews, it is Not Appropriate to:

• State your own opinions on the subject (unless you have evidence to support such claims).  
• State what you think nurses should do (unless you have evidence to support such claims).
• Provide long descriptive accounts of your subject with no reference to research studies.
• Provide numerous definitions, signs/symptoms, treatment and complications of a particular illness without focusing on research studies to provide evidence and the primary purpose of the literature review.
• Discuss research studies in isolation from each other.

Remember, a literature review is not a book report. A literature review is focus, succinct, organized, and is free of personal beliefs or unsubstantiated tidbits.

• Types of Literature Reviews A detailed explanation of the different types of reviews and required citation retrieval numbers

Outline of a Literture Review

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• Volume 19, Issue 1
• Reviewing the literature
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• Joanna Smith 1 ,
• Helen Noble 2
• 1 School of Healthcare, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
• 2 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Joanna Smith , School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; j.e.smith1{at}leeds.ac.uk

https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102252

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Implementing evidence into practice requires nurses to identify, critically appraise and synthesise research. This may require a comprehensive literature review: this article aims to outline the approaches and stages required and provides a working example of a published review.

Are there different approaches to undertaking a literature review?

What stages are required to undertake a literature review.

The rationale for the review should be established; consider why the review is important and relevant to patient care/safety or service delivery. For example, Noble et al 's 4 review sought to understand and make recommendations for practice and research in relation to dialysis refusal and withdrawal in patients with end-stage renal disease, an area of care previously poorly described. If appropriate, highlight relevant policies and theoretical perspectives that might guide the review. Once the key issues related to the topic, including the challenges encountered in clinical practice, have been identified formulate a clear question, and/or develop an aim and specific objectives. The type of review undertaken is influenced by the purpose of the review and resources available. However, the stages or methods used to undertake a review are similar across approaches and include:

Formulating clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, for example, patient groups, ages, conditions/treatments, sources of evidence/research designs;

Justifying data bases and years searched, and whether strategies including hand searching of journals, conference proceedings and research not indexed in data bases (grey literature) will be undertaken;

Developing search terms, the PICU (P: patient, problem or population; I: intervention; C: comparison; O: outcome) framework is a useful guide when developing search terms;

Developing search skills (eg, understanding Boolean Operators, in particular the use of AND/OR) and knowledge of how data bases index topics (eg, MeSH headings). Working with a librarian experienced in undertaking health searches is invaluable when developing a search.

Once studies are selected, the quality of the research/evidence requires evaluation. Using a quality appraisal tool, such as the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools, 5 results in a structured approach to assessing the rigour of studies being reviewed. 3 Approaches to data synthesis for quantitative studies may include a meta-analysis (statistical analysis of data from multiple studies of similar designs that have addressed the same question), or findings can be reported descriptively. 6 Methods applicable for synthesising qualitative studies include meta-ethnography (themes and concepts from different studies are explored and brought together using approaches similar to qualitative data analysis methods), narrative summary, thematic analysis and content analysis. 7 Table 1 outlines the stages undertaken for a published review that summarised research about parents’ experiences of living with a child with a long-term condition. 8

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An example of rapid evidence assessment review

In summary, the type of literature review depends on the review purpose. For the novice reviewer undertaking a review can be a daunting and complex process; by following the stages outlined and being systematic a robust review is achievable. The importance of literature reviews should not be underestimated—they help summarise and make sense of an increasingly vast body of research promoting best evidence-based practice.

• ↵ Centre for Reviews and Dissemination . Guidance for undertaking reviews in health care . 3rd edn . York : CRD, York University , 2009 .
• ↵ Canadian Best Practices Portal. http://cbpp-pcpe.phac-aspc.gc.ca/interventions/selected-systematic-review-sites / ( accessed 7.8.2015 ).
• Bridges J , et al
• ↵ Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). http://www.casp-uk.net / ( accessed 7.8.2015 ).
• Dixon-Woods M ,
• Shaw R , et al
• Agarwal S ,
• Jones D , et al
• Cheater F ,

Twitter Follow Joanna Smith at @josmith175

Competing interests None declared.

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Nursing: How to Write a Literature Review

Traditional or narrative literature review, other types of literature reviews.

• Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review
• How to Write a Literature Review
• RESEARCH HELP

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For more help on this topic, please contact our Research Help Desk: [email protected] or 781-768-7303. Stay up-to-date on our current hours . Note: all hours are EST.

This Guide was created by Carolyn Swidrak (retired).

This guide addresses how to prepare a traditional or narrative literature review. 

Why is a literature review important?

“The primary purpose of a literature review is to summarize evidence on a topic – to sum up what is known and what is not known . ” ( Polit & Beck, 2018, p. 107)

Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

A traditional or narrative review is one type of review.  Others include:

• systematic review
• integrative review
• scoping review

For more information on various types of reviews:

• A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
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Literature Review

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How to Search

Need more articles, but can't seem to find the right ones? Try these techniques!

Backwards searching: Once you find a relevant article, check the reference list at the end of the article. This will help you find other pertinent articles. 

Forward searching : Once you find a relevant article, look at whether it has been cited in more-recent research. If a researcher cited it, it is likely that their paper will also relate to your topic. ResearchGate is a community for students and researchers. It lists where each of their publications have been cited, if at all. This can be found under the "citations" tab that pops up when you click on any publication. 

When stuck, ask yourself, "What else is related to my topic?"

Get creative! You might find useful literature that you did not initially anticipate.

Fonseca, M. (2013, November 4) 5 tips to write a great literature review. https://www.editage.com/insights/5-tips-to-write-a-great-literature-review?refer=scroll-to-1-article&refer-type=article

What is a Literature Review?

"A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic" (Fonseca, 2013). A literature review provides background for your paper by quickly bringing the reader up-to-date on relevant findings, controversies, and dilemmas. It is the author's chance to "set the scene" and demonstrate why their topic is of interest to academia. In your literature review, you will describe "where your project comes from and how it fits in with existing knowledge" (Lloyd, 2017-2018). Further, you will provide "an argument for why your project makes a valuable contribution" (Lloyd, 2017-2018).

References: 

Lloyd, C.(2017-2018). Literature reviews for sociology senior theses . [PowerPoint Slides]. https://socthesis.fas.harvard.edu/files/socseniorthesis/files/pres-litreview.pdf

Step One: Define Your Research Question

What are you trying to determine for your literature review? What specifically do you want to learn more about? Choose a topic that you are genuinely interested in. Next, conduct a broad search on it. Determine what trending and popular research is available, then narrow your topic down. You can refine it by one or more of the following:

• Geographic location
• Time period
• Discipline/field of study, etc.

Research terms will help define your question.

• A broad question might be something like: What is the homeless population like?
• A narrow and specific question may include: What social and political factors have affected the growth of the middle-aged homeless population in Toronto within the past five years?

Once you have determined an appropriate research question/topic, move on to planning your approach.

Dermody, K., Literature Reviews. (2020, January 23). Retrieved from https://learn.library.ryerson.ca/literaturereview.

Step Two: Plan Your Approach 

After you have landed a research question, ask yourself "Which specific terms will I use, and where am I going to begin?" Determine what kind of literature you want to look at, whether it be journal articles, books, electronic resources, newspapers, or even other literature reviews on similar topics.

Your keywords are the main concepts or ideas of your paper.  For example, the keywords for a paper on “youth employment in Canada” would be:

Use synonyms: Often there are multiple ways to express the same concept. Make sure to use synonyms in your research. For instance, "employment" can be researched as:

Lastly, use “ AND ” and “ OR .” By bridging your truncated keywords and synonyms with the capitalized search words “AND” and “OR” (known as Boolean operators), you can search for multiple concepts effectively. For more information, visit the "electronic resources" tab of this research guide. There is a box on Boolean operators. 

Step Four: Analyze Material

When searching for material, it is important to analyze your sources for credibility, accuracy, currency, and authenticity. Ask these questions when analyzing a source:

• What is the purpose of the work?
• How current is it?
• Who is the author? 
• What are the author's biases?
• Is this work peer reviewed? 
• How accurate is this information? What facts/empirical evidence support it?
• What time frame are you looking at for your literature review, and does the work fall within that range?

Step Five: Manage Your Results 

After analyzing your research and determining what sources you want to use, it's important to keep track of what you have looked through. Keep a list of the following:

• What searches you have completed.
• Which ones were successful and unsuccessful.
• What databases you used.
• What sources you want to use for your literature review.
• What else you may want to search for next.

You can do this using software such as Zotero , Mendeley , and EndNote .

Congratulations! You are making progress towards an exceptional literature review.

Literature Review vs. Annotated Bibliography  Both a literature review (A.K.A. literature synthesis) and an annotated bibliography summarize the existing body of knowledge on a given topic.

What is the difference between a literature review and an annotated bibliography?  Unlike literature reviews, annotated bibliographies summarize entire research articles. An annotated bibliography looks like this:

Annotated Bibliography

•    Summarizes each article separately.

o    First, students discuss article one, then two, etc.  o    Topic: Blood Donation

• Paragraph 1: Bonnie and Clyde (2019) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Paragraph 2: Rose and Jack (1997) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Paragraph 3: Mary-Kate and Ashley (2001) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Result: Multiple summaries of individual research articles (Lloyd, 2017-2018).

•    Describes the existing body of knowledge by integrating and synthesizing the literature to create something new.

o     Topic: Blood Donation

• Paragraph 1: Information/research findings on red blood cells pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 2: Information/research findings on platelets pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 3: Information/research findings on white blood cells pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 4: Information/research findings on the drawbacks of donating blood from multiple sources (Lloyd, 2017-2018).
• Result: The author points out "themes, concepts, gaps and disagreements" between articles (Hofer, Hanick & Townsend, 2019, p. 216). Students use these to describe the existing body of knowledge on their topic one concept at a time. 

References:

Hofer, A. R., Hanick S. L., & Townsend, L. (2019). Designing activities for conceptual teaching. Transforming information literacy instruction: Threshold concepts in theory and practice. (p. 209-224). Libraries Unlimited.

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Nursing: Literature Review

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Good Place to Start: Citation Databases

Interdisciplinary Citation Databases:

A good place to start your research  is to search a research citation database to view the scope of literature available on your topic.

TIP #1: SEED ARTICLE Begin your research with a "seed article" - an article that strongly supports your research topic.  Then use a citation database to follow the studies published by finding articles which have cited that article, either because they support it or because they disagree with it.

TIP #2: SNOWBALLING Snowballing is the process where researchers will begin with a select number of articles they have identified relevant/strongly supports their topic and then search each articles' references reviewing the studies cited to determine if they are relevant to your research.

BONUS POINTS: This process also helps identify key highly cited authors within a topic to help establish the "experts" in the field.

Begin by constructing a focused research question to help you then convert it into an effective search strategy.

• Identify keywords or synonyms
• Type of study/resources
• Which database(s) to search
• Asking a Good Question (PICO)
• PICO - AHRQ
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• What Is a PICOT Question?

Seminal Works: Search Key Indexing/Citation Databases

• Google Scholar
• Web of Science

TIP – How to Locate Seminal Works

• DO NOT: Limit by date range or you might overlook the seminal works
• DO: Look at highly cited references (Seminal articles are frequently referred to “cited” in the research)
• DO: Search citation databases like Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar

Web Resources

What is a literature review?

A literature review is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of published information on a subject area. Conducting a literature review demands a careful examination of a body of literature that has been published that helps answer your research question (See PICO). Literature reviewed includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases, primary sources and grey literature.

A literature review attempts to answer the following:

• What is known about the subject?
• What is the chronology of knowledge about my subject?
• Are there any gaps in the literature?
• Is there a consensus/debate on issues?
• Create a clear research question/statement
• Define the scope of the review include limitations (i.e. gender, age, location, nationality...)
• Search existing literature including classic works on your topic and grey literature
• Evaluate results and the evidence (Avoid discounting information that contradicts your research)
• Track and organize references
• How to conduct an effective literature search.
• Social Work Literature Review Guidelines (OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab)

What is PICO?

The PICO model can help you formulate a good clinical question. Sometimes it's referred to as PICO-T, containing an optional 5th factor. 

Search Example

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Reviews of Literature in Nursing Research: Methodological Considerations and Defining Characteristics

Affiliation.

• 1 School of Nursing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (Ms Silva and Drs Woo, Galica, Wilson, and Luctkar-Flude); School of Nursing, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Dr Padilha and Ms Petry); and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dr Silva E Silva).
• PMID: 35213877
• DOI: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000418

Despite the availability of guidelines about the different types of review literature, the identification of the best approach is not always clear for nursing researchers. Therefore, in this article, we provide a comprehensive guide to be used by health care and nursing scholars while choosing among 4 popular types of reviews (narrative, integrative, scoping, and systematic review), including a descriptive discussion, critical analysis, and decision map tree. Although some review methodologies are more rigorous, it would be inaccurate to say that one is preferable over the others. Instead, each methodology is adequate for a certain type of investigation, nursing methodology research, and research paradigm.

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Publication types

• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Delivery of Health Care
• Nursing Research*
• Research Design
• Research Personnel
• Review Literature as Topic*