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Assignment of Membership Interest: The Ultimate Guide for Your LLC

LegalGPS : May 9, 2024 at 12:00 PM

As a business owner, there may come a time when you need to transfer ownership of your company or acquire additional members. In these situations, an assignment of membership interest is a critical step in the process. This blog post aims to provide you with a comprehensive guide on everything you need to know about the assignment of membership interest and how to navigate the procedure efficiently. So, let's dive into the world of LLC membership interest transfers and learn how to secure your business!

Table of Contents

Necessary approvals and consent, impact on ownership, voting, and profit rights, complete assignment, partial assignment.

• Key elements to include

Step 1: Gather Relevant Information

Step 2: review the llc's operating agreement, step 3: obtain necessary approvals and consents, step 4: outline the membership interest being transferred, step 5: determine the effective date of the assignment, step 6: specify conditions and representations, step 7: address tax and liability issues, step 8: draft the entire agreement and governing law clauses, step 9: review and sign the assignment agreement.

• Advantages of using a professionally-created template
• How our contract templates stand out from the rest

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Assignment of Membership Interest

Do you need a lawyer for this.

What is an Assignment of Membership Interest?

An assignment of membership interest is a document that allows a member of an LLC to transfer their ownership share in the company to another person or entity. This can be done in the form of a sale or gift, which are two different scenarios that generally require different types of paperwork. An assignment is typically signed by the parties involved and delivered to the Secretary of State's office for filing. However, this process can vary depending on where you live and whether your LLC has members other than yourself as well as additional documents required by state law.

Before initiating the assignment process, it's essential to review the operating agreement of your LLC, as it may contain specific guidelines on how to assign membership interests.

Often, these agreements require the express consent of the other LLC members before any assignment can take place. To avoid any potential disputes down the line, always seek the required approvals before moving forward with the assignment process.

It's essential to understand that assigning membership interests can affect various aspects of the LLC, including ownership, voting rights, and profit distribution. A complete assignment transfers all ownership rights and obligations to the new member, effectively removing the original member from the LLC. For example, if a member assigns his or her interest, the new member inherits all ownership rights and obligations associated with that interest. This includes any contractual obligations that may be attached to the membership interest (e.g., a mortgage). If there is no assignment of interests clause in your operating agreement, then you will need to get approval from all other members for an assignment to take place.

On the other hand, a partial assignment permits the original member to retain some ownership rights while transferring a portion of their interest to another party. To avoid unintended consequences, it's crucial to clearly define the rights and responsibilities of each party during the assignment process.

Types of Membership Interest Transfers

Membership interest transfers can be either complete or partial, depending on the desired outcome. Understanding the differences between these two types of transfers is crucial in making informed decisions about your LLC.

A complete assignment occurs when a member transfers their entire interest in the LLC to another party, effectively relinquishing all ownership rights and obligations. This type of transfer is often used when a member exits the business or when a new individual or entity acquires the LLC.

For example, a member may sell their interest to another party that is interested in purchasing their share of the business. Complete assignment is also used when an individual or entity wants to purchase all of the interests in an LLC. In this case, the seller must receive unanimous approval from the other members before they can transfer their entire interest.

Unlike a complete assignment, a partial assignment involves transferring only a portion of a member's interest to another party. This type of assignment enables the member to retain some ownership in the business, sharing rights, and responsibilities proportionately with the new assignee. Partial assignments are often used when adding new members to an LLC or when existing members need to redistribute their interests.

A common real-world example is when a member receives an offer from another company to purchase their interest in the LLC. They might want to keep some ownership so that they can continue to receive profits from the business, but they also may want out of some of the responsibilities. By transferring only a partial interest in their membership share, both parties can benefit: The seller receives a lump sum payment for their share of the LLC and is no longer liable for certain financial obligations or other tasks.

How to Draft an Assignment of Membership Interest Agreement

A well-drafted assignment of membership interest agreement can help ensure a smooth and legally compliant transfer process. Here is a breakdown of the key elements to include in your agreement, followed by a step-by-step guide on drafting the document.

Key elements to include:

The names of the assignor (the person transferring their interest) and assignee (the person receiving the interest)

The name of your LLC and the state where it was formed

A description of the membership interest being transferred (percentage, rights, and obligations)

Any required approvals or consents from other LLC members

Effective date of the assignment

Signatures of all parties involved, including any relevant witnesses or notary public

Before you begin drafting the agreement, gather all pertinent data about the parties involved and the membership interest being transferred. You'll need information such as:

The names and contact information of the assignor (the person transferring their interest) and assignee (the person receiving the interest)

The name and formation details of your LLC, including the state where it was registered

The percentage and value of the membership interest being transferred

Any specific rights and obligations associated with the membership interest

Examine your LLC's operating agreement to ensure you adhere to any predetermined guidelines on assigning membership interests. The operating agreement may outline specific procedures, required approvals, or additional documentation necessary to complete the assignment process.

If your LLC doesn't have an operating agreement or if it's silent on this matter, follow your state's default LLC rules and regulations.

Before drafting the assignment agreement, obtain any necessary approvals or consents from other LLC members as required by the operating agreement or state law. You may need to hold a members' meeting to discuss the proposed assignment and document members' consent in the form of a written resolution.

Detail the membership interest being transferred in the Assignment of Membership Interest Agreement. Specify whether the transfer is complete or partial, and include:

The percentage of ownership interest being assigned

Allocated profits and losses, if applicable

Voting rights associated with the transferred interest

The assignor's rights and obligations that are being transferred and retained

Any capital contribution requirements

Set an effective date for the assignment, which is when the rights and obligations associated with the membership interest will transfer from the assignor to the assignee.

This date is crucial for legal and tax purposes and helps both parties plan for the transition. If you don’t specify an effective date in the assignment agreement, your state's law may determine when the transfer takes effect.

In the agreement, outline any conditions that must be met before the assignment becomes effective. These could include obtaining certain regulatory approvals, fulfilling specific obligations, or making required capital contributions.

Additionally, you may include representations from the assignor attesting that they have the legal authority to execute the assignment. Doing this is important because it can prevent a third party from challenging the assignment on grounds of lack of authority. If the assignor is an LLC or corporation, be sure to specify that it must be in good standing with all necessary state and federal regulatory agencies.

Clearly state that the assignee will assume responsibility for any taxes, liabilities, and obligations attributable to the membership interest being transferred from the effective date of the assignment. You may also include indemnification provisions that protect each party from any potential claims arising from the other party's actions.

For example, you can include a provision that provides the assignor with protection against any claims arising from the transfer of membership interests. This is especially important if your LLC has been sued by a member, visitor, or third party while it was operating under its current management structure.

In the closing sections of the assignment agreement, include clauses stating that the agreement represents the entire understanding between the parties concerning the assignment and supersedes any previous agreements or negotiations. Specify that any modifications to the agreement must be made in writing and signed by both parties. Finally, identify the governing law that will apply to the agreement, which is generally the state law where your LLC is registered.

This would look like this:

Once you've drafted the Assignment of Membership Interest Agreement, ensure that all parties carefully review the document to verify its accuracy and completeness. Request a legal review by an attorney, if necessary. Gather the assignor, assignee, and any necessary witnesses or notary public to sign the agreement, making it legally binding.

Sometimes the assignor and assignee will sign the document at different times. If this is the case, then you should specify when each party must sign in your Assignment Agreement.

Importance of a Professionally-drafted Contract Template

To ensure a smooth and error-free assignment process, it's highly recommended to use a professionally-drafted contract template. While DIY options might seem tempting, utilizing an expertly-crafted template provides several distinct advantages.

Advantages of using a professionally-created template:

Accuracy and Compliance: Professionally-drafted templates are designed with state-specific regulations in mind, ensuring that your agreement complies with all necessary legal requirements.

Time and Cost Savings: With a pre-written template, you save valuable time and resources that can be better spent growing your business.

Reduced Legal Risk: Legal templates created by experienced professionals significantly reduce the likelihood of errors and omissions that could lead to disputes or litigations down the road.

How our contract templates stand out from the rest:

We understand the unique needs of entrepreneurs and business owners. Our contract templates are designed to provide a straightforward, user-friendly experience that empowers you with the knowledge and tools you need to navigate complex legal processes with ease. By choosing our Assignment of Membership Interest Agreement template, you can rest assured that your business is in safe hands. Click here to get started!

As you embark on the journey of assigning membership interest in your LLC, here are some frequently asked questions to help address any concerns you may have:

Is an assignment of membership interest the same as a sale of an LLC? No. While both processes involve transferring interests or assets, a sale of an LLC typically entails the sale of the entire business, whereas an assignment of membership interest relates to the transfer of some or all membership interests between parties.

Do I need an attorney to help draft my assignment of membership interest agreement? While not mandatory, seeking legal advice ensures that your agreement complies with all relevant regulations, minimizing potential legal risks. If you prefer a more cost-effective solution, consider using a professionally-drafted contract template like the ones we offer at [Your Company Name].

Can I assign my membership interest without the approval of other LLC members? This depends on your LLC's operating agreement and state laws. It's essential to review these regulations and obtain any necessary approvals or consents before proceeding with the assignment process.

The biggest question now is, "Do you need to hire a lawyer for help?" Sometimes, yes ( especially if you have multiple owners ). But often for single-owner businesses, you don't   need a lawyer to start your business .

Many business owners instead use tools like  Legal GPS for Business , which includes a step-by-step, interactive platform and 100+ contract templates to help you start and grow your company.

We hope this guide provides valuable insight into the process of assigning membership interest in your LLC. By understanding the legal requirements, implications, and steps involved, you can navigate this essential task with confidence. Ready to secure your business with a professionally-drafted contract template? Visit our website to purchase the reliable and user-friendly Assignment of Membership Interest Agreement template that enables your business success.

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Assignment Of Membership Interest

Jump to section, what is an assignment of membership interest.

An assignment of membership interest is a legal document that allows members of a Limited Liability Company (or LLC) to reassign their interest in the company to a different party. LLC laws are different from state to state, so what's required in an assignment of membership agreement changes.

Typically seen when a member wishes to exit a business, the assignment of membership interest agreement is used when transferring membership interest to another person. It is possible to transfer membership of an LLC to something like a revocable trust but requires those terms and conditions to be set in the assignment agreement.

Assignment Of Membership Interest Sample

Reference : Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database, EX-10.1.1.2 3 dex10112.htm ASSIGNMENT OF MEMBERSHIP INTEREST , Viewed October 13, 2021, View Source on SEC .

Who Helps With Assignments Of Membership Interest?

Lawyers with backgrounds working on assignments of membership interest work with clients to help. Do you need help with an assignment of membership interest?

Post a project  in ContractsCounsel's marketplace to get free bids from lawyers to draft, review, or negotiate assignments of membership interest. All lawyers are vetted by our team and peer reviewed by our customers for you to explore before hiring.

ContractsCounsel is not a law firm, and this post should not be considered and does not contain legal advice. To ensure the information and advice in this post are correct, sufficient, and appropriate for your situation, please consult a licensed attorney. Also, using or accessing ContractsCounsel's site does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and ContractsCounsel.

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The Castro Law Firm, located in Royal Palm Beach, Florida, provides a range of legal services to clients that focus on probate, estate plannnig and business matters. Our staff is fluent in Spanish. We offer free consultations and virtual appointments.

I build legal solutions which create extraordinary value for my clients. I am a partner in Alliance Law Firm International PLLC in Washington. My specialties include tax, wealth management, estates, corporations/business, venture capital, private equity, and natural resources. Prior to practicing law, I had a decade-long career in international private equity and investment banking. I have worked on building and managing companies in technology, energy, materials, retail, and natural resources. I am licensed to practice in the District of Columbia and Pennsylvania. I have degrees from the Georgetown University Law Center (JD) and the Yale School of Management (MBA).

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Assignment of LLC Interest

An Assignment of LLC Interest is a document through which an LLC member can transfer their ownership rights.

• About document

Related documents

How it works.

If an LLC member wishes to transfer their ownership rights to a different entity for any reason, they'll need to submit an Assignment of LLC Interest. This document will be a way for the member to communicate this intention to other LLC members.

What Is an Assignment of LLC Interest?

You can use an Assignment of LLC Interest in situations where an LLC member wishes to secure a loan, settle a debt, or leave their LLC. 

In such cases, this document will serve to transfer the member's interest – which can be done wholly or partially – according to state laws and the governing documents of the LLC in question.

Other Names for Assignment of LLC Interest

Since the document's content takes precedence over the title, an Assignment of LLC Interest doesn't necessarily have to bear that name. It's also called:

• Assignment Agreement
• Transfer Agreement
• Interest Transfer Agreement

Who Needs an Assignment of LLC Interest?

LLC members may decide to assign their interest for several reasons. One of the more common reasons for assignment is providing collateral for a loan.

Another reason might be if the member needs to settle a debt, in which case the assignment remains effective while the debt is present.

Finally, a member can assign interest to their legal heirs. In this case, the assignment becomes valid upon the member's death.

Why Use 360 Legal Forms for Your Assignment of LLC Interest?

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Create your own documents by simply answering our easy-to-understand questionnaire to get exactly what you need out of your Assignment of LLC Interest.

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All you need to do is fill out a simple questionnaire, print it, and sign. No printer? No worries. You and other parties can even sign online.

How to Create an Assignment of LLC Interest With 360 Legal Forms

An Assignment of LLC Interest should clearly outline the rights and limitations as they apply both to the assignor, i.e., the LLC member transferring interest, and the assignee, i.e., the party receiving interest. For this reason, the document should be detailed and carefully crafted. State laws can potentially restrict assignments, and documents contrary to those laws can be subject to invalidation.

Let 360 Legal Forms help with our extensive library of attorney-vetted legal forms. The process is fast and easy. All you need to do is fill out our easy-to-understand questionnaire. Once complete, simply download your form as a PDF or Word document from your secure online account.

What Information Will I Need to Create My Assignment of LLC Interest?

To create your document, please provide:

• Assignor Information: Details on the LLC member transferring interest 
• Assignee Information: Details on the entity receiving interest
• Assignment Type: Description of whether the assignment is partial or full 
• Type of Partial Assignment (If Applicable): Determining whether the assignor will transfer a portion of ownership or specific rights and responsibilities
• Signatures : All involved parties need to sign the document to make it legally binding 

Assignment of LLC Interest Terms

• Assignor : The LLC member assigning their rights, responsibilities, and interest
• Assignee: The individual or other entity receiving the rights, obligations, and interest from the Assignor
• Authority : A confirmation that the agreement is following regulations affecting all parties (Assignor and Assignee)
• Severability : If you can't execute any individual part of the agreement, the rest of the agreement will remain valid

Assignment of LLC Interest Signing Requirements

An Assignment of LLC Interest is a legally binding document, which means all parties should ensure they understand and agree to all terms within it before signing. 

Once the Assignor and Assignee confirm that all information in the document is correct, both parties will need to sign the document to make it valid.

What to Do With Your Assignment of LLC Interest?

An Assignment of LLC Interest defines the scope of interest an LLC member will transfer to another party for other members of the LLC. 

After signing the document, you will execute the interest transfer. Both parties should keep their copies of this document for the record.

Frequently Asked Questions

LLC members often have two roles within the LLC: as interest owners and managers. When a member decides to assign interest to another party, the transfer won't affect that member's management role. 

Should an LLC member wish to leave the LLC management, they'll need to resign from that role in an action separate from the interest transfer. At that point, they’ll determine their replacement in the management following the LLC operating agreement and the state laws.

An LLC member can transfer their interest fully or partially. Full transfer means that the Assignee receives interest identical to that previously held by the Assignor.

In the case of a partial transfer, an LLC member will assign either a portion of their interest or only certain rights to the Assignee. 

In most states, the Assignee won't have the right to participate in the operations of the LLC in question. The Assignee is also protected from the Assignor's liabilities, but this may vary according to the state. For example, the Assignee receives the liability in Florida and California.

If the Assignee is introduced into the LLC as a member following the transfer, the Assignee's limitations and rights will be the same as the Assignor's. 

Most states will not prohibit any LLC members from assigning interest. Likewise, in most states, interest transfer won't mean that the Assignor relinquishes their right to vote or continue their involvement in LLC management. 

Texas is an exception since that state's law mandates that the Assignor must forfeit their LLC membership upon transfer.

Notifying all LLC members of an assignment is mandatory, and in some states, you can only enforce the document upon approval by all LLC members. 

LLC members can decide whether the Assignee will become a member if the Assignor wishes to resign their position. The interest transfer doesn't guarantee that the Assignee will automatically become an LLC member.

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Users that make a Assignment of LLC Interest sometimes need additional documents.

• LLC Consent in Lieu of a Meeting
• LLC Membership Admission Agreement
• LLC Operating Agreement

Home » LLC Interest Transfer » Assignment and Transfer of Membership Interest

Assignment and Transfer of Membership Interest

Jeramie Fortenberry, J.D., LL.M.

An LLC owner (called a member ) can transfer an ownership interest (called a membership interest ) by complying with the transfer provisions within the LLC’s operating agreement and state law. An assignment is one of the key documents a member must prepare to officially transfer a membership interest to a transferee.

What is the Purpose of an LLC Interest Assignment?

An assignment—sometimes titled assignment and transfer or assignment and assumption —serves as a written record of a member’s transfer of an LLC interest to a transferee. It is comparable to a deed that transfers real estate, but an assignment instead transfers to a new owner (the assignee or transferee ) some or all of an LLC member’s ownership rights in the company. Like some deeds, an assignment may include the member’s guarantee that he or she actually owns the interest being transferred and has the right to transfer it.

An LLC interest assignment must comply with any transfer terms, conditions, or restrictions in the company’s operating agreement. For example, an operating agreement may require other members’ consent to the transfer or limit the ownership rights that members are allowed to transfer.

An LLC owner may also prepare an assignment when offering an ownership interest as security for a loan. In that situation, the lender is the assignee and usually claims the interest only if the member fails to repay the loan. Assignments of LLC interests pledged as collateral are subject to additional laws and are not the focus of this article.

What LLC Interests Do Assignments Transfer?

A member who creates an LLC assignment customizes the assignment to the precise ownership interest the member wishes to transfer. LLC ownership interests can generally be separated into two basic interests:

• Economic rights. A member’s economic rights (sometimes called transferable interest ) include the member’s allocation of the LLC’s profits and losses and the member’s right to receive distributions from the company.
• Membership rights. A member’s membership rights—which are typically defined in the operating agreement—include the member’s right to vote on important matters, participate in the LLC’s internal affairs, and join in the management of the company (if it is member-managed).

An assignment can transfer the member’s economic rights (in whole or in part)—in which case the transferee receives a right to LLC distributions but no right to vote on LLC matters. Or, an assignment can transfer the member’s entire interest in the company. A transfer of all membership rights typically requires other members’ approval, formal admittance of the transferee as a new member, and a separate joinder agreement under which the new member accepts the LLC’s operating agreement.

What Information is Included in an LLC Membership Assignment?

An assignment must identify the transferor and the transferee, the company, and the specific interest being transferred. It should state whether the transfer applies to all or part of the transferor’s interest and whether the transferee will receive all membership rights or an economic interest only.

Assignments often also include:

• A reference to the operating agreement’s authorization of the transfer;
• A statement that the transfer has been approved under the operating agreement’s approval standard; and
• The transferor’s warranty that he or she actually owns the interest and that the assignment does not breach any other agreements.

An assignment must be signed by the member who makes the transfer and—depending on its terms—may also be signed by the transferee and on behalf of the LLC.

Sale and Assignment of LLC Membership Interests

Transfers from Member to Member or to Non-Member Third Parties by David J. Willis J.D., LL.M.

Introduction

This article addresses legal points to consider when conveying a membership interest in a limited liability company from one individual to another. It does not address the initial issuance of such interests when the LLC is formed, nor sales of membership interests by an existing LLC to incoming members.

Additionally, this article addresses absolute assignments (full and final transfers) rather than collateral assignments (made only as security for a loan) which are a different topic entirely.

Assignments of this type may follow the execution of a letter of intent which provides for a due-diligence period. This article does not cover the contents of such an LOI but does address issues that should be considered by a prospective assignee in conducting due diligence. An LOI will often make reference to specific due diligence steps that a buyer will be permitted to take.

After covering definitions and applicable law, we will turn to principal points that should be considered in negotiating and drafting an assignment of LLC membership interest.

APPLICABLE LAW

Relevant statutory definitions.

Applicable law is found in the Business Organizations Code (BOC):

Bus. Orgs. Code Section 1.002. DEFINITIONS

(7) “Certificated ownership interest” means an ownership interest of a domestic entity represented by a certificate issued in bearer or registered form.

(32) “Fundamental business transaction” means a merger, interest exchange, conversion, or sale of all or substantially all of an entity’s assets.

(35)(A) “Governing authority” means a person or group of persons who are entitled to manage and direct the affairs of an entity under this code and the governing documents of the entity, except that if the governing documents of the entity or this code divide the authority to manage and direct the affairs of the entity among different persons or groups of persons according to different matters, “governing authority” means the person or group of persons entitled to manage and direct the affairs of the entity with respect to a matter under the governing documents of the entity or this code.

(41) “Interest exchange” means the acquisition of an ownership or membership interest in a domestic entity as provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 10. The term does not include a merger or conversion.

(46) “Limited liability company” means an entity governed as a limited liability company under Title 3 or 7. The term includes a professional limited liability company.

(53) “Member” means: (A) in the case of a limited liability company, a person who has become, and has not ceased to be, a member in the limited liability company as provided by its governing documents or this code. . . .

(54) “Membership interest” means a member’s interest in an entity. With respect to a limited liability company, the term includes a member’s share of profits and losses or similar items and the right to receive distributions, but does not include a member’s right to participate in management.

(64) “Ownership interest” means an owner’s interest in an entity. The term includes the owner’s share of profits and losses or similar items and the right to receive distributions. The term does not include an owner’s right to participate in management.

(69-b) “Person” means an individual or a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, business trust, trust, association, or other organization, estate, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other legal entity, or a protected series or registered series of a domestic limited liability company or foreign entity.

(87) “Uncertificated ownership interest” means an ownership interest in a domestic entity that is not represented by an instrument and is transferred by: (A) amendment of the governing documents of the entity; or (B) registration on books maintained by or on behalf of the entity for the purpose of registering transfers of ownership interests.

A well-drafted assignment of LLC membership interest will be mindful of and consistent with these statutory terms.

Statute Authorizing LLC Membership Assignments

Foundational to the idea of a sale and assignment of LLC membership interest is the legal authority to enter into such a transaction in the first place:

Bus. Orgs. Code Sec. 101.108. ASSIGNMENT OF MEMBERSHIP INTEREST

(a) A membership interest in a limited liability company may be wholly or partly assigned.

(b) An assignment of a membership interest in a limited liability company: (1) is not an event requiring the winding up of the company; and (2) does not entitle the assignee to: (A) participate in the management and affairs of the company; (B) become a member of the company; or (C) exercise any rights of a member of the company.

Consent by other members is required. BOC Section 101.103(s) states that a “person who, after the formation of a limited liability company, acquires directly or is assigned a membership interest in the company or is admitted as a member of the company without acquiring a membership interest becomes a member of the company on approval or consent of all of the company’s members.” BOC Section 101.105 states that a “limited liability company, after the formation of the company, may: (1) issue membership interests in the company to any person with the approval of all of the members of the company. . . .”

An additional consent requirement is found in BOC Section 101.356(c) which provides that, for the most part, “a fundamental business transaction of a limited liability company, or an action that would make it impossible for a limited liability company to carry out the ordinary business of the company, must be approved by the affirmative vote of the majority of all of the company’s members.”

Accordingly, it is advisable to accompany an assignment of membership interest with a special meeting of members that approves and ratifies the change. One or more LLC resolutions may be produced as well. All affected parties (and their spouses, even if non-members) should sign off.

What category of property is an LLC membership interest?

Regardless of the type of property owner by a limited liability company, a membership interest in the LLC is personal property:

Bus. Orgs. Code Sec. 101.106. NATURE OF MEMBERSHIP INTEREST

(a) A membership interest in a limited liability company is personal property.

(a-1) A membership interest may be community property under applicable law.

(a-2) A member’s right to participate in the management and conduct of the business of the limited liability company is not community property.

(b) A member of a limited liability company or an assignee of a membership interest in a limited liability company does not have an interest in any specific property of the company.

The characterization of an LLC membership interest as personal property is important because it also signifies what it is not . For instance, it is not a real property interest even though the LLC may own real estate. It is not a negotiable instrument subject to the Uniform Commercial Code (found in Texas Business & Commerce Code Section 3.201 et seq.). Nor is a small-business LLC membership interest usually considered to be a security subject to state and federal securities laws: “An interest in a partnership or limited liability company is not a security unless it is dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, [and the company agreement] expressly provide[s] that it is a security . . . or it is an investment company security.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Sec. 8.103(c).

The foregoing applies regardless of whether the membership interest is considered certificated or uncertificated.

Statutory Qualifications for LLC Membership

Qualifications and requirements for membership in an LLC are found in the BOC:

Bus. Orgs. Code Sec. 101.102. QUALIFICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

(a) A person may be a member of or acquire a membership interest in a limited liability company unless the person lacks capacity apart from this code.

(b) A person is not required, as a condition to becoming a member of or acquiring a membership interest in a limited liability company, to:

(1) make a contribution to the company; (2) otherwise pay cash or transfer property to the company; or (3) assume an obligation to make a contribution or otherwise pay cash or transfer property to the company.

(c) If one or more persons own a membership interest in a limited liability company, the company agreement may provide for a person to be admitted to the company as a member without acquiring a membership interest in the company.

Rights and Duties of an Assignee

BOC Sec. 101.109. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF ASSIGNEE OF MEMBERSHIP INTEREST BEFORE MEMBERSHIP

(a) A person who is assigned a membership interest in a limited liability company is entitled to:

(1) receive any allocation of income, gain, loss, deduction, credit, or a similar item that the assignor is entitled to receive to the extent the allocation of the item is assigned; (2) receive any distribution the assignor is entitled to receive to the extent the distribution is assigned; (3) require, for any proper purpose, reasonable information or a reasonable account of the transactions of the company; and (4) make, for any proper purpose, reasonable inspections of the books and records of the company.

(b) An assignee of a membership interest in a limited liability company is entitled to become a member of the company on the approval of all of the company’s members.

(c) An assignee of a membership interest in a limited liability company is not liable as a member of the company until the assignee becomes a member of the company.

BOC Sec. 101.110. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF ASSIGNEE OF MEMBERSHIP INTEREST AFTER BECOMING MEMBER

(a) An assignee of a membership interest in a limited liability company, after becoming a member of the company, is:

(1) entitled, to the extent assigned, to the same rights and powers granted or provided to a member of the company by the company agreement or this code; (2) subject to the same restrictions and liabilities placed or imposed on a member of the company by the company agreement or this code; and (3) except as provided by Subsection (b), liable for the assignor’s obligation to make contributions to the company.

(b) An assignee of a membership interest in a limited liability company, after becoming a member of the company, is not obligated for a liability of the assignor that:

(1) the assignee did not have knowledge of on the date the assignee became a member of the company; and (2) could not be ascertained from the company agreement.

It is important to note that these statutory rights and duties are subject to “restrictions and liabilities” that may be imposed by the company agreement.

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

The company agreement.

When considering a transfer of LLC membership, it is important to first check the company agreement (operating agreement) to determine if there are buy-sell provisions or a right-of-first-refusal clause that must be worked through before the membership interest can be assigned. company agreements often require that before a sale and assignment of a membership interest can occur, the interest must first be offered pro rata to the other members, and/or to the company itself, before a transfer may be made to a person who is not currently a member. Unless waived, such provisions may be accompanied by an offer period of (for example) 10, 30, or 60 days.

Buy-sell and right-of-first-refusal provisions exist so that existing LLC members do not unwillingly find themselves in business with someone they do not know.

Non-Member Spouses

Are non-member spouses involved? Like real estate, personal property in Texas is presumed to be community property. A frequent error in transfers of LLC membership interest is failure to secure the signature of an assignor-seller’s non-member spouse. The result is that the entire interest may not have been conveyed, at least not in Texas. This is no different than if a grantee in a deed accepts the conveyance without requiring execution by the grantor’s spouse; since community property is presumed, the transfer may be incomplete if the spouse does not sign off, at least in a pro forma capacity.

To say that omitting the signature of a non-member spouse can drive subsequent disputes would be an understatement. Even though BOC Section 101.108 provides that a non-member spouse of an assignee may not assert control over the company, the potential for awkward and potentially disastrous disruption remains. Consider the case of a withdrawing member who is contemplating divorce but has not yet revealed this to other members who may want to buy his LLC membership interest. Will the assignment get tangled up in the parties’ divorce?

As is the case in transfers of real estate, it is common for sellers of an LLC membership interest to argue that the spouse should not be required to sign the assignment because the property transferred is a business asset rather than a part of the homestead. Real estate lawyers hear such excuses all the time. Other reasons may be given (“My wife is in China”). None of these excuses should be allowed to carry any weight unless the membership interest has been lawfully converted into separate property by a written partition agreement according to Section 4.102 et seq. of the Family Code.

What will be the accounting consequences? Is timing an issue?

There will likely be accounting consequences as a result of transferring an LLC membership interest. BOC Section 101.201 partially addresses this issue, stating “The profits and losses of a limited liability company shall be allocated to each member of the company on the basis of the agreed value of the contributions made by each member, as stated in the company’s records. . . .” This rule will apply unless the members collectively agree otherwise.

Attention should be given to the effective date of the assignment, since the transfer date may have more than one level of significance. It is advisable to select an effective date or record date for the assignment that facilitates easier calculation of profits and losses, or at least does not unduly complicate that calculation.

Will the membership interest pass a due-diligence inspection?

The issues referred to above are part of a larger group of due-diligence considerations that may concern a prospective buyer, which brings us to the due-diligence checklist in the next section.

DUE DILIGENCE BY THE ASSIGNEE-BUYER

Due diligence checklist.

The following is a partial list of items that should be of concern to a prospective assignee-buyer of an LLC Membership Interest:

(1) Valuation . Most small-business assignments of LLC membership interest occur among insiders who are already acquainted with the company’s assets, liabilities, management, and operations. For potential assignees who do not fall in this category, the question of valuation arises—not just valuation of the membership interest itself but valuation of the LLC as a whole, since the two are effectively inseparable.

Several articles could be written on how to evaluate and appraise a business; suffice it to say that there should be some rational basis for the asking price that can be independently confirmed by looking at the company’s finances and assets. Certain numbers will be hard (real property and bank accounts) and others will be soft (marketing strategy, proprietary information, and value of the brand).

If assets include real properties, an evaluation of value may include appraisals by licensed appraisers or the less-formal alternative of a broker price opinion (BPO). It is impressive if a real estate investment firm has an inventory of 30 rental properties; it is less so if half the properties are drowning in deferred maintenance. Numbers guys may be satisfied with financials and a spreadsheet; traditionalists will want to physically inspect the properties as part of the due-diligence process.

(2) Good Standing . It is important to verify that the LLC and the assignor (if a registered entity) are in good standing with the secretary of state and the comptroller. If not, they do not have the legal capacity to do business, which could potentially make execution of an LLC membership assignment invalid.

(3) Core LLC Documents . A prospective assignee-buyer will want to see core LLC documents including the certificate of formation; the certificate of filing (the secretary of state’s approval); the minutes of the first organizational meeting of members along with subsequent minutes of special meetings (if any) and annual meetings; company resolutions or grants of authority; the company agreement, as currently amended or restated; and any membership certificates that may have been issued (or at least a record of same).

Also: where are the official LLC records kept? Who is responsible for keeping them, and is access readily available? Is there a company book, i.e., a binder containing these? Failure of an LLC to keep organized and complete records is a warning sign for a potential assignee. This is true regardless of and aside from any statutory requirements for LLC record keeping.

A vital object of an assignee’s investigation should be the company agreement. The company agreement is essentially a partnership agreement among LLC members, so it will directly bind a prospective assignee . Is it valid? Is it a legal document of substance or is it a three-page printout from the internet that is not even relevant to Texas? Are provisions of the company agreement compatible with the intentions and goals of the assignee? What limitations does the company agreement impose (for example, restrictions on transfer of membership interests)? Can one easily re-sell the membership interest or are there hoops to jump through?

(4) Managers . It is operationally important to determine if the LLC is member-managed or manager-managed and, if the latter, to identity of the managers. Can the assignee work with these persons? Are they professional and competent? What is their track record?

(5) Member List . LLCs are required to keep current lists of members, their respective interests in the company, and a list of all contributions to the company. BOC Sections 101.501(a)(1)-(7). Fellow members of a smaller LLC are effectively your partners in the enterprise. It is good to know to know something about them.

(6) Contracts and Agreements with Third Parties . Any agreements with third parties that affect control, management, or operation of the LLC should be examined. Examples would be contracts with vendors or a property management agreement with a third-party management company. Is the LLC currently part of a joint venture with a different group of investors?

(7) Voting Agreements . These may or may not exist. Any one or more of the members may enter into voting agreements (including but not limited to proxies and pledges) that can affect control of the entity.

(8) Federal Tax Returns. Tax returns are important to verify how the LLC is taxed and how ownership is reported to the IRS. Tax returns and LLC records should be consistent in this respect. It is a good idea for a prospective assignee to have a CPA review the company’s tax returns.

(9) Texas Annual Filings . A prospective assignee should review the franchise tax returns and public information reports (PIRs) that must be annually filed with the comptroller’s office. Do these accurately reflect the LLC’s affairs? Are they diligently prepared and timely filed?

(10) Transactional Records . What property does the LLC own? Are warranty deeds in the name of the LLC duly recorded in the real property records? How are properties managed and who is responsible for doing so? What do the files and records look like—are they orderly or are they a mess? And what about completeness? Do files for rental properties contain all essential documents like warranty deeds, notes and loan agreements, deeds of trust, leases, appraisals, maintenance records, and so on? A specific person should be responsible for keeping such records at a designated location.

(11) Salaries, Draws, and Distributions. These should be examined to discover if there is a pattern of excessive or erratic compensation to managers or distributions to members. Is there a coherent schedule or plan? Are measures in place to insure that the LLC maintains sufficient working capital to fund existing and planned operations?

(12) Bank and Depository Accounts . Current and recent copies of account statements should be examined. Look for any unusual withdrawals or capital flows. Is the LLC adequately capitalized? Does it have an adequate capital reserve? Inadequate capitalization is the number one cause of small business failure.

(13) Records of Pending, Prospective, and Resolved Legal Actions . Is the LLC being sued? Has it been sued in the past? Do the managers have a history of shoddy or deceptive dealings? Is the LLC continually receiving DTPA notice letters from attorneys? Default letters from HOAs or appraisal districts? Does the company charter get periodically revoked (and then have to be reinstated) because the LLC fails to timely file its franchise tax return or PIR? Consider meeting with the LLC’s attorney and CPA. Require that confidentiality be waived in order to get a frank assessment of the situation.

(14) Best Practices Generally . It is important to ascertain whether or not the LLC is run with diligence, integrity, and in compliance with applicable law. What is the company culture with regard to best practices? Does the LLC have a regular business attorney and CPA to advise the managers? Or do the managers wing it on a DIY basis most of the time, counting on a surging market to cover their mistakes?

(15) Reputational Evidence . A prospective assignee may want to do some digging in order to evaluate the business and personal reputations of the managers and members. What is their professional history? The personal lives of the existing members may also be relevant: are any of them getting a divorce from a spouse who might turn into a hostile party? Was one of them just expelled from the country club for non-payment of dues? An internet search is, of course, the bare minimum but it may also be prudent to consider a private investigator (These are not just for the movies).

(16) Company Performance . How have the LLC’s investments fared, particularly over the last three years? What do the company accounts show and are these numbers verifiable? Does the spreadsheet match up with the checkbook?

Trends are an important part of value analysis. Try to reduce the LLC’s quarterly and annual results to line graphs for income and costs. Which way are these factors trending?

(17) Business Plan . Do the managers and members have specific goals or is their strategy more built around finding targets of investment opportunity? Is their plan realistic or pie-in-the-sky? What will the company likely look like in three years? Five years? Is a change in direction required?

The importance of thorough due diligence conducted during an adequate inspection period cannot be understated. Knowledge, as they say, is power. If one must sign a confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement in order to get relevant information on the LLC and its members, then that is what should be done.

CLAUSES AND PROVISIONS OF THE ASSIGNMENT

Assignments of interest generally.

All assignments of interest (regardless of the interest assigned) include—or should include—certain common clauses and provisions. After identifying the parties and the exact interest to be assigned, the document should state the consideration being paid; whether the consideration is nominal, cash, or a financed amount (secured or unsecured); recite both transfer and acceptance language; state whether the assignment is made entirely “as is” or instead with representations and warranties; state whether the assignee will have any recourse in the event certain post-assignment conditions are not met and identify the recourse mechanism; recite covenants and agreements of both parties that will result in the implementation of the transfer along with remedies for default if these measures are not carried out; a mutual indemnity clause; any special provisions agreed to by the parties; an alternative dispute resolution (mandatory mediation) clause; and conclude with various miscellaneous provisions that identify applicable law and venue, advise all parties to consult an attorney, set an effective date, and so forth.

A “Consent of Non-Member Spouses” should be appended if applicable. Exhibits to the assignment (pertaining to company assets and liabilities, for instance) may also be needed.

Representations and Warranties

An assignment may include a full set of representations and warranties (“reps and warranties”), limited reps and warranties, or no reps and warranties at all—in which case the assignment is made entirely as is and (in such cases) is almost always without recourse, meaning there is no defined remedy against the assignor-seller if the LLC membership goes sour for some reason. Representations and warranties may be made by assignor, assignee, both, or neither.

Core reps and warranties are basic assurances to which no reasonable party should object. Reps and warranties can get much more detailed and extensive from there. If attorneys are involved, the reps and warranties section of a contract may be heavily negotiated.

The assignor-seller’s goal is to minimize post-closing liability by transferring the membership interest “as is” to the maximum extent by including only a minimum number of reps and warranties. It should be noted that inclusion of the above-mentioned core items does not impair the ability of an assignor to assign an interest “as is.” For this reason, it is always somewhat suspicious when an assignor refuses to give any reps or warranties at all.

The assignee-buyer instead prefers a longer and more specific list of reps and warranties on the part of the assignor-seller. One of the goals of the assignee in the due diligence process is to ascertain, to the greatest extent practicable, the accuracy of reps and warranties that have been or will be made by the seller.

Examples of Reps and Warranties

Examples of basic reps and warranties would include assurances that each party, if a registered entity, is in good standing; the party has power and authority to enter into the transaction without joinder of others; and there exists no condition or circumstance that would render the transaction illegal or invalid or place the party in breach of an existing contract. Additional near-core items would include assurances that each party has performed adequate due diligence and has consulted an attorney before signing.

Both assignor and assignee should also want to include a statement that neither party is making or relying upon any reps or warranties that are not expressly set forth in the assignment. The goal is to prevent anyone from assuming anything or alleging that certain assurances were oral or implied.

Reps and Warranties: Duration and Default

Once reps and warranties are negotiated, it must be determined how long they will survive closing—if at all. 30 days? 90 days? Indefinitely?

A final issue in this area has to do with remedies for default in the event of breach. Attorneys frequently include a clause requiring that such default be a material (rather than a trivial) breach in order to be legally actionable. The issue is then raised, how does one define material ? One method is to impose a monetary floor, e.g., by confining assignor liability to issues that result in a loss or cost of (say) $10,000 or more.

Assignments Made “As Is”

As noted, an assignor-seller can include basic (limited) representations and warranties and still convey an LLC membership interest “as is.” Many business persons, including lawyers, do not adequately understand this. For example, stating that one has sufficient power and authority to enter into a transaction does not suggest any representation or warranty as to the item being conveyed. It is a core representation that should probably be included in every assignment.

The key to protecting the assignor is a thorough “as is” clause. Just as is true with real estate conveyances, the more thorough and extensive the “as is” clause, the better. One-liners will generally not do. This is particularly true if there have been oral or email negotiations over a period of weeks or months. The goal should be not only to convey the interest “as is” but also to entirely exclude any statement that cannot be expressly found in writing within the four corners of the assignment instrument.

Covenants and Agreements of the Parties

Covenants and agreements address the legal obligations of the parties going forward—specifically what actions they are required to take in order to implement the assignment. Covenants and agreements of the assignor-seller would include, for example, an obligation to promptly endorse and deliver to the assignee-buyer any certificates evidencing the membership interest in question.

The assignee-buyer should also covenant and agree to abide by the company agreement and other governing documents. Since Texas is a community property state, the spouse of a new assignee should also be asked to sign off on this commitment. The best practice is to secure the signatures of both the new assignee and any non-member spouse not only on the assignment but on the company agreement itself.

Additional covenants and agreements of the parties may be (and usually are) included. This is another area that is subject to extensive negotiation and customization to the circumstances.

Recourse by Assignee upon Occurrence of Specified Conditions

The option for some form of limited or conditional recourse may be included in any assignment of interest. In the case of an LLC membership interest, the assignment could provide that, upon occurrence of certain conditions, the assignee would have the right to re-convey the membership interest and receive return of all or part of the consideration. Examples of such conditions would be any adverse event—a negative outcome in a pending lawsuit or zoning proceeding; condemnation of certain LLC property; failure of a pending joint venture; or the discovery that any representations or warranties of assignor were materially false or deceptive when made. The availability of a recourse mechanism is generally time-limited, say for 90 days after closing. Some assignments might also refer to this recourse mechanism as a right to rescind.

In any assignment instrument, the alternative to full or limited recourse is no recourse at all by the assignee-buyer. For example, real estate notes are often sold without (either full or limited) recourse against the assignor-seller in the event that the borrower on the note defaults. In such a case, absent any provision for recourse, the assignee-buyer of the note would then be in possession of a non-performing asset. The remedy is not against the assignor, but to pursue the debtor directly.

Mutual Indemnity

Ideally, and unless there are special circumstances, the assignor and assignee should release and indemnify one another for LLC-related actions, claims, liabilities, and obligations occurring before and after (respectively) the effective date of the assignment. Indemnity provisions are useful and worthwhile, but one needs to clearly understand their limitations. They are not a covenant not to sue.

Non-Compete and Non-Disclosure Provisions

Sale by a departing LLC member to another member may raise concerns that the departing member will utilize proprietary and confidential information in order to compete with the company in the same line of business within the same geographical area. Agreements regarding intellectual property and non-competition are typically stand-alone full-length contracts; nevertheless, it is possible to include compact and enforceable IP and non-compete provisions that fit smoothly and purposefully into a sale and assignment of LLC membership interest. Failing to do this can be an error with serious consequences.

Corporate Transparency Act and FinCEN Reporting

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), an arm of the Treasury Department, is charged with rulemaking to enforce the Corporate Transparency Act which was passed in 2021. The CTA contains sweeping requirements regarding the reporting of beneficial interests in LLCs and corporations.

To the extent that a sale and assignment of LLC membership interest constitutes a change in beneficial ownership, then a report to FinCEN will likely be required. The assignment instrument should expressly address the applicability of the CTA and designate which party (usually the assignee) will be responsible for filing a supplemental FinCEN report.

If the burden of FinCEN reporting falls on the assignee, then the assignor may want to include an indemnity clause for added protection. The assignor may also want to limit liability for past FinCEN reporting.

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mandatory Mediation

Since we live in a litigation nation, it is highly advisable to include a provision that requires mediation prior to commencing legal action. Approximately 80% of mediations result in a settlement. In other words, mediation works, at least most of the time.

A mediation clause should require the conflicting parties to first confer in good faith and attempt to resolve the dispute in a way that accommodates the legitimate interests of both sides. If agreement is reached, it should be reduced to a signed writing and implemented. If not, the parties should then agree to formally mediate the dispute before a certified mediator prior to resorting to litigation or filing any complaint with a governmental or administrative agency.

A mandatory mediation provision should also state where the mediation will be held (which city or county) and for how long (mediations are usually either a half-day or a full day). Each party should commit to bearing its own fees and costs until the mediation is concluded.

Special Provisions and Stipulations

It is useful to include a catch-all special provisions section that allows room for terms that may be specific to the subject transaction and its unique circumstances. These special agreements and provisions frequently arise and this is the place to insert them.

Stipulations are a slightly different concept. For example, an assignment of LLC membership interest may involve a new list of members. It may also require a re-allocation of percentage interests among the remaining members. So it may be beneficial to include a stipulation that after conclusion of the assignment, the new membership list (with accompanying revised percentage interests) will be as described in Exhibit A. This usefully erases any doubt as to the overall final outcome of the transaction.

As previously noted, a special meeting of members is an important companion document to the assignment of LLC membership interest. The meeting, signed by all affected parties, can not only approve the assignment but mention issues such as record date, a general ratification of the assignment and the new member list, and also authorize issuance of new membership certificates.

No Reliance and No Representation Clauses

The assignor-seller (in particular) may want to make it clear that the assignment is made and accepted by the assignee-buyer only after a proper due-diligence investigation and without reliance on any statements or assurances (especially oral ones) made by the assignor-seller or its agents.

Wrap-Up Provision Relating to Execution and Delivery of Documents and Records

It would be an oversight if an assignment of LLC membership interest failed to mention possession and delivery of company books and records, an omission that has resulted in more than a few lawsuits. An agreement to execute and deliver such additional and further documents as may be reasonably necessary to effectuate the purposes of the assignment should cover and include any affected LLC records, including the company book and accounting records. These may need to be transferred to a new assignee-owner or returned to the assignor-seller after due-diligence inspection.

Clients often do not understand why a sale and assignment of LLC membership interest cannot be a simple, one-page document. It is hoped that this article will clarify the answer to that question.

Information in this article is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and is not offered as legal advice upon which anyone may rely. The law changes. No attorney-client relationship is created by the offering of this article. This firm does not represent you unless and until it is expressly retained in writing to do so. Legal counsel relating to your individual needs and circumstances is advisable before taking any action that has legal consequences. Consult your tax advisor as well.

Copyright © 2024 by David J. Willis. All rights reserved. Mr. Willis is board certified in both residential and commercial real estate law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. More information is available at his website, www.LoneStarLandLaw.com .

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Avoiding the Pitfalls of Assigning an Interest in an LLC

Author(s) Brian M. Gillett

One of the goals in a business divorce is finality – ending a business relationship once and for all. But what if the end isn’t really the end?

When members of limited liability companies (LLCs) sell their interests in the LLCs to a third party, they may assume that the sale provides the desired end of their rights and obligations related to the company. But that may not be the case. It is possible that even after selling and assigning an LLC interest, the assignor may continue to owe fiduciary duties to the LLC and its members. This post reviews some of the pitfalls of assigning an LLC interest and discusses strategies that may help to avoid those problems.

The Texas LLC Act – Provisions Governing Assignments of LLC Interests

Chapter 101 of the Texas Business Organizations Code (the “LLC Act”) governs LLCs. The LLC Act provides that a member of an LLC may transfer his or her membership interest to another party in whole or in part. But the assignment of an LLC interest is different from the transfer of membership in the company. The assignment of the LLC interest does not give the assignee the rights to (1) participate in the management and affairs of the company; (2) become a member of the company; or (3) exercise any rights of a member of the company. The assignment of the LLC interest provides the assignee with the right to receive distributions issued by the company and information about the company’s finances, but that’s about it.

The LLC Act spells out these rights of the assignee: “An assignor of a membership interest in a limited liability company continues to be a member of the company until the assignee becomes a member of the company.” Further, the assignor does not have the right under the LLC Act to withdraw as a member from the company. (An LLC member also cannot be expelled from the company.) The result is that even after assignors assign the LLC interest and are enjoying “life on the beach,” they may still owe fiduciary duties as a member of the company.

As a side note, this discussion has assumed that there are fiduciary duties owed within the LLC at issue. But that is not always the case. The LLC Act permits the members to agree in the  company’s certificate of formation or operating agreement to modify or even eliminate all fiduciary duties that are owed to the company and its members by the managers of the LLC. Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 7.001(d)(3). While including such a provision would certainly make it safer for a member to assign an LLC interest, doing so poses its own set of risks while the company is operating.

A Case Study: Villareal v. Saenz

The problem of fiduciary duties persisting after an assignment may sound far-fetched, but it is a real concern. In Villareal v. Saenz , the co-owners of an LLC agreed to a business divorce in which Saenz assigned the entirety of his interest in the company to Villareal. 5:20-cv-571, 2021 WL 1986831, at *2 (W.D. Tex. May 18, 2021). The assignment was part of a broad release of claims, both known and unknown. Villareal later filed suit, alleging that before signing the release, Saenz had engaged in various acts of misconduct, including misappropriating company trade secrets and embezzling funds, and that after the release, Saenz had taken over the company’s web and email domain, pulled down the website, and offered to sell it back to Villareal for $7,000.

A magistrate judge in the Western District of Texas recommended that all claims based on alleged acts arising before the release should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. But the magistrate judge also recommended that the claims against Saenz based on actions that allegedly took place after the release – including those for breach of fiduciary duty – should proceed. The court concluded that Saenz had not demonstrated that his fiduciary duties ended when he assigned his interest in the company to Villareal, and he may have breached those fiduciary duties by maintaining dominion and control over the company’s email server and website.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The key takeaway from Villareal v. Saenz is that disputes between owners regarding the fiduciary duties that exist after an assignment can be avoided by more clearly wording the company agreement or assignment. The following are specific steps that potential assignors can take before their assign their LLC interests to another party:

• First, assignors can make sure that the assignment provides an end to their membership in the company by agreement of all members, along with a mechanism set forth for the assignee to assume the membership interest.
• Second, assignors can include an express written release and waiver of any post-assignment duties to the company or its members (fiduciary or otherwise). This should be signed by the company and all of its members to be certain it is effective.
• Third, and most importantly, assignors can make sure at the outset, when forming the company, that the operating agreement provides a mechanism for transfer of the membership interest in connection with an assignment, specifying what happens to the member’s duties (fiduciary or otherwise) when the transfer takes place.

The bottom line is that when assignor is trying to exit the company, he or she does not want to have any continuing duties to the company. To ensure this takes place, the assignment documents and the terms of the LLC Agreement should confirm that these duties no longer exist after the assignment takes place.

• Business Divorce Opening Up the Business Partner Time Capsule: Partnership Lessons Shared by Owners and Investors
• Business Divorce I Need to Sue My Longtime Business Partner(s): What Pitfalls Should I Consider Before Filing Suit
• Business Divorce Cashing In, But Without Fully Cashing Out: Liquidity Options for Private Company Majority Owners

LLC Membership Interest Assignment

Choose the state where the LLC is formed (and primarily does business). This will be the state where all of the initial business documents for the LLC, like the Articles of Organization or Certificate of Formation, have been filed.

State of Alabama

This assignment ("Assignment") is made by and between the following parties: ________ , hereinafter known as "Assignor," having an address at the following:

and ________ , hereinafter known as "Assignee," having an address at the following:

Assignor, an individual, hereby assigns, transfers, and conveys all of Assignor's right, title and interest in and to all of Assignor's membership interests in ________ , a Alabama Limited Liability Company, hereinafter known as the "LLC," to Assignee, an individual. Such membership interest amounts to the following percentage ownership: ________ % (________ percent) membership interest, along with voting rights in the LLC, and this Assignment shall leave Assignor with no interest in the LLC. Assignee hereby accepts this Assignment.

This assignment is effective as of ________ and is made for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged.

Assignor hereby represents and warrants and that Assignor has good title to the membership interest conveyed herein and that Assignor has no limitations on making such assignment, such as any security interest, lien, or encumbrance.

88882225 2552525 5225282228 525 85555228 2552 82 8888 2522 522 82228 22 2252282 88882222'8 5282822 22 252 2228258582 82225282 82 252 228 58 52858525.

5588 5888222222 85588 82 85885 525 8825822 5222 588 22 88882225 525 88882222'8 8588288258, 25528225228, 52858, 525 5888228.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Assignor and Assignee have caused this Assignment to be executed on the following date: ________ .

Assignor: ________

Signature: __________________________

Assignee: ________

Consent To Assignment Of Membership Interest

Each and all of the members of ________ , a Alabama Limited Liability Company, hereby consent to the assignment, transfer and conveyance of membership interest in ________ made by the attached LLC Membership Interest Assignment. Each and all of the members further agree that Assignee is now a member of ________ and Assignor retains no further interest in ________ .

Assignee shall have all the rights and powers of a member henceforth.

This consent is made on the following date: ____________________.

Name of Member: __________________________

Signature:__________________________

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Assignment of Limited Liability Company Interest

By Joe Stone, J.D.

• Do All Members of an LLC Have to Sign the Purchase Contract?

As a limited liability company member, you usually have the right to assign your membership interest in the LLC to a nonmember, subject to the requirements of state LLC law. Typically, the assignment provides the nonmember with the right to receive your share of any LLC profits but does not give the nonmember any of your management rights. The remaining LLC members usually decide whether the nonmember is admitted as a member with management rights.

Assignments

An assignment involving your LLC membership occurs whenever there is a transfer of your property rights in the membership. The transfer of rights can occur voluntarily such as in a sale of your membership to cash out of the LLC. Another type of voluntary transfer involves using your membership to satisfy your personal debts in lieu of bankruptcy, generally referred to as an assignment for the benefit of creditors. A transfer of your membership to your legal heirs or designated beneficiaries occurs by operation of law upon your death. In each situation, the assignment results in a complete transfer of your property rights in your LLC membership.

LLC Membership Interest

An LLC is commonly considered a cross between a corporation and partnership. LLC members enjoy personal liability protection, as do a corporation's shareholders, and the ability to structure the LLC management to suit their own needs, as in a partnership. An LLC is also like a partnership in that the profits and losses of the LLC are passed through to each member just as in a partnership. As a result, your LLC membership consists of two parts: an economic interest -- the right to share in the profits and losses of the LLC; and a control interest -- the right to vote on and manage the affairs of the LLC.

Membership Transfer Rules

If a member assigns his LLC membership to a nonmember without the consent of the other members, state law typically limits the assignment to only economic rights, not control rights. For example, Arizona Revised Statute 29-732 states that “the assignment of an interest in a limited liability company does not…entitle the assignee to participate in the management of the business and affairs of the limited liability company or to become or to exercise the rights of a member.” The Revised Uniform Limited Liability Act, which has been adopted in nine states as of June 2013, contains a similar provision that states, "the transferor retains the rights of a member other than the interest in distributions transferred and retains all duties and obligations of a member." To acquire control rights, the LLC members must consent to extend full membership to the nonmember.

Other Considerations

LLC members usually create an operating agreement to govern their rights and duties to the LLC and each other. Unless specifically prohibited by state law, the members can agree to provisions in the operating agreement that alter the default rules that apply under state law. In anticipation of future assignments, the members can include in an operating agreement the rules for whether control rights can be assigned with economic rights and under what conditions.

• FindLaw: Legal Dictionary -- Assignment
• Texas Secretary of State: Selecting A Business Structure
• The Free Dictionary: Limited Liability Company
• Arizona Legislature: Arizona Revised Statute 29-732
• National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws: Revised Uniform Limited Liability Act
• National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws: Enactment Status Map -- RULLCA
• SBA.gov: Operating Agreements; The Basics

Joe Stone is a freelance writer in California who has been writing professionally since 2005. His articles have been published on LIVESTRONG.COM, SFgate.com and Chron.com. He also has experience in background investigations and spent almost two decades in legal practice. Stone received his law degree from Southwestern University School of Law and a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from California State University, Los Angeles.

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Assignment of Interest in an LLC

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Tax Benefits of Guaranteed Payments in an LLC

How to buy a membership interest in an existing llc, advantages of an llc for investors.

• Management Structures in a Limited Liability Company
• Can an LLC Be Passed to Heirs?

The type of business structure known as a limited liability company is similar to a partnership, with some features of a corporation. An owner in an LLC is called a member, and the ownership stake is described as the member's interest in the LLC. If a member of an LLC wants or needs to transfer some of his ownership rights, that task is accomplished with an assignment of interest.

LLC Agreement

The limited liability company agreement provides the details about how the company operates, and what the members can and cannot do with their individual ownership interests. If the LLC agreement allows a member to assign the member's interest, an assignment is accomplished using the aptly named "assignment of interest" form. The form is a legal document. The company agreement and state law where the LLC is located dictate what information should be on the form and who needs to sign the assignment.

Assignment is Not Selling

The assignment of LLC member interest is not necessarily a sale of the member's ownership in the company. The law in many states notes that assignment is a transfer of the financial benefits, such as a share of income, of a member's interest in an LLC, and not a transfer of the member's ownership rights. The assignee does not participate in the running or management of the LLC. One way that an assignment of interest can be used is as collateral for a loan. The assignment would be revoked when the loan is paid off.

Full or Partial Assignment Possible

An assignment of interest can be used to assign just a portion of a member's interest in the LLC. The assignment does not need to be for 100 percent of the financial benefits the member will receive from the company. The ability to assign a partial interest gives an LLC member flexibility to use his ownership stake as collateral for other obligations or business opportunities. As always, the overall company agreement must allow the partial assignment.

Members Vote If Assignment is a Sale

It usually takes more than just an assignment of interest for an LLC member to sell his ownership interest in a limited liability company. For example, Delaware state law requires a vote or written agreement of all members of an LLC to transfer ownership rights such as decision-making and participation in the management of a company. If a member wishes to sell his ownership in an LLC, the member must check with the other members to get unanimous agreement that someone else can take over the ownership interest.

• Delaware.gov: Assignment of Limited Liability Company Interest
• Entrepreneur: Assignment and Transfer of Membership Interest

Tim Plaehn has been writing financial, investment and trading articles and blogs since 2007. His work has appeared online at Seeking Alpha, Marketwatch.com and various other websites. Plaehn has a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

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One of the goals in a business divorce is finality – ending a business relationship once and for all. But what if the end isn’t really the end?

When members of limited liability companies (LLCs) sell their interests in the LLCs to a third party, they may assume that the sale provides the desired end of their rights and obligations related to the company. But that may not be the case. It is possible that even after selling and assigning an LLC interest, the assignor may continue to owe fiduciary duties to the LLC and its members. This post reviews some of the pitfalls of assigning an LLC interest and discusses strategies that may help to avoid those problems.

The Texas LLC Act – Provisions Governing  Assignments of LLC Interests

Chapter 101 of the Texas Business Organizations Code (the “LLC Act”) governs LLCs. The LLC Act provides that a member of an LLC may transfer his or her membership interest to another party in whole or in part. But the  assignment  of an LLC interest is different from the transfer of  membership  in the company. The assignment of the LLC interest does  not  give the assignee the rights to (1) participate in the management and affairs of the company; (2) become a member of the company; or (3) exercise any rights of a member of the company. The assignment of the LLC interest provides the assignee with the right to receive distributions issued by the company and information about the company’s finances, but that’s about it.

The LLC Act spells out these rights of the assignee: “An assignor of a membership interest in a limited liability company continues to be a member of the company until the assignee becomes a member of the company.” Further, the assignor does not have the right under the LLC Act to withdraw as a member from the company. (An LLC member also cannot be expelled from the company.) The result is that even after assignors assign the LLC interest and are enjoying “life on the beach,” they may still owe fiduciary duties as a member of the company.

As a side note, this discussion has assumed that there are fiduciary duties owed within the LLC at issue. But that is not always the case. The LLC Act permits the members to agree in the  company’s certificate of formation or operating agreement to modify or even eliminate all fiduciary duties that are owed to the company and its members by the managers of the LLC. Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 7.001(d)(3). While including such a provision would certainly make it safer for a member to assign an LLC interest, doing so poses its own set of risks while the company is operating.

A Case Study:  Villareal v. Saenz

The problem of fiduciary duties persisting after an assignment may sound far-fetched, but it is a real concern. In  Villareal v. Saenz , the co-owners of an LLC agreed to a business divorce in which Saenz assigned the entirety of his interest in the company to Villareal. 5:20-cv-571, 2021 WL 1986831, at *2 (W.D. Tex. May 18, 2021). The assignment was part of a broad release of claims, both known and unknown. Villareal later filed suit, alleging that before signing the release, Saenz had engaged in various acts of misconduct, including misappropriating company trade secrets and embezzling funds, and that after the release, Saenz had taken over the company’s web and email domain, pulled down the website, and offered to sell it back to Villareal for $7,000.

A magistrate judge in the Western District of Texas recommended that all claims based on alleged acts arising before the release should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. But the magistrate judge also recommended that the claims against Saenz based on actions that allegedly took place after the release – including those for breach of fiduciary duty – should proceed. The court concluded that Saenz had not demonstrated that his fiduciary duties ended when he assigned his interest in the company to Villareal, and he may have breached those fiduciary duties by maintaining dominion and control over the company’s email server and website.

Conclusion and  Recommendations

The key takeaway from  Villareal v. Saenz  is that disputes between owners regarding the fiduciary duties that exist after an assignment can be avoided by more clearly wording the company agreement or assignment. The following are specific steps that potential assignors can take before their assign their LLC interests to another party:

First, assignors can make sure that the assignment provides an end to their membership in the company by agreement of all members, along with a mechanism set forth for the assignee to assume the membership interest.

Second, assignors can include an express written release and waiver of any post-assignment duties to the company or its members (fiduciary or otherwise). This should be signed by the company and all of its members to be certain it is effective.

Third, and most importantly, assignors can make sure at the outset, when forming the company, that the operating agreement provides a mechanism for transfer of the membership interest in connection with an assignment, specifying what happens to the member’s duties (fiduciary or otherwise) when the transfer takes place.

The bottom line is that when assignor is trying to exit the company, he or she does not want to have any continuing duties to the company. To ensure this takes place, the assignment documents and the terms of the LLC Agreement should confirm that these duties no longer exist after the assignment takes place.

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LLC Membership Interest Assignment Free

When one party wants to transfer the ownership of an interest in an LLC, they can use this LLC Membership Interest Assignment. The document can also be used when one party wishes a membership interest in an LLC transferred to them.

Template Overview

When one member of an LLC, also known as a Limited Liability Company, wants to transfer their interests to another party, this LLC Membership Interest Assignment can be used. Such contracts are particularly prevalent when a member of an LLC leaves the company and wants to give up his interest.

Usually, LLC Membership Interest Assignments are created with an operating LLC. In most states, a limited liability company has to have Articles of Organization (also known as Certificates of Formation). 

An LLC can be created for any reason. If an LLC owner chooses to waive their interest in the LLC, this LLC Membership Interest Assignment can be used.

This document is quite straightforward that consists of information needed to transfer an interest in an LLC. Both the Assignor (a person transferring the interest) and the Assignee (a person receiving the interest) can fill out the information about themselves.

You fill out a form. The document is created before your eyes as you respond to the questions.

At the end, you receive it in Word and PDF formats. You can modify it and reuse it.

How to use this template

When one party wants to transfer the ownership of an interest in an LLC, they can use this document. The document can also be used when one party wishes a membership interest in an LLC transferred to them (with approval from the owner). Note that both parties should completely understand that the membership interest will be fully assigned. 

The filing party will have to specify identifying information about parties and the details of the membership interest, including percentage and whether or not it comes with voting rights. 

A completed document requires signatures from both parties.

Applicable law

Individual state laws govern LLC Membership Interest Assignments.  

Ready to build your document from this template?

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LLCs/LPs: Assignment of LLC/LP Interests (Short Form) | Practical Law

LLCs/LPs: Assignment of LLC/LP Interests (Short Form)

Practical law standard document 7-521-6949  (approx. 8 pages).

LLC Membership Interests as Collateral

It is not uncommon for lenders to take a security interest in a business owner’s ownership interest in the corporation, LLC, limited partnership or other entity as collateral for a loan to the business. For the most part, the transactions are documented through a standard pledge or assignment (the “assignment agreement”) of the stock or other evidence of ownership. While such an approach may be acceptable when the interests of a corporation are pledged, when the collateral is an interest in an LLC, savvy lenders will make sure that they use an enhanced form of assignment agreement and perhaps obtain the consents (and necessary waivers) from the other LLC members.

An enhanced form of assignment agreement is called for because an LLC has one distinct advantage over other entity forms. Under Maryland law, a judgment against an LLC member can only be enforced by imposing a charging order against the member’s interest. This is a court order requiring the LLC to pay the creditor the debtor member’s share of LLC distributions. In this respect, a charging order is akin to a wage garnishment, except it is against the member’s distributions rather than against wages.  The lender who simply obtains an assignment of a membership interest in an LLC gets no right to attach the member’s LLC interest or be admitted as a voting member . The lender cannot, therefore, participate in company management, force a sale of company assets or distribution of profits, or inspect company books.

In contrast, shares of a corporation’s stock are freely transferable absent contrary provisions in a shareholder agreement. Consequently, a lender with a security interest can typically exercise all of the associated rights of a stockholder. Upon obtaining the shares, the lender acquires the right to inspect corporate books and records and to vote on the election and removal of directors. If the shares represent a controlling interest, the lender could actually replace all the directors and officers and take over control of the corporation. Depending on the circumstances, the lender may also have the right to seek involuntary dissolution or place the corporation in receivership.

To optimize the collateral value of an LLC membership interest, lenders will want to be sure that they, as assignees, can be admitted, automatically, as full voting members of the company once they obtain ownership of the membership interest (a complex process in and of itself). Lenders will also want to scrutinize the LLC operating agreement to see if it contains provisions that either permit the company to acquire a member’s interest for a discounted value in the event of the member’s personal bankruptcy or that limit profit distributions either by making them discretionary rather than mandatory, or by restricting distributions to insolvent members. Finally, the operating agreement should be reviewed so that the lender understands any restrictions that may be placed upon the rights of an assignee who assumes a member’s interest. If such provisions are included in the operating agreement, they should be addressed in the assignment agreement as part of the negotiations over the assignment of the LLC membership interest so as to preserve the creditor’s rights and the value of charging orders.

Savvy lenders know that the LLC is the optimal form of entity for insulating company assets from owners’ personal creditors. Hence, they are the lenders that will carefully review the LLC organizational documents and only take LLC interests as collateral using an enhanced form of assignment agreement.

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Assignment of Interest Form: Everything You Need to Know

An assignment of interest form allows a limited liability company (LLC) member to assign their interest or ownership stake in the company to another person. 3 min read updated on January 01, 2024

Updated November 25, 2020:

An assignment of interest form allows a limited liability company (LLC) member to assign their interest or ownership stake in the company to another person. The information that you will need to include in this form depends on the laws governing LLCs in your state.

Assigning LLC Interest

LLCs are a popular business structure that offers certain features of both corporations and partnerships. Owners of a limited liability company are members, and each member's stake in the company is their interest. LLC members have the ability to transfer their interest by making an assignment of interest.

An LLC's operating agreement describes how the company will be run and dictates the requirements and limitations of members' interests in the company. If this agreement allows members to transfer their company interests, they can do so with an assignment of interest form. Every state will have specific rules for what you must include in this form before a member's interest can be assigned.

In most cases, an assignment of interest does not constitute a sale of a member's LLC interest. In many states, an assignment of interest only transfers the financial advantage of the stake or share, so the member who initially possessed the interest still retains his or her voting and managerial rights in the company while the assignee will not. Assignments of interest are commonly used as loan collateral, and once the loan is paid off, the assignment ends.

Furthermore, an assignment will only transfer a percentage of an LLC member's interest. You are not required to assign all of your stakes' financial benefits. Having the ability to transfer a portion of interest allows members of an LLC to use their ownership stake very flexibly. However, partial assignments can only be made if the LLC's operating agreement allows them.

Assignments and Partnerships

An assignment of partnership interest is similar to an assignment of LLC interest. Assigning a partnership interest involves a business partner assigning their right to financially benefit from the partnership to a new partner.

When writing an assignment of partnership interest form, you should be sure to include the correct information:

• Details about the partnership, including the business's legal name and its formation date.
• Contact information of the new partner who is receiving the partnership interest.
• Contact information of the old partner who is assigning their interest.
• Contact information of the other business partners.
• The monetary amount being exchanged for the partnership interest.
• The date where the assignment will be revoked.
• Signatures of all parties, including the assignor, assignee, and remaining partners.

The main purpose of this legal document is to record the assignment of the partnership interest.

Without a valid assignment of interest form, the new partner would have no way to force the old partner to fulfill the terms of the assignment. In addition to making sure that the assignment is enforceable, this document outlines what role the new partner will play in the business. For instance, the assignment of partnership interest form can dictate if the new partner will have any management or financial responsibilities in the business. Full partners, for instance, can usually make decisions for the business and will also have access to the business's financial records.

There are countless reasons that a business partner may wish to assign their partnership interest to a new partner:

• The business's needed cash flow has changed.
• A change has occurred in how the business allocates its assets.
• Implementation of a new partnership strategy.
• New regulations pose challenges for the business.

When assigning a partnership interest, there are several issues you must address:

• Which partner will assign their interest and who will receive the assignment.
• The rights of the assignee to participate in managing or operating the business.
• The location of the business partnership.
• The establishment date of the partnership.
• What the assigning partner will receive in exchange for assigning their partnership interest.

Whether you are a partner in a business or a member of an LLC, your ownership stake in the business entity likely provides you with a variety of rights. For instance, you may have the right to receive profits from the business and the right to receive business assets after the company dissolves. Depending on your operating or partnership agreement , you may be able to transfer these rights to another party in exchange for consideration.

If you need help with an assignment of interest form, you can post your legal needs on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

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Universities, schools react to student use of generative AI programs including ChatGPT

Uni student Daniel hesitates when asked if he has used ChatGPT to cheat on assignments before.

His answer is "no", but the 22-year-old feels the need to explain it further.

"I don't think it's cheating," he said.

"As long as you accredit it and use it for like a foundation for your assignment I think it's fine."

Schools and universities have been scrambling to keep up since ChatGPT and other generative AI language programs were released in late 2022.

University student Lan Lang, 18, said quite a few people used generative AI for assessments such as English assignments.

"I do get Chat to like explain stuff to me if teachers don't really explain it that well," Lan Lang said.

She said she used AI detection software on her work.

"We put it through Turnitin, which just basically detects if you've used AI, or if you've copied off anyone else's work," she said.

Caught out in schools

High school teacher Ryan Miller said he wasn't seeing a lot of generative AI used in the Year 12 and Year 8 classes he taught but understood from colleagues other age groups were using it.

"What I hear, when I'm in the staff room, is that a lot of Year 9s, 10s, [and] 11s are pushing the boundaries," Mr Miller said.

He said Year 12 students tended to be more careful after being warned at the start of the year and constantly reminded of consequences.

"Basically, they're told if their work is seen to be made ... predominantly with AI, that it won't be assessed," he said.

Mr Miller said Year 8s, being a little newer to the school, hadn't used it as much.

He said teachers tended to give students a warning if they were detected using generative AI.

"And nine times out of 10 they'll probably own up to it and say, 'Yeah, look, it wasn't ... 100 per cent my own work'," he said. 

He said students would rewrite the work so it could be assessed again.

"But it's sort of a one warning per kid, per year for most teachers, I think," he said.

Fellow teacher Hugh Kinnane said generative AI was probably "pretty rife" in assignment work.

He said he most regularly saw it cropping up with students who were trying to avoid doing any work.

"And then it's a last-minute job," he said.

Drawing the line

University of Adelaide Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academic Jennie Shaw said while her university embraced the use of AI, it could still be used to cheat.

"So we're saying, of course, that is not allowed," Dr Shaw said.

She said generative AI was included in academic integrity modules for first-year students.

"We make it really clear to students what is OK and what is not OK," she said.

Dr Shaw said there were instances when students were encouraged to use generative AI and then critique the quality of its answer.

"What we are asking our students and our staff to do is to reference when they do use it," she said.

She said it was a requirement that as much content as possible was checked by similarity detection software.

According to Turnitin's website — which is used by the University of Adelaide as well as many other universities across Australia to detect AI-generated content— the company is committed to a false positive rate of less than 1 per cent to ensure not students are falsely accused of misconduct.

AI arms race

The software has put students at the centre of a battle for superiority between programs generating answers for their assignments and those designed to catch them out.

And according to Australian Institute for Machine Learning senior lecturer Feras Dayoub, some are getting caught in the crossfire.

He said companies that created AI chatbots were trying to be undetectable while companies that created AI detection software wanted to detect everything.

"There will be a lot of false positives," Dr Dayoub said.

He said it could be an unpleasant experience for the student if the detector was wrong.

University student Ethan, 19, said single words were sometimes highlighted in his Turnitin submissions.

"It can be a bit inaccurate," Ethan said.

Dr Shaw said she understood the detection software had its faults.

"We would find probably two thirds of anything they pick up saying there's some unacceptably high levels of similarity here is often just picking up patterns in language," she said.

"I know some universities have chosen to turn it off because it does turn up lots of false positives.

"We're choosing to use it at this point."

Changing education

The Department of Education released a nationwide framework in December last year for the use of generative AI in schools.

Dr Shaw said the technology was changing the way teachers taught and students learned.

"But we still need students to have deep knowledge," she said. 

"We need them to know how to use the tools in their profession. 

"And again, one of those in many professions will now be generative AI, and we need them to be able to call out when it's wrong."

Dr Dayoub said he would prefer a future in which there was no need for detectors because people had changed the way they taught and assessed.

He said another option would be to take a stricter approach, where students did the work themselves and there would be no help.

"In that case you need the detectors so there will be a huge market for these detectors and it will become a race," he said.

"I don't like that future."

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MLB Trade Rumors

Angels Designate José Suarez, Cole Tucker For Assignment

By Darragh McDonald | June 17, 2024 at 5:20pm CDT

The Angels announced that they have reinstated infielder Brandon Drury from the injured list and selected the contract of right-hander Zach Plesac . In corresponding moves, left-hander José Suarez and infielder Cole Tucker have been designated for assignment.

Suarez, 26, had a solid two-year run as a swingman for the Angels. Over the 2021 and 2022 seasons, he made 45 appearances for the club, with 34 of those being starts. He logged 207 1/3 innings, allowing 3.86 earned runs per nine. His 21.5% strikeout rate, 7.9% walk rate and 44.5% ground ball rate were all around league average in that time.

But things have been dire since then. He spent about four months on the injured list last year with a shoulder strain and had an ERA of 8.29 in the 33 2/3 innings he was able to pitch. The Halos clearly hoped for a bounceback, tendering Suarez a contract. The two sides eventually went to a hearing, with the club winning and paying Suarez $925K instead of his requested figure of $1.35MM. He’s avoided the IL this year but the results haven’t improved, as he has an 8.15 ERA in 35 1/3 innings pitched so far this season.

It’s likely not as bad as that seems, as his .375 batting average on balls in play and 57.1% strand rate are both on the unlucky side. But his walk rate has been over 12% this year and last year, which hasn’t helped him. Since he’s out of options, the only way for the Angels to get him off the active roster was to remove him from the 40-man completely.

They will now have one week to try to trade him or pass him through waivers. Perhaps some pitching-needy club with a plan to get him back on track will be intrigued, though his recent struggles will obviously tamp down interest. If he were to pass through waivers unclaimed, he would be able to elect free agency since he has more than three years of service time. But since he has less than five years of service, he would forfeit the remainder of his salary by doing so. Given those circumstances, he’s likely to end up sticking with the Angels as non-roster depth.

Tucker, 27, was once a highly-touted prospect with the Pirates but has continually struggled in the major leagues. He signed a minor league deal with the Angels in mid-April and was added to their roster a couple of weeks later. He has since received 57 plate appearances in 25 games but has struck out at a 29.8% rate and produced a meager line of .180/.263/.300. That brings his career output to .213/.266/.316.

The Halos will have a week to figure things out with Tucker as well, but interest is likely to be very low based on his limited production. He has a previous career outright and would be able to elect free agency in the event he’s outrighted again.

When the Angels added him to their roster, Tucker told reporters that he was offered a coaching position by the Mariners but wanted to keep playing. Perhaps he will continue pursuing playing opportunities but it sounds like he will have some fallback plans for whenever he decides to hang up his spikes.

Plesac signed with the Halos in the offseason, a deal with a $1MM guarantee, but later ran him through waivers. He had the right to reject an outright assignment by virtue of having more than three years of service time, but since his service clock is below five, doing so would have meant forfeiting the rest of that money.

He reported to Triple-A and has made 13 starts at that level with a 5.42 ERA, 15.8% strikeout rate and 8.1% walk rate. The Angels announced that José Soriano was scratched from tonight’s start with lower abdominal pain and that Plesac will take the mound instead. Plesac could stick in the rotation but also has a couple of options and can be sent back down to Salt Lake without being exposed to waivers again.

53 Comments

Drury can get some AB’s to hopefully trade before the deadline.

Suarez – what took so freaking long???

Plesac – fine, whatever.

Tucker – I’ll miss his hair

Why not Davis Daniel, but as long as saurez is gone I can’t complain I will be surprised if anyone claims him they can most likely resign him

Drury not getting traded. They signed him to 2 yewr deal.

It’s up at the end of the year

Thank you for the information!

It’s his last year on the 2 yr deal. His value will be low unless he goes on a tear til the deadline.

FINALLY. Suarez had dirt on somebody in that organization. That’s the only explanation.

Nah, he would throw 1 or 2 clean innings and make it look easy, but then follow those by walking every other hitter and giving up tons of runs in the next 10 games. He’s fool’s gold.

Yeah, let me clarify: he is a AAA pitcher that was only in MLB because of desperation by the Angels. This is the second season of 8+ ERA. He had to have pictures of someone doing something they shouldn’t be doing in order to have stayed this long.

Suarez, you’re an Oakland Athletic!

tucker was in a lot of shots in the angels clubhouse. seemed like a good fella and wish him well in whatever his next step is

It took long enough for the Angels to ditch Tucker

Yeah, like he was the problem. Stop being a hater

historically the 3rd baseman has been a power hitter. Tucker was lucky to hit the ball in the air let alone hit with any power A .190 batting average didn’t help either

90% of the team was .190. It also didn’t help that he was only playing once every other week. Got to get some consistent reps.

90%?! Who are you talking about? Moniak and Adell? (Who both technically have a higher average than him and more success in MLB). That’s 90% of the team to you?

The whole team is horrible. Yeah, those two are right up there with that sub 200 average. How many strikeouts did they have last night’s game five total including Drury.

Suarez will probably go to one of Pittsburgh, Dodgers, or Rays, the holy trinity of pitcher dumpster diving.

Milwaukee says hi

NO! NO! We have enough Ham And Eggers and Never weres,especailly on our Starting pitching!

Even the Dodgers and Rays couldn’t turn around Suarez. If you’re not sure who Jose Suarez is, just think of a younger, left handed Bartolo Colon with about 1/10 of the talent.

I’m sure the Reds will dumpster dive on Suarez soon.

I thought that was a picture of Big Sexy, trying to become a lefty!

Close. Just your standard sub-6’ baby-faced chubber of a pitcher. Worth about .75 Vogelbachs by volume

it’s about time suarez gets dfa

Suarez has been horrid this season. Like you have to be trying to lose to play him horrid.

He’ll go unclaimed on waivers for sure.

ABOUT TIME SHOULD HAVE BEEN A MONTH AGO

Wow, Drury, Plesac! Sano, Trout, Rendon by end of July perhaps? WS in the making!

Rondon rated as the most overpaid 3rd Basemen by this blog. He needs to be dumped for another team’s bad contract!

Rondon pitches for the Yankees. Loser.

The Los Angeles Titanic of Anaheim has announced they’ve rearranged the deck chairs…

I detect some sarcasm! Welcome to My Brewers playing you for 3 games. You guys might have the pitching edge tonight,. however, your current roaster of players looks like a weak AAA team. Good Luck!

um, didn’t see the final score … who won the game last night?

Holy cow I can’t believe Suarez is finally gone. He’s horrible. I can’t see any team taking him. I read his comment about his horrible performance last night. He’s totally oblivious to the fact that he stinks.:

“I feel like I made pretty good pitches,” Suarez said through interpreter Manny Del Campo. “They put good contact on it, and I can’t control that.”

Totally oblivious.

@prov have a feeling it’s not the last time we see saurez. Perry will sign him to a minor league deal for his untapped potential and 8 era.

Rex – Unfortunately I think you’re right about seeing him again. He has had more bad outings than good in his career. So I don’t think there is untapped potential. I think we have seen his best, and it’s not good. But the Angels will focus on his performance from 2021 and think that’s his norm and stick with him through loss after loss like they did with Shoemaker and others.

@prov356 probably wasn’t exactly what Washington and perry said but they were asked about why saurez wasn’t dfa’d, and they said something silly.Plesac and Daniel probably aren’t much better, but why not reshuffle the deck.

Yeah, they hit a lot a singles off him often. If we had players in the right place it might of helped. But…..why doesn’t he speak English? After all these years. It seems there’s some problems there. Wash was saying his confidence was lacking.

23 hours ago

Guerrero sr. Still uses a interpreter I wouldn’t read into it to much. Probably more of a crutch if you say something stupid he can clean it up for you.

You mean Plesac hasn’t hurt himself punching a AAA mound or a dugout wall or torn a muscle pulling off his t-shirt yet?? Amazing! It must be HIS year!!

What did the Mariners see so special rather than his wife in Tucker as they offered a job over millions of other player about to be fall off from the circle.

You should probably stop drinking

Fans knew this at least 6 weeks ago, as usual, Perry didn’t.

@halo11fan fans were saying this during the start of the season

Before the season started there was zero done to address the starting rotation. It wasn’t just a Suarez thing. All of the starters from last year showed inconsistencies and an inability to throw strikes. The organization has very little in the way of options outside of free agency. This season was going no where before game one, evident by what was done in the off season, so I’m actually not surprised that they stuck with Suarez for so long.

Rex. Ok. I knew six week ago.

To those that knew in Spring trading, I tip my cap to you.

@halo11fan I’ll tip my cap to you about the blowpen not being fix guess I was trying to be optimistic. I was preaching about infield depth and that sucked as well. I’m slowly getting there about perry getting fired, and it didn’t help when I saw peguero with a 2.87 era in the brewers bullpen.

18 hours ago

And Sal Frelick was drafted a couple spots after Bachman.

Perry is in over his head. He’s not part of the solution.

11 hours ago

@halo11fan I say get preller if he’s available, he does make bad trades but definitely drafts well.

Tucker fields well but when he hits, he looks like Bambi taking his first steps.

Finally, don’t know why it took so long to make a change with Suarez. I was expecting an IL stint with a ‘sore shoulder’, but this is even better.

I get the feeling some players take advantage of the Angels when they come over to our team by relaxing on the IList. Suarez, are you one of those? I want more money…ooh my shoulder hurts. Tucker must have a golden personality to have the opportunity’s hes getting including a gorgeous wife and job offers to stay in baseball. Zach Plesac battled a good game.

His shoulder wasn’t hurt he just sucks. The poster above was just saying surprised he wasn’t stashed on the IL with a mysterious injury.

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Cubs sign veteran catcher Tomás Nido, designate Yan Gomes for assignment

New York Mets pitcher Reed Garrett, right, celebrates with catcher Tomás Nido, left, after a baseball game against the Arizona Diamondbacks, Friday, May 31, 2024, in New York. (AP Photo/Frank Franklin II)

Chicago Cubs catcher Yan Gomes, left, celebrates with relief pitcher Keegan Thompson after the Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants in a baseball game in Chicago, Tuesday, June 18, 2024. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

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CHICAGO (AP) — The Chicago Cubs signed veteran catcher Tomás Nido and designated Yan Gomes for assignment on Wednesday.

The 30-year-old Nido was released by the New York Mets on Monday after being designated for assignment last week. He was hitting .229 with three home runs and eight RBIs.

Nido was drafted by New York in 2012 and was the second longest-tenured player on the team behind Brandon Nimmo. The 30-year-old catcher, who remained with the organization after being designated for assignment last June, thanked the Mets with a heart emoji on the social media platform X.

Gomes, a 13-year veteran, is batting a career-low .154 with two home runs and seven RBIs in 34 games this season. Miguel Amaya has been getting most of the starts at catcher.

The 36-year-old Gomes spent 2 1/2 seasons in Chicago, batting .241 with 20 homers and 101 RBIs in 236 games. He was an All-Star with Cleveland in 2018 and played on a World Series champion with Washington in 2019.

The Cubs also placed right-hander Keegan Thompson on the paternity list and recalled righty Porter Hodge. Thompson is 1-1 with one save and a 4.30 ERA in 11 games.

AP MLB: https://www.apnews.com/hub/MLB

• ABC13 careers

Disney Entertainment's eight owned ABC stations are multiplatform leaders in local news and information. For over 70 years, ABC13 has been Houston's news and weather leader, and the station remains the dominant #1 choice for Houstonians today. ABC13 provides live local news and weather coverage 24/7 through its linear and streaming newscasts, as well as its website, apps and social media platforms.

ABC13 is deeply engrained in the Houston community, the most diverse city in the nation. ABC13 Localish stories celebrate the good people and places that make Houston so unique. The station is the community leader, giving back through tentpole events throughout the year, including Share Your Holidays food drive, E-Cycle Earth Day electronics recycling event, and Pick Your Pet adoption drive.

This individual is a critical member of our newsroom and will be responsible for coordinating assignments for news coverage and identifying high-impact stories as well as contribute story ideas and content for digital, streaming, and broadcast. The candidate must be a strong communicator, function well under pressure, and have strong multi-platform and multi-tasking skills. This position requires working closely with managers as well as digital and linear producers and is responsible for effectively communicating to and coordinating reporters and photographers in the field. This candidate should have a working knowledge of news gathering including how to navigate court documents, gather information quickly and file public information requests.

What You Will Do:

This Reporter will be a master storyteller who can identify, develop, shoot, write, edit, produce and report high-quality stories.

This candidate will tell high-impact stories utilizing data and other research tools, and is willing to experiment with new technology.

Having the ability, experience and willingness to tell sports stories is a plus as this role may include weekend sports reporting and anchoring.

Required Qualifications & Skills:

Minimum 2-years in a major market television news station, with excellent editorial, writing, shooting, editing and on-air presentation skills, including live reporting & ad lib expertise.

Background check clearance and clean driving record will be required.

Ability to work under deadline, multi-task, prioritize assignments, and demonstrate a strong work ethic.

Must be flexible with working any shift (late nights, overnights. Weekends and holidays) and adaptable to change.

We want a respected, knowledgeable, ethical station representative and team player with a strong presence on social media.

Desire to serve the community and a knack for quickly cultivating contacts and exclusive story ideas.

College Diploma

Degree in Journalism or related field preferred

Interested candidates apply via Disneycareers.com reference JOB ID # 10092204

About Disney Entertainment Television:

The Disney Entertainment Television group creates original entertainment and news content for the Company's streaming platforms and its cable and broadcast networks.

About The Walt Disney Company:

The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise that includes three core business segments: Disney Entertainment, ESPN, and Disney Experiences. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to its preeminent name in the entertainment industry today, Disney proudly continues its legacy of creating world-class stories and experiences for every member of the family. Disney's stories, characters and experiences reach consumers and guests from every corner of the globe. With operations in more than 40 countries, our employees and cast members work together to create entertainment experiences that are both universally and locally cherished.

This position is with KTRK Television, Inc, which is part of a business we call Disney Entertainment Television.

KTRK Television, Inc is an equal opportunity employer. Applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, protected veteran status or any other basis prohibited by federal, state or local law. Disney fosters a business culture where ideas and decisions from all people help us grow, innovate, create the best stories and be relevant in a rapidly changing world.

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Chicago Cubs Sign Former Mets Catcher, DFA Struggling Veteran

Evan massey | jun 19, 2024.

• Chicago Cubs

The Chicago Cubs have been stuck in a rut in recent weeks and fans have been getting restless. One of the biggest frustrations has come at the catcher position, where neither Yan Gomes or Miguel Amaya have been able to make any kind of significant impact.

On Wednesday morning, the Cubs decided to do something about their situation at catcher.

According to a report from Michael Cerami of Bleacher Nation , Chicago has opted to DFA struggling veteran Yan Gomes and have signed former New York Mets catcher Tomas Nido, who was released recently.

Sources: The Chicago Cubs are DFAing Yan Gomes and signing catcher Tomás Nido. — Michael Cerami (@Michael_Cerami) June 19, 2024

Gomes being let go is no surprise. He has batted .154/.179/.242 so far this season to go along with two home runs and seven RBI. Those numbers are not going to get the job done.

Bringing in Nido is an interesting move for the Cubs. He could end up being a great addition and an upgrade for Chicago.

Nido has played in 32 games this season with the Mets, hitting .229/.261/.361. He also has three home runs to go along with eight RBI.

No one should be expecting Nido to come in and put up star caliber numbers, however, he could at least be an upgrade at the plate for the Cubs.

There will still be rumors and rumblings about Chicago exploring the catcher trade market before the late-July trade deadline, but, this is a move for the present that could help the Cubs fill a major need.

Amaya and Nido will move forward together as the two catchers on the roster, at least for now.

EVAN MASSEY

Evan Massey is a sports reporter and analyst who covers both the NFL and NBA. He has worked for ESPN, Yahoo! Sports, Forbes, Bleacher Report, NFLAnalysis.net, NBAAnalysis.net, and many other publications. In his free time, Evan enjoys spending time with his wife and son.