how to write speech in mun

• Join MUN Teams Today
• High School Beginner MUN Team
• High School Intermediate MUN Team
• High School Crisis MUN Team
• Leading Yourself MUN Team
• MUN Club Officer Team
• MUN Chair Training Team
• MUN4ALL Service Learning Team
• College Admissions Team (Grade 12 Only)
• Middle School Beginner MUN Team
• Middle School Intermediate MUN Team
• Middle School Crisis MUN Team
• Elementary School Beginner MUN Team
• Best Delegate MUN Conferences Overview
• High School MUN Training Conferences
• High School MUN Invitational Conferences
• High School MUN Crisis Conferences
• Middle School MUN Training Conferences
• Middle School MUN Invitational Conferences
• Middle School MUN Crisis Conferences
• Elementary School MUN Conferences
• High School MUN Tournament of Champions
• Middle School MUN Tournament of Champions
• High School Crisis MUN Tournament of Champions
• Middle School Crisis MUN Tournament of Champions
• MUN for Teachers Fundamentals Workshops
• What is Model UN?
• Frequently Asked Questions

Join Your Model UN Team This Fall

Model un 101: how to give the perfect opening speech.

Whether you’re a Model UN newbie or a seasoned veteran, public speaking is a skill that we can always continuously hone and improve, and it’s one that we focus on here at the MUN Institute . It’s a key aspect of MUN that is at the heart of the activity – as a MUN delegate, you need to be able to communicate with your fellow committee members, and you need to know exactly how to effectively promote your country’s policy.

Many of us have sat through speeches, MUN-related or otherwise, that were all over the place. The speaker had no structure to their speech, and they just rambled on with no rhyme or reason. Having a well-structured speech is a great way to ensure that you’ll be able to not only catch, but also keep, your audience’s attention. Additionally, they’ll understand exactly what the point of your speech is, and what they should take away from it.

Watch the video below to learn more about how to structure the perfect Model UN opening speech from Best Delegate Co-Founder Ryan Villanueva!

Ready to Get Started?

Next post: Top 10 Benefits of Academic Summer Programs

Previous post: Snapshot from the MUN Institute: Students’ Voices

Get the MUNI Email Newsletter

Follow MUNI on Social Media

Best Delegate | Model United Nations Institute 1000 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected]

About Best Delegate

Virtual Programs What is Model UN? About Us Contact Us Privacy Policy Terms of Use

Copyright 2019 Best Delegate. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy. Website design by Blue Agate Creative .

3.2 Making Speeches

Back to Handbook Contents page.

Back to Unit 3: Foundational Skills.

Speeches are an integral part of your performance and experience at a Model United Nations conference. They express your policy and introduce your presence to the body. This article explains why we give speeches in Model UN, how to prepare a Model UN speech and how to use diplomatic language.

For a funny look at how to prepare, read our BuzzFeed list here .

a. What is a Speech in Model United Nations?

As discussed in the section on Rules of Procedure , the discussion of your committee topic happens in two ways, formal debate and caucusing. Formal debate is conducted according to clear rules that govern who is able to speak and when. The chair of the committee will ask which countries would like to speak and add them to a “speakers list”, which is usually prominently displayed on a blackboard, flipchart or projector. The chair will invite a representative the country at the top of the list to come to the front of the room, or to a microphone, and deliver a speech outlining their policy on the committee topic. The speech is time-limited – depending on the size of your committee, speeches may be 30 to 90 seconds long. The chair of your committee will probably have a gavel, that s/he will tap when you have 10 or 15 seconds left and bang when your time is up. You must stop speaking once your allotted time has elapsed.

b. Purpose of Speeches

The main purpose of a speech in a Model UN committee is to introduce and talk about your policy ( using your 3PP ), signaling to other delegations where you stand on the committee topic. In a large committee, you may only get one chance to speak before the entire group, so it is important that your speech delivers a concise, compelling and memorable case for your country’s position. In smaller committees you may get more than one chance to speak, which allows you to comment on the progress of the discussion, the ideas that your country agrees with and the direction you think the committee should go. Making multiple good speeches establishes you as a significant player within the committee, so make sure to raise your placard whenever your chair asks if their is anyone who wishes to be added to the speakers list. When you are finished speaking, immediately send a note up the chair asking to be added to the speakers list again. Within reason, you benefit from being in front of the entire committee as much as possible.

Please note that the speech should try to move the discussion forward in a productive manner. Therefore, try to be as clear as possible about where your country would like the discussion to move, while also being diplomatic. Your speech is not an opportunity to try out your comedic material, start a fight or call out another state. At all times, you must conduct yourself with diplomatic decorum .

c. How to Write Your Speech

Students often feel unsure about how to write their speeches. The good news is that by following a structure carefully, and drawing on your position paper , you can write a compelling speech without much difficulty. A good speech — in its most basic form — grabs the audience’s attention, delivers your main point or “ask” and conveys why this is important. This can be represented as a simple “beginning, middle and end” structure:

Beginning of Your Speech

• Grab the audience’s attention, perhaps with a quote from your Head of State or a surprising statistic that dramatizes the main problem or question your committee is considering (perhaps drawn from your position paper ).
• Explain in a sentence how this quote or statistic relates to the global community’s concern for your committee topic.

Middle of Your Speech

• In one or two sentences, provide context and background (using statistics and other evidence) on the problem, showing how responses so far have not adequately dealt with it and why the committee needs to act.
• Introduce your country’s policy recommendations, using a 3PP . This is the most important piece of your speech.

End of Your Speech

• Reinforce why the urgency and importance of the problem
• Briefly restate your policy and hope for a common solution
• Close with a compelling quote from your country’s president or foreign minister (or a UN official) relating to the topic

Note that you can shorten or lengthen your speech around this structure depending on the time available for speeches in your committee. However, you should never cut the policy recommendation (3PP) , since this is the primary purpose of your speech — you want other states to know where your delegation stands and what you are calling on the committee to do.

You should spend some time before the conference preparing your first speech, but once the committee begins you will probably need to writing speeches “on the fly.” These more improvised speeches should address the specific issues that are emerging out of the committees discussions. Again, they should focus on your state’s policy positions on the topics of discussion. To prepare these more extemporaneous speeches rely on the above structure and information from your position paper research.

One of the Pace University New York City head delegates has prepared a useful “cheat sheet” to print out and take to your committee session to help you write speeches quickly. Click here to download it.

d. How to Practice Your Speech

Almost everyone has nerves when it comes to public speaking, but you can manage these by preparing well, memorizing the information in your position paper (perhaps use flash cards) and practicing. Run through your first speech with a timer, perhaps in front of your delegation partner or a head delegate . Ask them to give you gentle and constructive feedback. Practice giving extemporaneous speeches by having your delegation partner come up with a topic and speaking about it for a minute. Support each other and share useful quotes, information and statistics within the class, particularly among those who will be representing the same country as you. Remember that the head delegates , senior delegates and the faculty advisor are also available to meet with you and help if you feel unsure or uncomfortable with public speaking.

e. How to Present Your Speech

The following is a list of things to keep in mind when presenting your speech:

Posture and Gestures

• Stand confidently
• Move around only for dramatic effect
• Feel free to make hand gestures, but avoid pointing with or wagging your finger
• Avoid slouching or fidgeting. If fidgeting helps to manage your anxiety, perhaps hold a pencil behind your back, or move your toes inside your shoes, to keep it out of sight.
• Don’t touch or flip your hair
• Don’t cover your mouth with your hands

Eye Contact

• When you begin, make eye contact with your chair and the committee
• Look up from your notes, don’t simply read them
• If necessary, find a spot to look at in the back of the room

Facial Expressions

• If you look bored, people will tune you out
• You should take your topic seriously and show that through your demeanor and expressions

Speech Aids

• Use note cards if needed, but avoid a piece of paper, which might rattle if your hands are shaking
• Use your notes to enhance your speech, not as a crutch
• Do not read your notes word for word
• Speak clearly, as your audience needs to understand what you are saying
• Maintain diplomatic decorum
• Practice difficult words (Country names, president names, program titles, words with many syllables)
• Speak slowly; don’t try to cram a large amount of information into one speech, as you need to get your point across in 30-90 seconds.
• Practice your volume. Everyone needs to hear you, but don’t yell. You can vary your volume for dramatic effect
• Use variety, pitch, and rate wisely! Don’t start too fast or speed up at the end. When saying a quote or your 3PP, SLOW DOWN!
• Don’t be intimidated by the ten-second tap by the chair
• Be clear on what you are trying to communicate.
• Your goal is to PERSUADE, not to just state your policy or 3PP
• Think carefully about who you are speaking to — who do you need to persuade? You usually don’t need to persuade everyone — focus on those who are undecided, the “maybe” votes
• Think about why your speech matters — this is your moment to speak, don’t waste it. How will the committee be affected by your speech? You will hear hundreds of speeches, make yours stand out.
• Have confidence in your topic and policy
• Make sure you always have sources to back up your information
• Leaving an impression says you are trustworthy, unique, competent and open to negotiation.

Katie James, Elena Marmo, Michael Zona and Matthew Bolton for Pace University, 2013. Version 3.0 BETA. For information, permissions or corrections, contact Dr. Matthew Bolton, [email protected]

Recent Posts

• Pace NYC Model UN: 2018/2019 Year in Review
• Why the UN “doesn’t just”…
• From Pace University Classroom to the United Nations General Assembly Hall
• Learning to Collaborate in Large Groups
• Surprises in the Security Council
• Student Delegate Blogs
• Uncategorized
• Entries RSS
• Comments RSS
• Pace University Blogs

How does MUN work?

The model un masterclass.

By award winning MUNers. For you. For free. Because MUN is about learning.

The basics. So you always know what's going on.

• Find definitions of all important terms in our MUN Cheat Sheet
• Read some real world UN Resolutions here .
• Read the rules of procedure of one of our partner conferences Karlsruhe Model United Nations (KAMUN) here .
• Deliver a 1-minute speech in front of a mirror on the topic Pizza vs. Burgers. Take into account the three essential speech guidelines of the General Speaker's List.
• What's the difference between being "present" and being "present and voting"? Show Answer
• What is a moderated caucus? Show Answer
• How can I ask the chair about how the rules of procedure work when in session? Show Answer
• What's the most important thing to know about MUN? Show Answer

How to prepare for your next conference without wasting time.

• Read some actual Security Council resolutions .
• Find country facts in the CIA World Factbook .
• Discover more about your country using the Freedom House Index .
• Discover background information on the topic of your next conference. If you're just practicing search for the current agenda of the UNGA Security Council resolutions and pick the first topic they are going to discuss.
• Discover who your allies are. If you are preparing for a specific conference search for allies of the country assigned to you, else find a random country here .
• Figure out your country's (approximate) policy on the issue and write a 300 word abstract about it.

How to overcome anxiety and deliver award-winning speeches.

• Our friends from Wisemee assembled a clever list of 20 tips for delivering speeches in Model UN here .
• On the UN Web TV page for the General Assembly you can find an archive of speeches. Finding one of the country you're representing can give you a great idea of what tone you might want to strike during your speeches too. UN Web TV .
• Watch this speech this speech by Barack Obama, by some considered the speech that made him president.
• Which elements can you use to deliver a great speech in MUN? Show Answer
• To get a sense for the time limit start by scripting and delivering in front of a mirror a 60s speech on why weekends should be three days instead of two.
• Deliver a 60s speech in front of a mirror on the topic of why coffee and tea should be drank out of mugs instead of glass cups. Give yourself no more than 90s to prepare and only note bullet points.
• Deliver a 90s speech on why it should be international law that every person in the world should have your favorite food at least once a week. Prepare for no more than 60s and only note bullet points.

How to write working papers and resolutions that hold up in committee.

• Find a list of operators used in UN resolutions here .
• A guide by the United Nations for drafting resolutions can be found here .
• The Security Council resolution Alex is looking at in the video can be found here
• What's the purpose of a position paper? Show Answer
• What is the difference between operative clauses and preambulatory clauses in a draft resolution? Show Answer
• In which three kinds of ways can amendments change operative clauses of a draft resolution? Show Answer
• Which questions should any operative clause answer? Show Answer
• Write an operative clause with the goal of trying to get member states to ensure that every fast food restaurant also has broccoli on the menu. It should answer all questions every operative clause should answer. Remember, no full stops are allowed in clauses. Example Solution

GSL Speech For MUN

Writing a perfect MUN GSL Speech is a skill set you will learn over time. There are a few different ways you can approach writing your Model UN GSL speech that we will talk about in this guide.

Think about breaking your GSL speech into 3 parts:

• Hook – Grab the attention of your fellow delegates in the committee
• Point – Get your policy across that you may want to see in the draft resolution
• Call to Action – Mention Action step based on your hook and point This is simple yet effective time

Make sure you are on the General Speakers List (GSL) as much as possible during the MUN Conference.

It’s not just about having ample speakers tine in GSL rather about bringing your points and ideas across your fellow delegates in the committee and show the Chair you are playing a key role in shaping the debate.

While delivering your GSL Speech:

Remember the importance of Body Language, to matter if your topic is discussing nuclear weapons or human rights, make to have your body language in line with the words you say in your speech.

What is a good way to start a General Speakers List speech in MUN?

Good general tip for a MUN speech is to try to be  be dramatic as well as informative. Remember that you can’t just read what’s written on the page of your speech.

Privacy Overview

• Our Mission
• Our Programs
• Fees and Aid
• Conference Schedule
• Guide to Chicago
• MUNUC 36 Awards
• Position Papers
• Traditional Committee Trainings
• Specialized Committee Trainings
• Hybrid Committee Trainings
• Crisis Committee Trainings
• Become a Sponsor
• International Programs
• CHPMUNC Program

How Do I Give Speeches in MUN?

There are a few ways of making sure your MUN speeches are as strong as possible:

Please do not hesitate to contact us if there are any questions. We are eager to help in any way we can.

You can also call us at  (773) 834-0547  or fax us at (773) 834-0548 (please address all faxes to MUNUC).

• NAME * NAME
• EMAIL ADDRESS * EMAIL ADDRESS
• PURPOSE OF CONTACT * General Inquiries Committee Questions Partnerships/Sponsorships Registration and Fees Technology Issues PURPOSE OF CONTACT
• SUBJECT * SUBJECT
• MESSAGE * MESSAGE
• General Assembly
• Economic and Social Council
• Regional Bodies
• Specialized Agencies
• Hybrid Committees
• Continuous Crisis
• Ad Hoc Committee of the Secretary-General
• Online Non-Traditional
• Online Continuous Crisis
• Online Traditional (Large)
• Online Traditional (Medium)

MUN Chairing Script

As a Chair, you are expected to bring your committee to life as you perform your role within the boundaries of the Model United Nations rules of procedure (RoP). MUN RoP’s are largely the same between most MUN circuits and conferences. Once you know the terms and phrases, you could reliably chair anywhere in the world and the delegates would understand you.

For first time chairs, this chair script for debate will show you what to say and when to say it. The article will make sense of the MUN procedure and put strange terms into a format that can be understood and replicated. It also helps with consistency. The following guide will tell you what to say, when to say it and how to say it.

Introduction

Staying consistent is one of the most important jobs of a Chair. You must stay consistent to the rules, lack of Bias, respect, etc. You have to be the rock from which delegates anchor their debate from. Therefore, the delegates need to consistently understand what is happening and for that, you need to use terms they understand, consistently! Using the right terms does not replace the need to  write a study guide  or that you need to know  how to chair . Using the correct terms is as much a part of chairing and knowing to equally spread the opportunity to speak throughout the room.

Now that’s clarified, how should you use this guide? This guide isn’t for a chair to read and recall in a monotonous setting throughout a committee. It is for a chair to look at to understand all the possibilities for chairs to say and when, to avoid confusion, and make sure that delegates get the fullest chairing experience possible. For our purpose, the following chairing script will be written about the Human Rights Council (HRC).

This guide will run through all the phrases with a brief description of what they mean and what they can be used for. This guide assumes that you already know the  Model UN Rules of Procedure . You don’t need to know them perfectly but feel free to 

Setting the Stage

The beginning of the committee may vary depending on what type of committee it is, but as HRC, it will be standard compared to many other MUN Rules of Procedure (ROPs). Nevertheless, it is always good before getting into a proper formal setting to run through the rules of procedure for the opening stage of the committee with the delegates, so they know what is going on, and the likes.

Beginning Roll Call

 “We shall begin with the roll call, when your delegation is named, please rise and state whether you are present or present and voting”

• Make sure to explain to delegates if you think they might not know the difference between Present or Present and voting is.

  After taking roll call

 “Thank you, after the roll call we can see that there are 21 Delegates present, this makes a simple majority 11 and a two thirds majority 15”

• Always nice to remind delegates of the numbers, make sure to remember you always need whatever the arithmetic is +1 for things to pass.

Opening Debate

Opening the Floor

 “Are there any points or motions on the floor?”

• This is one of the things you as a chair are going to be saying the most throughout committee. You need to keep consistent to this but you can change to say just “points” or just “motions” depending on what you’re looking for. For a list of what to say about points, see the final section on points and general phrases

After taking a good motion

 “This is in order, are there any seconds to this motion?”

• To clarify to delegates what is and isn’t in order it’s important to start a sentence after a motion with “this is in order” if it is in order, and “this is not in order” if it is not.
• Seconds and Objections are not standard, and some motions don’t require it, but for simplicity’s sake let’s say we’re doing Seconds and objections for everything possible

*Delegate raise seconds*

“Thank you, are there any objections?”

*Delegates Raise objections*

 “Thank you, seeing seconds and objections, we will now take this to a vote, all those in favor of this motion to open the debate please raise your placards now”

*Delegates vote in favor*

“and all those against this motion please raise your placards now”

*Delegates vote against*

*Motion passes/fails*

“Thank you delegate, this motion passes/fails*

After seeing not all people having voted

“Seeing that not all people have voted, the dias wishes to remind you that this is a procedural vote and so all members must vote either in favor or against, you cannot abstain”

• Good to remember and establish early on

Vote on opening debate passes

“We would now look favorably on a motion to set the agenda, are there any points or motions on the floor?”

• If you ever want to slightly push delegates but not overly, “we would now look favorably” is a tried and tested mechanism, but use it wisely

Setting the Agenda

Delegate raises motion to set the agenda to a topic

“This is in order, we shall now open a primary speakers list to discuss whether delegates are in favor or against setting the agenda to topic X, Delegate would you like to be added first to this speakers list?”

“All those wishing to be added to the primary speakers list, please raise your placards now”

After getting people on the list: “First we will have the delegate of X speak, delegate of X you now have the floor”

After delegate X has spoken: “

Thank you, we will now have the next delegate, the delegate of X speak, delegate of X you now have the floor”

If you wish to add more people to the list you can just reuse “all those wishing to be added…”

  After the list has been emptied

 “Seeing that the primary speakers list has been exhausted, we will automatically close the debate on setting the agenda to topic X and move to the voting procedure. All those in favor of adopting Topic X first before moving onto topic Y please raise your placards now”

*vote passes and topic X is adopted*

Starting the Main Debate

After you have set the agenda, the real fun begins and the main substance of the debate can start! You will be in this section for a majority of the conference, likely one full day, interrupted occasionally with suspending the debate (see the last section) and reopening debate in the morning. You should make sure that after the speakers list is established and speeches have started, that once enough speeches have been made for some key issues to be raised (usually around 4 or 5) then you open the floor to points or motions.

The General/Secondary Speakers list

“The Floor is now open for points or motions”

Motion to open the general speakers list is called and passes

“Thank you, Delegate who motioned for the speakers list, would you like to be added first to the list” *says no* “Ok, all those wishing to be added please raise your placards now”

• Similar to the primary speakers list, the key here is that there must ALWAYS be people on the general speakers list or else debate is automatically closed and you move to vote procedure, avoid this.

Responding to Yields

Yielded to the chair/floor/dias.

“Thank you delegate, the next delegate to take the floor will be the delegate of X, Delegate of X, you have the floor”

Yielded to another Delegate

“Delegate of Y, the Delegate of X has yielded to you, do you accept?”

Delegate Y Says Yes “You have the floor for the remaining time”

Delegate Y says No, “Delegate Y has rejected to take the remaining time, therefore the time it automatically assumed to the chairs”

Yielding to Points of Information/Questions

“Thank you delegate, the Delegate has yielded to points of information, do any delegates have any points of information” *Delegate Raises Placard* “Yes Delegate of Y”

After the point has been raised “Delegate of X, do you accept this point of information”

Delegate X says yes, “Delegate of X, you have the remaining time to answer”

Delegate X says No, “Do any other delegates have a point of information to ask to the delegate of X”

No delegate has a point, “There are no remaining points of information for the delegate, the chairs will automatically assume the time”

Forgetting to Yield

“Delegate, how do you yield your time”

Delegate is clearly unsure of what is happening

“Do not worry delegate, if you wish to merely end your speech and sit down, please state that you wish to yield to the chair”

Accepting Moderated and Unmoderated Caucuses

“The floor is open for points and motions; all those with points and motions please raise your placards now”

• As mentioned, try to do this regularly within committee because these are what push the debate substantially

After Motion with Seconds and Objections

“Seeing this motion has received seconds and objections, we will take some more motions, are there any other points or motions on the floor?”

After all motions are defeated

“Seeing all motions defeated we will return to the general speakers list”

If one of the motion passes, see below.

Moderated Caucuses

Delegate motions for Moderated Caucus , Speaking time 1min, Overall time 10mins on the Subject of X

“Thank you delegate, this is in order, the delegate has motioned for a 10 minute moderated caucus, 1-minute speaking time on the subject of X, are there any seconds to this motion?”

• Make sure to read out the motion just afterward to clarify with the delegate, and so people understand what it is about.

Motion passes

“Seeing more votes in favor/no objections this motion passes, delegate of X, do you wish to speak first or last in this moderated caucus?”

• Always make sure to keep track of who is speaking in Mod Caucuses, stops you from accidentally choosing spoken people and stops confusion.

Chair chooses someone to speak

“All those delegates who wish to speak in this moderated caucus please raise your placards now, *time choosing* delegate of X, you have the floor”

• Don’t let them raise their placards before now.

Delegate is done speaking and it is ready to choose the next delegate

“Thank you delegate, all those wishing to speak raise your placards now”

Motion Fails

“Seeing more votes against/no seconds this motion fails”

• If there are more motions to vote upon go to them, otherwise if that was the last motion to vote on and it has failed, then go to the general speaker’s list.

Delegate motions with a fault in their motion i.e ask for a 25min caucus

“Delegate you cannot motion for a moderated caucus of total duration over 20 minutes, would 15 minutes be more reasonable?”

• Always try and suggest something to overcome the fault a delegate makes, will make the process a lot smoother.

Moderated Caucus ends

“Thank you delegate, The time for this moderated caucus has elapsed” 

If you want to open the floor again for motions go to opening the floor, otherwise, go back to the general speaker’s list.

Unmoderated Caucuses

Delegate Motions for an Unmoderated Caucus, duration of 20 minutes

“Thank you delegate, this is in order, the delegate has motioned for an Unmoderated Caucus of total duration 20 minutes, are there any seconds to this motion?”

• Make sure to stress the “UN” in unmoderated caucus, so delegates understand

Motion Passes

“The motion has passed, we are now in an unmoderated caucus for 20 minutes, delegates can get up from their seats and discuss with each other, however, we would like to ask delegates not to leave the room”

Motion has failed

“The motion has failed”

If there are more motions to vote on then the Chair should motion on them, otherwise go to the general speaker’s list

Time has elapsed for the unmoderated caucus

“Delegates *bang gavel*, your time has elapsed, please take your seats”

Writing Papers and Introducing Documentation

Now, the debate is going smoothly. Delegates are bringing up points, discussing them around and reaching some sort of conclusion that requires writing them down. Of course, firstly you need a working paper, not quite formal enough to be a draft resolution, but better than just aimlessly shouting out ideas. 

It’s important to plan these stages too. Working papers should be appearing relative soon in the whole debate because it’s only from there can the debate really becomes substantive. You might want to think of it like this, 1/3 of the committee pure debating, 1/3 of the committee drafting, 1/3 of the committee amending and voting. In this style, we are now in the 2nd third of the committee, let’s see what we have to say!

Working Papers

Firstly, Working papers do not need to be in any specific format, and don’t need a motion to be introduced. However, they do need chair approval and a way to be disseminated to the committee. Therefore, you probably want them sent via email for you to look at, then put onto either a google drive that everyone has access to, or a facebook group to put them on.

Delegate submits a working paper and it is approved:

“Delegates, we have received one working paper from the Delegate of X, this working paper is approved and has been added to the (whatever you’re using to share). This working paper will now be known as working paper 1.1”

• Note that if you are on the first topic, the first number is 1, if you are on the second topic, the first number is 2
• Also, the second number relates to the number of working papers, 1.1 is the first WP of the first topic, 1.2 is the second WP of the first topic, ect…

You can have multiple working papers, but try not to have too many, because the main act of working papers is a bridge to the draft resolution

Draft Resolutions

Draft resolutions are where the real substance comes in. They require a specific format (a good example is found on WiseMee  here ) and require some level of motioning to introduce and some extra motions afterward. In brief, a Draft Resolution needs signatories (and sometimes sponsors) and will need some back and forth on the clauses to make sure that they are formatted properly and are all correct. However, once a Draft Resolution is all formatted correctly and ready to introduce, then that’s where we start

A Draft Resolution has been submitted and is ready to be introduced

“Delegates, we have received one Draft resolution from the delegate of X, this draft resolution is ready to be introduced”

• You need to “approve” the DR first before it can be properly introduced

Motion to introduce the Draft Resolution is called by a delegate

“Delegates, a motion to introduce Draft Resolution 1.1 has been raised, this motion does not require seconds nor a vote, and thereby passes automatically, it has been uploaded to the Drive, would the sponsors of the resolution please like to read out the operative clauses of the resolution”

• So a few things, firstly the numbering is the same as for Working Papers
• Secondly, depending on ROPs you might not need seconds or a vote, but motion is always needed, and it is very rare for a motion to introduce a DR is ever failed
• Thirdly the resolution does need to be read out, unless you are pressed for time

Motion for a Question and Answer Session is called

“Delegates, there has been a motion for a Question and Answer session on Draft Resolution 1.1, could the sponsors of the resolution please come up to the dais. They will have 10 minutes to answer any technical questions about the resolution”

• This motion is only in order straight after the introduction of a resolution, and it’s also good to mention this after the resolution is introduced
• In addition, this Q&A session should NOT be about the substance of the resolution, just technicalities such as clarification of wording ect… 

Amendments are always the hardest part of the committee to get right. By the time you’re at this stage you’ve had 2 days debating and endless drafting. Still, amendments are some of the most important parts of the committee as it allows for constructive debate towards the end. 

The ROPs regarding amendments are almost ALWAYS different too, so I would ask you to take this section with a grain of salt. Here I’m going to use what I call UNA-USA Simplified. For a brief rundown:

Amendments need to be sent in and do one of three things, Modify, Strike (delete) or Add a Clause. You can only do ONE of these per amendment. They must be sent digitally and approved first before being able to be introduced

There are two types of amendments, Friendly and Unfriendly, Friendly amendments are those with all the sponsors of the resolution as signatories to the amendment. When Friendlies are approved and then introduced through a motion, they are automatically put into effect.

UNfriendlies require signatories to the amendment and are not approved by all sponsors. Therefore when they are introduced via a motion there are 2 speakers in favour and 2 against, then a vote to introduce it. 

If all else fails, relying on this method will save you time and energy, but for a more comprehensive overview, do check your MUNs ROPs as it will be different.

After an amendment has been sent and is approvable

“Delegates, we have received one (Friendly/unfriendly)  amendment from the delegate of X, this amendment is ready to be introduced as Amendment 1.1. “

• Number for an amendment is dependent on which topic and how many have preceded it, 1.1 is the first, 1.2 the second ect…

Motion to introduce Amendment 1.1 (which is friendly) is raised

“This motion is on order, are there any seconds?”

*Seconds and no objections, motion passes*

*Chair briefly reads out amendment*

“Sponsors of resolution 1.1, (read out the sponsors), are you all in favour of this amendment?”

*They all say yes*

“This amendment is therefore automatically introduced into the draft resolution 1.1”

Motion to introduce Amendment 1.1 (which is unfriendly) is raised

“This motion is in order, are there any seconds to this motion?”

*Motion passes*

*Chair Reads out the amendment*

“We will now take two delegates who wish to speak in favor of this amendment, and two against. All those wishing to speak in favor of this amendment please raise your placards now”

*Chair chooses 2 speakers to speak in favor, adds to a speakers list*

“All those wishing to speak against this amendment please raise your placards now”

*Chair chooses 2 speakers to speak against, adds to a speakers list, alternatives speakers so it is for, against, for and against*

“Delegate of X, you have the floor for 60 seconds speaking in favor of this amendment”

*The rest of the speeches occur*

“We will now close the debate on the amendment and move swiftly to the voting procedure on amendment 1.1, remember delegates this is a substantive vote, so the options to vote are in favor, against and abstain. If you declared yourself present and voting, you cannot abstain. All those in favor raise your placards now”

*Delegate raise, e.g.  10 in favor, 9 against, 2 abstentions*

“With 10 in favor, 9 against and 2 abstentions this motion passes, it will be added to the draft resolution shortly”

Voting Procedure

Now you’re done! You have a good draft resolution, it’s been amended enough and you’re on the home stretch. There’s no substantive debate left, maybe some competing draft resolutions but it’s time now to move to voting procedure. This part can be very complicated for delegates, so it is important to explain at every stage what’s necessary. You can look at it like this, firstly you close debate and move to voting, then there are a few motions you can do firstly, then you vote. Simple enough, but believe me, it can get confusing.

Moving to Voting

The floor is open and there is a motion to close debate and move to the voting procedure

“This is in order, this motion does not require seconds or objections but a 2/3rds procedural vote in favour, all those in favour please raise your placards now”

*The 2/3rds threshold is met*

“Delegates we are now in voting procedure, the use of electronics is forbidden and the doors are now locked”

*Close the doors, make sure that no-one has their laptops open*

– Sometimes there is also a 5 or 10-minute unmod caucus when this happens, to give people time to do some final lobbying, check your ROPs

Motions during the voting procedure

This is where the delegates get really confused. Everyone imagines that voting procedure just means voting on the resolution, but there is a lot more to do here. Firstly, you want to explain to the delegates that only one resolution can pass and if there are multiple resolutions, what numbers they are and who the sponsors are.

Next, start explaining the motions they can do. Some are obvious, like the motion to vote by roll call, but some are very much not, such as dividing the question. Take this part slowly and make sure EVERYONE knows what is happening.

Motion to vote by Roll Call

Motion to vote by roll call is raised

“This is in order and does not require a vote and is passed automatically”

Motion to reorder the draft resolutions

Motion to reorder the draft resolutions is raised

“This is in order, there is a motion to reorder the draft resolutions. Firstly we will vote on whether we wish to reorder the draft resolutions and if this passes, we will take motions for how they should be reordered, any seconds for reordering the draft resolutions ”

*This motion passes*

“We will now be taking ways to reorder the draft resolutions, any delegate who wishes to propose a method of reordering the draft resolutions please raise your placards now”

*There are 3 resolutions, and 2 ways are suggested, voting on them 2,1,3 and voting on the 3,2,1*

“These methods of reordering have been noted, all those in favor of reordering the draft resolutions to vote on them 3,2,1 please raise your placards”

*This fails*

“All those in favor of reordering the resolutions to vote on them 2,1,3 please raise your placards”

*This passes*

“We will, therefore, be voting on the resolutions in the order of Draft resolution 1.2, then 1.1, then 1.3, however the first resolution to pass will be the final resolution and all the others will be discarded”

• Important to note here is that you vote on the order of reordering the resolutions on how disruptive they are, e.g how different they are to the starting order of 1,2,3.
• You should always take this motion before taking a motion to divide the question, because dividing the question is always related to dividing the draft resolution NEXT to be voted upon

Motion to Divide the Question

Motion to divide the question on the next to be voted draft resolution is raised

“This motion is in order, this motion requires a simple majority to pass, once it passes, we will begin accepting ways to divide the questions. Once there are no more ways to divide the question suggested, we will then vote on these ways by most disruptive, with voting clause by clause being most disruptive”

*motion to divide the question passes”

“This motion has passed, we are now accepting ways to divide the question, if you wish to raise a motion for a way to divide the draft resolution please raise your placard now, please keep in the mind only one way to divide the question will ultimately be used”

*2 ways to divide are raised, one clause by clause and the other in 2 sections*

“We will now vote on these ways to divide the question, starting with voting clause by clause, all those in favor of dividing the question in this method please raise your placards now”

*This method passes*

“This method of dividing the question passes and therefore the other method will be discarded, when we go onto voting on the draft resolution, we shall, therefore, vote clause by clause on each operative clause of the Draft resolution with a substantive simple majority vote. Any clauses that fail this vote will be discarded and all those that pass will be reconstituted into a new draft resolution which will then be voted on as a whole”

• As you can see, this is a mighty complicated motion, but as always, take it slow and the delegates should be fine
• Be aware the procedure for this is also very different in many conferences
• Also, if the draft resolution that has been divided on fails, and there is another to vote upon, a motion to divide the question for this resolution can be raised too. Imagine in between the voting that everything is reset

Normal Voting

Well now you’re done with that, it’s time for the voting procedure finally! This might be repeated a few times but it’s unlikely to take long. In the normal voting procedure, you merely do the voting via raised placards and entertain In favour, Against or Abstentions. Make sure to check the roll call at the beginning of the session for who made themselves present and voting

“We are now moving onto the voting procedure for Draft Resolution 1.2, All those in favor raise your placards now”

*12 raise their placards*

“All those against raise your placards now”

*7 raise their placards*

“And all those abstaining*

*2 raise their placards*

“With 12 in favor, 7 against and 2 abstentions, this Draft Resolution passes and all others are discarded, clapping is now in order”

• Note that because we reordered the draft resolutions earlier, Draft resolution 1.2 is the first we vote on

Roll-Call voting

In roll-call voting, the situation is similar except you have to go round every delegate and ask whether they are voting in favor, against, Yes with rights, No with rights, Abstaining or Passing. 

“We are now moving onto the voting procedure for Draft Resolution 1.2, Delegate of A how do you vote”

*Votes In favor*

“Delegate of B how do you vote”

“Delegate of C how do you vote”

*Votes in Favour*

*goes through all other delegates, returns to Delegate of B*

“Delegate of B, do you vote in favor or against”

*Votes Against*

*More votes in favor than against*

“With 12 votes in favor, 7 against and 2 abstentions, this draft resolution passes, all others are discarded and clapping is in order”

Moving to the next topic

If there is another topic to discuss, and enough time to do it, then a motion to set the agenda is once again in order

Motion to set the agenda to topic B is set

“This is in order, seeing no other topic to set the agenda to this motion will immediately go to seconds, are there any seconds?”

*There are seconds, no objections*

“This motion passes, the Agenda has now been set to topic B, the floor is open for points and motions, and the chairs would look favorably on a motion to open the general speaker’s list”

• Return to the section on the general speaker’s list and go from there!

Ending the debate

Once you are done with your topics and resolutions, then the time has come to end the debate. This is to be done after the last draft resolution has been passed, or all have failed, and there are no more topics or time to be discussed.

Adjourning Debate

Motion to adjourn debate I raised

“This is in order, this motion requires a 2/3rds majority to pass and does not need seconds or objections, all those in favor of adjourning the debate please raise your placards now”

*Motion passess*

“Delegates the meeting has been adjourned”

• Note this motion can also be used at the end of the day to in effect suspend debate until the next day, but is also used to adjourn until the next edition of the conference

After the debate

Well now the debating is done, it’s time to relax, cool down and have some fun. At this point, many committees might do superlatives or funny awards, get to signing placards and also get feedback from chairs.  Revel in the enjoyment you had and the good and bad times. 

Points, General Phrases and What to do when delegates strike

Now here are some phrases that might come all the time in the committee, and are available at almost every point in the committee.

Point of Parliamentary Inquiry is raised

“Delegate, please rise and state your inquiry”

• Make sure to be friendly with the delegate, they’re only trying to understand what’s happening
• That said make sure they’re not using this to make a silly point or just throwing shade on other delegates

Point or Personal Privilege is raised

“Delegate, please rise and state what the issue is”

Point of Order is raised

“Delegate, please rise and state what your point of order is”

*Delegate raises point of order e.g. missed doing seconds and objections*

“Thank you for your point of order, you are correct and we would therefore like to take seconds and objections”

• Most of the time points of orders might be mistaken, but don’t discourage them because we chairs do get things wrong quite a lot

Point of Order is raised, refuted and delegate raises a motion to appeal the decision of the chair

“This is in order, delegate please state why you think this motion should be overturned”

*Delegate speaks, then chairperson speaks in defense of their decision*

“This appeal will now be taken to a vote, a two-thirds majority to pass, all those in favour of overturning the decision of the chair”

*Motion fails*

  – This motion almost never gets raised, but it is important to know of

Delegate motions for a Right to Reply after a damaging speech to themselves

“This is in order, delegate you have 30 seconds off-the-record to reply to the comment made by the delegate of Y”

• This shouldn’t be used all the time and generally you should discourage angry arguments and delegates

Suspending Debate

Motion to suspend debate is raised

“This is in order, are there any seconds to the motion to suspend the debate?”

*motion passes*

“The debate is now suspended, please make sure to return at XX:XX”

When delegates strike back

Delegate is speaking over time

“Delegate, please return to your seat, your time has elapsed”

* Bang gavel if still not sitting down*

Delegate makes rude comments during speech

“Delegate, please remain courteous and polite during speeches, rudeness will not be tolerated and can result in suspension from the debate”

Delegates are talking during another speech

“Delegates no cross-talking”

Delegates say “I” too many times

“Delegate please remember to avoid personal pronouns”

And there we have it! I hope that this chairing script can help you to master the basics of chairing and also inspire you to use more authoritative language that chairs are known to use! 

Remember, the rules of procedure used in this script are not standard, and each MUN uses their own, make sure to check up before the conference what those ROPs are about, and how they will affect the words and procedure you use!

Best of luck with all your  chairing experiences !

• Privacy Overview
• Strictly Necessary Cookies

This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.

Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.

If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.

MIT Office of the President

• Writing & Speeches

Video transcript: MIT Community Message from President Kornbluth

View the video.

Hello, everyone.

As you surely know, campus communities across the country are struggling to cope with strongly contending views on the war in the Middle East – and MIT is too. 

So I want to let you know what I see here, and what I believe is at a stake.

Last Sunday night, 30 or so students set up around 15 tents on the Kresge lawn. They also put up signs – some deeply critical of Israel, some expressing their support for the Palestinian people and their demands that MIT cut research ties with Israel. They have repeatedly stated their commitment to these views. 

From the start, this encampment has been a clear violation of our procedures for registering and reserving space for campus demonstrations – rules that are independent of content – rules that help make sure that everyone can have freedom of speech.

Over the course of the week, several more tents have been added. The students have sometimes been noisy – but the situation has so far been peaceful. For instance, after the first day, the demonstrators agreed not make noise after 7:30 pm, as students across campus are focused on end-of-semester assignments. 

That said, there have been rallies that include bullhorns and loud chanting. Some of these chants are heard by members of our community as calling for the elimination of the state of Israel. More pointed chants have been added that I find quite disturbing.

I believe these chants are protected speech, under our principles of free expression.   But as I’ve said many times, there’s a distinction between what we can say ­– what we have a right to say – and what we should say as members of one community. 

But this is what makes this situation different from past protest movements, and uniquely difficult: t he fact of two opposing groups on campus, both grieving, – and both painfully at odds with each another. These opposing allegiances extend to faculty and staff as well.

As you’d expect, to avoid any further escalation, we’re working closely and constantly with our Student Life team, the faculty members who are advising the students, and our own campus police. Out of an abundance of caution, at my direction, the MITPD is on the scene 24 hours a day. 

The situation is not static, of course, but that’s the current picture. I and other senior leaders have also spent hours in intense meetings with people across a broad range of views. We’ve received scores of messages from students, alumni, parents, faculty, and staff. 

We are being pressed to take sides – and we’re being accused of taking sides. We’ve been told that the encampment must be torn down immediately, and that it must be allowed to stay; that discipline is not the answer, and that it is the only answer. 

I can only describe the range of views as irreconcilable. 

Under the circumstances, what I must continue to do, here on our campus, is to take every step in my power to protect the physical safety of our community – and to strive to make sure everyone at MIT feels free to do the work they came here for.

In support of that goal, I want to be clear about certain aspects of how we operate at MIT, and about guardrails that will allow us to live together.

• First: I appreciate very much that the situation has so far been peaceful. But this has not been the case at several schools across the country where different groups have clashed.  To be clear to everyone concerned: violence and threats of violence on our campus are utterly unacceptable. Anyone who breaks that trust should expect serious consequences.
• Second: Rules have already been broken. Those who break our rules – including rules around the time, place and manner of protest – will face disciplinary action.
• Third: I am not going to compromise the academic freedom of our faculty, in any field of study. Our faculty represent a wide range of viewpoints that are appropriately expressed in a university dedicated to broadening our students’ minds.   And faculty routinely work with colleagues around the world, including in Israel – and all sponsored research on our campus is openly shared, publishable, and freely available to investigators everywhere. 

MIT relies on rigorous processes to ensure that all funded research complies with MIT policies and with US law. Within those standards, MIT faculty have the fundamental academic freedom to pursue funding for research of interest in their fields. 

In an open academic community, it is certainly acceptable to ask questions about someone’s research and funding sources. But that should never rise to the level of intimidation or harassment.

• Fourth and finally, I want to speak directly about the encampment. 

We have heard the views of our protesting students. The grief and pain over the terrible loss of life and suffering in Gaza are palpable.

Out of respect for the principles of free expression, we have not interfered with the encampment.

But it is creating a potential magnet for disruptive outside protestors. 

It is commandeering space that was properly reserved by other members of our community. 

And keeping the encampment safe and secure for this set of students is diverting hundreds of staff hours, around the clock, away from other essential duties. 

We have a responsibility to the entire MIT community – and it is not possible to safely sustain this level of effort.

We are open to further discussion about the means of ending the encampment.   

But this particular form of expression needs to end soon.