example of research title about smaw strand

Accessibility Links

• Skip to content
• Skip to search IOPscience
• Skip to Journals list
• Accessibility help
• Accessibility Help

Click here to close this panel.

Purpose-led Publishing is a coalition of three not-for-profit publishers in the field of physical sciences: AIP Publishing, the American Physical Society and IOP Publishing.

Together, as publishers that will always put purpose above profit, we have defined a set of industry standards that underpin high-quality, ethical scholarly communications.

We are proudly declaring that science is our only shareholder.

Sustainability assessment of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process

Ibrahim Alkahla 1 and Salman Pervaiz 1

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , Volume 244 , 2017 International Conference on Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICMIM 2017) 21–23 August 2017, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore Citation Ibrahim Alkahla and Salman Pervaiz 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 244 012001 DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/244/1/012001

Article metrics

6609 Total downloads

Share this article

Author e-mails.

[email protected]

Author affiliations

1 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology – Dubai Campus P.O. Box 341055 Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Buy this article in print

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process is one of the most commonly employed material joining processes utilized in the various industrial sectors such as marine, ship-building, automotive, aerospace, construction and petrochemicals etc. The increasing pressure on manufacturing sector wants the welding process to be sustainable in nature. The SMAW process incorporates several types of inputs and output streams. The sustainability concerns associated with SMAW process are linked with the various input and output streams such as electrical energy requirement, input material consumptions, slag formation, fumes emission and hazardous working conditions associated with the human health and occupational safety. To enhance the environmental performance of the SMAW welding process, there is a need to characterize the sustainability for the SMAW process under the broad framework of sustainability. Most of the available literature focuses on the technical and economic aspects of the welding process, however the environmental and social aspects are rarely addressed. The study reviews SMAW process with respect to the triple bottom line (economic, environmental and social) sustainability approach. Finally, the study concluded recommendations towards achieving economical and sustainable SMAW welding process.

Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

A Method for Evaluation of Welding Performance of SMAW Electrodes

• Conference paper
• First Online: 21 July 2021
• Cite this conference paper

• Brajesh Asati 14 &
• Ravi Shanker Vidyarthy 15  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering ((LNME))

1049 Accesses

1 Citations

The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is used extensively in different industry segments for different applications, e.g. structural welding, general welding fabrication, etc. Stick electrode is one of the major components of SMAW process. However, end users extensively using these electrodes have reported variable weld penetration and unwanted spattering recurrently during the SMAW process. Concerns have been raised about weld spatter defined as loss of electrode material. Excessive spatter results in productivity loss as unscheduled work stoppage happens due to weld cleanup, repair and rework requirements. Extent of spatter is a major quality issue and a product differentiator. After an elaborate exercise, negligible differences were observed among the electrodes in terms of welding performance issues, e.g. spatter, weld bead profile. Spatter measurement results show that Electrode A produced fewer spatters than Electrodes B and C at almost all current levels. All-weld chemical composition and all-weld tensile properties were also found to be similar for all three electrodes as electrodes were hailed from the same category.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save.

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime
• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

A Review of Effect of Welding Parameters on the Structure and Properties of the Weld in Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process

Effect of Process Parameters on Weld Bead Geometry, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties in Submerged Arc Welding

A Systematic Review: Effect of TIG and A-TIG Welding on Austenitic Stainless Steel

Lancaster, J.F.: The physics of fusion welding. Part 2: Mass transfer and heat flow. IEE Proc. B Electr. Power Appl. 134 , 297 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-b.1987.0047

Parmar, R.S.: Welding Processes and Technology (1996)

Google Scholar  

Crespo, A.C., Scotti, A., Pérez, M.R.: Operational behavior assessment of coated tubular electrodes for SMAW hardfacing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 199 , 265–273 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.07.048

Article   Google Scholar  

Vimal, K.E.K., Vinodh, S., Raja, A.: Optimization of process parameters of SMAW process using NN-FGRA from the sustainability view point. J. Intell. Manuf. 28 , 1459–1480 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-015-1061-5

Datta, R., Mukerjee, D., Jha, S., Narasimhan, K., Veeraraghavan, R.: Weldability characteristics of shielded metal arc welded high strength quenched and tempered plates. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 11 , 5–10 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-002-0001-7

Sham, K., Liu, S.: Flux­coating development for SMAW consumable electrode of high­nickel alloys. Weld. J. 271–281 (2014)

Sowards, J.W., Ramirez, A.J., Dickinson, D.W., Lippold, J.C.: Characterization of welding fume from smaw electrodes—part II. Weld. J. 89 , 82–90 (2010)

Samardzic, I., Klaric, S., Siewert, T.: Application of an on-line weld monitoring system. Adv. Technol. Dev. Countr. 1–6 (2002)

Moreno-Uribe, A.M., Bracarense, A.Q., Pessoa, E.C.P.: The effect of polarity and hydrostatic pressure on operational characteristics of rutile electrode in underwater welding. Materials (Basel) 13 , 5001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13215001

A.I.A.S.I.A.S. Institute: Welding of Stainless Steels and Other Joining Methods, pp. 6–11

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Research and Development, Tata Steel Ltd., Jamshedpur, 831001, India

Brajesh Asati

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India

Ravi Shanker Vidyarthy

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ravi Shanker Vidyarthy .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Y. V. D. Rao

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

C. Amarnath

Srinivasa Prakash Regalla

Arshad Javed

Kundan Kumar Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Cite this paper.

Asati, B., Vidyarthy, R.S. (2021). A Method for Evaluation of Welding Performance of SMAW Electrodes. In: Rao, Y.V.D., Amarnath, C., Regalla, S.P., Javed, A., Singh, K.K. (eds) Advances in Industrial Machines and Mechanisms. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1769-0_54

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1769-0_54

Published : 21 July 2021

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-16-1768-3

Online ISBN : 978-981-16-1769-0

eBook Packages : Engineering Engineering (R0)

Share this paper

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

• < Previous

Home > Graduate College > Student Work > Dissertations and Theses @ UNI > 926

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The effect of shielded metal arc welding process variables on delta ferrite control in austenitic stainless steel weld metal.

Ralph Eldon Long , University of Northern Iowa

Availability

Open Access Dissertation

Shielded metal arc welding; Austenitic stainless steel--Welding;

This study was to determine the effects of shielded metal arc welding on delta ferrite in austenitic stainless steel weld metal. The two objectives of the study were to determine: (a) what variables of the SMAW process affect the delta ferrite content or Ferrite Number of austenitic stainless steel weld metal, and (b) to what extent the Ferrite Number is affected by SMAW variables.

The research design was experimental with data collected from mechanically produced weld metal using a magnetic instrument calibrated in Ferrite Numbers (FN). The electrode alloys tested were 308, 308L, 316L and 347. The sizes of electrodes used were 3/32, 1/8 and 5/32 inch. Variables tested were amperage, voltage, travel speed, cooling rate, travel angle, work angle, coupon size and static output characteristics of welding machines.

The data were analysed by correlation and regression analysis or by difference of means of the FN values of the control and experimental procedures. A visual evaluation of weld quality was made using criteria of a welding code. The data collected from visually acceptable welds was organized as a series of graphs. It was determined that amperage within a usable range did not cause rejectable FNs, voltage increases of a few volts did cause rejectable FNs, travel speed changes of four through nine inches per minute did not cause rejectable FNs, cooling rate changes studied did not cause rejectable FNs, travel angle changes of 40° forward to 20° reverse did not cause FN changes, work angle changes of 90° to 45° did not cause a significant change in FN, coupon size changes studied did not effect FN and the effect of different static output characteristics of a welding machine did have a significant effect on FN. All tests of significant differences were evaluated at the .05 level.

• Any increase in slag blanket depth over the molten metal caused some increase in FN.
• Welding machines with different static output characteristics may have different arc striking abilities and provide other benefits.
• Variables effecting only slight changes in FN may be accumulative and be a factor in an overall control program.
• The factor for calculating nitrogen content of weld metal was found for this group of welds to more nearly be 0.08 than the recommended 0.06 normally used.

Year of Submission

Degree name.

Doctor of Industrial Technology

Department of Industrial Technology

First Advisor

Alvin E. Rudisill

Date Original

Object description.

1 PDF file (x, 197 pages)

©1980 Ralph E. Long

File Format

application/pdf

Recommended Citation

Long, Ralph Eldon, "The effect of shielded metal arc welding process variables on delta ferrite control in austenitic stainless steel weld metal" (1980). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI . 926. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/926

Since November 01, 2018

Included in

Metallurgy Commons

Advanced Search

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Collections
• Disciplines

Author Corner

• Graduate College
• Research and Sponsored Programs
• Rod Library
• University Archives
• Offensive Materials Statement
• UNI ScholarWorks ISSN 2578-3637

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement | Contact Us

Privacy Copyright

University of Northern Iowa Rod Library 1227 W. 27th Street Cedar Falls, IA 50614-3675 www.library.uni.edu

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Environmental and economic analyses of tig, mig, mag and smaw welding processes.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. mechanical methodology, 2.1.1. sheet materials, 2.1.2. filler material, 2.1.3. welding equipment, 2.1.4. measurement of variables, 2.2. environmental methodology, 2.2.1. scope and goals, 2.2.2. functional unit, 2.2.3. life cycle inventory, 2.2.4. life cycle assessment, 2.3. economic methodology, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. environmental results, 3.1.1. general comparison, 3.1.2. case two: tig with filler material, 3.2. economic results, 3.3. combined results, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

• Lera, C.P.; Luque, A.R.; Lopez, M.C. The Suply Chain in the metallurgical sector: An analysis of the main links. Work. Pap. Oper. Manag. 2011 , 2 , 14–24. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Sustainable Development Goals and Targets-Sustainable Development. Available online: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/ (accessed on 22 May 2023).
• Metal Foundation for Training, Qualifications and Employent. Available online: https://www.fmfce.com/ (accessed on 15 April 2023).
• Complete List of Activities of CNAE 2009. Available online: https://www.cnae.com.es/lista-actividades.php (accessed on 3 April 2023).
• Shen, J.; Gonçalves, R.; Choi, Y.T.; Lopes, J.G.; Yang, J.; Scheel, N.; Kim, H.S.; Oliveira, J.P. Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 308 stainless steel filler metal. Scr. Mater. 2023 , 222 , 115053. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Shen, J.; Agrawal, P.; Rodrigues, T.A.; Lopes, J.G.; Schell, N.; Zeng, Z.; Mishra, R.; Oliveira, J.P. Gas tungsten arc welding of as-cast AlCoCrFeNi 2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy. Mater. Des. 2022 , 223 , 111176. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lopes, J.G.; Rocha, P.; Santana, D.A.; Shen, J.; Maawad, E.; Scheel, N.; Coury, F.G.; Oliveira, J.P. Impact of Arc-Based Welding on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties in Newly Developed Cr 29.7 Co 29.7 Ni 35.4 Al 4 Ti 1.2 Multi-Principal Element Alloy. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2023 . [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zapata, A. Parameters for the development of welding standards. Sci. ET Tech. 2004 , 1 , 151–156. [ Google Scholar ]
• Ríos, L.C.; Pérez, L.; Juan, I.; Pérez, C. Current trends in Industry 4.0. Reflex. Contab. 2019 , 2 , 8–22. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Schröder, C. The Challenges of Industy 4.0 for Small Medium-Sized Entreprise ; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Bonn, Germany, 2016. [ Google Scholar ]
• Solana, P.; Alberto, A. Sustainability economy: Analysis of the challenges and opportunities for Spain. In El Pensamiento Económico Y Empresarial en la Era de la Información , 1st ed.; Anaya, F., Ed.; 2020; pp. 95–110. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349663291_Economia_sostenible_analisis_de_los_retos_y_oportunidades_para_Espana (accessed on 14 April 2023).
• Sen, R.; Choudhury, S.P.; Kumar, R.; Panda, A. A Comprehensive Review on the Feasibility Study of Metal Inert Gas Welding. Mater. Today Proc. 2018 , 5 , 17792–17801. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Son, H.J.; Jeong, Y.C.; Seo, W.; Hong, S.T.; Kim, Y.C.; Cho, Y.T. Weld Quality Analysis of High-Hardness Armored Steel in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding. Metals 2023 , 13 , 303. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Xing, S.; Bai, S.; Liu, Y.; Qi, J.; Hou, J.; Zhang, D. Characterization of Corrosion Behavior and Corrosion Production Property of 90-10 Cupronickel Welding Joints in Flowing Seawater. Metals 2023 , 13 , 294. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bella, G.; Borsellino, C.; Khaskhoussi, A.; Proverbio, E. Effect of Tool Rotation Direction on Mechanical Strength of Single Lap Friction Stir Welded Joints between AA5083 Aluminum Alloy and S355J0 Steel for Maritime Applications. Metals 2023 , 13 , 411. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Liu, Z.; Liu, P.; Xiang, H.; Huang, Y.; Ma, P.; Chen, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, R. Effect of Filler Wire on Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Natural Aging Behavior of 2A55 Al-Li Alloy TIG Welded Joint. Metals 2023 , 13 , 347. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yu, F.; Zhao, Y.; Lin, Z.; Miao, Y.; Zhao, F.; Xie, Y. Prediction of Mechanical Properties and Optimization of Friction Stir Welded 2195 Aluminum Alloy Based on BP Neural Network. Metals 2023 , 13 , 267. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Dias, F.; Cipriano, G.; Correira, A.N.; Braga, D.F.; Moreira, P.; Infante, V. Joining of Aluminum Alloy AA7075 and Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V through a Friction Stir Welding-Based Process. Metals 2023 , 13 , 249. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lescur, A.; Stergar, E.; Lim, J.; Hertelé, S.; Petrov, R.H. Investigation of the Dynamic Strain Aging Effect in Austenitic Weld Metals by 3D-DIC. Metals 2023 , 13 , 311. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bu, Y.; Gardener, L. Finite element modelling and design of welded stainless steel I-section columns. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2019 , 152 , 57–67. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ogbonna, O.S.; Akinlabi, S.A.; Madushele, N.; Mashinini, P.M.; Abioye, A.A. Application of MIG and TIG Welding in Automobile Industry. J. Phys. 2019 , 1378 , 042065. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Singh, S.; Chohan, J.S.; Singh, G.; Sharma, S. A Comprehensive Review on Composite Materials, Applications and Future Challenges of Friction Welding. Addit. Subtractive Manuf. Compos. 2021 , 1–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Karganroudi, S.S.; Moradi, M.; Attar, M.A.; Rasouli, S.A.; Ghoerishi, M.; Lawrence, J.; Ibrahim, H. Experimental and Numerical Analysis on TIG Arc Welding of Stainless Steel Using RSM Approach. Metals 2021 , 11 , 1659. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Epping, K.; Zhang, H. A Sustainable Decision-Making Framework for Transitioning to Robotic Welding for Small and Medium Manufacturers. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 3651. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
• Sarkar, S.; Ahmed, M.; Chowdhury, M.A.; Melton, G. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Results of MIG and TIG Welding Technologies Using the IMPACT 2002+ Methodology. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robot. Res. 2022 , 11 , 564–568. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Favi, C.; Campi, F.; Germani, M. Comparative life cycle assessment of metal arc welding technologies by using engineering design documentation. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2019 , 24 , 2140–2172. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Environmental Impact of Laser Welding Compared to Conventional Welding Methods. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359746093_Environmental_impact_of_laser_welding_compared_to_conventional_welding_methods (accessed on 14 April 2023).
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Welded of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Using Laser Beam Welding (LBW), Friction Stir Welding (FSW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Available online: https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=08981507&AN=147036713&h=o5CbavLZgHA2woDp16k5xIrTKekh8MfJ3F5mVCb4WXDx%2b5JQOhbhyBnPdBRk1eSioWP5axxfIICDirBpM2LLlg%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d08981507%26AN%3d147036713 (accessed on 14 April 2023).
• Allen, D.M. Photochemical Machining: From ‘manufacturing’s best kept secret’ to a $ 6 billion per annum, rapid manufacturing process. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 2004 , 53 , 559–572. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• The Economic Importance of Welding and Joining in Europe Production Values, Values Added and Employees. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296921421_The_economic_importance_of_welding_and_Joining_in_Europe_Production_values_values_added_and_employees (accessed on 20 April 2023).
• Jayal, A.D.; Bardurdeen, F.; Dillon, O.W.; Jawahir, I.S. Sustainable manufacturing: Modeling and optimization challenges at the product, process and system levels. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 2010 , 2 , 144–152. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• La Fé-Perdomo, I. Multiobjective optimization of an automatic submerged arc-welding process of JIS 3116 steel. Ing. Mecánica 2017 , 20 , 77–82. [ Google Scholar ]
• Yang, S.; Tong, X.; Bohórquez, O.; Pertuz, A.; Rincón, M.O. An overview framework of welding process selection, current state and expectatives. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2021 , 2046 , 12076. [ Google Scholar ]
• Soltan, H.; Omar, M. A roadmap for selection of metal welding process: A review and proposals. Weld. World 2022 , 66 , 2639–2675. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Thankur, A.; Gebrelibanos, H.; Gabrey, T. Arc Welding Process Selection through a Quality and Costs. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 2019 , 9 , 383–394. [ Google Scholar ]
• Omar, M.; Janada, K.; Soltan, H. FAQT: A Precise System for Welding Process Selection. Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. 2022 , 24 , 1605–1618. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• UNE-EN 10025-1:2006. Available online: https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma/?Tipo=N&c=N0035439 (accessed on 5 April 2023).
• Arcelor Mittal España. Available online: https://spain.arcelormittal.com/ (accessed on 5 April 2023).
• Acerinox Europa S.A.U. Available online: https://www.acerinox.com/es (accessed on 5 April 2023).
• Fusina. Available online: https://www.fusinaproducts.com/ (accessed on 5 April 2023).
• Praxair. Available online: https://rodavigo.net/es/fabricantes/praxair (accessed on 5 April 2023).
• Fronius. Perfect Welding. Available online: https://www.fronius.com/es-es/spain/tecnologia-de-soldadura (accessed on 14 April 2023).
• SimaPro Software. Available online: https://simapro.com/ (accessed on 14 March 2023).
• Ecoinvent v3.0. Available online: https://ecoinvent.org/the-ecoinvent-database/data-releases/ecoinvent-3-0/ (accessed on 4 December 2022).
• UNE-EN ISO 14025:2010. Available online: https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma?c=N0046196 (accessed on 14 April 2023).

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

González-González, C.; Los Santos-Ortega, J.; Fraile-García, E.; Ferreiro-Cabello, J. Environmental and Economic Analyses of TIG, MIG, MAG and SMAW Welding Processes. Metals 2023 , 13 , 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061094

González-González C, Los Santos-Ortega J, Fraile-García E, Ferreiro-Cabello J. Environmental and Economic Analyses of TIG, MIG, MAG and SMAW Welding Processes. Metals . 2023; 13(6):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061094

González-González, Carlos, Jorge Los Santos-Ortega, Esteban Fraile-García, and Javier Ferreiro-Cabello. 2023. "Environmental and Economic Analyses of TIG, MIG, MAG and SMAW Welding Processes" Metals 13, no. 6: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061094

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

•  We're Hiring!
•  Help Center

smaw welding

• Most Cited Papers
• Most Downloaded Papers
• Newest Papers
• Heat Transfer Follow Following
• Thermodynamics Follow Following
• Criminology Follow Following
• Environmental Engineering Follow Following
• Ethics Follow Following
• Higher Education Follow Following
• International Law Follow Following
• Renewable Energy Follow Following
• Mechanical Engineering Follow Following
• Education Follow Following

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• Academia.edu Journals
•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024