how to reference a game in an essay

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How to Cite Video Games

Last Updated: December 23, 2023

This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Jennifer Mueller is a wikiHow Content Creator. She specializes in reviewing, fact-checking, and evaluating wikiHow's content to ensure thoroughness and accuracy. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 2006. This article has been viewed 40,767 times. Learn more...

It's not uncommon to reference video games in research papers. Unfortunately, many of the major citation methods have not yet created a specific format to use when citing a video game. Typically, you'll be asked to include the same information you would in a citation for computer software. Include any information you think is important to enable your reader to access the same game you did. The Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) and Chicago Manual of Style offer suggestions on how to format a citation for a video game.

• Example: Fortnite .

• Example: Fortnite . Battle Royale Mode, PS4 Pro, 2017.

• For example, if you discussed the score of the game "Fortnite" in your paper, you might add the name of the score's composer to your Works Cited entry: Fortnite . Battle Royale Mode, PS4 Pro, 2018. Toprak, Pinar, composer.

MLA Works Cited Format:

Title of Game . Version, Platform, Year of Release. Additional Information as Necessary.

• For example, you might write "Although originally Fortnite players only got bragging rights for reaching the maximum level, Epic Games eventually started providing additional rewards (season 6)."

• Example: God of War [Video game].

• Example: God of War [Video game]. (2018).

• Example: God of War [Video game]. (2018). San Mateo, CA: Sony Interactive Entertainment.

APA Reference List Format:

Title of Game [Video game]. (Year Released). Location: Publisher.

• If the game is available on multiple platforms, you might also want to include the platform you played the game on in your in-text parenthetical citation.

• Example: Rovio Entertainment.

• Example: Rovio Entertainment. Angry Birds Transformers . V. 1.4.25.

• Example: Rovio Entertainment. Angry Birds Transformers . V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment, 2014. Android 4.0 or later.

• Example: Rovio Entertainment. Angry Birds Transformers . V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment, 2014. Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

Chicago Style Bibliography Format:

Production Company. Title of Game . Version #. Production Company, Release Year. Platform. Other Information.

• Example: Rovio Entertainment, Angry Birds Transformers, v. 1.4.25, Rovio Entertainment, 2014, Android 4.0 or later, soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

Expert Q&A

• When in doubt, ask your instructor or editor what information they want to see in your citation. You can also show them your draft citation and ask if it's sufficient. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://style.mla.org/citing-a-video-game/
• ↑ http://askus.library.wwu.edu/faq/116850
• ↑ https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/01/how-to-cite-software-in-apa-style.html

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Apa citation guide (apa 7th edition): games & objects.

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Seneca Libraries Recommendation Note

Games & models, board games.

• Video, Mobile & Online Games
• Models & Objects

  Check with your instructor if you are required to cite the game.

Video, Mobile & Online Games

Models & physical objects.

  Check with your instructor if you are required to cite the object.

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): Games & Objects

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Games & Models

Board games.

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Video, Mobile & Online Games

  Check with your instructor if you are required to cite the game.

Models & Physical Objects

  Check with your instructor if you are required to cite the object.

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Video Games in Research

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Information Needed to Cite

In order to cite video games, you will need certain information. MLA, APA, and Chicago styles require a great deal of the same information. For all three styles you will need:

• Publication Date
• Version (update number)
• Contributor/ Author/ Rights Holder

Keep in mind that the citation styles for video games are somewhat in flux and may change in time.

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• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 11:49 AM
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Game Citation in MLA Style: An Interview with the MLA Style Team

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

The MLA style team often receives questions about how to cite digital games. As part of an ongoing academic project concerning game citation, Stefano Gualeni —associate professor at the Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta—asked us about our approach to documenting digital games.

SG: How did you go about setting a standard for citing digital games?

MLA: The eighth edition of the MLA Handbook reconceptualizes documentation for the digital age. Instead of providing separate instructions for every type of format (book, journal article, website, and so on), the new MLA style offers a universal set of guidelines that can be applied to any source. These general guidelines focus on core elements—such as author, title, and publisher—that are shared by most works. The new approach helps writers apply the elements to various sources, including games of all kinds.

SG: Why have you published posts on the Style Center about citing games?

MLA: Users submit questions on a wide variety of sources to our Ask the MLA feature on the Style Center . We often receive questions related to citing games—How do I cite a video game? How do I cite dialogue from a video game? How do I cite a game handbook?—so we have posted answers in response to our users’ needs.

SG: Are you planning on standardizing a way of citing board games and hybrid games, including both digital and physical game components? If you are, what differences are you expecting to see between citation standards for digital games and those for analog or hybrid games?

MLA: We invite the gaming community to send citation questions, with examples of sources, to Ask the MLA. We’re happy to provide sample citations showing how our universal approach can apply to those sources.

SG: Why is the MLA the only publisher with a set standard for how to cite digital games?

MLA: Other publishers, such as the University of Chicago Press, publisher of The Chicago Manual of Style , and the American Psychological Association, offer standards for how to cite games, though they categorize these citations under larger topics such as apps or software. One of the advantages of the MLA’s new approach is that it gives writers the tools to craft a citation for any type of source. This has two benefits: One, it allows writers to tailor citations to their specific needs. Two, it means that as new technologies and gaming conventions emerge, the style can accommodate them. 

SG: Discussions of game citation often try to tackle the problematic and shared authorship of games and digital games. What motivated your decisions concerning authorship in digital games?

MLA: We generally recommend listing collaborative works, such as games and films, by title, since it’s often unclear which creators have overall responsibility for the work. Various contributors to a collaborative work may be listed after the title, depending on whether they are the focus of discussion in the writer’s paper. If the writer focuses mainly on one person’s role, that person could be listed as the author at the start of the entry, as we show in our post on how to cite the handbook for a role-playing game such as Dungeons and Dragons .

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How to reference video games in a research paper

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

What information about a video game should be included in the bibliography.

There are various types of games: computer, console, mobile, browser, etc. However, they all require the same data to be included when compiling a bibliographic reference. Typically, it is sufficient to indicate the author (developer), publisher, game title, and publication date.

If you are referring to a specific version or edition of a video game, then this information must also be included. Additionally, you can include data about the device on which the game is running in the 'Edition' field. For example: 'PS5 Edition'.

Since various aspects of the game can be the subject of research (e.g., music, dialogues, plot, graphics, etc.), it is desirable to also indicate the names of the individuals responsible for these aspects. For example: 'Soundtrack by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson'.

Some citation styles may also require additional data, such as system requirements or the publisher's city.

How to create a bibliographic reference for a video game

Creating a bibliographic reference for a video game follows a specific structure determined by the chosen citation style. To begin, you should determine the citation style required for your work. This information is typically provided in author guidelines on scientific journal websites or other documentation published by universities or organizations.

If the desired citation style is available on Grafiati (you can check this on the main page ), you're in luck! You can skip the additional steps. Simply select the desired style from the main page menu and add video games or other sources to your bibliography. Your bibliographic references will be automatically created according to the rules of the selected standard. Moreover, you can reuse the created list of sources for other papers that require different citation styles, as all the data can be converted between styles with a click of a button.

If you have the time and energy to manually create a bibliography, you will need to find the citation rules for each type of source you need and compile and sort all the data by hand to give it the required structure.

Examples of game citations in the reference list

Below is a table we have compiled, which provides examples of bibliographic references to games according to popular citation styles.

All the references in the table were generated using Grafiati algorithms, ensuring accurate bibliographic records without the need for manual corrections. You can enjoy this quality of automatic citation on grafiati.com ! Try creating your first free bibliography now.

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How to cite a video game in Harvard

To cite a video game in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:

• Rightsholder of the video game: Give the name of the entity or individual that owns the rights of the game. If there is no rightsholder, place the title first followed by a version number, if available.
• Year of release: Give the year in round brackets.
• Title of Game: Give the title in italics, capitalizing all initial letters. Include edition if relevant.
• Publisher: Give the name of the publisher.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a video game in Harvard style:

Rightsholder of the video game . ( Year of release ) Title of Game [Video game]. Publisher .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:

A video game by an individual rightsholder

Amaya, D . ( 2004 ) Cave Story [Video game]. Nicalis .

A video game by an organization

Epic Games ( 2017 ) Fortnite: Battle Royale [Video game]. Epic Games .

This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.

More useful guides

• University College London - Referencing with Harvard: Computer game
• Harvard - Deakin University guide to referencing

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Video Games - Examples

Example of citation within the text - 

Minecraft (2009) is about...

Historical fiction adventure games such as Assassins creed III (2012) incorporate design elements that …

Example of how the reference for this source should appear:

Minecraft (2009) . Xbox 360 [Game]. Mojang, Stockholm. 

Assassins creed III (2012) .  PC/Mac [Game]. Ubisoft : Ultimo, NSW.

Video Games - points to note

The following format should be used when referencing pre-recorded Film DVDs

Title of game,  edition or version. (Year). Platform [Game]. Publisher: Place of publication.

Points to Note .

Refer to the title and year of the video game within your assignment and the remaining information in your reference list.

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How to Cite a Video Game in APA: Main Aspects with Examples

11 December 2023

last updated

Many scholars started to refer to video games as sources in their research papers. Basically, it is because this type of media affects the life of individuals, developing new social, psychological, and other theories. Also, the American Psychological Association (APA) requires people to follow specific rules in using such types of sources. In turn, students and other scholars need to know how to cite a video game in APA to organize their scientific studies. Hence, when students and scholars use a simulation as a source in academic writing, they must cite it accordingly.

For writing your paper, these links will be helpful:

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Main Rules for Citing a Vide Game in APA

In case of an APA document, the student should capture the following elements in the citation:

• The rightsholder’s name of a video game. Basically, a rightsholder is an individual or an organization that owns the rights of a simulation.
• The year of publication.
• The title of the video game.
• The version.
• The location of the producer.
• The name of the producer.

A Reference Entry Citation

1. The structure of a reference citation is as follows:

Name of the rightsholder. (The year of publication). The title of the video game (The version) [Video game]. Location of the producer: Name of the producer.

2. An example is as follows:

Epic Games. (2017). Fortnite: Save the World (PC Version) [Video game]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.

An In-Text Citation

Basically, students and scholars can cite a simulation in the body of the text (in-text) by using two methods.

In this case, the first approach is to use a parenthetical citation, where writers place the last name of the copyrights owner (or full name in case the copyrights owner is a company) as the end of a sentence. The example is:

The year 2017 saw a great deal of publication of video games, with Fortnite: Save the World being among the most celebrated by fans (Epic Games, 2017).

Another approach is to use the last name of the rightsholder (or full name if it is a company) in a sentence and indicate the year in parentheses. The example is:

Epic Games (2017) made a mark in the gaming world when it developed Fortnite: Save the World, which has become a hit with fans.

A Footnote Citation

An example of a footnote citation would be:

Epic Games, 2017, Fortnite: Save the World (PC Version) [Video game] (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment).

Also, see the video on citing in APA.

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

How to cite a brochure/pamphlet in apa and mla with examples, how to cite a case study in mla: works cited, text citation, and footnote.

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Electronic games are available for use on devices such as computers, tablets and mobile phones, as well as dedicated gaming machines such as Playstations and Xboxes.

The way in which we reference electronic games varies slightly depending on whether the game is supplied on storage media such as a CD/DVD,  or,  whether the game is downloaded from the internet.

A reference to an electronic game will generally require the following elements:

Games obtained on a CD

• Company or individual developer of the game
• Year of release           (in round brackets)
• Title of the game        (in italics and capitalise initial letters  - including edition if relevant) 
• [Video Game]

Games downloaded from the Internet

• Year of release          (in round brackets)
• Available at : URL
• Downloaded              (date of download)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List / Bibliography

Note : In this typical example the Developer and Publisher are the same.

Computer Games / Programs

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To be made up of:

• Title of game (in italics): edition or version (if available).
• Year (in round brackets).
• Game (in square brackets).
• Place of publication: Publisher

In-text citation:

( The Sims 4,  2014) 

Reference list:

The Sims 4 . (2014). PC [Game]. Redwood City, CA: Electronic Arts.  

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How to cite a video game in Bibtex

I am writing an essay on video games and naturally I am referencing a number of them as examples. Since we are in Computer Science, we use the IEEE reference style and there is a section that specifically shows how should a computer game be referenced :

[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings . [CD-ROM]. United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.

So what type of entity do I use in Bibtex and which fields do I set?

Note: I am using the IEEEtr bibliography style in latex.

3 Answers 3

@MISC{hobbit, author = "Veivendi Universal Games", title = "The Hobbit: The Prelude to the Lord of the Rings", howpublished = "[CD-ROM]", year = 2003, }

For anyone using the IEEEtran.bst style, the current accepted answer will abbreviate the author's names. Although it still doesn't match the requested style in the Question, I use the following format:

[63] “The Hobbit: The Prelude to the Lord of the Rings,” [PC CD-ROM], Vivendi Universal Games, 2003

Note that in order to avoid changes in capitalisations, the necessary characters must be in {} . An easier solution is to stick the whole title in braces:

This solution also leaves author open for games developed by individuals, e.g.:

As an aside, if you use the url field, IEEEtran automatically inserts an '[Online]':

[62] Q. Reeves and L. Salzman, “Red Eclipse,” 2011, v1.3.1. [Online]. Available: http://www.redeclipse.net

why don't you just use a book or misc type? Books also have titles and publishers. Just play a little with the different fields until the result suits you. The original Bibtex type can not be seen in the output file.

Regards Nick

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How to Reference in an Essay (9 Strategies of Top Students)

Are you feeling overwhelmed by referencing?

When you’re first asked to do referencing in an essay it can be hard to get your head around it. If it’s been a while since you were first taught how to reference, it can be intimidating to ask again how to do it!

I have so many students who consistently lose marks just because they didn’t get referencing right! They’re either embarrassed to ask for extra help or too lazy to learn how to solve the issues.

So, here’s a post that will help you solve the issues on your own.

Already think you’re good at referencing? No worries. This post goes through some surprising and advanced strategies for anyone to improve no matter what level you are at!

In this post I’m going to show you exactly how to reference in an essay. I’ll explain why we do it and I’ll show you 9 actionable tips on getting referencing right that I’m sure you will not have heard anywhere else!

The post is split into three parts:

• What is a Reference and What is a Citation?
• Why Reference? (4 Things you Should Know)
• How to Reference (9 Strategies of Top Students)

If you think you’ve already got a good understanding of the basics, you can jump to our 9 Advanced Strategies section.

Part 1: What is a Reference and What is a Citation?

What is a citation.

An in-text mention of your source. A citation is a short mention of the source you got the information from, usually in the middle or end of a sentence in the body of your paragraph. It is usually abbreviated so as not to distract the reader too much from your own writing. Here’s two examples of citations. The first is in APA format. The second is in MLA format:

• APA: Archaeological records trace the original human being to equatorial Africa about 250,000–350,000 years ago (Schlebusch & Jakobsson, 2018) .
• MLA: Archaeological records trace the original human being to equatorial Africa about 250,000–350,000 years ago (Schlebusch and Jakobsson 1) .

In APA format, you’ve got the authors and year of publication listed. In MLA format, you’ve got the authors and page number listed. If you keep reading, I’ll give some more tips on formatting further down in this article.

And a Reference is:

What is a Reference?

A reference is the full details of a source that you list at the end of the article. For every citation (see above) there needs to be a corresponding reference at the end of the essay showing more details about that source. The idea is that the reader can see the source in-text (i.e. they can look at the citation) and if they want more information they can jump to the end of the page and find out exactly how to go about finding the source.

Here’s how you would go about referencing the Schlebusch and Jakobsson source in a list at the end of the essay. Again, I will show you how to do it in APA and MLA formats:

• APA: Schlebusch, C. & Jakobsson, M. (2018). Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics , 11 (33), 1–24.
• MLA: Schlebusch, Carina and Mattias Jakobsson. “Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa.” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics , vol. 11, no. 33, 2018, pp. 1–24.

In strategy 1 below I’ll show you the easiest and fool proof way to write these references perfectly every time.

One last quick note: sometimes we say ‘reference’ when we mean ‘citation’. That’s pretty normal. Just roll with the punches. It’s usually pretty easy to pick up on what our teacher means regardless of whether they use the word ‘reference’ or ‘citation’.

Part 2: Why Reference in an Essay? (4 Things you Should Know)

Referencing in an essay is important. By the time you start doing 200-level courses, you probably won’t pass the course unless you reference appropriately. So, the biggest answer to ‘why reference?’ is simple: Because you Have To!

Okay let’s be serious though … here’s the four top ‘real’ reasons to reference:

1. Referencing shows you Got an Expert’s Opinion

You can’t just write an essay on what you think you know. This is a huge mistake of beginning students. Instead this is what you need to do:

Top Tip: Essays at university are supposed to show off that you’ve learned new information by reading the opinions of experts.

Every time you place a citation in your paragraph, you’re showing that the information you’re presenting in that paragraph was provided to you by an expert. In other words, it means you consulted an expert’s opinion to build your knowledge.

If you have citations throughout the essay with links to a variety of different expert opinions, you’ll show your marker that you did actually genuinely look at what the experts said with an open mind and considered their ideas.

This will help you to grow your grades.

2. Referencing shows you read your Assigned Readings

Your teacher will most likely give you scholarly journal articles or book chapters to read for homework between classes. You might have even talked about those assigned readings in your seminars and tutorials.

Great! The assigned readings are very important to you.

You should definitely cite the assigned readings relevant to your essay topic in your evaluative essay (unless your teacher tells you not to). Why? I’ll explain below.

• Firstly, the assigned readings were selected by your teacher because your teacher (you know, the person who’s going to mark your essay) believes they’re the best quality articles on the topic. Translation: your teacher gave you the best source you’re going to find. Make sure you use it!
• Secondly, by citing the assigned readings you are showing your teacher that you have been paying attention throughout the course. You are showing your teacher that you have done your homework, read those assigned readings and paid attention to them. When my students submit an essay that has references to websites, blogs, wikis and magazines I get very frustrated. Why would you cite low quality non-expert sources like websites when I gave you the expert’s article!? Really, it frustrates me so, so much.

So, cite the assigned readings to show your teacher you read the scholarly articles your teacher gave to you. It’ll help you grow your marks.

3. Referencing deepens your Knowledge

Okay, so you understand that you need to use referencing to show you got experts’ opinions on the topic.

But there’s more to it than that. There’s actually a real benefit for your learning.

If you force yourself to cite two expert sources per paragraph, you’re actually forcing yourself to get two separate pieces of expert knowledge. This will deepen your knowledge!

So, don’t treat referencing like a vanity exercise to help you gain more marks. Actually view it as an opportunity to develop deeper understandings of the topic!

When you read expert sources, aim to pick up on some new gems of knowledge that you can discuss in your essays. Some things you should look out for when finding sources to reference:

• Examples that link ideas to real life. Do the experts provide real-life examples that you can mention in your essay?
• Facts and figures. Usually experts have conducted research on a topic and provide you with facts and figures from their research. Use those facts and figures to deepen your essay!
• Short Quotes. Did your source say something in a really interesting, concise or surprising way? Great! You can quote that source in your essay .
• New Perspectives. Your source might give you another perspective, angle or piece of information that you can add to your paragraph so that it’s a deep, detailed and interesting paragraph.

So, the reason we ask you to reference is at the end of the day because it’s good for you: it helps you learn!

4. Referencing backs up your Claims

You might think you already know a ton of information about the topic and be ready to share your mountains of knowledge with your teacher. Great!

So, should you still reference?

Yes. Definitely.

You need to show that you’re not the only person with your opinion. You need to ‘stand on the shoulders of giants.’ Show what other sources have said about your points to prove that experts agree with you.

You should be saying: this is my opinion and it’s based on facts, expert opinions and deep, close scrutiny of all the arguments that exist out there .

If you make a claim that no one else has made, your teacher is going to be like “Have you even been reading the evidence on this topic?” The answer, if there are no citations is likely: No. You haven’t.

Even if you totally disagree with the experts, you still need to say what their opinions are! You’ll need to say: “This is the experts’ opinions. And this is why I disagree.”

So, yes, you need to reference to back up every claim. Try to reference twice in every paragraph to achieve this.

Part 3: Strategies for How to Reference in an Essay (9 Strategies of Top Students)

Let’s get going with our top strategies for how to reference in an essay! These are strategies that you probably haven’t heard elsewhere. They work for everyone – from beginner to advanced! Let’s get started:

1. Print out your Reference Style Cheat Sheet

Referencing is hard and very specific. You need to know where to place your italics, where the commas go and whether to use an initial for full name for an author.

There are so many details to get right.

And here’s the bad news: The automated referencing apps and websites nearly always get it wrong! They tell you they can generate the citation for you. The fact of the matter is: they can’t!

Here’s the best way to get referencing right: Download a referencing cheat sheet and have it by your side while writing your essay.

Your assignment outline should tell you what type of referencing you should use. Different styles include: APA Style, MLA Style, Chicago Style, Harvard Style, Vancouver Style … and many more!

You need to find out which style you need to use and download your cheat sheet. You can jump onto google to find a cheat sheet by typing in the google bar:

Download a pdf version of the referencing style cheat sheet, print it out, and place it on your pinboard or by your side when writing your essay.

2. Only cite Experts

There are good and bad sources to cite in an essay.

You should only cite sources written, critiqued and edited by experts. This shows that you have got the skill of finding information that is authoritative. You haven’t just used information that any old person popped up on their blog. You haven’t just gotten information from your local newspaper. Instead, you got information from the person who is an absolute expert on the topic.

Here’s an infographic listing sources that you should and shouldn’t cite. Feel free to share this infographic on social media, with your teachers and your friends:

3. Always use Google Scholar

Always. Use. Google. Scholar.

Ten years ago students only had their online university search database to find articles. Those university databases suck. They rarely find the best quality sources and there’s always a big mix of completely irrelevant sources mixed in there.

Google Scholar is better at finding the sources you want. That’s because it looks through the whole article abstract and analyses it to see if it’s relevant to your search keywords. By contrast, most university search databases rely only on the titles of articles.

Use the power of the best quality search engine in the world to find scholarly sources .

Note: Google and Google Scholar are different search engines.

To use Google Scholar, go to: https://scholar.google.com

Then, search on google scholar using keywords. I’m going to search keywords for an essay on the topic: “What are the traits of a good nurse?”

If you really like the idea of that first source, I recommend copying the title and trying your University online search database. Your university may give you free access.

4. Cite at least 50% sources you found on your Own Research

Okay, so I’ve told you that you should cite both assigned readings and readings you find from Google Scholar.

Here’s the ideal mix of assigned sources and sources that you found yourself: 50/50.

Your teacher will want to see that you can use both assigned readings and do your own additional research to write a top essay . This shows you’ve got great research skills but also pay attention to what is provided in class.

I recommend that you start with the assigned readings and try to get as much information out of them, then find your own additional sources beyond that using Google Scholar.

So, if your essay has 10 citations, a good mix is 5 assigned readings and 5 readings you found by yourself.

5. Cite Newer Sources

As a general rule, the newer the source the better .

The best rule of thumb that most teachers follow is that you should aim to mostly cite sources from the past 10 years . I usually accept sources from the past 15 years when marking essays.

However, sometimes you have a really great source that’s 20, 30 or 40 years old. You should only cite these sources if they’re what we call ‘seminal texts’. A seminal text is one that was written by an absolute giant in your field and revolutionized the subject.

Here’s some examples of seminal authors whose old articles you would be able to cite despite the fact that they’re old:

• Education: Vygotsky, Friere, Piaget
• Sociology: Weber, Marx, C. Wright Mills
• Psychology: Freud, Rogers, Jung

Even if I cite seminal authors, I always aim for at least 80% of my sources to have been written in the past 10 years.

6. Reference twice per Paragraph

How much should you reference?

Here’s a good strategy: Provide two citations in every paragraph in the body of the essay.

It’s not compulsory to reference in the introduction and conclusion . However, in all the other paragraphs, aim for two citations.

Let’s go over the key strategies for achieving this:

• These two citations should be to different sources, not the same sources twice;
• Two citations per paragraph shows your points are backed up by not one, but two expert sources;
• Place one citation in the first half of the paragraph and one in the second half. This will indicate to your marker that all the points in the whole paragraph are backed up by your citations.

This is a good rule of thumb for you when you’re not sure when and how often to reference. When you get more confident with your referencing, you can mix this up a little.

7. The sum total of your sources should be minimum 1 per 150 words

You can, of course, cite one source more than once throughout the essay. You might cite the same source in the second, fourth and fifth paragraphs. That’s okay.

But, you don’t want your whole essay to be based on a narrow range of sources. You want your marker to see that you have consulted multiple sources to get a wide range of information on the topic. Your marker wants to know that you’ve seen a range of different opinions when coming to your conclusions.

When you get to the end of your essay, check to see how many sources are listed in the end-text reference list. A good rule of thumb is 1 source listed in the reference list per 150 words. Here’s how that breaks down by essay size:

• 1500 word essay: 10 sources (or more) listed in the reference list
• 2000 word essay: 13 sources (or more) listed in the reference list
• 3000 word essay: 20 sources (or more) listed in the reference list
• 5000 word essay: 33 sources (or more) listed in the reference list

8. Instantly improve your Reference List with these Three Tips

Here’s two things you can do to instantly improve your reference list. It takes less than 20 seconds and gives your reference list a strong professional finish:

a) Ensure the font size and style are the same

You will usually find that your whole reference list ends up being in different font sizes and styles. This is because you tend to copy and paste the titles and names in the citations from other sources. If you submit the reference list with font sizes and styles that are not the same as the rest of the essay, the piece looks really unprofessional.

So, quickly highlight the whole reference list and change its font to the same font size and style as the rest of your essay. The screencast at the end of Step 8 walks you through this if you need a hand!

b) List your sources in alphabetical order.

Nearly every referencing style insists that references be listed in alphabetical order. It’s a simple thing to do before submitting and makes the piece look far more professional.

If you’re using Microsoft Word, simply highlight your whole reference list and click the A>Z button in the toolbar. If you can’t see it, you need to be under the ‘home’ tab (circled below):

You’ve probably never heard of a hanging indent. It’s a style where the second line of the reference list is indented further from the left-hand side of the page than the first line. It’s a strategy that’s usually used in reference lists provided in professional publications.

If you use the hanging indent, your reference list will look far more professional.

Here’s a quick video of me doing it for you:

9. Do one special edit especially for Referencing Style

The top students edit their essays three to five times spaced out over a week or more before submitting. One of those edits should be specifically for ensuring your reference list adheres to the referencing style that your teacher requires.

To do this, I recommend you get that cheat sheet printout that I mentioned in Step 1 and have it by your side while you read through the piece. Pay special attention to the use of commas, capital letters, brackets and page numbers for all citations. Also pay attention to the reference list: correct formatting of the reference list can be the difference between getting the top mark in the class and the fifth mark in the class. At the higher end of the marking range, things get competitive and formatting of the reference list counts.

A Quick Summary of the 9 Top Strategies…

Follow the rules of your referencing style guide (and that cheat sheet I recommended!) and use the top 9 tips above to improve your referencing and get top marks. Not only will your referencing look more professional, you’ll probably increase the quality of the content of your piece as well when you follow these tips!

Here’s a final summary of the 9 top tips:

Strategies for How to Reference in an Essay (9 Strategies of Top Students)

• Print out your Reference Style Cheat Sheet
• Only cite Experts
• Always use Google Scholar
• Cite at least 50% sources you found on your Own Research
• Cite Newer Sources
• Reference twice per Paragraph
• The sum total of your sources should be minimum 1 per 150 words
• Instantly improve your Reference List with these Three Tips
• Do one special edit especially for Referencing Style

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

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As the Capitals push for the playoffs, Dylan Strome is leveling up

Dylan Strome says he has never been to the Stanley Cup playoffs. Technically, he played in the bubble postseason with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2020, but Strome doesn’t count that unique experience.

This year, though, Strome and the Washington Capitals are closer to the playoffs — the normal version — than the 27-year-old center has ever been before. And Strome, who set a career high with 25 goals after scoring twice, including the overtime winner, in the Capitals’ victory over the Detroit Red Wings on Tuesday , is a key reason Washington is still in the chase.

“He’s just such a gamer,” Capitals Coach Spencer Carbery said. “He wants to win so badly. You can feel it when you talk to him. You feel it on the bench. It’s not about him. It’s not about his own individual stats, goals, assists. He wants to score so badly because he wants to win.”

Strome began the season on a hot streak , but his scoring numbers had dropped off in the second half of the season. Until his two-goal game Tuesday, he had just two goals in March — while contributing 13 assists, so he hadn’t gone completely cold. But for a player who expects as much from himself as Strome does, especially at a critical time of the year, he wanted to be doing more.

“It’s a lot of fun to play,” Strome said. “Everyone wants to thrive in the big games and play games that really matter. It feels like that right now.”

Against the Carolina Hurricanes on Friday, Strome played a season-high 25:06, tallied three assists and scored the shootout winner to cap a frenetic, roller-coaster game that swung wildly. Though Strome was 0 for 9 in the shootout in his career, including 0 for 4 this season before stepping up in the fifth round that night, he was adamant on the bench that he wanted Carbery to call his name.

When Carbery addressed the team in the dressing room after the game, he compared Strome, and his desire to step up in the biggest moment, to Michael Jordan.

“In shootouts, I’ve come to learn, he wants to shoot every single time,” Carbery said, chuckling, after Tuesday’s game. “If he hasn’t shot yet, we’re making eye contact every single time. That kind of goes to what you’re talking about. He wants to shoot. … Even if he’s missed three or four in a row, he’s looking back like: ‘I’m the guy. I’m going to score here, and I’m going to win this game for the team.’

“As a coach, I love that because you want people to want the ball — want the moment — when it’s tough. When the game’s on the line, when they can deliver, you want people that aren’t shying away from that, and Dylan Strome is a prime example of that.”

With the Capitals two points clear of the Red Wings for the eighth and final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference with 11 games remaining, Washington is starting to feel confident about its chances of returning to the postseason. Strome has done just about everything he can do over the past week to help the Capitals get there — and get his own taste of the playoffs.

“I think he’s been one of our best players. I think that says it all,” center Nic Dowd said. “If you’re going to come and play and be consistent nightly and be relied upon to be offensive, and you’re producing and you’re doing a good job at it, I think that speaks to how much he cares about the situation that we’re in.”

Since arriving in Washington , Strome has set — and then exceeded — his career high in goals, and he’s on pace to surpass last season’s career-high point total of 65. When Strome signed with the Capitals, he said he just wanted “to be wanted,” and now he’s an integral part of a playoff push.

“It’s special, for sure,” Strome said. “Being from Toronto, [I was] always fortunate to be on really good teams growing up in minor hockey. And then in the [Ontario Hockey League], we had four really good teams and really good years, always made it to the conference finals or finals. Obviously hasn’t worked out in the NHL so far for getting to the playoffs, but it feels like hopefully, this is the year.

“We’re right there. We control our own destiny.”

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Watch March Madness 2024: Where to stream every game of men and women's NCAA tournament

March Madness is in full swing and it's nearly time for the Sweet 16! On the men's side, top-seeded teams dominated the first two rounds of the tournament, with all eight of the top overall seeds making the Sweet 16 cut . In the women's tournament , All four No. 1 seeds have advanced to the next round, and Caitlin Clark continues to set records on the court. The NCAA action continues tonight when Sweet 16 games tip off. Are you ready to watch March Madness? Here’s everything you need to know about how to follow the NCAA tournament, including the full March Madness schedule, how to watch games for free and more.

How to watch March Madness:

Paramount+ with showtime, stream live games on cbs, max + b/r sports, watch live games on tbs, tnt and trutv.

Dates: Mar. 19 - Apr. 8

TV Channel: CBS, TBS, TruTV, ESPN, ABC

Streaming: Paramount+ with SHOWTIME , Max , Sling

How long is March Madness 2024?

The NCAA basketball tournament runs for roughly three weeks, starting with Selection Sunday (Mar. 17) and ending with the NCAA Championship game on Apr. 8. In that time, 135 games will be played combined between the men's and women's divisions.

March Madness channel:

Games for the men's NCAA tournament will air live across a combination of CBS, TBS, TNT and truTV. In the past, that combo has been hard to come by with just one, two or even three streaming services. But this year watching March Madness should be whole lot less ... maddening . Many people have access to CBS already free over-the-air. But if you don't currently get live local channels like CBS on your TV, we recommend looking into an old school TV antenna , or signing up for Paramount+ with SHOWTIME, which includes access to live CBS coverage.

For the other channels, HBO's Max is currently still offering its sports add-on (B/R Sports) free for subscribers of any Max tier. So for $9.99/month, you can catch live March Madness games airing on TNT, TBS and TruTV.

Games for the women's NCAA tournament will air across ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, ESPNews and ABC.

If you only want to add one subscription to your arsenal, some live TV streaming services offer all (or nearly all) the channels you'll need to keep up with March Madness, like Sling, DirecTV and YouTube TV.

How to watch March Madness without cable:

For streaming March Madness, you'll need the Paramount+ with SHOWTIME tier for $12. The subscription is ad-free and includes live access to your local CBS channel.  

In addition to sporting events like March Madness, Premier League and Champions League games, Paramount+ offers a host of other hit shows, new and classic movies and live sporting events. Unlike a lot of other streaming services these days, Paramount+ still offers a one-week free trial — so new subscribers can sign up to watch Selection Sunday this weekend and check out the rest of the Paramount+ library totally free for seven days.

Stream live games on TBS, TNT and TruTV

Max has been "the one to watch" for entertainment fans for quite some time, but now, it's drawing sports fans in, too. For a limited time, Max subscribers can get the new B/R Sports add-on totally free. That includes live NBA games on TBS, TNT, and truTV. 

Sling TV Orange & Blue

Watch abc, tnt, tbs, trutv espn and espn2.

Starting at $30 for your first month, Sling TV's Orange & Blue plan offers TNT, TBS, TruTV, ABC, ESPN and ESPN2 — AKA nearly every channel you'll need to watch both men's and women's March Madness (along with 30+ other channels). With the $11/month Sports Extra add-on, you can also get ESPNU and ESPNews, for even more women's March Madness games. The biggest downside? You don't get CBS, so if you don't have access to your live local CBS channel, you'll miss out on some of the men's tournament. 

A Sling subscription also includes 50 hours of free DVR storage, so if you’re worried about missing any of the NCAA action, you can always record games.

• Watch nearly every game of the men's and women's NCAA tournament
• No games on CBS

Watch CBS, ABC, TNT, TBS, TruTV, ESPN, ESPN2

Directv entertainment, march madness schedule 2024:.

Sunday, March 17: NCAA Tournament Selection Show

March 19-20: First Four games in Dayton, Ohio

March 21-22: First round games at various locations

March 23-24: Second round games at various locations

March 28-29: Sweet 16 games at various locations

March 30-31: Elite Eight games at various locations

April 6: Final Four games at State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona

April 8: NCAA Championship Game at Start Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona

NCAA tournament Sweet 16 schedule:

Thursday, Mar. 28 (men's)

(2) Arizona vs. (6) Clemson: 7:09 p.m. (CBS)

(1) UConn vs. (5) San Diego State: 7:39 p.m. (TBS/truTV)

(1) North Carolina vs. (4) Alabama: 9:39 p.m. (CBS)

(2) Iowa State vs. (3) Illinois: 10:09 p.m. (TBS/truTV)

Friday, Mar. 29 (men's)

(2) Marquette vs. (11) NC State: 7:09 p.m. (CBS)

(1) Purdue vs. (5) Gonzaga: 7:39 p.m. (TBS/truTV)

(1) Houston vs. (4) Duke: 9:39 p.m. (CBS)

(2) Tennessee vs. (3) Creighton: 10:09 p.m. (TBS/truTV)

Friday, Mar. 29 (women's)

(2) Notre Dame vs. (3) Oregon State: 2:30 p.m. (ESPN)

(1) South Carolina vs. (4) Indiana: 5 p.m. (ESPN)

(2) Stanford vs. (3) NC State: 7:30 p.m. (ESPN)

(1) Texas vs. (4) Gonzaga: 10 p.m. (ESPN)

Saturday, Mar. 30 (women's)

(3) LSU vs. (2) UCLA: 1 p.m. (ABC)

(1) Iowa vs. (5) Colorado: 3:30 p.m. (ABC)

(1) Southern California vs. (5) Baylor: 5:30 p.m. (ESPN)

(3) UConn vs. (7) Duke: 8 p.m. (ESPN)

More ways to watch March Madness 2024:

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Take-Two Buys Gearbox From Embracer, Confirms Development on New Borderlands Game

A new homeworld game is also in development..

Embracer Group has officially divested Gearbox Entertainment, selling the division to Take-Two Interactive for $460 million.

In a press release , Embracer shared that it is divesting Gearbox Software, Gearbox Montreal, Gearbox Studio Quebec, and the franchises Borderlands, Tiny Tina's Wonderlands, Homeworld, Risk of Rain, Brothers in Arms, and Duke Nukem. Embracer will retain rights to Gearbox Publishing San Francisco (formerly Perfect World Entertainment, and which it plans to rename), the publishing rights to Remnant, Hyper Light Breaker, and other unannounced games, Cryptic Studios, Lost Boys Interactive, and Captured Dimensions. All of its retained assets will be integrated into other parts of Embracer Group. The sale is expected to close by the end of June.

Gearbox will join Take-Two's 2K division and will continue to be led by CEO and founder Randy Pitchford. Currently, Gearbox has both a new Borderlands and a new Homeworld game in development, as well as "at least one exciting new intellectual property," per a separate press release .

Notably, the full purchase price of $460 million will be paid to Embracer Group in Take-Two shares rather than cash. For comparison, Embracer originally purchased Gearbox for $363 million, half in cash and half in newly-issued Embracer Group shares, with an additional consideration of $1.015 billion (also partially in shares) to be paid out if Gearbox hit certain targets within six years.

Gearbox and Take-Two have had a long-standing relationship, with Take-Two serving as the publisher of the Borderlands franchise via its 2K label. The two also have partnered on an upcoming Borderlands film , as well as Gearbox's 2016 game Battleborn.

Embracer Group has been gradually shedding a number of its many, many studios after an multi-year acquisition spree fell apart last year . Most recently, it divested Saber Interactive , and has made numerous cuts such as the closure of Saints Row developer Volition , the cancellation of an unannounced Deus Ex game , and the layoffs of over 900 staff , with more expected in the future.

Borderlands: Complete Playlist

Rebekah Valentine is a senior reporter for IGN. Got a story tip? Send it to [email protected].

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How to watch MLB Opening Day today: Baseball livestream options, game starting times, more

By Meredith Gordon , Fox Van Allen

March 28, 2024 / 10:09 AM EDT / Essentials

CBS Essentials is created independently of the CBS News editorial staff. We may receive commissions from some links to products on this page. Promotions are subject to availability and retailer terms.

After a dramatic spring training , MLB Opening Day is finally here. For the second season in a row, all 30 MLB teams will play on Opening Day.

Not all Opening Day games will be broadcast nationally this year, so knowing how and when to watch your favorite team play requires some sleuthing. While you focus on getting game day ready, we're spilling the details on all things MLB Opening Day, including how to watch every out-of-market game. 

When is Opening Day 2024?

Opening Day of the 2024 MLB season is on Thursday, March 28, 2024. 

What teams are playing on Opening Day 2024?

For the second year straight, all 30 teams will play on Opening Day. The first game on the Opening Day schedule is the New York Mets vs. Milwaukee Brewers game at 1:10 p.m. ET (10:10 a.m. PT). 

How to watch MLB Opening Day with cable

The only thing trickier than anticipating a Spencer Strider fastball is trying to figure out how to watch your favorite MLB team play on Opening Day -- especially if you don't live in that team's local TV market. Each MLB team has a local TV affiliate that broadcasts that team's game live on cable. If you don't live in that team's broadcast area, you'll need to stream the games.

• ESPN will broadcast the Texas Rangers vs. Chicago Cubs Opening Day game at 7:35 p.m. ET (4:35 p.m. PT). 
• All MLB Opening Day games will stream live on MLB.TV. *
• MLB Network will broadcast the St. Louis Cardinals vs. Los Angeles Dodgers game or the Toronto Blue Jays vs. Tampa Bay Rays game at 04:00 PM ET (1:00 p.m. PT). *
• MLB Network will also broadcast the Boston Red Sox vs. Seattle Mariners game or the Colorado Rockies vs. Arizona Diamondbacks game at 10:30 PM ET (7:30 p.m. PT). *

*In-market games and nationally televised games are subject to blackout restrictions on MLB.TV

How to watch MLB Opening Day without cable

While many cable packages include ESPN and MLB Network, you won't be able to watch many Opening Day games without a subscription to MLB.TV, which streams most out-of-market MLB games this season and all Opening Day games. (Streaming options will require an  internet provider .)

Watch every Opening Day game free with Fubo

You can watch all network-aired Opening Day games, plus those not broadcast on ESPN or MLB Network with a subscription to  Fubo . Fubo is a sports-centric streaming service that offers access to every Opening Day game via MLB Network, ESPN and MLB.TV, which is now offered as an add-on on Fubo. 

Fubo packages also include CBS, Fox Sunday NFC games via "NFL on Fox", NBC (Sunday Night Football), ESPN (Monday Night Football), NFL Network and more, so you'll be able to watch more than just today's game, all without a cable subscription. Another great reason to love Fubo is its lookback feature, which lets you watch sporting events up to 72 hours after they air live. 

To watch MLB Opening Day without cable, start a three-day free trial of Fubo. You can begin watching immediately on your TV, phone, tablet or computer. In addition to Major League Baseball, Fubo offers NFL,  NBA , NHL, MLS,  NCAA college basketball  and international soccer games. Fubo's Pro Tier is priced at $80 per month after your free seven-day trial, but right now the platform is offering $20 off your first month. You can add MLB.TV to your subscription for $24.99 per month.

Top features of Fubo Pro Tier:

• There are no contracts with Fubo -- you can cancel at any time.
• The Pro tier includes 199 channels, including MLB Network. 
• Fubo includes all the channels you'll need to watch college and pro football, including CBS (not available through Sling TV).
• All tiers come with 1,000 hours of cloud-based DVR recording.
• Stream on your TV, phone, and other devices.
• Local games will be blacked out on MLB.TV, but you can still watch them on Fubo through your local TV affiliate coverage.

Stream MLB Opening Day on Sling TV for half price

If you don't have cable TV that includes ESPN and MLB Network, one of the most cost-effective ways to stream live baseball this year is through a  subscription to Sling TV.  The streamer offers access to the nationally aired MLB, NFL and NBA games, plus NFL Network, local NBC, Fox and ABC affiliates (where available) and ESPN with its Orange + Blue Tier plan. Also worth noting: Sling TV comes with 50 hours of cloud-based DVR recording space included, perfect for recording all the season's top NFL matchups. To access MLB Network, subscribe to Sling TV and add the Sports Extra add-on.

The Orange + Blue Tier plan normally costs $60 per month, but the streamer is currently offering a 50% off promotion for your first month, so you'll pay just $30.  You can add MLB Network via the Sports Extra add-on for $11-$15 per month depending on the tier you choose. Learn more by tapping the button below.

Top features of Sling TV Orange + Blue tier:

• There are 46 channels to watch, including local NBC, Fox and ABC affiliates (where available).
• You get access to most MLB Opening Day games and nationally broadcast games at the lowest price.
• All subscription tiers include 50 hours of cloud-based DVR storage.

Watch the Braves vs. Phillies game with ESPN+

Catch the Atlanta Braves vs. Philadelphia Phillies Opening Day game at 3:05 p.m. ET (12:05 p.m. ET), plus many regular season MLB games on the  ESPN+ subscription streaming service . ESPN+ offers exclusive live events, original studio shows and top-tier series that aren't accessible on the ESPN networks. ESPN+ subscribers may also purchase UFC PPV events and access the platform's vast archive of on-demand content, including the entire 30 For 30 catalog, game replays and select ESPN films.

It is important to note that ESPN+ does not include access to the ESPN network. It is a separate sports-centric service, with separate sports programming. A subscription to ESPN+ starts at $10 per month.

Here's a sampling of what's available on ESPN+ :

• Get access to top-tier tennis including the Australian Open and Wimbledon, plus the PGA Tour and the Masters.
• Get exclusive fantasy sports tools and content from some of the sports world's most respected voices.  
• College sports  including the Ivy League, Big Sky Conference and Atlantic A10 Conference.

If you have a subscription to ESPN+ and want to catch every MLB Opening Day game, you can add MLB.TV to your ESPN+ subscription. MLB.TV will broadcast every Opening Day game this year, giving you the most access to the most games.

MLB.TV through ESPN+ is $35 per month. You can cancel anytime. You must be an ESPN+ subscriber to add MLB.TV. 

Watch MLB Opening Day free with the Prime Video MLB.TV add on

Amazon Prime Video subscribers can add MLB.TV to their Prime membership and stream Opening Day games, and every out-of-market MLB game of the regular season, with the Prime Video MLB.TV add-on. The MLB.TV add-on features out-of-market teams only during the regular season. Note: Nationally televised games will not be broadcast on MLB.TV.

To subscribe to MLB.TV through Prime Video, tap the button below to add MLB.TV to your Prime subscription. You'll pay $30 per month after your seven-day free trial ends.

Watch network-aired Opening Day games on Hulu + Live TV

You can watch network-aired MLB Opening Day games and nationally televised MLB games during the regular season, plus the NFL, including NFL Network, with  Hulu + Live TV . The bundle features access to 90 channels and unlimited DVR storage is also included. Watch every sports game on every network with Hulu + Live TV, plus catch live MLB regular season games, exclusive live regular season games, popular studio shows (including NFL Total Access and the Emmy-nominated show Good Morning Football) and lots more.

Note: MLB Network is not included in a Hulu + Live TV subscription. Hulu + Live TV comes bundled with ESPN+ and Disney+, giving you access to more MLB games, for $77 per month.

Opening Day 2024 schedule

All 30 MLB teams will play on Opening Day . Below is a list of Thursday's game times and matchups. All games will be broadcast on MLB. TV (local games and nationally televised games will be blacked out on MLB.TV).

• Mets vs. Brewers ( Jose Quintana  vs.  Freddy Peralta ), 1:10 p.m. ET
• Orioles  vs.  Angels  (Corbin Burnes vs.  Patrick Sandoval ), 3:05 p.m. ET
• Phillies  vs.  Braves  (Zack Wheeler vs. Spencer Strider), 3:05 p.m. ET (ESPN+)
• Reds  vs.  Nationals  ( Frankie Montas  vs.  Josiah Gray ), 4:10 p.m. ET
• Padres vs.  Giants  (TBD vs. Logan Webb), 4:10 p.m. ET
• Dodgers vs.  Cardinals  (TBD vs.  Miles Mikolas ), 4:10 p.m. ET (MLB Network)
• Rays  vs.  Blue Jays  ( Zach Eflin  vs. José Berríos), 4:10 p.m. ET (MLB Network)
• Marlins  vs.  Pirates  (Jesús Luzardo vs.  Mitch Keller ), 4:10 p.m. ET
• Royals  vs.  Twins  ( Cole Ragans  vs. Pablo López), 4:10 p.m. ET
• Astros  vs. Yankees ( Framber Valdez  vs.  Nestor Cortes ), 4:10 p.m. ET
• White Sox  vs.  Tigers  ( Garrett Crochet  vs.  Tarik Skubal ), 4:10 p.m. ET
• Rangers vs. Cubs ( Nathan Eovaldi  vs.  Justin Steele ), 7:35 p.m. ET (ESPN)
• Guardians  vs. A's ( Alex Wood  vs.  Shane Bieber ), 10:07 p.m. ET
• Diamondbacks  vs.  Rockies  ( Zac Gallen  vs.  Kyle Freeland ), 10:10 p.m. ET (MLB Network)
• Mariners vs. Red Sox ( Luis Castillo  vs.  Brayan Bello ), 10:10 p.m. ET (MLB Network)
• Shohei Ohtani
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An inside look at windows and surface leadership changes that could have far-reaching effects..

By Tom Warren , a senior editor covering Microsoft, PC gaming, console, and tech. He founded WinRumors, a site dedicated to Microsoft news, before joining The Verge in 2012.

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After Windows and Surface chief Panos Panay departed Microsoft last year, the software giant quickly split his two divisions into two different teams. It was a move designed to push Windows engineers to focus on more web and AI features under Mikhail Parakhin, who was previously responsible for Bing and ads. It didn’t work out.

Six months after that shake-up, Windows and Surface are back together under a new leader, following frustrations from the very top of Microsoft. The shuffling comes just as Microsoft gets ready for a big “AI PC” push.

Pavan Davuluri, who’s currently in charge of Surface hardware, will now lead both Windows and Surface . Mustafa Suleyman, the DeepMind co-founder who Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella just hired , will now take over the company’s consumer AI push as the CEO of Microsoft AI. The hiring of Suleyman is a key admission that something wasn’t working out with the Windows and AI shake-up from six months ago.

Nadella placed Suleyman above Parakhin in Microsoft’s organization chart. Parakhin had taken on parts of Windows engineering after Panay’s departure last year, and he had been working closely on Bing Chat and several Microsoft Edge features. Parakhin’s official title was CEO of advertising and web services at Microsoft, so if he remained in his position then he would have been a CEO, reporting to the Microsoft AI CEO, who reports to the actual Microsoft CEO. That’s a lot of CEOs, and Microsoft typically reserves CEO titles for big acquisitions like LinkedIn or GitHub, or for big divisions like Microsoft Gaming.

Instead, Parakhin is leaving his current position and “has decided to explore new roles” according to a Microsoft internal memo obtained by The Verge . He will report to Kevin Scott, the previous face of Microsoft’s AI efforts, during a transition phase. But it sounds like Parakhin will be leaving Microsoft soon.

It’s a surprise turn of events for a leader who one source described to me as one of the “fastest rising leaders in the company” just six months ago. Parakhin was responsible for Microsoft’s reborn advertising business and all of the company’s ad-based consumer businesses. It’s a big organization of more than 10,000 people, but some were frustrated with the way it was being managed. Bloomberg reported earlier this week that Nadella was growing impatient with Parakhin’s team, too.

One employee, who wishes to remain anonymous, tells me that the web experiences team that Parakhin led had a different culture from the rest of Microsoft that often resulted in micromanaging and “insane deadlines” for projects. It’s been described as a culture of being forced to do more with less.

The Windows and Web Experiences (WWE) team that Parakhin briefly oversaw also developed the malware-like Bing pop-ups we’ve seen appear in Windows recently. Microsoft has also been aggressively pushing Edge in Windows, with lots of tricks to get users to move away from Chrome or use Edge’s shopping and AI features. 

I’m personally hoping that Microsoft ends these tactics and focuses on making Microsoft Edge a better browser for consumers instead of tricking them into using it. That will now be down to Microsoft AI CEO Mustafa Suleyman, as his team will continue to handle the company’s consumer-facing AI products like Copilot, Bing, and Edge.

Windows and Surface returning under one leader should hopefully bring some much-needed clarity to Microsoft’s AI efforts for Windows, too. Microsoft has been gradually unveiling more AI-powered features in Windows, and pushing the need for “AI PCs” with neural processing units, but it hasn’t coherently explained why any of this matters.

The new Windows and Surface chief, Davuluri, is experienced when it comes to the combination of hardware and software that Microsoft needs to get right in this new era of AI. Davuluri has worked at Microsoft for more than 23 years and has been at the heart of Surface engineering. He was deeply involved in the company’s work with Qualcomm and AMD to create custom Surface processors.

While it looked like Surface hardware could get sidelined after Microsoft changed up its hardware portfolio amid layoffs last year, it’s encouraging to see Microsoft return to a focus on hardware and software for Windows under Davuluri.

Microsoft’s Windows future looked like it was tied to hardware just before the pandemic began in 2020, and the rollercoaster of laptop sales over the past few years has clearly had an impact on how Nadella positions Windows in a new era of AI. There was a brief period of trying something new after Panay departed, but now it feels like Surface and Windows are back together where they belong.

Now it’s up to Microsoft to explain why consumers should care about AI PCs, and define exactly what they are beyond a flashy marketing term that involves a Copilot key on a keyboard. Pavan Davuluri has spent the past six months focused on leading Microsoft’s silicon efforts, with the company expected to launch Arm-powered versions of its Surface Pro 10 and Surface Laptop 6 at an event on May 20th .

This could be a huge turning point for Windows and Microsoft’s relationship with Intel. While Microsoft has experimented with custom Qualcomm-powered chips for its Surface devices in the past, there has always been an Intel option for consumers to fall back on. Microsoft appears to have much more confidence in Qualcomm’s latest Snapdragon Elite X processors, because I understand it’s about to only offer these chips to consumers on an OLED version of the Surface Pro 10.

That’s a big change for Microsoft’s hero Surface device, and Davuluri will have been at the center of it. If the performance of the Snapdragon X Elite is greatly improved and Microsoft’s app emulation efforts are solid, we could be about to witness an Arm transition for Windows laptops that has been years in the making. Microsoft won’t have the luxury of dropping Intel in quite the same fashion as Apple did with its transition to its own silicon, but by only shipping Surface consumer devices on Arm, it’s putting down a new line in the silicon sand.

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