how to punctuate song titles in an essay

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Proper Formatting of Song Titles in Written Documents

Learn when to use italics and quotation marks to write clearly

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What to Know

• Refer to the style guide specified by your employer, client, or teacher.
• In the absence of a style guide, the general rule is to use quotation marks for song titles and italicize CD or album titles.
• Don't use underlining in place of italics unless you are using a typewriter or writing titles by hand.

This article explains the proper formatting of song titles in written documents and includes examples.

How to Format Song Titles in Written Documents

For matters of style when punctuating and formatting titles of any kind, turn first to the style guide prescribed by your employer, client, or teacher. In the absence of a style guide, use the following guidelines:

• Put quotation marks around song titles : For best appearance in professionally typeset material, use proper typographical quote marks and apostrophes ( curly quotes ).
• Set CD/album titles in italics : In typeset material, watch out for fake italics . That's not a grammar rule but it is a good design and printing rule.
• Do not use underlining (in place of italics) unless you're using a typewriter or writing titles by hand.

In desktop publishing and word processing software, create character styles to quickly format song titles and other types of titles used throughout a document.

Example References to Song Titles and Albums

Here are two examples of text that includes song titles and album titles:

• Trace Adkins' first #1 single “(This Ain’t) No Thinkin’ Thing” is from his 1997 CD  Dreamin’ Out Loud . 
• The title cut from Toby Keith’s How Do You Like Me Now? was the most-played country song of 2000. Other favorites from the same album include “You Shouldn’t Kiss Me Like That” and “Country Comes to Town.”

When the song/album is the same : In the second example, although “ How Do You Like Me Now? ” is the song title, it is also the album title and in that context is treated as the album title, using italics. It would be just as correct to write: My favorite song on the How Do You Like Me Now? album is “How Do You Like Me Now?”

Punctuation in titles : When a song title ends in a question mark, exclamation point, or other punctuation, that punctuation goes inside the quotation marks because it's part of the song title. The beginning portion of the Adkins song title in parentheses is contained in the quotation marks the same as the other part of the song title.

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Do You Use Quotation Marks or Italics for Song and Album Titles?

by Liz Bureman | 40 comments

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Are you making any playlists for the new year? I love music, and when I write about a song or album, I know when to use quotation marks and when to use italics. Do you? Are song titles italicized? Let's discuss. 

I love music. I've been teaching myself to play guitar, and I can stumble my way through four or five songs without wanting to poke holes in my eardrums, but my main appreciation for music is when other people play it. I'm an avid Spotify user, and I take a lot of pride in my ability to make kickass playlists. One of my girlfriends has even given me the green light to create her hypothetical wedding reception playlist.

Not everyone writes out the titles of their favorite songs or music albums regularly, so it's no surprise I sometimes hear people ask, “Are song titles italicized?”

The answer is no.

Here's how it works:

Song Titles in Quotation Marks

Song titles are always surrounded by quotation marks, like *NSYNC's “Bye Bye Bye,” or “A Whole New World” from Disney's Aladdin .

Anytime you write out the title of a song, you'll put that song title in quotation marks according to standard grammar rules. Think of a song as a shorter work like a short story. Short story titles are always in quotation marks. 

Album Titles in Italics

Musical album titles, on the other hand, are always italicized. For example, while I will openly admit to loving Journey's power ballad song “Faithfully,” I think pretty much every song on their Greatest Hits album should be sung at karaoke nights across the country.

When you write out an album title, you'll put it in italics.

It may help to remember that the music album is a longer work, like a novel. Titles of books are also written in italics in most major style guides. 

Are Song Titles Italicized in Classical Music?

Classical music isn't typically arranged into an album, per se, but the general rule still applies. The shorter songs and movements would be in quotation marks. If it is a full length longer composition, like a full sonata, concerto, or opera then use italics for titles indicating the full work.

For example: The aria “Der Hölle Rache” is probably the most famous piece in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute . 

Other Italics Questions

Of course, lots more media have titles than just songs and albums. There are books , short stories, podcasts, TV shows, episodes . . . the list goes on and on. Want more italics advice? Check out our ultimate title-writing guide for answers to all your italics conundrums.

Do you have any tricks for remembering when to use quotes and when to use italics? Tell us in the comments .

Imagine your favorite musical artist or group is discussing the set list for an upcoming show that has the potential to go viral. What will they play to appeal to fans, old and new?

Take fifteen minutes and write about the hypothetical conversation the ladies of the group had in determining the songs they would play for the show. Post your conversation in the Pro Practice Workshop , and leave notes for other writers brave enough to publish as well. Not a part of a writing community yet? Join us !

Liz Bureman

Liz Bureman has a more-than-healthy interest in proper grammatical structure, accurate spelling, and the underappreciated semicolon. When she's not diagramming sentences and reading blogs about how terribly written the Twilight series is, she edits for the Write Practice, causes trouble in Denver, and plays guitar very slowly and poorly. You can follow her on Twitter (@epbure), where she tweets more about music of the mid-90s than writing.

40 Comments

It was blowing up a storm when we started to practice, but that don’t stop Effie.  He thinks you gotta play no matter what.  If the tornado sirens go off down in town and one of our old ladies calls to tell us so, he’ll say, “Ya’ll can go get in your fraidey holes if you want to.  Me, I’m playing my fiddle.”

Well, you can’t go to the storm cellar with your tail between your legs, so we stay, me and Vander and Larry, even though Larry, who plays the washtub, lost his house in the tornado of ’96 and he shakes when the sky rumbles.  And then Effie’ll start in on some song like “When The Roll Is Called Up Yonder,” just to put his spin on how things might turn out if a twister does find us.

So we’re playing, me on the bass, and we’re looking out the window, where you can see the sky turning the color of a two-day bruise, and Larry’s sweating and Vander’s got his eyes shut like he does when he plays mandolin, and Effie, truth be told, is a flat-out bully.  So he’s getting the show list together and acting like everything’s business as usual.

“I think we should start with “Sitting On The Front Porch,” he says.  Crowd pleaser, every time.  And then, “Baby’s Little Shoes.” And then “Walking With Clementine” for the old folks.  We’ll finish with “God Bless the U.S.A,” since the veteran’s home is bringing a bus.

Lightning is hitting closer, the sky like the Fourth of July.  Larry’s done sat down, turned all pale as fresh milk.  Larry’s a big man.  He can’t button his overalls up all the way on the side, so when he doubles over and then falls out of the fold-up chair, none of us knows what to do.

“I ain’t doing mouth-to-mouth,” Effie says, while the rest of us are trying to right him. 

Larry comes to soon enough, just as the hail starts.

“My new truck,” he says, and shakes his head. You know when people say you’re green at the gills? Well, Larry is.

All our trucks are parked outside, and all of ‘em are getting blasted.  I see my old Dodge, the one I’ve had since May left me, the hail, big as cotton bols hitting it, and it makes me sick.

And then I remember Effie’s truck.  His is in the carport.  Well, sure it is, I think.

Vander, who preaches every other Sunday over in the Cavanaugh bottoms, says, “Shit fire,” and hits the wall.  We are in the town hall of Rudy, a little Craftsman house donated by Mayor Giles Walker’s family when he passed, and the photos of the veterans shake when he does it.

The rain flashes down.  Pounding everything, soaking through my back windshield that was shattered by the hail.

“Mercy sakes,” is all I can say.

Larry stands up, grabbing my arm to do it.  He’s about as wide as he is tall, and he’s near about pulls me down.

“I’m off like a prom dress,” he says, “so don’t try to stop me.”  And then he turns to Effie.

“You’re about as helpful as a boar with teats,” he says, you know that? You act like you’re the bread and butter of The Frog Bayou Boys.”  He points to me.  “But Columbus here, he might not play as good as you like, but he’s the one got the news folks out here to do that story calling us the best band in the River Valley.  And he books every show, and when you get drunk, let’s just be honest here, when you get drunk, you can’t play worth shit.”

Effie came after Larry.  Effie’s a little action figure of a man, but he fights mean, and it took Vander and me to stop him.

We were holding Effie by his scrawny arms, and he was kicking, his cowboy boots flying off the wood floor, so that we were mostly holding him up.

“You are a liar and a snake,” Larry Brammel.  “A liar and a snake.  You’re going to go straight to hell with gasoline drawers on, and when you do, I’ll play my fiddle on your grave.”

Vander stepped in.  “Ya’ll cut it out.  Nobody’s dying,” he said.  “Effie,” he said, and pointed, “you and Larry need to quit showing your butts. That show on Saturday pays $100, plus they feed us.  We ain’t had a show like that since we played that Red, White and Bluegrass gig for the rich ladies who wanted to dress up in thousand dollar boots and wear tight jeans and drink beer in front of their husbands.”

And then Vander bowed up, like I never seen him do before.  “And Effie, we ain’t playing “Walking With Clementine.” The old folks can do without it for one dang night.  I wrote my own song and I want to sing it.  It’s called “She Broke My Heart And Stole My Wallet.” That’ll get ‘em going,” Vander said. 

I’d known Vander thirty-two years, and that was the first I’d heard of his songwriting.  His new girlfriend, the one who brought over the Mexican casserole when Vander’s wife died, was likely the inspiration for this new tune.

Word was, she was over in Branson now, hooked up with a cowboy singer who wore a Bolo tie and colored his hair.

Effie face was red.  He looked hotter than blue blazes, like he might catch fire at any minute.  And then he backed down, his shoulders falling.  He looked at all of us, me and Larry and Vander, and then he said, “Fine, that’s fine with me.  I been carrying you ya-hoos for way too long.”

Larry cuffed him on the arm, and then they shook hands, and the rain fell, and the thunder roared, but nobody moved for a minute. 

Effie had a bottle in his fiddle case, and he went to get it.  “Ain’t nobody driving till the rain stops,” he said.  “And that includes you, Larry.”

And then we sat down, and passed the bottle until Vander started singing.  “I loved a girl from Minnesota.  Loved her with a passion true.  And then stole my dad burn wallet, took it out and followed you.  You must be a handsome cowboy.  You must look like Johnny Cash.  But when I find my little Cindy, I will tell her that she’s trash.”

We were laughing then.  And Effie brought out his fiddle, and I picked up my bass, and Vander his mandolin.  Larry drug out the washtub, and we got back at it, the Frog Bayou Boys, just as good as new.

Wow, Marla, if you’re not from those parts then you’ve got one wild imagination, girl! Well done, and then some. The phrasing, the way you used the anarchic terminology, and even the names were spot on, perfect. Beautiful!

 Thank you, Yvette.  I can’t take credit.  I live with these people and these voices.  It’s like music to me.  We get teased A LOT but I wouldn’t trade the dialect or the cadence for anything. 

I love this!!!  The gig, the music, the attitudes.  And the dialogue is genuine county-folk!  Good work, Marla!

You’re so nice.  I love the music we have in the South, the twangy, ball-your-eyes-out stuff that connects us all and makes us feel less alone.  And I know men like these, I’ve heard them play, so writing this was easy.

Great writing Marla. I agree with the others you really have that dialect (which I’m also familiar with) down pat.  

Thank you, Mariaanne. Where are you from?

I live in Lynchburg Va now but was originally from Norfolk.  The accent you are writing sounds like an Appalachian accent to me. Where are you from?

Mariaanne, I live in Lynchburg, too! We have two crit groups here and would love for you to join us. Email me at charmainetdavis at yahoo dot com.

Charmaine – I can’t believe it.  Will you please email me?  [email protected].  I’d love to join you.  When and where do you meet?  

I had a playlist for my wedding that included  “One Day My Prince Will Come” and “If You Wish Upon a Star.”  Since I’m still single, it’s “The Impossible Dream.”

It depends if you’re writing for American or British publications. In the US, song titles are always “Jumping Jack Flash” but in the UK they’re often ‘Midnight Rambler’. It’s caused me no end of headaches writing for both.

They punctuate dialogue differently in the UK too don’t they?  I think the way they do it makes more sense actually but I don’t like to think about it too much or I get confused. I imagine it’s hard to write both ways.  

Agreed. The UK punctuates more logically. I had points knocked off of college papers for employing that punctuation, & tried to defend it with no success. Ha! Punctuation Wars – my kind of rebellion!

I’m in the US. In high school, I got marked off for spelling aluminum as “aluminium.” The teacher actually asked if I was British.

Ten years later, I’d still argue I was technically correct.

sorry so long to reply. Yet, after recent happenings, I can only hope that we can just get back to debating language. God Bless us All. Thanks for replying Eric Foster!!

Does also apply to other works that have a part/whole relationship? I’m thinking specifically of “short stories” and The Collection They Come in or “poems” and Chap Books.

I can’t make any italics work in this application, so I’ll indicate italics with [i] at the beginning and at the end of each title I intend to be italicized.

My practice:

The state-of-the-art bus pitched only slightly with the dips and rolls of Interstate 35 — not like those death-traps they used to ride in the ’40s and ’50s — on the way up to Fort Worth and Billy Bob’s.  He walked down the aisle toward his stateroom with the practiced sea-legs of an old salt, noticing that his harp-player, Mickey, had gone to sleep and was droolin’ in his lap. 

“HEY MICK YOUR FLY’S OPEN!”  he barked in that sargeant’s voice he could assume on a moment’s notice.  Mickey jumped awake and then amiably shot him the bird.  He laughed in his baritone voice and walked on into his quarters. 

Billy Bob’s.  Let’s see — that crowd likes the ’70s stuff off the concept albums, sprinkled ’round the edges with the early Nashville songs.  Let’s do, let’s do — he got his legal pad and licked the point of his stubby pencil — Let’s do “Bloody Mary Mornin'” and “Walkin'” from [i]Phases and Stages[i].  Follow that with “Hello Walls” from [i]And then I Wrote[i].  He sat before the big window and watched the country roll by, remembering.  Remembering. 

The world was a different place when I got started.  I’m an extrememly lucky man, he thought.  All the close shaves — I could easily have gone the way of Hank.  All  the little one-horse planes I’ve flown in, I also could have had the same end as Jim Reeves, or Patsy, God love ‘er. 

Gotta do “Crazy” tonight in honor of Patsy.  That’s another’un offa [i]And Then I Wrote[i].  Sold that’un for fifty dollars when my kids needed shoes, and I’d do it again too. 

He picked up the old spanish guitar with the hole in it where his right hand had worn through the wood over the decades, and began to strum it.  Key of E.  Began to sing just a little bit, soft and low:  “In___ the twighlight glow I see__ her . . .”  And then stopped.  All those years.  All those songs.  All those changes.  Phases and stages.

Yes, I’m lucky, it’s still hard to believe just how lucky.

Gotta find a spot for “Blue Eyes” tonight too.  [i]Red-Headed Stranger[i].  

Sometimes, he realized, I look in the mirror and that’s who I see.

Wow!  I love this.  The part about the hole in the guitar is gold.  And I love your main character.  I’d go hear him, in a heartbeat. 

Thank you all for your kind comments.   The piece is about Willie Nelson, I just didn’t name him.  All of the album and song titles are real, as is the hole in his guitar;  just look closely the next time you see him playing on tv and you’ll see it.  I had a lot of fun writing this!

I’ve always been amused by Willie’s “holy” guitar. He’s such a kook.

I forgot DISQUS doesn’t allow italics. Sorry about that John. Way to make it work 🙂

That was really well done John.  It’s kind of sad to hear him thinking about old times but he seems to be a pretty happy guy overall.  I like the hole in the guitar too as well as the guy drooling in his sleep.  Gross but probably about right.  

Good article. Quick and to the point. Thanks!

Not kickass playlists if they have Journey in them lol…

It will really depend on how are you going to use those kind of quotations in your writing but I what I have observed, this kind of thing was being used by most writing especially if when they emphasized a title on their writing.

I was going to ask about the title of a composition and the movements but after reading the program magazine I realized that italics are used for both.

I think I have been doing that correctly. I was worried.

Her hand twisted the edge of her shirt as the smell of sawdust filled the air. The crowd’s noises dimmed, her heart beat louder in her ears and her palms dampened as she climbed the stage stairs. Though she had practiced long hours she was nervous anticipating singing “China Girl” from John Cougar Mellancamp’s, (italics American Fool italics), album.

You should try djing. It’s easy if you can already make a good playlist. If you’re already a good selector, all you have to do is pre-cue the next song in your headphones then drop it on the 1. Really easy stuff. You can buy the app, djay, for ios devices and log in with your spotify account for access to your playlists and stuff. We need more female djs.

My first concert experience was of one that I would not easily forget, it was Summer Jam hosted by Hot 97. The concert had a majority of middle class rappers playing their hot singles. I came there for a select few: 50 Cent, Fabolous and Young Thug. The other performing artists were mainly for the female demographic, like Fetty Wap and Ty Dolla $ign. What I really enjoyed about this concert is they did not only play songs from this current generation, they reached out to other generations as well. The biggest example of this is seeing 50 Cent preform. He played hits from his Get Rich or Die Tryin’ album all the way up to his recent The Kanan Mixtape. I was going ballistic when I heard him preform a new track “I’m the Man” and decided to take us back to 2003 with “In da Club” immediately after. The artists I came for did not disappoint.

And if you are writing dialogue, I do not recall seeing two double quotation marks at end of dialogue. Maybe I am wrong. For instance, “Baby, you know I love Ted’s “Stranglehold,”” he fired back. I have seen a single followed by a double quotation at end of dialogue after the comma or period. So maybe that’s why the King’s English prefers single over double?

This saved my essay. Thanks Liz!

Dear Liz, I was looking for some advice about quote/italics for song/movie/book titles and got totally side-tracked by your Journey reference. When I rule the world, I promise you will get your wish. Journey will be piped directly into people’s heads so they can all become happier and more well rounded. Tee Hee. Keep up the good work. 😉

The Excavators play Brady Wilkenson’s 8th Birthday Bash!

This past Saturday afternoon was Brady Wilkensen’s birthday party, and he could think of no better live entertainment than his father’s heavy metal band, The Excavators. When Brady suggested the idea, his dad felt honored, albeit unsure whether the mothers of his son’s 8-year-old classmates and friends would appreciate the lyrical content of his band’s hits, especially “Rotting Flesh” and “Glory Hole” off their latest album (i) In it for the Lingue Hall. (i)

Instead of becoming the third grade parents’ worst nightmare, Mr. Wilkensen figured he’d tone things down quite a bit to become more palatable to the kids and their discerning parents. He got the members of the Excavators together, sure, but instead of “Rock My Grave,” the afternoon’s selections included “Punk Rock Teacher” and “All My Friends Headbang” off their pseudo EP (i) Songs for the Peanut Gallery (i).

The party was to be held at Bringadown Hall, in a posh country club in the suburb where Brady and his family resided. Mr. Wilkenson figured that his band had better revamp their look for this gig as well. Instead of their usual studs and leather, the Excavators came to the party dressed in red t-shirts, jeans, and letter jackets that evoked high school in the ’70s.

The band decided to even craft some improv tunes on the subject of the party’s goings-on and present them to Brady and his guests at the end of the show. “Pizza on my Face, What a Disgrace!” did so well among Brady’s friends that the Excavators decided to include it on their upcoming album, (i) Smells like Burnt Crust (i).

Rather than the utter disgust that would have been sure to follow had the band performed its signature material, (i) Songs for the Peanut Gallery (i) was lauded by parents and children alike as a “too-cool-for-school crowd pleaser.”

Brady bragged from that day forward that he had the coolest dad in town, and his 8th birthday party became the epitome of birthday bash success in the eyes of the entirety of Willten Elementary School’s student body, whether they’d attended the party or heard about it from a friend-of-a-friend’s brother.

“Whew,” Mr. Wilkenson said to his wife when the party was over, “that was a good call!”

Thanks Liz, good info!

Here’s my sentence in question: “They just ran out the back door singing it to the tune of ‘Row, Row, Row Your Boat’.” It is dialog, and according to what I’m reading, I should use double quotes around the song and at the end of the sentence. Correct?

thanks for the help!

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Music enthusiasts are often confused about how to format song titles properly in written documents such as essays, research papers, and articles. While some people might think that formatting song titles is not essential, it is a crucial element in writing that can change the meaning or context of a song. The following guidelines will help you correctly format song titles in written documents.

1. Capitalization:

The first letter of every word in a song title should be capitalized, except for articles, conjunctions, and prepositions that are shorter than four letters.

Example: “Sweet Child O’ Mine” by Guns N’ Roses.

2. Italicize:

Song titles should be italicized when they appear in a written document, such as when they appear in a sentence or a paragraph. The only exception to this rule is when the document is handwritten.

Example: “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen is one of the most popular rock songs of all time.

3. Quotation Marks:

When a song title is part of a larger work, such as an album, an opera, or musical theater, use quotation marks to distinguish the song title from the rest of the work. Example: “Don’t Stop Believin'” is a song from the album, “Escape” by Journey.

4. Punctuation:

When referencing a song title, place a comma before and after the title.

Example: The song, “Time After Time,” was a hit for Cyndi Lauper.

5. Acronyms:

If the title of the song consists of an acronym, all letters must be capitalized, and the acronym should also be placed in quotation marks.

Example: “YMCA” by the Village People.

In conclusion, proper formatting of song titles in written documents is crucial in expressing the correct information to the reader. Failure to adhere to these guidelines may result in misinterpretation of song titles and changing the context of the song. By following these simple guidelines, music lovers, students, and authors can confidently format song titles in written documents.

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How To Write A Song Title In An Essay: A Step-By-Step Guide

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When you're tackling the challenge of writing an academic essay, knowing how to correctly format song titles can make your paper stand out. It's not just about following guidelines; it's about respecting the artistry behind the music while enhancing the credibility of your work. Whether you’re analyzing a classic hit or citing a modern track, getting the details right matters.

Imagine you’re weaving lyrics into your argument or discussing the impact of a particular tune. Properly formatted song titles ensure that readers recognize references and appreciate their significance within your analysis. Let’s dive into how you can master this subtle but essential aspect of academic writing, setting up your essay for success with precision and style.

Understanding the Basics of Song Titles in Essays

When writing academic essays, recognizing how to format song titles correctly is crucial. This knowledge ensures that your document adheres to standard academic protocols and enhances readability.

Why Proper Formatting Matters

Proper formatting of song titles in essays demonstrates attention to detail and respect for copyright laws. In academia, precision in citing sources reflects on your credibility as a writer and the integrity of your work. Correctly formatted references help prevent plagiarism by clearly distinguishing between original thoughts and borrowed creativity. This practice not only upholds legal standards but also maintains the aesthetic appeal of your essay, ensuring a professional presentation that engages readers effectively.

Song Titles vs Other Titles

Song titles are treated differently from other types of titles like books or articles primarily due to their short-form nature and distinct composition rules. While book titles are italicized, song titles require quotation marks around them. This distinction helps clarify what type of media is being discussed — for instance, an album (italicized) versus a track from it (quoted). Additionally, understanding this difference aids in preventing confusion when both types of works appear in a single essay, thereby facilitating clearer communication about various artistic pieces within your analysis.

Preparing to Write Your Essay

Before you begin writing your essay, it's essential to ensure that all preparations are in place to incorporate song titles effectively.

Research and Select Songs

Start by identifying the songs that most closely align with your essay topic. Consider factors like genre, artist relevance, lyrical content, and how well the song supports or enhances the points you wish to make. Utilize respected music databases such as AllMusic or Discogs for accurate information about the songs. Make notes on why each selected song is pertinent to your essay’s argument or theme.

Gather Necessary Materials and Sources

Compile a list of all materials you will need for referencing the song titles correctly in your essay. This includes access to official lyrics, copyright details from sites like ASCAP or BMI, and academic papers or music journals if applicable for scholarly insight. Ensure you have reliable internet access or library resources to verify these details accurately before including them in your essay. Keep track of all source URLs or physical document locations for easy citation later.

How to Format a Song Title in an Essay

Proper formatting of song titles in essays underscores your attention to detail and adherence to academic standards. The following guidelines will help ensure that your essay meets the required formatting norms.

Using Quotation Marks

Place song titles within quotation marks when referencing them in your essay. This format distinguishes song titles from other types of works like albums or books, which typically use italics or underlining. For example, if referring to the song "Imagine" by John Lennon, you write: In his song "Imagine," John Lennon proposes an idealistic world.

Capitalization Rules

Capitalize the first letter of each major word in a song title , excluding short prepositions, articles, and conjunctions unless they start the title. For instance, Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" should be formatted with both 'Blank' and 'Space' capitalized because they are major words that contribute significantly to understanding the title’s meaning.

Italics and Their Appropriate Uses

In her album

By adhering to these rules, you maintain clarity and professional presentation in your academic writing concerning music references.

Common Style Guidelines

To ensure your essay meets academic standards, adhere to established style guidelines when citing song titles. These styles vary slightly, so choose the one most appropriate for your course or field of study.

In APA format, enclose song titles in double quotation marks . Do not italicize or underline them. Capitalize the first word of the title and any significant words thereafter (excluding articles, prepositions, and conjunctions unless they start the title). For example:

• "Shake It Off"
• "Born to Run"

Include specific details such as the performer's name followed by a period, and then list the year of release in parentheses before closing with a period. If you reference a particular performance or version, specify this information immediately following the title.

MLA format also requires double quotation marks around song titles . Follow similar capitalization rules as APA style: capitalize the first letter of each major word in the title while leaving lower case for minor words unless they are at the beginning or end of the title.

For instance:

• "Hotel California"
• "Stairway to Heaven"

The songwriter's name comes first in an MLA citation. Place a comma after this followed by "Song Title," another comma after that before ending with more detailed publication information.

Chicago Style

Chicago Manual of Style suggests using italics only for larger works like albums or movies; thus place song titles within double quotation marks. Capitalization rules mirror those used in both APA and MLA formats where major words are capitalized.

Examples include:

• "All Along The Watchtower"
• "Comfortably Numb"

Start with either the singer’s name or composer if different from other contributors listed afterward separated by commas in a footnote or bibliography entry. Cite specific page numbers if applicable to direct readers accurately within larger sources.

By mastering these formatting nuances across different citation styles, you enhance both clarity and credibility in your writing about music topics.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

When writing song titles in essays, you might encounter certain formatting challenges. This section helps you address common issues effectively.

Incorrect Formatting of Song Titles

Encountering incorrect formatting of song titles can detract from the professionalism of your academic essay. Ensure that song titles are always enclosed in quotation marks and not italicized—this is a standard rule across APA, MLA, and Chicago styles unless specified otherwise by your guideline. For example, correctly formatted: "Yesterday" by The Beatles; incorrectly formatted: Yesterday by The Beatles.

If you mistakenly use italics or improper capitalization (such as capitalizing all letters), review style-specific guidelines:

• APA and MLA : Only major words in the title should be capitalized.
• Chicago : Capitalization involves first and last words being capitalized along with all major words in between.

Revising your document to correct these errors enhances readability and maintains the required academic standards.

Citing Live Performances vs Recorded Tracks

Differentiating between live performances and recorded tracks in citations is crucial for accuracy in your essays. Cite live performances by including the date and location of the performance along with the artist's name. For recorded tracks, focus on providing detailed information about the album release or recording details if available.

• Live Performance: "Bohemian Rhapsody" performed by Queen at Live Aid, Wembley Stadium, London, July 13, 1985.
• Recorded Track: "Bohemian Rhapsody," Queen, A Night at the Opera , 1975.

By specifying these details clearly, readers can understand precisely which rendition or version of the song you are referencing.

Tips for Writing an Effective Essay

In crafting an effective essay, emphasizing precision in formatting and smooth integration of song titles is paramount. Focus on maintaining consistency and fluously incorporating these elements to enhance readability and scholarly respect.

Maintaining Consistency

Maintain a consistent style throughout your essay to ensure clarity and professionalism. If you choose a specific citation style like APA, MLA, or Chicago, apply it uniformly across all song titles and other citations:

• Use Uniform Formatting: Always format song titles the same way throughout your essay. For instance, if you start using double quotation marks for song titles in MLA format, continue this practice consistently.
• Follow Style Guide Rules: Refer back to the chosen style guide frequently during the writing process to check that your formatting aligns with its rules. This approach prevents inconsistencies which could detract from your credibility as a writer.
• Regularly Check for Updates: Citation styles can update their guidelines; regularly check for any changes during the writing process that might affect how you cite songs or other materials.

Incorporating Song Titles Smoothly into Text

To integrate song titles effectively within your essay's text:

• Contextual Placement: Introduce song titles naturally within the context of your argument or narrative flow. Avoid abrupt insertions that may disrupt reader engagement.
• Proper Punctuation Usage: Adhere strictly to punctuation norms associated with the citation style you are using. For example, ensure proper use of quotation marks around song titles in MLA format.
• Highlight Relevance: Make clear why a particular song title is relevant in your discussion. Connect it directly to your analysis or point being discussed; this clarifies its inclusion and strengthens your argument.

By applying these tips meticulously, you elevate not only the technical accuracy but also the persuasive power of your academic essays.

Writing Song Titles in Essays with ChatGPT

Help me format song titles in my academic essay according to [specify style guide, e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago]. I need to know how to correctly place quotation marks, capitalize the titles, and differentiate between live performances and recorded tracks. Provide examples based on the following songs: [list specific songs]. Additionally, guide me on how to smoothly integrate these song titles into my text.

Using this prompt, ChatGPT will provide clear guidelines and examples tailored to your specific style guide, ensuring that your essay maintains precision and professionalism in citing song titles.

Mastering the art of formatting song titles in your essays not only enhances readability but also ensures that you respect intellectual property rights. By adhering to style-specific guidelines whether it's APA MLA or Chicago you safeguard the credibility of your academic work. Remember always to use quotation marks for song titles capitalize correctly and differentiate between live performances and recorded tracks. With these skills firmly in place you'll find that integrating song titles into your essays becomes a seamless task bolstered by clarity and precision. Keep refining these practices as they are fundamental elements that contribute significantly to the strength and integrity of your scholarly writing.

Frequently Asked Questions

How should song titles be formatted in academic essays.

Song titles should be placed in quotation marks with the first letter of each major word capitalized. This applies to most formatting styles including APA, MLA, and Chicago.

What is the difference between formatting song titles and other types of titles?

Unlike book or album titles which are usually italicized, song titles require quotation marks. This distinction helps clarify that a smaller component of a larger work is being referenced.

Are there specific style guidelines for different formatting styles like APA, MLA, and Chicago?

Yes, each style has its own set of rules:

• APA : Enclose song titles in quotation marks.
• MLA : Use quotation marks; capitalize each significant word.
• Chicago : Song titles should be in quotation marks with all principal words capitalized.

How do you handle citing live performances versus recorded tracks?

For live performances, specify the venue and date before the song title. For recorded tracks, include standard details such as artist name and album title followed by the track number if applicable.

What common issues arise when formatting song titles?

Common issues include using incorrect punctuation like italics instead of quotation mark,s or improper capitalization of minor words within the title. Consistent adherence to chosen style guidelines can prevent these errors.

Why is it important to correctly format song titles in academic essays?

Correctly formatting song titles enhances credibility and shows respect for copyright materials while ensuring clarity and precision in scholarly writing.

Can incorrect formatting affect the credibility of an academic essay?

Yes, improper formatting can distract readers and lead to questions about accuracy and attention to detail, potentially undermining the writer's arguments and overall credibility.

How to Punctuate Song Titles

Capitalization Rules for Flowers

Learning punctuation may seem arbitrary but, once you memorize the proper rules and practice with them, they will come to you naturally next time you need them. Song titles are punctuated in the same way as the titles of articles. Properly punctuating a song title will show that you respect the song and wish it to stand out from the rest of a text.

Place double quotation marks on either side of the title of the song. “Here Comes the Sun” is an example.

Put question marks and exclamation marks that are part of the song title (as in “Does He Love Me?”) inside the quotation marks.

Make sure you place all commas and periods inside the quotation marks even if they are not part of the song when the song title is part of a text: The band played “Statesboro Blues.”

Capitalize the first word, the last word and the nouns in the title. Conjunctions (“but,” “and” or “or”), prepositions (“on,” "to" or “in,” for example) or articles (“a,” “an” or “the”) are not capitalized unless they are the first or last words. However, many publications and styles require that you capitalize any preposition or conjunction that is four letters in length or longer (for example, “with” or “either”).

Song titles listed in music programs may not be placed in quotation marks. Song titles in foreign languages should be left in that language if it is popularly known that way and capitalized according to the rules of that language. It still receives quotation marks if printed in the U.S. Italicize the name of an album.

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Sophia Sola has been a writer and editor for over six years. She co-owns Sirius Prose Editing & Writing Service and has experience ranging from authoring magazine articles to editing Ph.D. dissertations. She has been published in the "Earth First! Journal" and on Tivix.com, JSI Top 21 Record Reviews and other websites.

When to Punctuate Titles in Italics or Quotes

Illustration by Claire Cohen. © 2018 ThoughtCo.

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You may have wondered in the middle of typing up a research project : Do I italicize  a song title? What about a painting?​ Even the most experienced writers have a problem remembering the proper punctuation for certain types of titles. Books are italicized (or underlined) and articles are put in quotation marks. That's about as far as many people can remember.​

Many teachers require students to use Modern Language Association style for research papers and essays covering language arts, cultural studies, and the humanities . There is a trick to remembering how to treat titles in MLA style, and it works well enough that you can commit most types of titles to memory. It's the big and little trick.

Big Things vs. Little Things

Big things and things that can stand on their own, like books, are italicized. Little things that are dependent or that come as part of a group, like chapters, are put into quotation marks. Think of a CD or an album as a major (big) work that can be divided into smaller parts, or songs. The individual song names (small part) are punctuated with quotation marks .

For example:

• The Sweet Escape , by Gwen Stefani, includes the song "Wind It Up."

While this is not a perfect rule, it can be helpful for determining whether to italicize or surround an item in quotation marks when you have no resources at hand.

Furthermore, italicize or underline any published collection, like a book of poetry. Put the individual entry, like a poem, in quotation marks. However: a long, epic poem that is often published on its own would be treated like a book. The Odyssey is one example.

Punctuating Titles of Works of Art

Creating a work of art is an enormous task. For that reason, you can think of art as a big accomplishment. That might sound a bit corny, but it will help you remember. Individual works of art, like paintings and sculptures, are underlined or italicized:

• Michelangelo 's David
• The Last Supper

Note that a photograph—although not any less significant or important—is often much smaller than a work of created art, and is placed in quotation marks. Following are guidelines for punctuating titles according to MLA standards.

Titles and Names to Italicize

Works to put in italics include:

• A sculpture or statue
• A TV Series
• A cartoon series
• An encyclopedia
• A newspaper

Titles to Put Into Quotation Marks

When deciding how to handle smaller works, put quotation marks around:

• A short story
• A commercial
• An individual episode in a TV series (like "The Soup Nazi" on Seinfeld)
• A cartoon episode, like "Trouble With Dogs"
• A newspaper story

More Tips on Punctuating Titles

Some titles are merely capitalized and not given additional punctuation. These include:

• Religious works, like the Bible or the Koran
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Wednesday, March 10, 2010

Titles: when to italicize, underline, or use quotation marks.

Titles are everywhere; we need them in order to be able to refer to any of the countless stories, pictures, blogs, movies, books, songs, and other works of art being created every single day.   Since most writing is about things you’ve experienced- things you’ve read, seen, heard, or touched – chances are very high that you will be including a title of something one day in your writing.

Before that happens, though, you need to know the rules that govern how to correctly write titles.  And when I say “titles,” I’m not referring to forms of addressing people.  Although I’m sure there are specific rules of etiquette that govern when to call someone “Miss” or “Ms.,” the rules I will be describing in this post apply to works of art, like books and music.

When it comes to titles, you can either italicize them or put them in quotation marks.  The 7th edition of the MLA Handbook eliminates underlining (underlining is still acceptable when hand-writing papers). Skip to the end of this post to see a note about underlining titles .  Keeping the rules for italicizing and using quotation marks straight isn’t easy, which is why there are different techniques that make remembering when to do what easier.

Big Things and Little Things

One way of looking at titles is to determine if it belongs to something that is big or something that is little.  A big thing is something that contains little things .  For example, a CD album contains many songs.  A book contains many chapters.  An anthology contains many essays or stories.  A web site contains many web pages.  A TV series contains many episodes. You get the point. 

Once you’ve determined if the title you’re trying to punctuate belongs to a big thing or a little thing, you can punctuate it.  The titles of big things are always italicized, while the titles of little things are placed within quotation marks.  The following are some examples of properly punctuated titles:

• Words Fail Me is a book with a chapter “Are Your Eggs Ready to Hatch?”
• The first episode of first season of the British television series Black Books is called “Cooking the Books.”
• “Head Over Feet” is a song on Alanis Morissette’s third studio album Jagged Little Pill.

As nice as the “big things/little things” trick is for remembering how to punctuate titles, it stops working when it encounters more complex collections of art.  For example, how do you punctuate the titles of the plays you bought in a book called The Collected Plays of William Shakespeare ? Are they considered chapters? They are little things inside of a bigger book, after all.  What about Beowulf?  It’s a poem, which is a little thing, but the MLA Handbook says that poems which are “long” need to be italicized.  What exactly does “long” mean and how are you going to remember to include those poems in with big things?

Don’t toss the towel in yet on this whole punctuating titles business – I’ve come up with a different way to remember whether or not to italicize or put a title in quotation marks.

Can You Buy It?

If you can go out and physically buy a copy of whatever title it is you’re trying to punctuate, italicize it.  If you can’t, put it in quotation marks. 

Since you can go to Barnes and Noble and find Beowulf on the shelves, it gets italicized.  The same can be said about each one of Shakespeare’s plays; you can find them in one large collected works book OR you can find them sold individually.  What you can’t do is drop by Blockbuster and try to rent ONLY the one episode of Lost you missed .  You have to rent the DVD that has several episodes on it, one of which being the episode you missed.  Therefore, you put episode titles of television series in quotation marks. 

This idea even works for web sites and web pages.  When you buy a domain, you’re buying only up to the first .com or .org or .info (or whatever extension you chose).  So only that much of a web site gets italicized (For example, GuildWars.com or Writing Simplified ). Anything after the first extension is a sub page on the web site, and gets placed inside of quotation marks (For example, the “About Me” section of my blog or any one of the titles of my individual blog posts). 

Even this trick for remembering how to punctuate titles breaks down, though.  You can buy singles of songs and there are entire works of fiction put online for free all the time.  Taken in conjunction with the “big things/little things” technique, the “Can you buy it?” trick should help you get through punctuating at least 98% of every title you’ll encounter successfully. 

For the other 2% of titles you encounter and don’t know what to do with, well, that’s what I’m here for.  Use your professor! Don’t feel embarrassed about asking when you’re unsure about how to do something.  Chances are, your teacher won’t know the answer off the top of his/her head either and will learn something in the process of looking it up for you. 

Names of Forms, Games, Restaurants, Etc.

Style guides like those published by the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) are great sources to turn to when you need to know how to punctuate something properly for a paper. But if you’re not writing an academic paper or your writing includes topics that aren’t typically found in professional publications, they won’t provide you with the answers you need. For those issues, you have to rely on your own judgment in applying the rules because an official standard hasn’t been set.

• Names of Forms : It’s rare for someone to cite a blank document (i.e., an unfilled-out form) so examples of this in published peer-reviewed literature are scarce. However, webpages and print documents refer to form titles when indicating that such and such a form needs to be filled out, or explaining the purpose of certain forms. Every single instance that I've seen so far simply capitalizes the first letter of each word in the form title. For example: "Fill out the Motor Vehicle Records Form to request information about a particular vehicle involved in an accident," "If you are employed in the US, you must fill out a W-4 Form," and "Make sure to fill out all shaded areas in Form I-765." Also notice that the word “Form” is in every name.
• Names of Restaurants: I still remember when it was natural to go to a bookstore to pick up a restaurant guide.  Nowadays, you turn to the Internet for restaurant reviews and suggestions, so finding a print standard for how to punctuate the title is difficult.  As far as the online standard goes, you have the choice to either 1) capitalize the first letter of each word in the restaurant’s name or 2) italicize (or underline!) the restaurant’s name.  You would never put the name in quotation marks, though. As the restaurant is the “big” thing that includes “smaller” things like menu choices, you would put the names of dishes in quotation marks, unless it’s a general food item that’s well known. For example, “Have you been to Chili’s ? I love their chicken parmesan,” or “I’ll see you at Hula Hut. Don’t forget to order me the ‘Funky Dunky Onion Strings’.” Both examples show acceptable ways to punctuate.
• Names of Games: Since the games themselves are the "big" thing that include smaller components, I would italicize their titles.  For example, Magic: the Gathering is a card game similar in playing style to Pokemon Trading Card Game .  I did run a quick search through a research database to see how peer-reviewed journal articles treat game titles as games are a popular topic of education-related journals. The articles I found only capitalized the first letter of each word in the game's name without italicizing or underlining it.  However, no article ever placed the game's name inside quotation marks.  With that evidence, I'd say it's a matter of personal preference whether to italicize the name or leave it unembellished.  I personally prefer the italics since it's what the rule would call for.
• Etc.: Use your personal judgment in applying the rules or drop me a line (in a comment or an e-mail). I’ll update this list with more troublesome title issues as I’m made aware of them.

A Note About Underlining Titles

Before the advent of computers and word-processing programs, there were only two options available to you when punctuating a title: underlining or quotation marks. When computers starting to become more commonplace, a third option - italicization - was added as an alternative to underlining.

Underlining titles was viewed as necessary only when handwriting titles because it is difficult to italicize one's own handwriting - especially if you're writing in cursive. Many style manuals now omit underlining as an option, stating that computers are accessible to the majority of people living in today's society and underlining is no longer needed.

However, there ARE a couple of situations that still exist where italics is either not supported or redundant:

• Social Media : Some social applications online (e.g., Facebook) do not support embedded HTML code, which means when adding comments you do not have the option of italicizing your font.
• Italicized Fonts : If you enjoy using fonts other than the default Times New Roman or Calibri, you may run across lovely fonts that mimic cursive handwriting. Although it is possible to italicize those fonts even more, the difference between regular and italicized versions of the font is often imperceptible and could confuse your reader.

When you find yourself in a situation where italicizing your font is simply not an option, surround the words you want underlined with underline dashes (Shift + the dash key).  For example, I am reworking my father’s book _Dan, A Man Without Youth_ while concurrently working on my own book, tentatively titled _Online Tools for Writers_.

Good luck with your writing endeavors! If you have any questions about how to go about punctuating titles or getting around the character limitations of online programs, send them my way and I’ll do my best to answer them.

Photo credit: Lutrus

21 comments:

Thank you!! I'm working on a book and the titles of CDs, movies, books, TV shows etc were giving me fits. I saw quite a few things online but your explanation is by far the most lucid (and fun to read). Great stuff!

Aww! Thanks for the kind words, Jackie! I'm glad my post helped someone :).

Thanks for the info...we started a few blogs recently and this was helpful. I am the editor (but using that term very loosely!)

What do you do about book titles that you can buy, but can't italicize- as on Facebook posts? What do you do then? Quotation marks?

Hi Anonymous! Sorry it took a while to publish your comment; Blogger wasn't cooperating these past few days. To answer your question, you would surround the title with underline dashes (press Shift + the dash key). For example, I like to watch the tv show _The Office_ and I just finished ordering the book _The Antithesis_ on Amazon.com. The reason you would use underline dashes instead of quotation marks is when italicizing titles is not an option, you revert back to the rules of our pre-word processor days. The option to italicize only became available when computers became a writing tool. Before the advent of computers, the only way a person could italicize his handwriting was to switch to cursive - but that was only an option if he were not already writing in cursive. When handwriting, the rule is to underline titles that require italicization. Most style guides mention the rule in passing, although the more common computers become, the fewer books bother to call attention to the option to underline. I can understand why as it might confuse students to know that they had THREE options when punctuating titles: underline, italicize, or enclose in quotation marks. It's even more confusing when you try and tell students that TWO of those options denote the same idea. I hope this helps!

As a teacher who needs to explain these rules often, I'm delighted by the simple clarity of the "big things"/"little things" explanation. I'm envious! Why didn't I think of this? Thanks so much!

What about the title of a form? Would you put quotes around it?

Unfortunately, forms are not addressed in any of the style guides as it's very rare for a person to what to cite something that is blank (i.e., not filled out with information) so I don't have an "official" position to refer you to when it comes to writing their titles. what I _can_ tell you is that I've been looking at how webpages and print documents refer to form titles when indicating that such and such a form needs to be filled out, or explaining the purpose of certain forms and every single instance that I've seen so far simply capitalizes the first letter of each word in the form title. For example: "Fill out the Motor Vehicle Records Form to request information about a particular vehicle involved in an accident," "If you are employed in the US, you must fill out a W-4 Form," and "Make sure to fill out all shaded areas in Form I-765." Also, I noticed that almost every form had the word "Form" somewhere in its name. Hope this helps you!

When citing a historical document, you would italicize, correct?

Hey Anonymous! You're right; you would italicize famous stand-alone historical documents (e.g., _The Articles of Confederation_, _US Constitution_, _Emancipation Proclamation_, etc. - individual articles and amendments get placed inside quotation marks) when you reference them in your text. As of the newest MLA edition, you no longer have to include well known historical documents in your list of Works Cited.

This is a wonderful site.  But here's one I don't know what to do with:  Games.  How do I refer to the game Magic that my son and his friends play?  Italicize it or put it in quotes?  I suppose the same question would arise about Monopoly and Clue and many others.  

 Hi Gary! That's a great question. Since the games themselves are the "big" thing that include smaller components, I would italicize their titles.  For example, _Magic: the Gathering_ is a card game similar in playing style to _Pokemon Trading Card Game_.  I did run a quick search through a research database to see how peer-reviewed journal articles treat game titles and the articles I found only capitalized the first letter of each word in the game's name without italicizing or underlining it.  However, no article ever placed the game's name inside quotation marks.  With that evidence, I'd say it's a matter of personal preference whether to italicize the name or leave it unembellished.  I personally prefer the italics since it's what the "rule" would call for. If you were to write about individual cards in the game, I would definitely place them in quotation marks. For example: If your opponent is drawing mana from many forest cards, I would deploy "Acid Rain" to destroy them.

Would you italicize Second Life, which is proprietary, free, open source software where people can interact with one another as avatars?

 Hi, journaleditor! Yes, I would absolutely italicize _Second Life_ as it's the official title of the entire world/gaming platform.  Don't be surprised if you see the name written as is without any extra punctuation or font effects, though, as few people conform to the rule when writing about things online.

You should do something about your double spaces after each sentence.  http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2011/01/space_invaders.html

 Hey Curt! Actually, double-spacing after periods is a convention carried over from pre-computer times when typesetters manually set and inked type for printing purposes. With the advent of proportional font faces and word-processors, double-spacing the beginning of sentences has become a matter of personal taste, not necessity. 

Is a section of a magazine titled or used in italics?

 Hi, Miriam! I would say a section of a magazine would be written inside quotation marks while the magazine title itself would be italicized. For example: I saw a great recipe I have to make for Thanksgiving in the "Food Finds" section of _Greater Living_.

i can make better websites than this trash

I'm writing a piece of fiction. Is this written correctly? John ran his finger across the names of four kings: ' The King of Great Armies,' ' The King of the Castle,' and ' The King of Nobles.' Sorry about spacing, but I'm typing this on phone. Anyway, the above are fictional Titles within a list within a piece of fiction.

Great article! Thank you. What about the name of a musical group or a popular festival/event?

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Quotation Marks or Italics In Titles?

| Candace Osmond

| Punctuation

Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

You’ve probably asked yourself while writing an essay: Should I italicize a play title or enclose it in quotation marks? What about a song title?

Don’t feel guilty for not knowing the rules for quotation marks or italics in titles . Even the most experienced writers have the same problem.

I’ll show you the basic rules for choosing between quotation marks and italics in titles. This guide features the guidelines of Chicago, MLA, and APA.

Using Italics or Quotation Marks in Titles

Using italics vs. quotation marks in titles depends on your style guide. But the general rule is to italicize long titles, such as titles of books, movie titles, or album titles.

Meanwhile, you must write titles in quotation marks for shorter pieces like musical titles, magazines, TV series, and articles. Note that the AP style does not put magazines, newspaper style, or journals in quotation marks.

• “How You Feel About Gender Roles Will Tell Us How You’ll Vote” is an article worth the read.
• My favorite song is “If I could Fly.”
• My Year of Rest and Relaxation is for readers who want to escape their stressful lives.

Works That Require Italics

Use Italics for titles such as the following:

• Pieces with sections, such as a collection or anthology.
• Some scientific names.
• Computers and video games.
• Titles of newspapers and titles of articles from newspapers.
• Play titles.
• Works of art.
• Court cases.
• Television and radio shows.
• Episode titles.
• Book titles.
• Magazine articles.
• Album titles.
• Names of Ships.
• Operas, musical titles, and other musical works.

Here are some examples of italicized works:

• The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo.
• Michelangelo’s David.
• When Harry Met Sally.
• Do you have a copy of Wag the Dog by award-winning author Larry Beinhart?
• My favorite mystery book is In the Woods by the bestselling author Tana French .

The source’s title is usually italicized in a bibliography or reference list entries. But it can also depend on the source type. If you’re citing a journal article, every citation style italicizes the journal title instead of the article.

• Asher, J. (2017). Thirteen reasons why . Penguin Books.
• (2011). When Harry met Sally . Santa Monica, Calif: MGM Studio distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment.

Works That Require Quotation Marks

Use double quotes for the following types of work.

• Comic strips.
• Article title.
• Generic titles.
• Short works like essays
• Short story titles.
• Song titles.

Remember that quotation marks come in pairs, so add both opening and closing quotation marks. Here are some examples where we use friendly quotation marks in titles:

• “Cul de Sac” is a darkly humorous comic.
• “Cinderella” is my favorite chapter title from the Big Blue Book .

Big Things vs. Little Things

“Big things” include a collection of novels or book series, movies, cartoon series, and other works that can stand independently. We can also consider them as complete bodies of work.

Meanwhile, the “little things” depend on other groups, so we put them in quotes.

Think of a “single” in an album title or a “book chapter” in a book title. Another good example includes “manuscripts” in collections.

Remember that this isn’t a perfect rule. But it helps writers determine whether they should quote or italicize the title of a work.

Italics vs. Quotation Marks in Style Guides

The grammar rules on italicizing or quoting titles are usually a matter of style. Take a look at the title formats’ differences among style guides.

In the Modern Language Association style guide, a quick rule is to italicize titles that are longer. Experienced writers state that these “longer works” include books, journals, court cases, etc. Ship names and other notable names are also in italics.

But for shorter works like articles and poems, MLA Style Guide recommends you format titles with double quotation marks.

Chicago Style

The Chicago Manual of Style goes by the same basic rules as MLA. Titles of major works, such as books, and special names like a ship should be in italics. But place the item in quotation marks for subsections of larger bodies like journal articles, blogs, and book chapters.

According to the APA Style 7th edition , you should use italics for titles like journals, magazines, and newspapers. Books, artworks, webpages, and any other larger body of work also use italics.

However, writers who follow APA use the regular type of format for shorter works. These include essays or works in journal articles and lectures.

When to Not Use Italics or Quotation Marks

There’s a specific type of title that all major style guides have no recommendations for. The following do not use italics or quotation marks for titles:

• Commercial products.
• Political documents.
• Legal documents.
• Major religious books or scriptures.
• Name of artifacts.
• Names of buildings.
• Constitutional documents.
• Traditional game.

If you are formatting titles on a website, there’s no need to follow the rules on italics vs. quotation marks. You can go with any more visually appealing style since online web pages are less formal than print materials.

Prioritize the font type, size, and headings when formatting websites and web pages. Make decisions based on what will attract visitors.

When to Underline Instead of Quote or Italicize

If you write using pen and paper, italicizing works can be challenging. Many style manuals recommend underlining the source instead. It’s easier, more practical, and keeps your handwriting legible.

Final Word on Italics vs. Quotes in Titles

An easy way to remember is that most types of titles are almost always in italics. APA, MLA, and Chicago manuals of style recommend italics for longer works.

I hope this guide on using quotation marks and italics in titles helps you become a better writer. 

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How to Punctuate Titles – Ultimate Guide with Examples

Meet  David De’ Ath , founder, editor, and writer at Wonderful World English. With his extensive background as an English teacher, David provides valuable insights and practical tips on ESL for students and teachers alike.

In the meticulous art of writing, the punctuation of titles is a subtle yet crucial element that can significantly influence a reader’s perception and engagement with the content.

Whether it is a book, an academic paper, a song, or a piece of art, the way in which a title is punctuated reflects the piece’s character and can distinguish it from the masses.

The precision and care given to title punctuation showcase the writer’s dedication to their craft, enhancing the work’s aesthetic appeal and clarity.

This guide will navigate through the norms and nuances of punctuating titles across different mediums, providing writers with the tools to ensure their titles are presented with the authority and polish they deserve.

Punctuating titles correctly is not only a hallmark of professionalism but also an important means of communication within the writing sphere.

Each medium, from movies to blog posts, has its conventions that, when followed, help convey the work’s tone and intent.

This clarity is essential, as in academic circles where accurate punctuation delineates the scope of research or in journalism where it grabs attention and maintains clarity.

By adhering to these conventions, writers can elevate their work, ensuring that it is not overlooked due to avoidable oversights in punctuation.

Key Takeaways

• Proper title punctuation is vital for engaging readers and conveying a piece’s tone.
• Different types of writing require unique punctuation rules to reflect their style and purpose.
• Mastery of title punctuation is a mark of professionalism and enhances communication.

How to Punctuate Titles

In the diverse world of writing, where each piece, whether it be a novel, an article, or a poem, has its unique flavor, understanding how to punctuate titles correctly ensures that your work is presented with the finesse it deserves.

Longer works, such as books and movies, are typically presented in italics, adding a sense of grandeur and importance.

Shorter works, like articles and poems, are often enclosed in quotation marks, creating a cozy, intimate frame for the title.

A consistent style not only enhances the professionalism of your piece but also ensures a smooth reading experience.

However, it’s important to note that some guidelines may suggest underlining instead of italics.

This variation is like choosing between a pencil and a pen; each has its place, depending on the context and preference.

Additionally, different style guides like APA, MLA, or Chicago may have specific nuances in their title punctuation rules.

Understanding these differences is like navigating the varied cuisines of the world – each has its unique flavor and set of guidelines.

Now that we’ve laid the groundwork let’s dive deeper into the specific rules of punctuating titles in various forms of writing.

Now, let’s explore examples from different genres, shedding light on how these rules apply in practical scenarios:

1. Book Titles

Punctuating book titles might seem complex, but it’s quite straightforward once you know the basics.

Here’s a simple guide to help you:

• Always capitalize the first and last words of the title.
• Capitalize key words in the title, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and proper nouns.
• Use capital letters for words like “like,” “as,” or “because.”
• If there’s a colon in the title, capitalize the first word after it.
• Don’t capitalize small words like “a,” “an,” “the” unless they are the first word.
• Avoid capitalizing small connecting words like “and,” “or,” “if.”
• Don’t capitalize short prepositions (words with less than five letters) like “at,” “to,” or “in.”
• For two-part verbs (phrasal verbs) like “give in” or “get over,” capitalize the second part too.
• Use hyphens and question marks if needed, but don’t use commas or periods in titles.

For example, a well-punctuated book title would look like “The Secret Garden: Unveiling Nature’s Mysteries” or “Whispers in the Wind: A Tale of Love and Loss.”

Remember, these rules help make your title clear and eye-catching!

2. Article Titles

Punctuating article titles is quite similar to book titles but with a few differences.

Here’s a simple guide to help you get it right:

• Capitalize the first and last words of the title, just like in book titles.
• Capitalize the important words in the title, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and proper nouns.
• Don’t capitalize small words like “a,” “an,” “the,” unless they are the first or last word in the title.
• Small connecting words like “and,” “or,” “but,” “if” should not be capitalized.
• Short prepositions (words with less than five letters) such as “at,” “to,” “from,” “in,” “out,” or “over” are not usually capitalized.
• If the title includes a phrasal verb (like “break down” or “check out”), capitalize both parts.
• Unlike book titles, article titles are usually placed within quotation marks.

For example, an article title would be punctuated like: “The Rise and Fall of Ancient Civilizations” or “Exploring the Depths: A Journey into Deep Sea Biology.”

These rules help make your article titles clear and professional.

Remember to keep them consistent across your writing!

If you want to improve your general writing ability, check out the guide below!

Related Article: How to Sharpen Writing Skills – Full Guide

3. Movie and TV Show Titles

Punctuating movie and TV show titles is straightforward. Here’s a quick guide to help you:

• Capitalize the first and last words of the title.
• Also capitalize all the major words in the title, like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize small words like “a,” “an,” “the,” unless they are the first or last word.
• Avoid capitalizing small connecting words like “and,” “but,” “or.”
• For short prepositions (words with fewer than four letters) like “in,” “on,” “at,” don’t capitalize them unless they are the first or last word in the title.

For example, movie and TV show titles should look like: “The Shawshank Redemption,” “Game of Thrones,” or “The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.”

These rules will help you ensure that your movie and TV show titles are punctuated correctly and look professional.

4. Song and Album Titles

Punctuating song and album titles is pretty straightforward.

Here’s a quick guide:

• Capitalize the main words in the titles, like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize small connecting words like “and,” “but,” “or,” unless they are the first or last word.
• Don’t capitalize small prepositions like “in,” “on,” “at,” unless they are the first or last word.
• When mentioning song titles in text, put them in quotation marks.

For example, song and album titles should look like: “Bohemian Rhapsody” (song), “A Night at the Opera” (album), or “Hotel California” (song).

These simple rules will help you correctly punctuate song and album titles, making your writing clear and professional.

5. Magazine and Newspaper Titles

Punctuating titles of magazine and newspaper articles is easy once you know the rules.

Here’s how:

• Capitalize the first and last words of the article title.
• Capitalize the key words in the title, which include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize small prepositions (like “in,” “on,” “at”) unless they are the first or last word in the title.
• Place the title of the article in quotation marks when writing it in text.

For example, article titles should look like: “The Future of Renewable Energy” or “Breaking Barriers: Women in Science.”

Following these rules will make your magazine and newspaper article titles look professional and punctuated correctly.

Related Article: How to Read Big Words in English – The Guide

6. Website and Blog Titles

Punctuating website and blog titles are quite similar to other types of titles.

Here’s how to do it:

• Capitalize all the main words in the title, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize small connecting words like “and,” “but,” “or,” unless they are the first or last word in the title.
• Don’t capitalize short prepositions (like “in,” “on,” “at”) unless they are the first or last word.
• In general, website and blog titles don’t need quotation marks when written in text.

For example, website and blog titles should be punctuated as: “Exploring Digital Frontiers” or “The Art of Baking: A Culinary Journey.”

These guidelines will help ensure that your website and blog titles are punctuated and professional.

7. Poem and Short Story Titles

Punctuating titles of poems and short stories is straightforward and follows a pattern similar to other works.

Here’s a quick guide:

• Also, capitalize all the major words, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Place poem and short story titles in quotation marks when writing them in text.

For example, titles of poems and short stories should be punctuated as: “The Road Not Taken” (poem) or “The Lottery” (short story).

Following these rules ensures that your poem and short story titles are punctuated correctly and look professional.

8. Play and Musical Titles

Punctuating titles of plays and musicals is easy to do once you understand the basic rules.

• Capitalize all the major words in the title, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize small connecting words like “and,” “but,” “or,” unless they are the first or last word in the title.
• Plays and musicals are usually italicized when written in text rather than placed in quotation marks.

For example, play and musical titles should look like: Romeo and Juliet (play) or The Phantom of the Opera (musical).

These rules will help make sure your play and musical titles are punctuated correctly and look polished.

9. Artwork and Sculpture Titles

Punctuating titles for artworks and sculptures follows a straightforward set of rules.

Here’s a simple guide:

• Capitalize all the important words in the title, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize short prepositions (such as “in,” “on,” “at”) unless they are the first or last word in the title.
• Titles of artworks and sculptures are typically italicized when written in text.

For example, titles of artworks and sculptures should be formatted as: The Starry Night (painting) or The Thinker (sculpture).

By following these guidelines, you can ensure your titles for artworks and sculptures are correctly punctuated and presented professionally.

10. Academic Paper and Research Article Titles

Punctuating titles of academic papers and research articles are similar to other titles but with a focus on clarity and formality.

• Capitalize all major words in the title, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Don’t capitalize short prepositions (such as “in,” “on,” “at”) unless they are the first or last word.
• Academic papers and research articles often use a colon to separate the main title from a subtitle, and both parts follow the same capitalization rules.
• Typically, these titles are not italicized or placed in quotation marks when included in the text.

For example, academic papers and research article titles should be punctuated like: “The Effects of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity” or “Breaking Barriers in Quantum Computing: A New Era of Technology.”

These guidelines ensure that your academic paper and research article titles are punctuated correctly, lending a professional and formal tone to your work.

Punctuating titles correctly is an essential skill for any writer. It adds a professional touch to your work and makes it more appealing to readers.

It’s important to get familiar with the rules of capitalization, formatting, and specific guidelines for different types of titles.

This guide is a helpful tool for anyone looking to punctuate titles accurately.

If you need more help, there are many great online resources.

Grammarly is one such tool that can check punctuation in titles and text, making it easier to avoid errors.

Whether you’re a new writer or an experienced academic, this guide aims to provide useful tips and insights on title punctuation.

Mastering this skill will help you professionally present your work and engage your readers with clear, well-structured content.

We hope you found value in this guide, you can reach out to us if you require any assistance.

Good luck on your writing journey!

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Italics vs Quotation Marks in Titles

Explanation.

Generally and grammatically speaking, put titles of shorter works in quotation marks but italicize titles of longer works. For example, put a “song title” in quotation marks but italicize the title of the album it appears on.

Titles in Italics

( source type : example)

Books : On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous Magazines/Journals : Newsweek or Cave Canem Newspapers : St. Louis Post-Dispatch Pamphlets : How to Take Your Own Blood Pressure Movies/Plays/Musicals : The Producers or Two Trains Running or Hamilton Long Poems : The Odyssey or The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Radio/TV Program : This American Life or Game of Thrones Ballet/Dance : Les Sylphides or Rodeo Operas/Musical Pieces : La Traviata or Rhapsody in Blue Paintings/Sculptures : Mona Lisa or The Burghers of Calais Ships/Planes/Trains : Titanic or Air Force One or the Mistral Musical Albums : A Hard Day’s Night Computer/Video Games : Minecraft , Fortnite Web Sites : Facebook , Wikipedia

Titles in Quotation Marks

Articles/Essays : “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Book Chapters : “Legal Issues and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome” Short Stories : “Fly Already” Short Poem s: “At Black River” Songs : “Can’t Buy Me Love” Radio/TV Episodes : “Rookie” from Queen Sono

Works Needing Capitals But Not Italics or Quotation Marks

Music in Number or Key : Prelude and Fugue in E flat Major Sacred Writings : Bible or Koran or Bhagavadgita Editions or Societies : Kittredge’s Shakespeare or Anglo-Norman Text Society Diseases : Tay-Sachs disease (but not cancer, polio, leukemia, etc.) Acronyms : FBI, NAACP, GIF Conventional Titles : U.S. Constitution or Declaration of Independence Student’s Paper Title : Role of the Djinns in Islamic Belief

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• MLA titles: Formatting and capitalization rules

MLA Titles | How to Format & Capitalize Source Titles

Published on April 2, 2019 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on March 5, 2024.

In MLA style , source titles appear either in italics or in quotation marks:

• Italicize the title of a self-contained whole (e.g. a book, film, journal, or website).
• Use  quotation marks around the title if it is part of a larger work (e.g. a chapter of a book, an article in a journal, or a page on a website).

All major words in a title are capitalized . The same format is used in the Works Cited list and in the text itself.

When you use the Scribbr MLA Citation Generator , the correct formatting and capitalization are automatically applied to titles.

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Table of contents

Capitalization in mla titles, punctuation in mla titles, titles within titles, exceptions to mla title formatting, sources with no title, abbreviating titles, titles in foreign languages, frequently asked questions about mla titles.

In all titles and subtitles, capitalize the first and last words, as well as any other principal words.

What to capitalize

What not to capitalize

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Use the same punctuation as appears in the source title. However, if there is a subtitle, separate it from the main title with a colon and a space, even if different (or no) punctuation is used in the source.

Example of a work with a subtitle

The exception is when the title ends in a question mark, exclamation point or dash, in which case you keep the original punctuation:

Sometimes a title contains another title—for example, the title of an article about a novel might contain that novel’s title.

For titles within titles, in general, maintain the same formatting as you would if the title stood on its own.

Titles and names that fall into the following categories are not italicized or enclosed in quotation marks:

• Scripture (e.g. the Bible, the Koran, the Gospel)
• Laws, acts and related documents (e.g. the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution , the Paris Agreement)
• Musical compositions identified by form, number and key (e.g. Beethoven’s Symphony no. 5 in C minor, op. 67)
• Conferences, seminars, workshops and courses (e.g. MLA Annual Convention)

Sections of a work

Words that indicate a particular section of a work are not italicized or placed within quotation marks. They are also not capitalized when mentioned in the text.

Examples of such sections include:

• introduction
• list of works cited
• bibliography

Introductions, prefaces, forewords and afterwords

Descriptive terms such as “introduction”, “preface”, “foreword” and “afterword” are capitalized if mentioned in an MLA in-text citation or in the Works Cited list, but not when mentioned in the text itself.

Example of descriptive term capitalization

In-text citation: (Brontë, Preface )

In text: In her preface to the work, added in a later edition, Brontë debates the morality of creating characters such as those featured in Wuthering Heights .

If there is a unique title for the introduction, preface, foreword or afterword, include that title in quotation marks instead of the generic section name when referencing the source in the Works Cited list or an in-text citation.

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Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

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See an example

For sources with no title, a brief description of the source acts as the title.

Example of a source reference with no title

Follow these rules for capitalization:

• Capitalize the first word
• Capitalize proper nouns
• Ignore other MLA rules for capitalization

There are some exceptions to this general format: descriptions including titles of other works, such as comments on articles or reviews of movies; untitled short messages, like tweets; email messages; and untitled poems.

Exceptions to general format for sources with no title

If you need to mention the name of a work in the text itself, state the full title, but omit the subtitle.

If you need to refer to the work multiple times, you may shorten the title to something familiar or obvious to the reader. For example, Huckleberry Finn for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . If in doubt, prefer the noun phrase.

If the standalone abbreviation may not be clear, you can introduce it in parentheses, following the standard guidelines for abbreviations. For example, The Merchant of Venice ( MV ) . For Shakespeare and the Bible , there are well-established abbreviations you can use.

When you abbreviate a title, make sure you keep the formatting consistent. Even if the abbreviation consists only of letters, as in the MV example, it must be italicized or placed within quotation marks in the same way as it would be when written in full.

Abbreviating very long titles in the Works Cited list

Titles should normally be given in full in the Works Cited list, but if any of your sources has a particularly long title (often the case with older works), you can use an ellipsis to shorten it here. This is only necessary with extremely long titles such as the example below.

In the Works Cited list, if you are listing a work with a title in a language other than English, you can add the translated title in square brackets.

Example of a reference with a translated title

If you are using the foreign-language title in the text itself, you can also include the translation in parenthesis. For example, O Alquimista ( The Alchemist ) .

You don’t need to include a translation in your reference list or in the text if you expect your readers to be familiar with the original language. For example, you wouldn’t translate the title of a  French novel you were writing about in the context of a French degree.

Non-Latin script languages

For works in a language that does not use the Latin alphabet, such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, or Russian, be consistent with how you mention the source titles and also quotations from within them.

For example, if you choose to write a Russian title in the Cyrillic form, do that throughout the document. If you choose to use the Romanized form, stick with that. Do not alternate between the two.

Yes. MLA style uses title case, which means that all principal words (nouns, pronouns , verbs, adjectives , adverbs , and some conjunctions ) are capitalized.

This applies to titles of sources as well as the title of, and subheadings in, your paper. Use MLA capitalization style even when the original source title uses different capitalization .

In MLA style , book titles appear in italics, with all major words capitalized. If there is a subtitle, separate it from the main title with a colon and a space (even if no colon appears in the source). For example:

The format is the same in the Works Cited list and in the text itself. However, when you mention the book title in the text, you don’t have to include the subtitle.

The title of a part of a book—such as a chapter, or a short story or poem in a collection—is not italicized, but instead placed in quotation marks.

When a book’s chapters are written by different authors, you should cite the specific chapter you are referring to.

When all the chapters are written by the same author (or group of authors), you should usually cite the entire book, but some styles include exceptions to this.

• In APA Style , single-author books should always be cited as a whole, even if you only quote or paraphrase from one chapter.
• In MLA Style , if a single-author book is a collection of stand-alone works (e.g. short stories ), you should cite the individual work.
• In Chicago Style , you may choose to cite a single chapter of a single-author book if you feel it is more appropriate than citing the whole book.

The title of an article is not italicized in MLA style , but placed in quotation marks. This applies to articles from journals , newspapers , websites , or any other publication. Use italics for the title of the source where the article was published. For example:

Use the same formatting in the Works Cited entry and when referring to the article in the text itself.

The MLA Handbook is currently in its 9th edition , published in 2021.

This quick guide to MLA style  explains the latest guidelines for citing sources and formatting papers according to MLA.

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How Do You Do Song Titles in Writing? Essential Guidelines

My name is Debbie, and I am passionate about developing a love for the written word and planting a seed that will grow into a powerful voice that can inspire many.

Song Titles: The Dos and Don’ts of Writing Them

Mastering the art of song title capitalization, how to punctuate song titles correctly for clarity, choosing titles: conveying emotion and essence, embracing style guides: consistency in song title formatting, exploring song title styling: italics, quotations, or plain text, short and sweet: crafting catchy song titles, tips for writing memorable song titles, frequently asked questions, to wrap it up.

Choosing the perfect title for your song can be a challenging task, but a well-crafted title can make a significant impact on how your audience perceives your music. Here are some essential dos and don’ts to keep in mind when it comes to song titles:

• Do: Reflect the essence of your song: The title should capture the core theme or emotion conveyed in your lyrics. It should provide a glimpse into the soul of your composition, enticing listeners to delve into your musical journey.
• Do: Keep it concise and memorable: A catchy, concise title will stick in people’s minds, making it easier for them to remember and share your song with others. Avoid overly long or complicated titles, as they can get lost in the sea of music.
• Don’t: Be too obscure or ambiguous: While a mysterious title can evoke curiosity, overly cryptic or abstract titles might confuse your audience. Ensure that your title is accessible and meaningful, providing a clear indication of what listeners can expect when they hit play.

Remember, a song title is like a first impression—it sets the tone for your music and can determine whether a listener decides to give it a chance or move on. By following these dos and don’ts, you’ll be well on your way to crafting captivating titles that complement and enhance your musical creations.

can elevate your songwriting and make your music stand out in a sea of forgettable titles. Proper capitalization not only gives your song a professional and polished appearance but also helps convey the essence and message of your composition effectively to your audience. Here are some tips and guidelines to help you navigate the sometimes confusing world of song title capitalization!

1. Capitalize the first and last word: In almost all cases, capitalize the first and last word of your song title, regardless of the word’s significance or grammatical function. This immediately grabs attention and adds an air of importance to your title.

2. Capitalize all important words: Important words in your song title include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and subordinating conjunctions (e.g., “after,” “because,” “although”). However, do not capitalize short prepositions or the articles “a,” “an,” or “the” unless they appear as the first or last word.

3. Pay attention to proper nouns: Capitalize proper nouns, which include specific names of people, places, or significant references in your song title. This adds clarity and avoids any confusion or ambiguity.

When it comes to punctuating song titles, using the correct format is essential for clarity and style. By following a few simple rules, you can ensure that your song titles stand out and are easy to read.

Firstly, it’s important to remember that song titles should be enclosed in quotation marks. This helps distinguish them from the rest of the text and indicates that they are named works. For example, if you wanted to reference the song “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen, you would write it as “Bohemian Rhapsody” in your text.

Next, it’s crucial to capitalize important words within the song title. This includes nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions (if they are four letters or longer). Smaller words like articles (a, an, the), short prepositions (in, on, at), and coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or) should generally not be capitalized unless they are the first or last word of the song title. For instance, “Love Me Like You Do” by Ellie Goulding is correctly capitalized, while “Love Me like You Do” would be incorrect.

When it comes to choosing titles, we often focus on capturing the reader’s attention and sparking their interest. However, an equally important aspect of a title is its ability to convey the emotion and essence of the content. By selecting the right words and crafting a title that resonates with the subject matter, you can create an immediate emotional connection with your audience.

One effective way to convey emotion in your title is through the use of powerful and evocative words. Words like “captivating,” “heart-wrenching,” or “inspiring” can instantly communicate the intended emotional response to your readers. Additionally, incorporating strong adjectives and verbs that reflect the essence of your content can further enhance the impact of your title. By carefully considering the emotions you want your audience to feel, you can tailor your title to evoke the desired response.

• Consider the tone of your content: Is it humorous, serious, or thought-provoking? Ensure your title reflects the tone accurately.
• Brainstorm a list of emotional keywords that align with your content, such as “thrilling,” “intimate,” “bittersweet,” or “uplifting.”
• Experiment with word combinations and phrases that effectively capture the essence of your message while igniting emotions.
• Avoid generic titles and strive for uniqueness. Stand out from the crowd by offering a fresh perspective or a surprising twist.

Remember, the title is the first impression your audience will have of your content. It sets the tone and expectation for what lies ahead. So, take the time to carefully craft a title that not only grabs attention but also effectively conveys the emotional journey your content offers. By striking the right balance between emotion and essence, you can create a title that leaves a lasting impact on your readers.

In the world of music, song titles play a crucial role in capturing the essence of a composition. However, when it comes to formatting these titles, there seems to be a lack of consistency across different platforms and publications. This inconsistency not only affects the aesthetic appeal, but it also hampers the ability to search for and discover songs easily. That’s where style guides come into the picture, offering a solution to this problem by establishing a set of rules for formatting song titles.

Embracing style guides can greatly enhance the consistency in song title formatting, resulting in a more professional and polished appearance. By following a standardized style, music professionals and enthusiasts can ensure that the titles of their favorite songs are presented in a uniform manner, regardless of the medium. Style guides provide guidelines for capitalization, punctuation, and even the use of italics or quotation marks for song titles, eliminating the ambiguity that often surrounds this aspect.

By implementing style guides for formatting song titles, several benefits can be achieved. Firstly, it aids in brand consistency. Whether you’re a musician, a music publication, or a streaming platform, having a consistent format for song titles reinforces your brand identity and establishes a cohesive and recognizable look. Secondly, style guides promote professionalism. Adhering to a standardized format demonstrates attention to detail and respect for the craft, enhancing the overall credibility of the music industry. Thirdly, it simplifies search and discovery. Consistently formatted song titles make it easier for music lovers to search for specific tracks, whether it’s in a streaming service, on social media, or in physical media such as CDs or vinyl records.

When it comes to styling song titles, there are a few different options to consider: italics, quotations, or plain text. Each choice can convey a slightly different tone or emphasis, so let’s dive into the details and explore the possibilities!

1. Italics: Using italics is a popular choice for song titles. It adds emphasis and can help differentiate the title from the rest of the text. Italics are commonly used in formal writing, such as academic papers or articles, to indicate the titles of larger musical works like albums or operas. However, in more casual contexts like blog posts or social media, italics can be used for individual song titles as well. For example: * “Imagine” by John Lennon.

2. Quotations: Another option is to enclose song titles in quotation marks. This styling choice can be seen as more traditional and widely used in both formal and informal writing. Quotations marks are often used for individual songs within an album or for popular tunes. For instance: * “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen.

3. Plain Text: Lastly, song titles can be written in plain text without any special formatting. While this option may seem less visually distinct, it can work well in certain situations and offers a clean and simple look. Plain text is often used in informal settings like social media comments or text messages, where there may be limited formatting options available. For example: * Hotel California by Eagles.

Ultimately, the choice between italics, quotations, or plain text comes down to personal preference and the context in which the title is being used. Whether you opt for italics to make a title stand out, quotations for a classic look, or just plain text for simplicity, the key is to ensure consistency throughout your writing and to be clear and concise in conveying the intended meaning of the song title.

Coming up with catchy song titles can be a daunting task, but fear not! We have some tips and tricks to help you craft short and sweet titles that will grab the attention of your audience in an instant.

First and foremost, keep it simple. Short titles have a way of sticking in people’s minds, so try to condense your message into a few well-chosen words. Think about the essence of your song and what it represents, and then find a clever and concise way to communicate that through your title. Remember, less is often more!

• Use powerful words: Think about strong and evocative words that reflect the emotions or theme of your song. Words like “fire,” “bliss,” or “shine” can instantly captivate listeners.
• Be intriguing: Pique curiosity with a title that leaves room for interpretation. A little mystery and ambiguity can go a long way in capturing attention and sparking interest.
• Add a twist of humor: Injecting humor into your song title can instantly make it more memorable. A clever play on words or a witty phrase can set your song apart from the crowd and leave a smile on your listeners’ faces.

Remember, the key to crafting catchy song titles is to think outside the box and let your creativity shine. Don’t be afraid to experiment and take risks – after all, that’s where the sweetest melodies are often found!

Coming up with a catchy and memorable song title can make all the difference when it comes to capturing the attention of listeners. Here are a few tips to help you create engaging and unforgettable song titles:

• Be Descriptive: A well-crafted title should provide a glimpse into the essence of the song. Consider using descriptive words or phrases that convey the mood, theme, or story of your composition. This not only piques curiosity but also helps listeners connect with the emotions within your music.
• Evoke Emotion: Song titles that evoke powerful emotions tend to resonate with listeners. Whether it’s joy, sadness, nostalgia, or excitement, aim to create titles that evoke a strong emotional response. Don’t shy away from using words or phrases that elicit a visceral reaction, as these can fuel curiosity and interest.
• Keep it Concise: In today’s fast-paced world, brevity is key. Aim for song titles that are concise and to the point. Snappy, one-word titles or short phrases can be easier to remember and more likely to stand out in a sea of songs.

Bonus tip: Don’t forget to analyze successful song titles across various genres to draw inspiration. Pay attention to the techniques used and see how you can adapt them to fit your unique musical style . Remember, a memorable song title can be the gateway to forming a deep connection between your music and your audience.

Q: Why is it important to know how to properly write song titles in your writing? A: Understanding how to correctly format song titles adds professionalism and clarity to your work, making it easier for readers to follow along. It reflects your attention to detail and respect for the original artist’s work.

Q: How do I handle song titles when writing an article or essay? A: The general rule is to use quotation marks for shorter works such as song titles. For longer works, like albums or operas, italics are preferred. Additionally, capitalize the principal words in a song title, omitting articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions.

Q: Can you provide an example of how to format a song title using quotation marks? A: Sure! Let’s say you’re discussing a popular song like “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen. You would enclose the title within quotation marks, ensuring to capitalize the important words: “Bohemian Rhapsody”.

Q: What about song titles in foreign languages? A: Use the same guidelines for song titles in foreign languages, regardless of whether they are written in a different script. Just make sure to transliterate or romanize the title appropriately, preserving the original capitalization rules and placing it within quotation marks or italics.

Q: Do I need to add any additional punctuation when writing song titles? A: Typically, song titles do not require any additional punctuation within the quotation marks or italics. However, if a song title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, you should retain it.

Q: Can I ever write song titles in all capital letters? A: It is generally advised to avoid writing song titles in all capital letters as it can be visually jarring and could imply shouting. However, if the original song title appears in all caps, then you should stay true to the original formatting within the quotation marks or italics.

Q: When referencing an album or an entire body of work, how should I format the title? A: In that case, you should use italics instead of quotation marks. For example, if you are discussing Michael Jackson’s album “Thriller,” you would write it in italics: Thriller.

Q: Should I include song titles in my reference list or bibliography? A: Yes, if you directly cite or quote any song titles in your work, they should be included in your reference list or bibliography. Follow the appropriate citation style (such as APA or MLA) to accurately document the song title, artist, album, and other relevant details.

Q: Are there any exceptions to the formatting rules for song titles? A: As with any style guide, there might be exceptions based on specific house styles or individual preferences. Nevertheless, these guidelines provide a foundation for correctly formatting song titles in most contexts, ensuring consistency and clarity in your writing.

In conclusion, properly writing song titles involves using italics or quotation marks, and following specific capitalization rules.

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Punctuation with Titles

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

In a previous Ask the MLA post, we explained how to incorporate titles ending in question marks or exclamation points into works-cited-list entries . But how do you incorporate such titles into your prose? How do you handle titles ending in other punctuation marks? And what should you do about other matters of punctuation related to titles?

Titles Ending in Question Marks or Exclamation Points in Your Prose

At the MLA, we never insert a period after a title ending in a question mark or exclamation point, but we insert a comma if doing so makes a sentence easier to read—for example, when such a title is one item in a series or when the title is contained in a nonrestrictive clause:

“I just saw Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , Oklahoma! , and Design for Living ,” Roland said.

The center hopes its 1992 theme, Explore New Worlds—Read!, will draw attention to geography.

But when possible, we prefer to reword:

The center hopes to draw attention to geography with its 1992 theme, Explore New Worlds—Read!

Titles That Need to Be Shortened 

When we need to shorten a really long title in a works-cited-list entry, we add an ellipsis after the first part of the title up to at least the first noun. If a work has an alternative title, we might include it. If a period is needed, we insert the period before the ellipsis and set the punctuation roman:

Bulwer, John.  Philocophus; or, The Deafe and Dumbe Mans Friend. . . .      Humphrey Mosely, 1648.

If a comma is needed, as it would be when the long title is the title of a container, we insert it after the ellipsis. We set the ellipsis and the comma roman:

Smith, Ann. Introduction.  Philocophus; or, The Deafe and Dumbe Mans Friend . . .  , Humphrey Mosely, 1648, pp. x-xxi.

In prose, we omit the ellipsis:

Philocophus; or, The Deafe and Dumbe Mans Friend  was written by John Bulwer.

Titles Ending in an Ellipsis or Dash

If the ellipsis is part of the title, we add the period or comma after the ellipsis. The ellipsis is set in italics if the title is italicized, but the additional punctuation is set roman:

One of the most popular comic films of the 1980s was Rob Reiner’s When Harry Met Sally . . . . One of the most popular comic films of the 1980s was When Harry Met Sally . . . , directed by Rob Reiner. Work Cited Reiner, Rob, director. When Harry Met Sally . . . . MGM, 1989.

We follow the same principle if a title ends in a dash:

A well-known poem about death is Emily Dickinson’s “I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—.” A well-known poem about death is “I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—,” by Emily Dickinson. Work Cited Dickinson, Emily. “I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—.” The Poems of Emily Dickinson , edited by R. W. Franklin, Harvard UP, 1999.

Titles and Subtitles

Section 1.2.1 of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook says, “Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. Include other punctuation only if it is part of the title or subtitle.”

The handbook provides the following examples:

Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature

Whose Music? A Sociology of Musical Language

But sometimes titles are not straightforward. In such cases, we follow some additional rules.

For example, when a title is followed by two subtitles, we use two colons:

Finis Coronat Opus: A Curious Reciprocity: Shelley’s “When the Lamp Is Shattered”

When a period separates a title and a subtitle on the title page, we change the period to a colon. When a question mark, exclamation point, or dash separates a title and a subtitle on the title page, we leave the original mark:

On the title page: The East End. The Story of a Neighborhood

In your prose: The East End: The Story of a Neighborhood

Both on the title page and in your prose: What Do I Know? An Account of an Investigation

But if a title contains a title ending in a question mark or exclamation point, we add a colon:

Moby-Dick and Absalom, Absalom! : Two American Masterpieces

Here the exclamation point is part of the title Absalom, Absalom! , so a colon is needed to separate the title Moby-Dick and Absalom, Absalom! from the subtitle.

Double Titles

For an alternative or double title in English beginning with or , we follow the first example given in section 8.165 of The Chicago Manual of Style and punctuate as follows:

England’s Monitor; or, The History of the Separation (452)

But no semicolon is needed for a title in English that ends with a question mark or exclamation point:

“Getting Calliope through Graduate School? Can Chomsky Help? or, The Role of Linguistics in Graduate Education in Foreign Languages”

For double titles of foreign language publications, we follow the source.

Dates in Titles

Unless a date is part of a title’s syntax, we follow section 8.163 of Chicago and set it off with a comma:

Melodrama Unveiled: American Theater and Culture, 1800–1850 (451)

Serial Comma in Titles

Contrary to section 8.163 of Chicago , for English-language titles of books published in the United States, we add the serial comma before the conjunction preceding the final item in a series if the comma is missing. Otherwise, we follow the source. The following book was published by Verso in London, so the serial comma is not added:

Buelens, Geert. Everything to Nothing: The Poetry of the Great War, Revolution and the Transformation of Europe. Verso, 2015.

Works Cited

The Chicago Manual of Style . 16th ed., U of Chicago P, 2016.

MLA Handbook . 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

90 Comments

Omar 22 october 2017 at 07:10 am.

Dear Jennifer, I have a question regarding the use of semi-colons in the subtitle of report headlines. Specifically, I'd like to know whether or not the first word after the semi-colon should be capitalized. I know that the first word after the subtitle typically begins with a capital letter as per Chicago and AP rules, but the AP is silent on what to do when the subtitle is itself separated by a semi-colon. Is the below headline acceptable?

Hurricanes 2017: Galeforce winds batter UK; Flood warnings issued nationwide

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Jennifer A. Rappaport 23 October 2017 AT 12:10 PM

Great question. MLA style, following Chicago , capitalizes the first letter of the first and last words of a title and the first letter of any other words in the title unless they are articles or prepositions, so in your example, we would capitalize not only "Flood" but also all the other words in the title: "Hurricanes 2017: Galeforce Winds Batter UK; Flood Warnings Issued Nationwide." (Note that "galeforce" is not in Webster's so if we were crafting this title we would style it "Gale-Force Winds," but if it were a published title, we would follow copy.)

Amy W 05 January 2018 AT 09:01 AM

What would you do if the title with a question mark was in quotes, rather than italicized? Would the comma go inside or outside the quotation mark? "...?," Or "...?",

Jennifer A. Rappaport 08 January 2018 AT 09:01 AM

The comma would be placed inside the quotation marks.

Colleen 24 April 2018 AT 02:04 PM

Where would the commas go if I listed multiple titles that had quotation marks? Ex. I read "Riding the Rails," "The Long Road to Oregon," and "Coming out West." Is that correct with the commas and period inside the quotation marks?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 24 April 2018 AT 08:04 PM

Yes, correct. Please see our related post for examples: style.mla.org/punctuation-and-quotation-marks/

Amy Nelson 26 January 2018 AT 05:01 PM

When the title of the work being cited in the WC list includes the title of another text (for example, the cited work is titled A Critical Edition of John Lydgate's _Life of Our Lady_, with the last four words in the title -- here set apart with underscores -- being the title of a long poem and thus italicized), should the secondary / interior title be italicized along with the main title, or should it be formatted in standard typeface in contrast with the main title's italics?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 31 January 2018 AT 09:01 AM

Thanks for your question. The answer is on p. 71 of the handbook (1.2.4 "Titles within Titles").

Patricia Bostian 20 February 2018 AT 12:02 PM

Can't find an answer for citing a title within a title when it comes at the end. This is for a citation: "An Overview of 'A Rose for Emily'." OR "An Overview of 'A Rose for Emily.'"

Jennifer A. Rappaport 21 February 2018 AT 12:02 PM

Great question. The period goes inside the single quotation mark.

Karen 12 March 2018 AT 12:03 AM

I have an issue with a document on line that I want to call attention to. This document has several sections or parts and each section or part has a name/header/sort of title. I need to mention the name/header/title of each section in this document. Should I put the names/headers/titles of each section in quotations or italics? How should I punctuate this? Also, to do certain things with this document, you have to navigate through it, for example: click "Save and finish later" or click "Next". Should these "Click" buttons be in quotation marks or italics as well? Thank you for your help.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 13 March 2018 AT 02:03 PM

Thanks for your question. We'll submit it to Ask the MLA.

Renee 15 March 2018 AT 10:03 PM

When citing an article title that contains periods, should the periods be omitted? For example: In the article "That's No Woman. That's My Wife.," the author states...

That's No Woman. That's My Wife. is the title, but the punctuation doesn't look correct. Thank you!

Jennifer A. Rappaport 16 March 2018 AT 07:03 AM

Good question. We'll submit it to Ask the MLA.

Frank 27 July 2018 AT 07:07 PM

Jennifer, thanks for this wonderful and useful piece. One issue I'm still confused about is how to handle the mid-sentence appearance of titles containing a single comma. (Some examples: Lust, Caution ; White Hunter, Black Heart ; New York, New York .

To consider the last example, I know that I would write a non-title version of the phrase as follows:

• I took a trip to New York, New York, and had a wonderful time.

But is this the correct way to place the title in the middle of a sentence?

• We watched the Scorsese film New York, New York and really enjoyed it.

Is no comma required at the end of the title to "close out" the comma in the middle?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 30 July 2018 AT 06:07 AM

Thanks for your question. Whereas a comma is needed before and after the state in formulations such as "New York, New York," when the city and state are used as the title of a work, no comma is needed following the name of the state, unless the grammar of the rest of the sentence requires it (After watching the movie New York, New York , we went out to dinner).

Alethia 14 August 2018 AT 03:08 PM

Is it common to place an additional comma between the year and time in a subtitle? i.e. meeting announcement August 21, 2018, 1:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. (EST)

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 August 2018 AT 07:08 AM

Yes, a comma should generally separate a date from a time.

Cynthia Crosbie 30 August 2018 AT 12:08 AM

How would you punctuate this sermon title: “Building Wisely,” Part 1 Should Part 1 be written as part of the title? italicized? in parentheses? Should Part 1 be left off and only Part 2 and Part 3 written?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 03 September 2018 AT 06:09 PM

Thanks for your question. In MLA style, "part 1" would be included in the "Number" slot on the MLA format template:

https://style.mla.org/works-cited-a-quick-guide/

ML Corwin 08 November 2018 AT 04:11 PM

The author of this book has put colons after the chapter numbers followed by the chapter title. Three chapters are each about one of three "Power Blockers." How to punctuate those? Which of two styles is preferable? Use a second colon or not?

Chapter 6: Power Blocker #3 Misplaced Blame

Chapter 6: Power Blocker #3: Misplaced Blame

Jennifer A. Rappaport 09 November 2018 AT 09:11 AM

There's no hard-and-fast rule about how to style chapter numbers before titles, but in a table of contents, I would recommend the following in the example you've sent:

Chapter 6. Power Blocker #3: Misplaced Blame

Andrew Johnston 29 November 2018 AT 02:11 PM

My question concerns the title of an academic publication.

In my situation, the title concludes with a question and the subtitle gives further clarification.

How can I distinguish the title from the subtitle?

For example:

Competition Law within the European Union is Functioning Just Fine, but do fines cut it?: An exploration of the efficacy of corporate fines in achieving the goals of EU Competition Law, and the potential benefits of reform.

Competition Law within the European Union is Functioning Just Fine, but do fines cut it? An exploration of the efficacy of corporate fines in achieving the goals of EU Competition Law, and the potential benefits of reform.

I look forward to having this one resolved.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 30 November 2018 AT 08:11 AM

Thanks for your question. The question mark separates the title from the subtitle.

Competition Law within the European Union Is Functioning Just Fine, but Do Fines Cut It? An Exploration of the Efficacy of Corporate Fines in Achieving the Goals of EU Competition Law, and the Potential Benefits of Reform.

Sue 05 December 2018 AT 05:12 AM

Hi there, We are trying to figure out how to punctuate a role title. For example,

You are invited to be an Organization Lead at xyz company.

Should 'Organization Lead' have quotation marks like "Organization Lead" or single quotations or none at all?

And if a course title, do I add 'xx' or "xx" as well in a phrase? For example, Access "Digital Marketing" today.

Thank you for your help!

Jennifer A. Rappaport 05 December 2018 AT 07:12 AM

Thanks for your question. In MLA style, quotation marks are not used around professional titles or titles of courses. We also lowercase professional titles: organization lead.

Stevie D 11 December 2018 AT 04:12 PM

When using a short story title within a paper's title, and before a subtitle, where does the colon belong?

"A Rose for Emily:" Northern Progress Meets Southern Tradition or "A Rose for Emily": Northern Progress Meets Southern Tradition

Thanks for your help!

Jennifer A. Rappaport 11 December 2018 AT 07:12 PM

The colon goes after the title in quotation marks:

“A Rose for Emily”: Northern Progress Meets Southern Tradition

Shari 14 January 2019 AT 10:01 PM

Thank you so much for your help Jennifer, but what if the title is an analysis of a book. For example, about animals in Harry Potter?

Can I write:

Anthropomorphisation and Animal representation: A post humanistic analysis of Harry Potter.

Is this the right format for MLA?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 January 2019 AT 06:01 AM

Thanks for your question. The correct styling in MLA format would be

Anthropomorphization and Animal Representation: A Posthumanistic Analysis of the Harry Potter Books (since Harry Potter is the name of a series of books, not the name of a particular book).

Christine Dushack 22 January 2019 AT 12:01 PM

For the following, does the period go inside the quotation marks or outside? It is a title of a paper.

For questions 3-10, refer to "The Beetle Juice". Or For questions 3-10, refer to "The Beetle Juice."

Jennifer A. Rappaport 22 January 2019 AT 12:01 PM

Thanks for your question. See our answer here:

https://style.mla.org/punctuation-and-quotation-marks/

Mark 02 February 2019 AT 10:02 AM

While I understand how to punctuate a question, I'm a bit confuse as to the proper rule regarding titles that do not indicate it's a question but rather an answer.

For example, there are plenty of "how to" posts that do not have any punctation in the title.

How to prepare for a snowstorm

How do I prepare for a snowstorm?

I would think the proper way is ...

How to prepare for a snowstorm. (with a period)

But I'm finding several major newspapers and magazines do not punctuate these titles with a period. It seems to me it creates a conflict with citing sources using proper punctuations. Can you clarify how MLA handles this?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 03 February 2019 AT 08:02 AM

Thanks for your question. We would style the title as follows:

How to Prepare for a Snowstorm

Calla Andrews 26 March 2019 AT 02:03 PM

Does one need a period after a title ending with a question mark when the title is the end of the sentence? For example: We were analyzing the short story "Who's Afraid of the Storm?" I think that's enough punctuation, but should there be a period after the quotes? With a non-question mark title, the period for the end of the sentence would go inside the quotes.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 26 March 2019 AT 04:03 PM

A question mark is indeed enough punctuation in your example. There should be no period after the closing quotation mark.

Carly Bondár 02 April 2019 AT 01:04 PM

Hi there. I have a question about listing book titles that have commas in their titles. For example, I want to list four book titles in a single sentence, but two of the books have commas in the titles. How do I write out the list so as to be clear about which commas are part of the titles and which are separating items in a list? Do I use semicolons? It doesn't look right. As of now the only thing distinguishing the commas in the titles from the commas used as list separators is that the former are italicized and the latter are not. I just worry this isn't clear enough when the font is small.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 03 April 2019 AT 07:04 AM

Great question, Carly. You have it exactly right: the commas between the titles are not italicized, so those commas separate one title from another.

Eitan 03 July 2019 AT 07:07 PM

In my academic field, I often see titles that include some made-up system name, a colon, and a short description of the system. Something like: "Gizmo: a great new way to do things". Is there a name or term for the first word in this title, the system name? It's clearly not the subtitle or the title, but is there anything else I can call it?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 July 2019 AT 12:07 PM

In this case, "Gizmo" is the title, and "A Great New Way to Do Things" is the subtitle.

Jesse P 14 July 2019 AT 07:07 PM

Hi, I'm wondering what to do when a question inside quotation marks is the first half of a title (i.e. followed by a subtitle). I see that it says here, “Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. Include other punctuation only if it is part of the title or subtitle.” However, does that still hold true when the title is in quotation marks? In that case might the colon be added back (since technically the quotation mark would make for a barrier between the question mark and the colon so they wouldn't be directly in a row)? Or still no? For example: "A Man for All Seasons?" Reflections on John Wayne OR "A Man for All Seasons?": Reflections on John Wayne

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 July 2019 AT 01:07 PM

We retain the colon:

"A Man for All Seasons?": Reflections on John Wayne

David Charles Burt 29 July 2019 AT 03:07 PM

I need advice on how to use commas in a title of a piece I've written for an American publication. The title is: From Brass Pins Pistols and Swords to Warships.

How are the commas to be placed in this title ? David Burt, England.

Izabel 02 December 2019 AT 11:12 PM

Hi! I'm an artist (a painter) and sometimes I have two names, or titles, for my paintings. How to write it correctly? Usually I just place it in quotation, for example: "The painting one", or "The painting two". I'm originally from Russia, and we have these punctuation rules (with comma before 'or' with double titles), but I doubt it is correct in English. Please, help.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 03 December 2019 AT 07:12 AM

Thanks for your question. We also have rules in English for punctuating double titles. See the section "Double Titles" above.

Zaine Pittman 10 December 2019 AT 04:12 PM

Hello, I have a question. What if there is a book with a title that has the article "The" in it. When you write it on a document or something, would you put the article after the full title, and separate the article and end of the title with a comma? for example, "Maze of Bones, The"?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 11 December 2019 AT 07:12 AM

Thanks for your question. In prose and works-cited-lists, the article should remain at the start of the title, but in an index, it would likely be listed as Maze of Bones, The.

Kara Wood 09 January 2020 AT 07:01 PM

I have a list of newspaper article titles that are being analyzed by some high school students; naturally, one of the article titles ends with a question mark. What is MLA's rule on this?

Here's the opening to his précis:

In his 2019 articles “Sea Level Rise Could Claim Mar-a-Lago — and Trump’s empire,” “U.S. Women’s Soccer Players Shouldn’t be Paid as Much as Men. They Should Get More.,” and “What Can a Black Person do to Keep from Getting Killed by Police in this Country?” American columnist Eugene Robinson unabashedly addresses various controversial topics, ranging from the everyday lunch conversation starter, climate change, to the heated, yet popular political campaign platforms of gender and racial discrimination in order to . . .

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 January 2020 AT 07:01 AM

Thanks for your question. We would insert a comma between the question mark and the closing quotation mark because it makes the sentence easier to read.

Reb 03 March 2020 AT 04:03 PM

If a book title within an article title is not italicized should this be corrected in the citation?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 04 March 2020 AT 06:03 AM

Thanks for your question. See section 1.2.4 of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook .

christina 03 March 2020 AT 07:03 PM

Is it correct if I were to have my title with a colon and a question mark? If so, do I add a space between?

Thanks for your question. A colon and a question mark should not generally appear next to each other in a title. So, for instance, if a title ends in a question mark and the title is followed by a subtitle, do not add a colon between the title and the subtitle. See the example above: Whose Music? A Sociology of Musical Language .

Reb 04 March 2020 AT 11:03 AM

Thanks but 1.2.4 does not address my question. Yes, a book title within a journal article title should be italicized. But if the book title is NOT italicized in the actual journal article, do I make that correction in my works cited page?

Jennifer A. Rappaport 05 March 2020 AT 07:03 AM

Thanks for the clarification. If the book title is not italicized in the journal article, do not italicize it. Copy the article title as it appears in the source.

Reb 05 March 2020 AT 05:03 PM

Jeff dailey 17 april 2020 at 08:04 am.

I want to title a play with a long title and need your thoughts on both my chosen punctuation and capitalization and thank you. Here is my title: An Angel with Flowers, Broadway Bound in Twenty-Seventeen, B.C. [Before COVID-19]

Jennifer A. Rappaport 20 April 2020 AT 06:04 AM

Thanks for your question. You might consider An Angel with Flowers: Broadway-Bound in 2017 BC (before COVID-19)

Julie 27 April 2020 AT 11:04 AM

Should university course titles be punctuated if they are mentioned in a letter?

For example: "I look Introduction to Film last spring, and it helped me understand movies."

Thank you for such a helpful forum!

Jennifer A. Rappaport 28 April 2020 AT 07:04 AM

Thanks for your question. In MLA style, course titles are set roman without quotation marks, so your example is correct.

Ricardo Bravo 29 June 2020 AT 10:06 AM

Hi There, Names of restaurants, theaters should be in italic as well? Best and thanks!

Jennifer A. Rappaport 29 June 2020 AT 03:06 PM

Thanks for your question. Names of restaurants and theaters should be styled roman without quotation marks.

Mark 22 August 2020 AT 10:08 AM

Good Day Jennifer, is it a grammer law that you Must put a question mark at the end of your title if the title is a question...I"m just trying to find out the Pros and Con"s and the benefits of using the question mark in this type title.

Jennifer A. Rappaport 29 August 2020 AT 08:08 AM

Thanks for your comment. It's probably a good idea to include a question mark if you are creating a title that is a question.

Valerie Exar 06 October 2020 AT 09:10 AM

Hello, For the title of a paper I'm writing:

A Comparison of Water Supply in Houston, TX and Baltimore, MD

Do I put a comma after TX, as I would insert within the body of the paper? (Same question would apply if I spelled out the state names)

Jennifer A. Rappaport 07 October 2020 AT 07:10 AM

Thanks for your question. Yes, there should be a comma after "TX" or after "Texas."

Madeline Patrick 14 October 2020 AT 03:10 PM

Hello, Jennifer A. Rappaport. As a high school junior enrolled in a college class, I want to, well, I want to show off to my classmates. I mustn't have errors! After some reading online, I have received mixed answers on whether or not I can put a period at the end of a précis title for emphasis. Could you help me?

With many thank yous, Madeline A. Patrick

Jennifer A. Rappaport 15 October 2020 AT 08:10 AM

Thanks for your question. A title should not end in a period.

Samantha Hanna 10 December 2020 AT 11:12 AM

What would you put after by in the title?

By: someone? A

By; someone? B

By, someone? C

Jennifer A. Rappaport 10 December 2020 AT 11:12 AM

Thanks for your question. Are you referring to the byline rather than the title? If so, there should be no punctuation between "by" and the author's name.

Patrick Love 23 February 2021 AT 12:02 PM

Thank you for your post. I have a question concerning how to punctuate a short story title, but I am trying to add an apostrophe "s" to the title. I am trying to make this sentence: "The Necklace's" ending is an example of situational irony because ...

So I am wondering if it is correct to add the apostrophe "s" inside of the quotation marks or should it be added outside of the quotation marks?

Thank you for your time, Patrick

C. Barney Latimer 09 March 2021 AT 10:03 AM

The apostrophe and "s" go after the title’s closing quotation mark (“The Necklace”’s). However, an easier and more readable solution would be to reword the sentence to avoid this awkward use of the possessive: The ending of “The Necklace” is an example of situational irony because. . . .

Judy Lee 06 May 2021 AT 09:05 AM

I think a period is needed at the end of the following sentence: The peddler went up, took out a scroll, and showed him the verse “Who is the man who desires life […]?” (Psalms 34:13). What say you? Thanks.

Chris Davis 19 May 2021 AT 02:05 PM

How do you punctuate a title and subtitle that are BOTH questions?

A Water-Proof Phone?: Is There a Market for Water Resistant Smartphones? OR A Water-Proof Phone? Is There a Market for Water Resistant Smartphones?

C. Barney Latimer 25 May 2021 AT 04:05 PM

When the main title of a work ends in a question mark or exclamation point, no colon precedes the subtitle, even if the subtitle also ends in a question mark or exclamation point. The correct format for your example is therefore “A Waterproof Phone? Is There a Market for Water-Resistant Smartphones?” Note that no period follows the question mark at the end of the subtitle when the title appears at the end of the sentence. However, if a title ending in a question mark appears in the middle of a sentence, a comma may be used if it makes the sentence easier to read, as in this example: “After reading ‘A Waterproof Phone? Is There a Market for Water-Resistant Smartphones?,’ I accidentally dropped my smartphone in the bath.”

W. 16 October 2021 AT 01:10 PM

If the title of a work appears at the end of a sentence, where does the period go? before or after the quotations marks for the work? B) Aesop uses allegory and satire to expose humanity’s ego in his fable, “The Fox and the Grapes”. or B) Aesop uses allegory and satire to expose humanity’s ego in his fable, “The Fox and the Grapes.”

Wyatt F. 18 November 2021 AT 09:11 AM

How would you punctuate a title that exclaims itself?

Ammy 23 November 2021 AT 09:11 AM

How the author can enter the number/part of the paper in the title of their essay/monograph/article for publication in a journal. The MLA Template shows the sequence of writing the numbering when quoting/referring someone's work; but it does not answer the question of how the author should compose their title correctly when the work is divided into parts. For example:

1// Short Title: A Long Subheading Containing Ten Words—Paper 1 of (a/the?) Historical Jesus Review Series

2// Short Title: A Long Subheading Containing Ten Words Part 2 of Historical Jesus Review Series /as second line/

3// Short Title: A Long Subheading Containing Ten Words. Part 3 of Historical Jesus Review Series

4//Short Title: A Very Long Subheading Containing Fourteen Words. I Short Title: A Very Long Subheading Containing Fourteen Words. II

How it is advisable to design the numbering itself: Article 1, Essay 2, Part 3, IV, or just Paper 5?

The question is fundamental and will help many people who divide their articles into parts. Thank you for your comprehensive responsiveness.

Christin Bonin 17 January 2022 AT 08:01 AM

I am about to publish my dissertation. The Title is: The Broadway Belt The Musical Diva and her Belt Voice from Technical, Ethnic, and Feminist Perspectives Now my big question: Oxford Comma after Ethnic/before and ... or not?

Aliaa Bondok 09 February 2022 AT 08:02 PM

Hello! Unfortunately, I could not find an answer to my question in the MLA guide, so here is it: How do I punctuate a certain quote take from a novel when I include this quote in a title, heading, or sub-heading? Should I capitalize the words of the quote or just copy them as they are in the novel? Example: the original quote reads: “a future of poverty and despondency” I want to include it in a subheading a) Escaping “a future of poverty and despondency” b) Escaping "a Future of Poverty and Despondency" Which version is correct, (a) or (b)?

Thanks in advance!

Pallavi 20 April 2022 AT 12:04 PM

Is this title correct ?

Prone to dominance and criminality ? : The scientist figure in selected films

Russ 21 April 2022 AT 01:04 PM

My book title contains a colon, but I am told that the title, when placed on the book cover, binding and title page, should be written without the colon. I am confused!

Jadyn 03 October 2022 AT 06:10 PM

If the title is inside quotation marks at the end of a sentence (Example: This is discussed in the book "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success") Does the period go inside or outside the quotation?

Laura Kiernan 24 October 2022 AT 04:10 PM

Thanks for your question. In MLA style, titles of books are italicized, so, in the example you supplied, you wouldn't surround Mindset: The New Psychology of Success in quotation marks. For guidance on punctuation around titles, see section 2.105 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Nour 30 October 2022 AT 05:10 PM

Hi i have a question regarding article titles is it : Study Suggests Video Games Can Help Mental Health. or Study Suggests Video Games Can Help Mental Health with ponctuation or without ponctuation ??

Kristina 03 October 2023 AT 01:10 PM

Hi there, I'm working on a subtitle for my children's book. Title: A children's picture book about monsters (or perhaps not-so-scary monsters) I would use caps, but I'm not exactly certain which words wouldn't be capitalized other than or? I'm wondering if you can use parenthesis in a book subtitle? Originally I was thinking about using the line: A children's picture book about scary monsters (or ARE they)? Again, I'm not sure about the parenthesis or ending a book subtitle with a question mark. I've seen one so far and they placed the question mark inside the parenthesis and didn't have any punctuation after the parenthesis. Just wanted to get your advice. Thanks so much!

Uma Maheswari 08 November 2023 AT 09:11 PM

I want to frame a question in MLA style. Which one is correct regarding the question mark at the end? What is the significance of the title of the poem "An African Elegy"? What is the significance of the title of the poem "An African Elegy?" Note: The title of the poem does not have a question mark. It is mine. Thank you

Laura Kiernan 09 November 2023 AT 04:11 PM

Thank you for your question about MLA style. For guidance, see section 6.53 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Emma 17 February 2024 AT 09:02 AM

In my list of works cited, titles of self-contained sources need to be italized, now my question is, does the period right after it have to be italized as well or just the title? Thank you!

Noir 27 March 2024 AT 07:03 PM

Can I include a period at the end of a sentence for a title?

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How to Punctuate Titles

Last Updated: March 17, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Michelle Golden, PhD . Michelle Golden is an English teacher in Athens, Georgia. She received her MA in Language Arts Teacher Education in 2008 and received her PhD in English from Georgia State University in 2015. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 71,480 times.

Punctuating titles can be tricky, especially because different types of titles require different notations and typography. Depending on the type of title, you may need to capitalize the title, underline the title, or use quotation marks around the title to ensure it is punctuated properly. You may also be creating a title for an original work written by you, citing it in a text, or a published work written by someone else, citing it as a reference in your bibliography. Depending on the expectations of your professor or teacher, you may also be required to use the more common MLA style or the less common APA style.

Punctuating the Title of a Shorter Work

• You also use quotation marks for the titles of short stories. For example, “Cathedral” by Raymond Carver or “Coyotes” by Jo Ann Beard.
• This rule also applies to the title of an essay. For example, “Politics and the English Language” by George Orwell.

• For example, if you are citing a chapter title in Moby Dick , you would cite it as “The Carpet-Bag” chapter in Moby Dick .
• If you are citing an article title in a travel journal, it would appear as “Rivers of China” or “Top Hikes in Oregon”. A newspaper article title would appear as “Woman Missing on Hiking Trail”.

• You should also use quotations for the title of a skit or a monologue. For example, “The Bar Skit”.

• If you have any unpublished works that you are titling, such as manuscripts, speeches, lectures, dissertations, or theses, you should use quotation marks. For example, “My Speech on Human Rights” or “A Lecture on Bees”.

• In your references or bibliography, you would use plain text for the titles of shorter works, with no quotation marks. For example, Breaking the Psyche in Adolescents.

Punctuating the Title of a Longer Work

• Story collections and poetry collections are also notated with italics. For example, The Collected Stories of Grace Paley or The Collected Poetry of Dorothy Parker .
• An anthology of essays is also italicized. For example, The Best American Essays .

• The titles of encyclopedias are also italicized. For example, Encyclopedia Britannica or The Encyclopedia of Botanicals .

• The titles of television series or shows as a whole should be italicized. For example, Friends or The Mindy Project .

• Check with your professor or teacher about her preference for underlying or italics before you format titles in a paper or an assignment so you do not get docked points due to formatting errors. If your professor does want you to use underlining instead of italics, follow the same steps above using underlining instead of italics.

Capitalizing Titles In Text and As References

• You must capitalize the first and last word in the title as well as every noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. For example, the title “poem about a happy day” would appear as “Poem about a Happy Day.”
• Do not use all capitals to format the title, for example, “MOBY DICK”. Instead, only capitalize the first letter of each word, for example, “Moby Dick”.

• In APA style, you also only capitalize the first word of any subtitles in the title. For example, “The wise man on the mountain: A true story”.

• For example, the title “wise man on the mountain” would appear as: “Wise Man on the Mountain.”
• The exception to this rule is if the title begins with a preposition or article. The preposition or article would be capitalized in this case. For example, the title “the sound and the fury” would appear as: “The Sound and the Fury.”

• You should also make sure you capitalize any names of persons or key historical events in a title. This could be a well known cultural or political figure, or the name of a historical event.
• For example, the title “The ramifications of Mao Zedong’s cultural revolution” would appear as: “The Ramifications of Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution”.

• When in doubt, more capitalization is better than too little capitalization. You can also look up the title if it already exists in print and check to see how the author or publisher capitalizes the title.

Community Q&A

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://style.mla.org/punctuation-with-titles/
• ↑ https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-are-the-different-ways-to-punctuate-titles.htm
• ↑ https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/titles-of-works.html
• ↑ https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/03/how-to-capitalize-and-format-reference-titles-in-apa-style.html

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Do You Underline Song Titles in Essay Papers?

Forest time.

When you are writing an essay, different types of resources demand different forms of punctuation. While major works such as novels and journals often are underlined or italicized, minor works such as songs, articles and poems follow their own set of rules. The proper way to punctuate a song title really depends on which composition style you are adhering to.

Explore this article

• Chicago Manual of Style

1 APA Style

The American Psychological Association publishes one of the most frequently used sets of publication guidelines. APA guidelines most often are used by students of the social sciences, such as sociology and psychology, but they also can be used by students in other scientific disciplines. According to the Online Writing Library at Purdue University, APA style calls for song titles to be enclosed in quotation marks when referred to in the body of an essay. Do not underline song titles if you are adhering to APA guidelines.

2 MLA Style

Modern Language Association citation and publication style is used primarily for English and literature classes, but it also is commonly used by students in other areas of the humanities, such as history. According to the Writing Center at the University of Richmond, MLA style calls for many music and film titles to be underlined or italicized, but not the titles of songs. Instead, song titles should be enclosed in quotation marks.

3 Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style publishes a guide to publication and style usage that frequently is used as the basis for properly formatting essays in college classrooms. Conveniently, the Chicago Manual of Style publishes its complete guide online and also maintains an active site where students may ask questions and receive answers from Chicago style experts. As with APA and MLA styles, the proper way to punctuate the title of a song in Chicago style is to enclose it in quotation marks.

If you are a student of journalism or communications, it is likely that your professor has asked you to adhere to Associated Press publication style while writing essays. In AP Style, the titles of almost all works -- including the titles of songs -- should be enclosed in quotation marks. No titles should be underlined when using AP style to write an essay.

• 1 Purdue OWL: APA In-Text Citations
• 2 University of Richmond Writing Center: MLA Documentation
• 3 Chicago Manual of Style Online: Q + A Capitalization, Titles

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Is there a standard for dealing with lyrics in dialogue and narration in creative writing?

I'm peer-reviewing/editing a paper for a final in my English course and in it, the author has a character singing a song (of the author's creation). The character is singing in dialogue, like so:

"It's time to stand up and be a man/Be the husband that you told her you were gonna be/Forever/But I can't see what's wrong with you/You've got a wife, a hot one too/If you keep this up you won't end up together"

The problem I'm having is I'm not sure if the slash should be in the dialogue. At the same time, I don't know what she could put in that gets across the same meaning. Ellipsis? Commas? Write it in sentence form with correct punctuation and say that the character sang the words?

Also, I don't like that there's no spaces between a word and the slash, but I don't know if that's necessarily something "wrong" or if it's something I just don't like. But to be fair, I don't like the slashes because I think they make the dialogue hard to read. The previous editor removed the punctuation in this part of her writing, but left the slashes in. I'm not sure if this editor also removed the spaces around the slashes or if it was always like that. However, I feel like punctuation would make this altogether way more easy to read.

There is a point in the text where the same song is playing on the radio and the narration has the lyrics, centered and italicized. Like so:

But I can't see what's wrong with you You've got a wife, a hot one too If you keep on looking you won't end up together

And I think this works even though nothing ends with punctuation. The author said the previous editor removed the slashes and the punctuation from the narration lyrics. I'm inclined to believe that removing the slashes was the right move (it matches up with the MLA guide for citing poetry ) but I'm not particularly sure about leaving the italics or the punctuation removal.

To clarify, we aren't using the MLA format. Even if we were using that format, more than three lines would be made into a block and wouldn't be in one line, in the case of the first example. Also she just flat out made up the song that she's using (I'm not using her lyrics), so it's not like she needs to follow the guidelines for citing poetry. The other editor didn't actually leave notes as to why he or she made the changes they did make, so I'm not sure if they're following some standard I'm not aware of or if they just made stuff up or what.

I want to remove the slashes and make the song into a block in the dialogue and I want to put punctuation in the blocks. But I don't want to "correct" her if she's already correct or if it's just stylistic choice. I tried looking this up, but I don't really get very much information, just stuff on MLA or APA format. Is there a standard for dealing with lyrics in dialogue and narration in creative writing?

The song I used was Is She Not Hot Enough? from American Dad . Sorry, it's just stuck in my head right now.

• creative-writing
• punctuation

• 3 I can't say for definite but whenever I've encountered lyrics in a narrative they've been italicised, centre aligned and separated from the surrounding text. Of course, if a person were singing, then I would assume that dialogue formatting would take precedent. This is only anecdotal though. –  CLockeWork Commented May 1, 2014 at 8:09
• I'd agree with you there, @CLockeWork. In Roald Dahl's work, he used to do that all the time when he put songs into the narrative, but I've never seen him do just one or two lines in dialogue. Generally speaking though, most of what I read doesn't have songs or song lyrics featured in the work itself and it seems like most resources don't even touch on the subject. Maybe I shouldn't be putting so much focus on the other editor's changes... but they're just so weird I can't help thinking there's something I don't know that they did. –  Ice-9 Commented May 2, 2014 at 13:39
• As a note @Ice-9, this was also done by Tolkien. –  ArtickokeAndAnchovyPizzaMonica Commented Jun 18, 2020 at 17:17

4 Answers 4

According to Chicago, poetry or verse (which lyrics are), of more than two lines should be in block quotes. A blockquote is indented either left or right and can be further set off by being a smaller or different font. As to whether it should be italics, Chicago doesn't require it. That would seem to be a stylistic choice and, as long it is done consistently, probably the decision could be left to the author.

Note that if some of the lines of the lyrics are long, they should be bumped down to the next line and indented one em from the line above.

Slashes are only used if the verse is two lines or less so it was quite correct to remove them. When they are used, there is a space to each side of them.

Poetry (and really, what are songs but sung poetry?) can be punctuated or unpunctuated, but the removal of the punctuation is a stylistic choice, not a necessary one. I've read quite a bit of poetry that was punctuated normally. And then I've read E. E. Cummings. Since the author chose to punctuate the lyrics, I would leave the punctuation in.

• +1 This is how Tolkien did it (or, at least, how I've seen it done in several different editions of his books). They're not always centered, but they're always differently indented and often using italics and/or a different font. –  xDaizu Commented Feb 14, 2018 at 8:01

I found this at the Online Writing Lab concerning quoting poetry (emphasis added):

If the quotation is three lines or longer, set it off like a block quotation (see above). Some writers prefer to set off two-line verse quotations for emphasis. Quote the poem line by line as it appears on the original page . Do not use quotation marks, and indent one inch from the left margin. In his poem 'Mending Wall,' Robert Frost questions the building of barriers and walls: Before I built a wall I'd ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offense.

I know this is more for an essay-type of format rather than dialogue or narration, but I agree that having slashes in dialogue doesn't seem right. I regularly use Purdue University's Online Writing Lab for little problems like this.

• 1 While this confirms the original poster's view that block quotes should be used and addresses the punctuation changes, it does not address the removal of italics. If italics were used to further distinguish the song from the narrative (as used to distinguish thought from narrative), then block quotation would seem to remove the need for them; if italics were part of the poem/song text (e.g., to distinguish speakers or vocal style such as soft voice), then presumably the "original page" would use italics and they should be kept. Italics might also intend the softness of background music. –  user5232 Commented Oct 14, 2014 at 15:36

When incorporating lyrics into an essay, put the lyrics inside quotation marks. Short quotations can be integrated into a sentence, such as, “In the song ‘Stairway to Heaven,’ the Led Zeppelin sing…” followed by the lyrics in quotation marks. Long quotations, or those that are four lines or longer, need to be set off in a block quote, where you indent the entire quote from the paragraph above it.

To cite the lyrics in Modern Language Association format, write the artists’ name in parentheses, such as ( Led Zeppelin ), followed by the ending punctuation. To cite in American Psychological Association format, include the artist, copyright date and track number in parentheses, such as ( Led Zeppelin, 1971, track 1 ). Note the comma between the artist and year and between the year and track number.

Include the details of the recording in your works cited or references page. In MLA format, include the artist’s name, song title, album name, name of the recording manufacturer, publication date and the sound recording medium, for example: The Beatles. “Coda” Coda: The U. S. Album (italicized). Capitol, 1982. CD.

Citing this recording in APA style is slightly different, so follow the example: Led Zeppelin. (2014). Coda. On Coda: The U. S. Album (italicize the album name) [CD]. Los Angeles: Capitol (Recorded 1982).

You also probably should consider checking out some info on trusted resourses For example check this one .

I would like to remind people that this is a work of fiction , so MLA or most style guides are not appropriate. There are some publication house style guides available, but not always. While these make great references, they are not widely accepted standards.

I agree with you regarding spaces, but I would not remove the slashes unless moving it to block. Ellipses over and over would not work and commas would not fit well with their usual use. Removing them would change the cadence of the lyrics and this author has taken the time to ensure the lyrics fit a beat.

I personally like the block quote for lyrics, a la 1984 . However, when available, I would ask the author why they made that decision (an option I usually had in editing class, and sometime proofreading class, though you may not). Sometimes writing is more than just the words, but a visual. A block quote places a large amount of importance to the words. This can be good if you want the message to be picked up by the reader immediately, but the author may be trying to plant a seed that's not meant to grow in the reader's mind yet, and may need the lyrics to be visually underwhelming. Of course, the copy in front of you should offer clues to that intent, especially if you have the entire piece.

It is not the rule, but I would like to share something my editing teacher used to share with us: he told us writing rules are often and can be broken for effect, the way it makes the reader process the information. Of course, we would then ask why all of our pieces had to be grammatically correct. He would reply "all of you have only been granted your learners' permits. In order to break the rules, you must know them [and their effects] well." Allow the breaks when they are intentional.

• It's an academic paper though, so academic standards should apply. And it is not completely clear whether it is pure fiction or not. –  Weckar E. Commented Mar 4, 2020 at 17:14

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Brief Overview of Punctuation

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When speaking, we can pause or change the tone of our voices to indicate emphasis. When writing, we use punctuation to indicate these places of emphases. This handout should help to clarify when and how to use various marks of punctuation.

Use a comma to join two independent clauses and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).

Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause.

Use a comma to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it. The examples below demonstrate this trend.

Use a comma to separate nonessential elements from a sentence. More specifically, when a sentence includes information that is not crucial to the message or intent of the sentence, enclose it in or separate it by commas.

Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible).

Use a comma after a transitional element (however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition)

Use a comma with quoted words.

Use a comma in a date.

Use a comma in a number.

Use a comma in a personal title.

Use a comma to separate a city name from the state.

Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma). Instead, separate the clauses with a period, with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction, or with a semicolon.

Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.

Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so).

Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas.

For more information on semicolons, please see the "90-Second Semicolon" vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

Use a colon to join two independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause.

Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, an appositive, or other ideas directly related to the independent clause.

Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting.

Use a colon to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation.

Use a colon to separate the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference.

Parenthesis

Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence.

Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.

Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it.

Quotation Marks

Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation.

Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word.

Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows.

Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations.

Underlining and italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. To be safe, you could check with your teacher to find out which he/she prefers. Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Italicize foreign words.

Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis.

Italicize a word when referring to that word.