case study on water pollution in india ppt

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ICESMART - 2015 (Volume 3 - Issue 19)

River water pollution:a case study on tunga river at shimoga-karnataka.

• Article Download / Views: 3,147
• Total Downloads : 16
• Authors : Dr. H. S. Govardhana Swamy
• Paper ID : IJERTCONV3IS19035
• Volume & Issue : ICESMART – 2015 (Volume 3 – Issue 19)
• Published (First Online): 24-04-2018
• ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
• Publisher Name : IJERT

Dr. H. S. Govardhana Swamy

Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering RajaRajeswari College of Engineering,

Bengaluru, India

Abstract Tunga River has been one of the most prominent and important river of Karnataka in Shimoga District. Unfortunately, certain stretches of River Tunga are much polluted. Various urban centers are located on the banks of Tunga River, draw fresh river water for various activities. In almost the entire wastewater generated by these centers is disposed off into the river. The objective of the monitoring studies undertaken for water body is to assess variation in water quality with time. Four sampling stations were selected along the river for sampling purpose from August 2013 to August 2014.Water samples were analyzed in terms of physico-chemical water quality parameters.

Keywords Thunga River, water quality, point pollution, Physico-chemical parameters

INTRODUCTION

In nature, water is the essential fluid from which all life begins. All living things need water to maintain their life too. In domesticity, it is very useful, such as for washing and cleaning. In industry, it is the common solvent for Paper and water, textile and electroplating. Besides, the generation of electricity also requires water. It has many uses. However, it can be easily polluted. Pollutants deteriorate the quality of the water and render it unfit for its intended uses [1]. The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most critical environmental problems of the century. It is estimated that each year 10 million people die from drinking contaminated water. Water is one of the most common and precious resources on the earth without there would be no life on earth [2]. Pollution is a serious problem as almost 70% of Indias surface water resources and a growing number of its groundwater reserves have been contaminated The quality of water is described by its physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics. Therefore a regular monitoring of river water quality not only prevents outbreak of diseases and checks water from further deterioration, but also provides a scope to assess the current investments for pollution prevention and control. In this study, seasonal variations of physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of water quality in Tunga river was assessed in Shimoga town in Karnataka.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Shimoga is town, situated between the North and South branches of river Tunga. It is located on the Bangalore Honnavar highway.Though it is a town of medium population, the temples and historically significant monuments of this town attracts a large number of tourist people resulting in a very high floating population. Because of this reason the river Tunga along Shimoga town stretch is prone to anthropogenic activities such as bathing, washing and disposal of wastes. The ground level in the town slopes towards river so that most of the storm and sewerage drains discharge into river Tunga. There are two stream monitoring stations and 15 drains located in this town stretch

Monitoring Stations

Station – S1

Station S1 is located on the north side of the river, near the Shimoga Thirthahalli new bridge. It is an upstream station and near this station water is being drawn for supply to the town.

Station – S2

This station is about 300 m downstream of station S1.The station S2 is located on a drain that enters the river from the industrial town areas. The flow in the drain is mainly comprised of industrial waste.

Station – S3

The station S3 is an most affected station and is positioned near the Vinayaka temple(Ramanna shetty park). It is downstream of the sewage disposal point from the station S3. A bathing ghat exists near this Station.

Station S4 is located on the south side of the river, near the Shimoga Bhadravathi new bridge. Two number of sewage drains dispose city sewage water in to the river directly.

Data Preparation

The data sets of 4 water quality monitoring stations which comprised of 10 water quality parameters monitored monthly over 2 years (2013-2014) are used for this study. The data is obtained from the water Quality Monitoring work of Tunga River Basin in Shimoga District,

Karnataka State Although there are more water quality parameters in these stations, only 10 most important parameters are chosen because of their continuity in measurement through the 12 years. The 10 selected water quality parameters include Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Chlorides (Cl), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity, Temperature and pH.

Analysis of samples

The water samples were collected from each of the five selected stat ions according to the standard sampling methods (IS: 2488, 1966 APHA, 1998).Samples for estimating dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxy gen demand (BOD) were collected separately in BOD(glass) bottles. Water temperature was recorded on the spot using thermometers.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Temperature was found to be ranged between 14 0C (minimum) to 280C (maximum) with average value of 210+9.90C from all the sites. Impinging solar radiation and the atmospheric temperature brings interesting spatial and temporal changes in natural waters. The rise in temperature of water accelerates chemical reactions, reduces solubility of gases, amplifies taste and odour and elevates metabolic activity of organisms (Usharani et al., 2010).

pH of the aquatic system is an important indicator of the water quality and the extent pollution in the watershed areas. pH was recorded to be varying from 6.43 (minimum) to 9.13 (maximum) with an average value of 7.78+1.91 from all the sites (Jonnalagadda et al.,2001). It has been mentioned that the increasing pH appear to be associated with increasing use of alkaline detergents in residential areas and alkaline material from wastewater in industrial areas (Chang, H., 2008)

Conductivity is a good and rapid method to measure the total dissolved ions and is directly related to total solids. Higher the value of dissolved solids, greater the amount of ions in water (Bhatt.,1999). The range of Electrical conductivity from all the sites was recorded as 340.00

µmhos (minimum) to 734.00 µmhos (maximum) with an average value of 537.00+278.60 µmhos

The value of Dissolved Oxygen is remarkable in determining the water quality criteria of an aquatic system. In the system where the rates of respiration and organic decomposition are high, the DO values usually remain lower than those of the system, where the rate of photosynthesis is high (Mishra et al., 2009). During the study period DO was found to be ranging between 4.90 mg/l (minimum) to 8.50 mg/l (maximum) from all the sites with an average value of 6.70+2.55 mg/l.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of the oxygen in the water that is required by the aerobic organisms. The biodegradation of organic materials exerts oxygen tension in the water and increases the biochemical oxygen demand (Abida, 2008).BOD has been a fair measure of cleanliness

of any water on the basis that values less than 1-2 mg/l are considered clean, 3 mg/l fairly clean, 5 mg/l doubtful and 10 mg/l definitely. During the study period BOD varied from 3.00 mg/l (minimum) to 8.00 mg/l (maximum) with an average value of 5.50+3.54 mg/l at all the sites.

Chemical Oxygen Deand is a measure of the oxidation of reduced chemicals in water. It is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. The measure of COD determines the quantities of organic matter

found in water. This makes COD useful as an indicator of organic pollution in surface water (King et al., 2003).COD pointing to a deterioration of the water quality likely caused by the discharge of municipal waste water (Mamais et al., 1993). In the present study COD was found to be ranging from 11 mg/l (minimum) to 24 mg/l (maximum) with average value of 17.50+9.19 at all the sites.

Alkalinity of water is a measure of weak acid present. Total alkalinity of water is due to presence of mineral salt present in it. Alkalinity was ranged between 123.00 mg/l (minimum) to 240.00 (maximum) mg/l with average value of 181.50+82.73 mg/l from all the sites.

Total hardness is the parameter of water quality used to describe the effect of dissolved minerals (mostly Ca and Mg), determining suitability of water for domestic, industrial and drinking purpose attributed to presence of bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride and nitrates of calcium and magnesium (Taylor, 1949). The variation in Total hardness during study period at all the sites was recorded as

mg/l to 475.00 mg/l with average value of 352.50+173.24 mg/l

Chlorides occur naturally in all types of water. High concentration of chloride is considered to be the indicators of pollution due to organic wastes of animal or industrial origin. Chlorides are troublesome in irrigation water and also harmful to aquatic life (Rajkumar, 2004). The levels of chloride in the present study were ranging from 18.00 mg/l (minimum) to 32.00 mg/l (maximum) with an average value of 25.00±9.90 mg/l at all the sites.

Fluoride concentration is an important aspect of hydrogeochmistry, because of its impact on human health. The recommended concentration of Fluoride in drinking water is 1.50 mg/l. The values recorded in this study was ranged between 0.40 mg/l (minimum) to 1.20 (maximum) mg/l with an average value of 0.80±0.57 mg/l from all the sites.

Table 1: Physico-chemical qualities of river water

Where D.O.= Dissolved Oxygen, BOD= Biochemical Oxygen Demand, COD= Chemical Oxygen Demand, TH= Total Hardness.

The present study concluded that river water of study area was moderately polluted in respect to analyzed parameters. pH, total hardness, chloride and fluoride were found within permissible limit but the higher values of BOD and COD in present study attributed river water was not fit for drinking purpose. It needs to aware local villagers to safeguard the precious river and its surrounding

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank principal of RajaRajeswari College of Engineering and Management of RajaRajeswari Group of Institutions for extending encouragement and support to present the paper in the International Conference at T.John College of Engineering, Bangaluru

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Water Pollution in India

Aug 19, 2021

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Water Pollution in India Most polluted rivers of the world include Indian rivers like The Ganga and The Yamuna.

When the water in rivers, oceans, lakes and so on gets contaminated by impure pollutants. It is called water pollution. Moreover, these pollutants can seep through the ground and reach underground water. This will degrade the water quality and there won’t be a single drop to drink.

Condition of India Indian population is increasing rapidly and the country is modernising. Many new industries are being developed and the waste produced by them is also increasing. Very little of this waste gets treated in a proper manner. 70 percent of water is contaminated in India and unfit for drinking. Drinking toxic water disrupts the digestive system and causes diseases. Every year, almost 1 million children die due to diarrhoea. A study in India has revealed that due to polluted water there has been a 9% reduction in the revenue and 16% of agricultural yields have dropped. Scientists have predicted that if the current ways of treating water continue, the situation will get worse and by 2030 only 40 percent of the population will be able to have pure water to drink.

Causes Chemical discharges from the factories, industrial waste is directly thrown in the waterways. Moreover, rural people throw the dishwash waste, laundry waste, garbage and so much more. It is another reason for water contamination in rivers and lakes. Whenever oil spills from ships or tanks into the water, since oil doesn’t dissolve in water, it becomes a thick layer on the sea or ocean water.

Effects of water pollution Diseases When people drink polluted water, they fall sick. They can get life-threatening diseases like hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, or any other water-borne disease. Harmful for aquatic life Some plants and animals might get affected due to water pollution but if somehow, they manage to accommodate themselves in the polluted water, when humans eat the aquatic species, they can fall sick as they take in toxins and pollutants along with these species. Degradation of ecosystem In the ecosystem simple and small changes can cause an impact on the environment. Our ecosystem is very fragile. If it is unchecked, the whole ecosystem of an area can collapse.

What can we do? Many reports have revealed that by 2030 the availability of clean drinking water will reduce and the future generation will suffer. Today we should all do our bit to conserve water and reduce water pollution. Use water cautiously because every drop is essential. Do not pollute water by throwing waste. Dispose off the garbage properly. Reuse the water. Industrial waste should also be treated properly. We all can save aquatic and human life by taking small precautionary measures.

Steps taken by Indian Government to reduce water pollution A water company of chennai, VA Tech Wabag also built several water reuse plants all across India. It has impacted millions of people positively. By implementation of a combination of techniques VA Tech Wabag installed a water treatment plant in Panjrapur, Maharashtra. The government launched the reuse of waste water policy in Gujarat. This policy aims to decrease the use of water from Narmada River. 161 sewage treatment plants will be installed in Gujarat so that industrial and construction sectors can use the treated water. In Karnataka, the government installed almost 16,000 reverse osmosis systems in 2015 and 281 solar electrolytic defluoridation plants in Madhya Pradesh.

The Government of India has been focusing on implementing and revamping the National Rural Drinking Water Programme. UNICEF is playing a vital role as it is the ‘development partner of choice’. Swajal is a programme launched by the ministry of Jal shakti. The aim of this programme is to provide safe and clean drinking water to rural people through sustainable techniques. UNICEF has provided technical assistance and support to the ministry in this programme.

Water in India is Dying, Save it before it's too late

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Ganga River: A Paradox of Purity and Pollution in India due to Unethical Practice

D C Jhariya 1 and Anoop Kumar Tiwari 2

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Volume 597 , National Conference on Challenges in Groundwater Development and Management 6-7 March 2020, NIT Raipur, India Citation D C Jhariya and Anoop Kumar Tiwari 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 597 012023 DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/597/1/012023

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1 Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh-492010, India

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh-492010, India

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In India, the river Ganga is believed as a goddess, and people worship it. Despite all the respect for the river, the river's condition is worsening, and we Indians are unable to maintain the purity of the river. The Ganga is a river of faith, devotion, and worship. Indians accept its water as "holy," which is known for its "curative" properties. The river is not limited to these beliefs but is also a significant water source, working as the life-supporting system for Indians since ancient times. The Ganga river and its tributaries come from cold, Himalayan-glacier-fed springs, which are pure and unpolluted. But when the river flows downgradient, it meets the highly populated cities before merging into the Bay of Bengal. From its origin to its fall, its water changes from crystal clear to trash-and sewage-infested sludge. Thousands of years passed since the river Ganga, and its tributaries provide substantial, divine, and cultural nourishment to millions of people living in the basin. Nowadays, with the increasing urbanization, the Ganges basin sustains more than 40 percent of the population. Due to the significant contribution of the growing population and rapid industrialization along its banks, river Ganga has reached an alarming pollution level.

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Indian Journal of Science and Technology

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DOI : 10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i3.9

Year : 2011, Volume : 4, Issue : 3, Pages : 259-262

Original Article

Impact of pollution on marine environment -A case study of coastal Chennai

A. Duraisamy 1 and S. Latha 2*

1 Department of Economics, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India 2 Department of Economics, D.G. Vaishnav college, Chennai, India [email protected]

*Author for correspondence S. Latha Department of Economics, D.G. Vaishnav college, Chennai, India.   Email: [email protected]

This paper reports the impact of pollution on marine ecosystem; it analyses the factors responsible for degradation and suggests suitable corrective measures. Around the world, marine ecosystems are being threatened, degraded, damaged or destroyed by human activities, one of which is pollution The rapid population growth and enormous urban and coastal development in many of the world's coastal regions have caused considerable concern that anthropogenic pollution may reduce biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, resulting in reduction and depletion of human marine food resources. In addition, pollution reduces the aesthetic value and also the intrinsic value of the marine environment, whether the pollution is visual (such as oil pollution and plastic debris) or invisible (such as chemical compounds). The recent pictures coming out of the oil spills off the Gulf of Mexico in the United States and also the container tanker collision off the Mumbai coast are vivid examples. Another main reason for concern about marine pollution is related to the direct effects of pollution on human health. Because many pollutants accumulate in marine organisms, humans are exposed to pollutants when they consume food from polluted areas. Marine pollution occurs when unsustainable elements gain entry to water masses, potentially causing spread of invasive organisms, diseases and can turn water quality potentially toxic. Most sources of marine pollution are land based, such as wind blown debris, industrial / domestic pollutants discharged and potential spillovers from freight/ bulk ocean carriers. When toxins are concentrated upward within the ocean food chain, many elements combine in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic. As these materials are incorporated into the marine eco system, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these cause mutations, as well as diseases, this can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. Globalization has brought in its wake increased demand on scarce resources leading to rapid depletion of a wide range of non degradable products viz., metals, plastics, rubber products, which in turn generate huge amounts of solid wastes causing pollution at the entry of marine waters. Besides the coastal regions of India are characterized by slums, with poor sanitation facilities aggravating the problem. Suggestions are offered, both invasive and non invasive which can definitely reduce the burden placed on our valuable resources which may soon vanish unless the counter measures are implemented effectively. Keywords : Marine ecosystem, anthropogenic pollution, estuaries, poor sanitation.

• 03 April 2020

How to cite this paper

S. Latha, Impact of pollution on marine environment -A case study of coastal Chennai. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2011: 4(3).

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Pesticide residue in water—a challenging task in India

• Published: 01 February 2015
• Volume 187 , article number  54 , ( 2015 )

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• Akriti Agarwal 1 ,
• Rajmani Prajapati 1 ,
• Om Pal Singh 1 ,
• S. K. Raza 1 &
• L. K. Thakur 1  

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Modern agriculture practices reveal an increase in use of pesticides to meet the food demand of increasing population which results in contamination of the environment. In India, crop production increased to 100 %, but the cropping area has increased marginally by 20 %. Pesticides have played a major role in achieving the maximum crop production but maximum usage and accumulation of pesticide residues is highly detrimental to aquatic and other ecosystem. Pesticide residues in drinking water have become a major challenge over the last few years. It has been monitored in public water supply resources in National capital territory, i.e., Delhi. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), mainly isomers of hexachlorohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), endosulphan, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlore, were identified from potable water samples. Results suggested that continuous consumption of contaminated water can pose severe health threats to local residents of this area. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi, had found α and β isomers of endosulphan residues in the Yamuna river. High concentrations of γ-HCH (0.259 μg/l) and malathion (2.618 μg/l) were detected in the surface water samples collected from the river Ganga in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (UP). High concentration of methyl parathion, endosulfan, and DDT were observed in water samples collected from the river at Bhagalpur, Bihar. The Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow (UP) study also found 0.5671 ppb concentrations of endosulfan in the river at Allahabad, UP. Similar results were found in other water samples in India.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for their financial support.

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Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India, Sector-20, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, 122016, Haryana, India

Akriti Agarwal, Rajmani Prajapati, Om Pal Singh, S. K. Raza & L. K. Thakur

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Agarwal, A., Prajapati, R., Singh, O.P. et al. Pesticide residue in water—a challenging task in India. Environ Monit Assess 187 , 54 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4287-y

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Published : 01 February 2015

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4287-y

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Wastewater management: A case study of Tiruchirapalli city in Tamil Nadu

Any form of liquid waste discharged by domestic residents, industries, agriculture and commercial establishments into water is called a wastewater. This water contains different quantities of contaminants which pollutes water and makes it unfit for any productive or domestic use. Set against the backdrop of dire need for effective and efficient management of wastewater, this paper is a case study of Tiruchirapalli city in Tamil Nadu. The analysis provided in the paper is an outcome of the field work carried out in the city, which emphasises for developing a strategy for the management of wastewater.

The authors of this paper first give a brief over view of the need for managing wastewater, which if left to accumulate might lead to production of malodorous gases and can cause diseases.

The paper then lists out the contaminants of wastewater, which are as follows:

• Suspended solids

Though the need for proper drainage and disposal system in India has been felt way back in 18 century , following which treatement plants have been set up , laws have been passed, the authors state that strategies for wastewater management have not been proposed so far in a comprehensive manner. For this they under took a study, which aims to prepare a strategy for wastewater management.

The objectives of the paper are as follows:

• To review the status of wastewater quantity, quality, Collection, transport network, treatment, disposal, recycling and reuse.
• To determine the level of awareness among people on the drainage schemes, network connections etc.
• To identify the existing problems in quantitative manner.
• To propose, alternative collection network, strategies for increasing sewer connections, optimal routing etc.

The authors undertook a field study in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, to collect data, where field observation was made and interviews have been taken.

The paper then goes on to elaborate the field findings which are as follows:

• Only 3 lagoons occupying 55.83 acres, were to be inadequate to handle the current sewage discharge.
• Only 45% of houses have been assessed to be suitable to obtain sewer connections thus there is a need to expand the system to serve a population of 8.25 lakhs.
• 32 areas in Tiruchirapalli city are omitted in the existing sewerage network

The paper then provides details of the field areas where the study has been carried out. After listing out the details of the state of wastewater system in the city, the problems were identified which are:

Lack of awareness among the public on the existing facility and procedures for obtaining sewer connections.

• The duties of the private agency were not clearly specified leading to poor collection and transport.
• As a result of which the sewage received at the treatment plant contain bulk quantities of floating materials and coarse solids. This creates a problem of clogging during transport, an increase in pollution load on the treatment units thereby decreasing the efficiency of aerobic pond and facultative stabilization pond.
• The reasons for the above problems were found to be lack of administrative coordination among private agency, TWAD, and community.
• It was also found that these agencies blame one another while failing in their duties.
• The efficiency of the STP, Panchapur is very poor, only 40% BOD removal is obtained. This is mainly due to quality of the influent, silting of the lagoons, development of anaerobic conditions, lead to the reduction in the efficiency of the plant. The problem could be very well handled by making the agencies realize their responsibilities and try to build partnerships with the public.
• Poor land use practices and discharge of sewage on to the river system has resulted in public demonstration and appeal calling for appropriate land use and potential reuse of wastewater for agriculture and pisciculture.
• Reuse of wastewater for agriculture was not a successful one due to quality of treated wastewater, selection of crop and poor land use pattern.

The recommendations given by the authors are as follows:

• A decentralized local sewerage system (individual sewerage system at each source with wastewater collection pits, cesspits or small sewage works, latrines, etc).
• Safe collection and removal of sewage and rainwater in order to protect against disease.
• Maintenance or improvement of the quality of surface water and groundwater.
• Construction of permanently watertight sewers and repair of leaking sewers, pressure pipes and drains.
• Optimization of drainage works.
• Appropriate and adequate dimensioning of sewers and storage chambers to cope with peak flows (avoidance of flooding of properties, roads and land).
• Suitable routing of sewers and arrangement of outfalls (in combined systems).
• Flow control installations.
• Use of materials, which fully meet the technical and hygiene standards.
• Reuse of wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture i.e., Pisciculture.

Pollution in india

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• 1. INDEX 1 Introduction 2 Poem on air pollution – A Choking Sky 3 Biggest contributors to pollution in India 4 Effect of air pollution 5 Level of vehicular pollutants in microgram per cubic metre 6 How to reduce vehicular pollution? 7 Graph showing fuel efficiency /mileage of different cars 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography
• 2. INTRODUCTION When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment it is Called Pollution. Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in terms of quantity and quality . There are Four types of Pollution • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise Pollution • Land Pollution
• 3. TYPES OF POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION – The contamination of air with hazardous substances that harm life. NOISE POLLUTION – Noise can be simply defined as unwanted high – pitched sound. WATER POLLUTION - The contamination of water with harmful objects like plastic and metals which make it unfit for usage. LAND POLLUTION – The pollution of land by human activities or natural disasters.
• 4. A Choking Sky Watching smoke stacks choke the sky Always makes me want to cry. I just can't help but wonder why The factories won't even try To find a safer, better way To put their poisonous waste away. POEM ON AIR POLLUTION
• 5. The biggest contributors to pollution in India are –  Sewage waste  Artificial agricultural fertilizers  Metals  Oils  Plastic  Aluminum cans  Glass  Industrial waste  Combustion of fossil fuels  Automobiles  Acids and alkalis  Soot, dust and gases  Electronic waste  Radioactive waste BIGGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO POLLUTION IN INDIA
• 6. EFFECT OF POLLUTION Causes health problems and in extreme cases even death. Reduces crop yields and affects animal life. Damages monuments. Can cause significant economic losses. Aquatic life gets destroyed Ground water gets affected Farming is not possible
• 7. GRAPH SHOWING LEVEL OF SPM IN INDIAN CITIES IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE 189 185 250 134 78 126 Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Calcutta Mumbai SPM (PM10) Safety Limit – 150 micrograms per m³
• 8. GRAPH SHOWING LEVEL OF SO2 IN INDIAN CITIES IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE 0 10 20 30 40 50 Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Calcutta Mumbai 19 13 28 25 5 44 SO2 Safety Limit – 80 micrograms per m³
• 9. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Calcutta Mumbai 59 30 105 25 28 63 NOx Safety Limit – 80 micrograms per m³ GRAPH SHOWING LEVEL OF NOX IN INDIAN CITIES IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE
• 10. HOW TO REDUCE VEHICULAR POLLUTION Plant more trees along busy roads Choose low-polluting models of vehicles Use CNG Use carpool and public transport or bicycles if it is a short distance
• 11. GRAPH SHOWING FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CARS 11.9 18.6 14.414.5 12.112.5 14 17 14.214.514.614.2 17.417.7 14.514.414.214.5 14 13.5 21.5 14.3 13.6 21 14.2 14.7 24 18.6 16.9 16.2 15.6 18.4 21 19.8 17.9 18.9 20.2 19.5 21.1 18 18.618.9 19 18.1 17.5 25 17.517.2 25 17.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 City driving km/l Highway km/l
• 12. CONCLUSION 1. Pollution is caused mainly because of humans and natural disasters. 2. The main cause of air pollution are vehicles(approximately 72% contribution.) 3. We should use public transport or low – polluting vehicles to reduce air pollution. 4. The most fuel efficient car is Tata Indica eV2 followed closely by Tata Nano 2012.
• 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY • eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/effects-of- air-pollution.html • Pollution in India - http://www.gits4u.com/envo/envo4.htm • Websites of the State Pollution boards in India • http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/384409/20120914/top -ten-mileage-cars-india-fuel-efficeint.htm • http://www.slideshare.net/samuelkrobinson/reduce- carbon-today-vehicle-pollution-prevention

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Hot Oceans Worsened Dubai’s Dramatic Flooding, Scientists Say

An international team of researchers found that heavy rains had intensified in the region, though they couldn’t say for sure how much climate change was responsible.

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By Raymond Zhong

Scenes of flood-ravaged neighborhoods in one of the planet’s driest regions stunned the world this month. Heavy rains in the United Arab Emirates and Oman submerged cars, clogged highways and killed at least 21 people. Flights out of Dubai’s airport, a major global hub, were severely disrupted.

The downpours weren’t a total surprise — forecasters had anticipated the storms several days earlier and issued warnings. But they were certainly unusual.

Here’s what to know.

Heavy rain there is rare, but not unheard-of.

On average, the Arabian Peninsula receives a scant few inches of rain a year, although scientists have found that a sizable chunk of that precipitation falls in infrequent but severe bursts, not as periodic showers. These rains often come during El Niño conditions like the ones the world is experiencing now.

U.A.E. officials said the 24-hour rain total on April 16 was the country’s largest since records there began in 1949 . And parts of the nation had already experienced an earlier round of thunderstorms in March.

Oman, with its coastline on the Arabian Sea, is also vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Past storms there have brought torrential rain, powerful winds and mudslides, causing extensive damage.

Global warming is projected to intensify downpours.

Stronger storms are a key consequence of human-caused global warming. As the atmosphere gets hotter, it can hold more moisture, which can eventually make its way down to the earth as rain or snow.

But that doesn’t mean rainfall patterns are changing in precisely the same way across every part of the globe.

In their latest assessment of climate research , scientists convened by the United Nations found there wasn’t enough data to have firm conclusions about rainfall trends in the Arabian Peninsula and how climate change was affecting them. The researchers said, however, that if global warming were to be allowed to continue worsening in the coming decades, extreme downpours in the region would quite likely become more intense and more frequent.

Hot oceans are a big factor.

An international team of scientists has made a first attempt at estimating the extent to which climate change may have contributed to April’s storms. The researchers didn’t manage to pin down the connection precisely, though in their analysis, they did highlight one known driver of heavy rain in the region: above-normal ocean temperatures.

Large parts of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have been hotter than usual recently, in part because of El Niño and other natural weather cycles, and in part because of human-induced warming .

When looking only at El Niño years, the scientists estimated that storm events as infrequent as this month’s delivered 10 percent to 40 percent more rain to the region than they would in a world that hadn’t been warmed by human activities. They cautioned, however, that these estimates were highly uncertain.

“Rainfall, in general, is getting more extreme,” said Mansour Almazroui, a climate scientist at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and one of the researchers who contributed to the analysis.

The analysis was conducted by scientists affiliated with World Weather Attribution, a research collaboration that studies extreme weather events shortly after they occur. Their findings about this month’s rains haven’t yet been peer reviewed, but are based on standardized methods .

The role of cloud seeding isn’t clear.

The U.A.E. has for decades worked to increase rainfall and boost water supplies by seeding clouds. Essentially, this involves shooting particles into clouds to encourage the moisture to gather into larger, heavier droplets, ones that are more likely to fall as rain or snow.

Cloud seeding and other rain-enhancement methods have been tried around the world, including in Australia, China, India, Israel, South Africa and the United States. Studies have found that these operations can, at best, affect precipitation modestly — enough to turn a downpour into a bigger downpour, but probably not a drizzle into a deluge.

Still, experts said pinning down how much seeding might have contributed to this month’s storms would require detailed study.

“In general, it is quite a challenge to assess the impact of seeding,” said Luca Delle Monache, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Dr. Delle Monache has been leading efforts to use artificial intelligence to improve the U.A.E.’s rain-enhancement program.

An official with the U.A.E.’s National Center of Meteorology, Omar Al Yazeedi, told news outlets that the agency didn’t conduct any seeding during the latest storms. His statements didn’t make clear, however, whether that was also true in the hours or days before.

Mr. Al Yazeedi didn’t respond to emailed questions from The New York Times, and Adel Kamal, a spokesman for the center, didn’t have further comment.

Cities in dry places just aren’t designed for floods.

Wherever it happens, flooding isn’t just a matter of how much rain comes down. It’s also about what happens to all that water once it’s on the ground — most critically, in the places people live.

Cities in arid regions often aren’t designed to drain very effectively. In these areas, paved surfaces block rain from seeping into the earth below, forcing it into drainage systems that can easily become overwhelmed.

One recent study of Sharjah , the capital of the third-largest emirate in the U.A.E., found that the city’s rapid growth over the past half-century had made it vulnerable to flooding at far lower levels of rain than before.

Omnia Al Desoukie contributed reporting.

Raymond Zhong reports on climate and environmental issues for The Times. More about Raymond Zhong