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Literature Reviews for Nursing Research (Presentation)

Literature reviews for nursing research.

This presentation has been used in information literacy classes with YR 3 nursing science students in the NURS 344, Nursing Research, course. 

Objectives: 

• Discuss nature & purpose of literature reviews
• Review defining elements of research articles
• Discover approaches & strategies for your review of the literature  

Accompanying materials:  Worksheets for tracking searches, article analysis and research synthesis. 

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Review of the Literature

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Nursing: Literature Review

• Required Texts
• Writing Assistance and Organizing & Citing References
• NCLEX Resources
• Literature Review
• MSN Students
• Physical Examination
• Drug Information
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• Evidence-based Medicine
• Certifications
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• Scoping Reviews
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Good Place to Start: Citation Databases

Interdisciplinary Citation Databases:

A good place to start your research  is to search a research citation database to view the scope of literature available on your topic.

TIP #1: SEED ARTICLE Begin your research with a "seed article" - an article that strongly supports your research topic.  Then use a citation database to follow the studies published by finding articles which have cited that article, either because they support it or because they disagree with it.

TIP #2: SNOWBALLING Snowballing is the process where researchers will begin with a select number of articles they have identified relevant/strongly supports their topic and then search each articles' references reviewing the studies cited to determine if they are relevant to your research.

BONUS POINTS: This process also helps identify key highly cited authors within a topic to help establish the "experts" in the field.

Begin by constructing a focused research question to help you then convert it into an effective search strategy.

• Identify keywords or synonyms
• Type of study/resources
• Which database(s) to search
• Asking a Good Question (PICO)
• PICO - AHRQ
• PICO - Worksheet
• What Is a PICOT Question?

Seminal Works: Search Key Indexing/Citation Databases

• Google Scholar
• Web of Science

TIP – How to Locate Seminal Works

• DO NOT: Limit by date range or you might overlook the seminal works
• DO: Look at highly cited references (Seminal articles are frequently referred to “cited” in the research)
• DO: Search citation databases like Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar

Web Resources

What is a literature review?

A literature review is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of published information on a subject area. Conducting a literature review demands a careful examination of a body of literature that has been published that helps answer your research question (See PICO). Literature reviewed includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases, primary sources and grey literature.

A literature review attempts to answer the following:

• What is known about the subject?
• What is the chronology of knowledge about my subject?
• Are there any gaps in the literature?
• Is there a consensus/debate on issues?
• Create a clear research question/statement
• Define the scope of the review include limitations (i.e. gender, age, location, nationality...)
• Search existing literature including classic works on your topic and grey literature
• Evaluate results and the evidence (Avoid discounting information that contradicts your research)
• Track and organize references
• How to conduct an effective literature search.
• Social Work Literature Review Guidelines (OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab)

What is PICO?

The PICO model can help you formulate a good clinical question. Sometimes it's referred to as PICO-T, containing an optional 5th factor. 

Search Example

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Literature Review

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How to Search

Need more articles, but can't seem to find the right ones? Try these techniques!

Backwards searching: Once you find a relevant article, check the reference list at the end of the article. This will help you find other pertinent articles. 

Forward searching : Once you find a relevant article, look at whether it has been cited in more-recent research. If a researcher cited it, it is likely that their paper will also relate to your topic. ResearchGate is a community for students and researchers. It lists where each of their publications have been cited, if at all. This can be found under the "citations" tab that pops up when you click on any publication. 

When stuck, ask yourself, "What else is related to my topic?"

Get creative! You might find useful literature that you did not initially anticipate.

Fonseca, M. (2013, November 4) 5 tips to write a great literature review. https://www.editage.com/insights/5-tips-to-write-a-great-literature-review?refer=scroll-to-1-article&refer-type=article

What is a Literature Review?

"A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic" (Fonseca, 2013). A literature review provides background for your paper by quickly bringing the reader up-to-date on relevant findings, controversies, and dilemmas. It is the author's chance to "set the scene" and demonstrate why their topic is of interest to academia. In your literature review, you will describe "where your project comes from and how it fits in with existing knowledge" (Lloyd, 2017-2018). Further, you will provide "an argument for why your project makes a valuable contribution" (Lloyd, 2017-2018).

References: 

Lloyd, C.(2017-2018). Literature reviews for sociology senior theses . [PowerPoint Slides]. https://socthesis.fas.harvard.edu/files/socseniorthesis/files/pres-litreview.pdf

Step One: Define Your Research Question

What are you trying to determine for your literature review? What specifically do you want to learn more about? Choose a topic that you are genuinely interested in. Next, conduct a broad search on it. Determine what trending and popular research is available, then narrow your topic down. You can refine it by one or more of the following:

• Geographic location
• Time period
• Discipline/field of study, etc.

Research terms will help define your question.

• A broad question might be something like: What is the homeless population like?
• A narrow and specific question may include: What social and political factors have affected the growth of the middle-aged homeless population in Toronto within the past five years?

Once you have determined an appropriate research question/topic, move on to planning your approach.

Dermody, K., Literature Reviews. (2020, January 23). Retrieved from https://learn.library.ryerson.ca/literaturereview.

Step Two: Plan Your Approach 

After you have landed a research question, ask yourself "Which specific terms will I use, and where am I going to begin?" Determine what kind of literature you want to look at, whether it be journal articles, books, electronic resources, newspapers, or even other literature reviews on similar topics.

Your keywords are the main concepts or ideas of your paper.  For example, the keywords for a paper on “youth employment in Canada” would be:

Use synonyms: Often there are multiple ways to express the same concept. Make sure to use synonyms in your research. For instance, "employment" can be researched as:

Lastly, use “ AND ” and “ OR .” By bridging your truncated keywords and synonyms with the capitalized search words “AND” and “OR” (known as Boolean operators), you can search for multiple concepts effectively. For more information, visit the "electronic resources" tab of this research guide. There is a box on Boolean operators. 

Step Four: Analyze Material

When searching for material, it is important to analyze your sources for credibility, accuracy, currency, and authenticity. Ask these questions when analyzing a source:

• What is the purpose of the work?
• How current is it?
• Who is the author? 
• What are the author's biases?
• Is this work peer reviewed? 
• How accurate is this information? What facts/empirical evidence support it?
• What time frame are you looking at for your literature review, and does the work fall within that range?

Step Five: Manage Your Results 

After analyzing your research and determining what sources you want to use, it's important to keep track of what you have looked through. Keep a list of the following:

• What searches you have completed.
• Which ones were successful and unsuccessful.
• What databases you used.
• What sources you want to use for your literature review.
• What else you may want to search for next.

You can do this using software such as Zotero , Mendeley , and EndNote .

Congratulations! You are making progress towards an exceptional literature review.

Literature Review vs. Annotated Bibliography  Both a literature review (A.K.A. literature synthesis) and an annotated bibliography summarize the existing body of knowledge on a given topic.

What is the difference between a literature review and an annotated bibliography?  Unlike literature reviews, annotated bibliographies summarize entire research articles. An annotated bibliography looks like this:

Annotated Bibliography

•    Summarizes each article separately.

o    First, students discuss article one, then two, etc.  o    Topic: Blood Donation

• Paragraph 1: Bonnie and Clyde (2019) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Paragraph 2: Rose and Jack (1997) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Paragraph 3: Mary-Kate and Ashley (2001) wrote "this" on blood donation.
• Result: Multiple summaries of individual research articles (Lloyd, 2017-2018).

•    Describes the existing body of knowledge by integrating and synthesizing the literature to create something new.

o     Topic: Blood Donation

• Paragraph 1: Information/research findings on red blood cells pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 2: Information/research findings on platelets pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 3: Information/research findings on white blood cells pulled from multiple sources.
• Paragraph 4: Information/research findings on the drawbacks of donating blood from multiple sources (Lloyd, 2017-2018).
• Result: The author points out "themes, concepts, gaps and disagreements" between articles (Hofer, Hanick & Townsend, 2019, p. 216). Students use these to describe the existing body of knowledge on their topic one concept at a time. 

References:

Hofer, A. R., Hanick S. L., & Townsend, L. (2019). Designing activities for conceptual teaching. Transforming information literacy instruction: Threshold concepts in theory and practice. (p. 209-224). Libraries Unlimited.

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What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is an essay that surveys, summarizes, links together, and assesses research in a given field. It surveys the literature by reviewing a large body of work on a subject; it summarizes by noting the main conclusions and findings of the research; it links together works in the literature by showing how the information fits into the overall academic discussion and how the information relates to one another; it assesses the literature by noting areas of weakness, expansion, and contention. This is the essentials of literature review construction by discussing the major sectional elements, their purpose, how they are constructed, and how they all fit together.

All literature reviews have major sections:

• Introduction: that indicates the general state of the literature on a given topic;
• Methodology: an overview of how, where, and what subject terms used to conducted your search so it may be reproducable
• Findings: a summary of the major findings in that field;
• Discussion: a general progression from wider studies to smaller, more specifically-focused studies;
• Conclusion: for each major section that again notes the overall state of the research, albeit with a focus on the major synthesized conclusions, problems in the research, and even possible avenues of further research.

In Literature Reviews, it is Not Appropriate to:

• State your own opinions on the subject (unless you have evidence to support such claims).  
• State what you think nurses should do (unless you have evidence to support such claims).
• Provide long descriptive accounts of your subject with no reference to research studies.
• Provide numerous definitions, signs/symptoms, treatment and complications of a particular illness without focusing on research studies to provide evidence and the primary purpose of the literature review.
• Discuss research studies in isolation from each other.

Remember, a literature review is not a book report. A literature review is focus, succinct, organized, and is free of personal beliefs or unsubstantiated tidbits.

• Types of Literature Reviews A detailed explanation of the different types of reviews and required citation retrieval numbers

Outline of a Literture Review

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Chapter 2 Literature Review

Jul 10, 2014

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Chapter 2 Literature Review. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?. It is an account of what has been published on a research area It summarizes , synthesizes and evaluates (critiques) the studies reviewed It outlines a framework and a theoretical base of a research

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Presentation Transcript

Chapter 2Literature Review

WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW? • It is an account of what has been published on a research area • It summarizes, synthesizes and evaluates (critiques) the studies reviewed • It outlines a framework and a theoretical base of a research • It is defined by research objectives, issue/problem you are exploring • It is NOT just a description or summary of your readings.

SOURCESOFINFORMATION

PrimarySources Own experience/ opinion Others’experience/ opinion Interview Questionnaire Observation Experiment

referenceworks books journals Secondary Sources magazines newspapers newsletter brochures electronicresources

Citesources Avoidplagiarism

Source: wiki.noblenet.org

Taken from: info.library.unsw.edu.au

WARNING: In academic culture, plagiarism is a serious offense. Committing plagiarism can result in being expelled from a university. Therefore, it is in your best interest to learn CITING skills.

summarising quoting copying paraphrasing PLAGIARISM PLAGIARISM Without adequate documentation

WaystoUseSecondaryData Paraphrase Summarise Quote

Paraphrase/Summarise Table of main idea

QUOTING …iscopyingauthor’soriginalwordsand puttingtheminquotationmarks

QuotingGuide Lessthan40words incorporate intothetext Morethan40words useaseparate “block quotation”

Some Rules to In-Text Citation - Direct Quotation - • According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).  • She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) Jones's (1998) study found the following: 

UsefulExpressionswhen Quoting/Paraphrasing/Summarising state find discover conclude review discover suggest list reveal illustrate claim analyse report show recommend maintain assume indicate

What is in-text citation? • According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. • APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

Reference List? • Strahan, D. (2009, September). A real waste of waste. Ecologist, (3), 2-4. • Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9). 'Politics of water' leaves Punjab in deep trouble. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com • Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R.(1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Some Rules to In-Text Citation - Paraphrase/Summary - • A Work with One Author – use surname but do not include suffix (such as Jr.) or professional titles (such as Dr.) • As Resnick (1997) described in her adventure, the people of South Africa are committed to the future. • The people of South Africa are committed to the future (Resnick, 1997). • A Work with Two Authors - use both names each time the reference is cited; use & instead of “and” in the parenthetical citation, but do not substitute in the sentence. • Smith and Jones (2005) found … • As the research shows (Smith & Jones, 2005) …

Some Rules to In-Text Citation - Paraphrase/Summary - • A Work with 3, 4, or 5 Authors – use all authors for the first mention and the first author and et al. for subsequent referrals • Carey, Elfstrand, and Hijleh (2005) found … [first citation to this work] • As this study shows (Carey et al., 2005) … [all subsequent references to above work] • A Work with More than 6 Authors – use the first author and et al. and the year. • Gordon et al. (2009) showed … • As shown previously (Gordon et al., 2009) …

Some Rules to In-Text Citation - Paraphrase/Summary - • A Work with a Group as Author – corporations, associations, government agencies – use the full name in each citation unless the abbreviation is well known and is easily recognizable for locating the entry in the Reference list. • Rose Society (1999) or (Rose Society, 1999) [all citations to this work –no common abbreviation or acronym] • United Nations Children‟s Fund (2007) or (United Nations Children‟s Fund, 2007) [first citation] • UNICEF (2007) or (UNICEF, 2007) [subsequent referrals to this work –common acronym – reader would know to look for entry under United Nations Children‟s Fund in the Reference list]

Some Rules to In-Text Citation - Paraphrase/Summary - • A Work with No Author – instead of the author use the title or the first few words of the title (if the title is long). If the title is to a chapter, an article or a web page, put the words in quotes; if the title is to a book, a periodical, a brochure or report, use italics. • A study on internet use (“Survey Shows”, 2008)… [This is a web page from a web site; use quotation marks since work is a part of a whole] • The brochure Facts about HIV/AIDS (2009)… [Use italics since this is a whole work] • Secondary Sources – use only when unable to review the original work • Freeman’s work (as cited in Franklin, 2001) purports… [Franklin is listed in the Reference list]

Some Rules to Reference List • Publication date appears in parentheses, followed by a period. Use (n.d.) when no publication date is available • Italicize titles of whole entities - books, periodicals, brochures, films, reports, etc. - not chapters or article titles • Italicize volume numbers of magazines and journals, but not the issue number. • Electronic Sources not based on a Print Version • Use this statement – Retrieved MONTH DATE, YEAR, from URL

Some Rules to Reference List - Examples - • Magazine, newsletter, or journal article in print • Nayak, N. V. & Taylor, J. E. (2009, October). Offshore outsourcing in global design networks. Journal of Management in Engineering, 25, 177-184. • Strahan, D. (2009, September). A real waste of waste. Ecologist, (3), 2-4. • Twitter: a vampire that can legally suck the life out of you. (2009, September 21). Advertising Age, 80(31), 42.

Some Rules to Reference List - Examples - • Journal article retrieved online (web or database) – provide homepage URL of the journal, newsletter or magazine rather than electronic database information. • Clemmitt, M. (2009, October 9). Medication abuse. CQ Researcher, 19, 837-860. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/

Some Rules to Reference List - Examples - • Newspaper article in print and retrieved online– use p. or pp. for page numbers in a newspaper • Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9). 'Politics of water' leaves Punjab in deep trouble. Financial Times, p. 6. • Kazmin, A. (2009, September 9). 'Politics of water' leaves Punjab in deep trouble. Financial Times. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.ft.com

Some Rules to Reference List - Examples - • Entire book, print version • Belasco, W. J. (2007). Appetite for change: How the counterculture took on the food industry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. • Entire book, electronic version of a print book – electronic retrieval information replaces publication information. If DOI available, that is all that is needed. • Bohman, J. (2007). Democracy across borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi. Retrieved July, 6 2009, from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/rit/docDetail.action? docID=10190463

Book chapter, article in edited book • Carll, E. K. (2008). Violent video games and aggressive behavior in children are linked. In Gerdes, L. (Ed.). Opposing Viewpoints: Violence. (pp. 6-21). Chicago, IL: American Library Association. • Unpublished Work • Lipkens, R. (1992). A behaviour analysis of complex human functioning: Analogical reasoning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada-Reno, Nevada, USA.

Query • Conference/Proceedings? • Evers, G. & Isernberg, M. (2009, January). Reliability and validity of self-care agency scale. Paper presented at the International Nursing Research Conference, Washington, DC. • Evers, G. & Isernberg, M. (2009, January). Reliability and validity of self-care agency scale. In Bauer, B. (Ed.), Conceptual issues in family caregiving research: Proceedings of the International Nursing Research Conference (pp. 20-30). Washington, DC: University of Washington.

Online article with no page number: • Use abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number you are citing. When possible, specify a section of the article. • (Myers, 2000, para. 5) • (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1) • Presentation • Worral, P. S. & Levin, R. (2004, June). Developing a statewide research agenda. Presentation given at the biannual meeting of the American Nurses Association, Minneapolis, MN.

How Do You Cite a Google Book? • Students are starting to turn to the resource for their research. • The answer wasn’t immediately clear! • Ballard, J. N. (1998). The History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington: DIANE Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 0-7881-7666-8. Google Book Search. Retrieved on December 23, 2007

1. PARAPHRASING • Involve restating the ideas from a passage in your own words • Paraphrased text is usually the same length as the original

Example • Source It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, butno-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month. – (Chan Kian Hwa, 2010) • Paraphrase Although Cairo according to Chan Kian Hwa (2010) has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.

The following stages may be useful: • Read and understand the text. • Make a list of the main ideas. • Find the important ideas - the important words/phrases. In some way mark them - write them down, underline or highlight them. • Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialised vocabulary and common words.

Change the structure of the text. • Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalisation, contrast. • Express these relationships in a different way. • Change the grammar of the text: change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences. • Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing.

Check your work. • Make sure the meaning is the same. • Make sure the length is the same. • Make sure the style is your own. • Remember to acknowledge other people's work.

METHODS OF PARAPHRASING • Look away from the source; then write. • Read the text you want to paraphrase several times—until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words. OR • Take notes. • Take notes; set the notes aside; then paraphrase from the notes.

If it still doesn’t work? This may mean that you don’t understand the passage completely. Then, you have to move to the next strategy: While looking at the source, first change (a) the structure, then (b) the words.

(a) Change the structure • Begin by starting at a different place in the passage, basing your choice on the focus of your paper. This will lead naturally to some changes in wording. • Focusing on specific people rather than abstractions will make your paraphrase more readable. • You might also break up long sentences, combine short ones, expand phrases for clarity, or shorten them for conciseness.

(b) Change the words • Use synonyms or a phrase that expresses the same meaning. • Leave shared language unchanged. • Some Examples of Shared Language You Don’t Need to Change: • Conventional designations: e.g., physician’s assistant, chronic low-back pain • Preferred bias-free language: e.g., persons with disabilities • Technical terms and phrases of a discipline or genre: e.g., reduplication, cognitive domain, material culture, sexual harassment

Exercise • There are reckoned to be over 4,000 plant species used by forest dwellers as food and medicine alone.  There are calculated to be more than 4,000 plant species utilised by forest inhabitants just as foodstuffs and drugs. • Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information. Memory is the facility for keeping and recovering data. • Research and publications are accumulating in each of the four fields of anthropology at an exponential rate.  Studies and books are gathering in all of the four areas of anthropology at a very fast speed. • It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. It is useful to observe several features of how a mother acts when she is with her small child.

The Japanese government offered new homes to homeless people in Tokyo. • Homeless people in Tokyo were offered new homes by the Japanese government. • Unfortunate people without housing in Tokyo were given roofs to live under by the Japanese government.

Many parents in the program failed to recognise their children’s achievements. • Their children’s achievements failed to be recognised by parents in the program • Their children’s accomplishments failed to be acknowledged by parents in the course.

In American society, Introverts are outnumbered about three to one. As a result, they must develop extra coping skills early in life because there will be an inordinate amount of pressure on them to “shape up,” to act like the rest of the world. The Introvert is pressured daily, almost from the moment of awakening, to respond and conform to the outer world. Classroom teachers unwittingly pressure Introverted students by announcing that “One-third of your grade will be based on classroom participation.” From Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We Live, Love and Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.

Possible Paraphrase • There are many more extroverts than introverts in America. This puts a lot of pressure on introverts to fit in and be like everybody else. Even in school, teachers add to this pressure by making class participation part of the student's grade. Consequently, introverts have to acquire additional skills to deal with these pressures.

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10 percent of the final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, students should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. • In research papers students often quote excessively, failling to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note-taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim in order to adhere to maximum of ten percent of directly quoted materials.

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Qualitative Research on Mindfulness Interventions for Staff Nurses

A review of the literature.

Lemke, Johanna MA, BSN, RN, NEA-BC; Evanson, Tracy A. PhD, RN, PHNA-BC

Author Affiliations: Regional Director of Nursing (Lemke), Advocate Health, Charlotte, North Carolina; Professor (Dr Evanson), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Correspondence: Lemke, Northern Plains Center for Behavioral Research, Room 380H, Stop 9025, College of Nursing & Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 ( [email protected] ).

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site ( www.jonajournal.com ).

Complexity, workforce shortages, and escalating stressors in the healthcare setting have led to increased turnover and burnout of nursing staff. Mindfulness has been demonstrated to offer a variety of benefits to nurses. This article summarizes the qualitative research on the experience of mindfulness training and practice with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for nurse leaders on how to design and implement effective and well-adopted mindfulness programs.

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