Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.
When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.
When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:
In-text citation | (‘Divest’, no date) |
Reference list entry | ‘Divest’ (no date) Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divest (Accessed: 27 January 2020). |
Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.
Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.
Harvard style | Vancouver style | |
---|---|---|
In-text citation | Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019). | Each referencing style has different rules (1). |
Reference list | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. | 1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019. |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 30 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples
What is harvard referencing style.
Citing the work of others helps to make your work more impactful. It could be direct quotes , paraphrases of someone else’s ideas, statistical figures, or summaries of main points. There are different methods for crediting resources; Harvard referencing style (or Harvard style for short) is one such method.
Harvard style follows the author-date system and includes two types of citations:
In-text citations are included within the text of the main document. They are placed next to the information you are referencing, so the reader is clear on what information came from another source.
In-text citation example:
(Bloom, 2005) or Bloom (2005) wrote…
Every in-text citation has a corresponding reference in a reference list. A reference includes additional details about each source referenced. This enables the reader to refer to the original source, should they need to.
The reference list is a detailed list of all the works consulted while writing. It is placed at the end of the document.
Reference example for the above in-text citation:
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels . Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different kinds of sources that you might use.
In-text citation structure and example:
(Author Surname, Publication Year)
(Ozeki, 2013)
Reference structure and example:
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Ozeki, R. (2013) A tale for the time being . New York: Penguin Books.
For books with two or three authors, the names of all the authors are given in both the in-text citation and the reference entry.
(1 st Author Surname and 2 nd Author Surname, Publication Year)
(Lodge and Wood, 2000)
1 st Author Surname, Initials. and 2 nd Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Lodge, D. and Wood, N. (2000) Modern criticism and theory: a reader. 2nd edn. Harlow: Longman.
If the number of authors is four or more, only the first author’s name is used followed by ‘et al.’ , italicised, which is Latin for ‘and others’.
(1 st Author Surname et al., Publication Year)
(Akmajian et al. , 2014)
Reference structure and example:
1 st Author Surname, Initials. e t al. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Akmajian, A. et al. (2014) Linguistics: an introduction to language and communication . 6th edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
For books with a translator, only the author’s name is included in the in-text reference. The translator is given in the reference list entry, along with the language from which it was translated. This comes right after the title.
(Dostoevsky, 1993)
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Translated from the Language by Translator Initials. Surname. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Dostoevsky, F. (1993) Crime and punishment . Translated from the Russian by R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky. London: Vintage.
Journal articles are highly credible sources of information. The example below was authored by more than three individuals, so the term ‘ et al. ’ is used in lieu of listing all authors.
In-text citation structure and example:
(Lomolino et al., 2020)
Journal reference list entries often have extra information, such as article title, volume, issue number, page numbers, or a specific date.
With journals, the volume number follows the title. If there are any specific parts of the issue, numbered or organized according to months, these details are mentioned alongside in brackets.
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) ‘Article title’, Journal Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).
Lomolino, M. et al. (2013) ‘Of mice and mammoths: generality and antiquity of the island rule’, Journal of Biogeography , 40(8), pp. 1427-1439. Available at: https://www.jstor/org/stable/23463664 (Accessed: 10 September 2020).
(Ingle, 2020)
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name , Day Month Published, Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).
Ingle, S. (2020) ‘Geraint Thomas insists he has nothing to prove at road world championships’, The Guardian, 24 September. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sprot/2020/sep/24/geraint-thomas-insists-he-has-nothing-to-prove-at-road-world-championships-cycling (Accessed: 11 October 2020).
For online articles, you should always include the URL and date of access.
(Author/Poster Name, Publication Year)
(Cramer, 2020)
References for social media posts have a similar format to online articles. However, sometimes they don’t have a true ‘title’. For example, for Twitter posts, the full text of the tweet is used as the title, unless the tweet is overly long.
Author/Poster Surname, Initial(s). [@Handle] (Publication year) Content of Post [Social Media Site] Day Month Published. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Cramer, K. [@SenKevinCramer] (2020) Supreme Court vacancies are an important issue to the people I serve [Twitter] 24 September. Available at: https://twitter.com/SenKevinCramer/status/1308915548244398081 (Accessed: 25 September 2020).
The format for citing social media is different than the format for citing regular websites and web pages. This guide on how to cite a website in Harvard style provides details on how to cite web content that is not posted on social media.
(Image Creator or Photographer Surname, Publication Year)
(Pinneo, 2020)
Print reference structure:
Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title of the Image [Photograph]. Place of Publication: Publisher (if available).
Online reference structure and example:
If the image is on the Internet, then the place of publication and the publisher name are replaced by the image URL and access date.
Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title of the Image . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Pinneo, B.J. (2020) Dusty dreams . Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2020/09/dusty-dreams/ (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
In-text reference structure and example:
(Film Title , Year Released )
( Pride & Prejudice , 2005)
For films, the title of the film is used in place of the author name.
Title of the Film (Year Released) Directed by Director Initial. Surname. Available at: Name of Streaming Service (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Pride & Prejudice (2005) Directed by J. Wright. UK: Universal Pictures. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 29 September 2020).
Published October 29, 2020.
Harvard Formatting
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Harvard Referencing Examples
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Note: This is an advanced guide to Harvard, useful for professional editors, academics, and students looking to bump up their grades with flawless referencing! If you’re new to Harvard and feel a little lost, check out our introduction to Harvard referencing . For extra help from Harvard experts, try our student proofreading services for free, or learn more about our editing services for businesses .
Harvard referencing refers to the general citation style of listing a source’s author and date in parentheses within the text, with a corresponding entry in a reference list at the end of the work.
If a customer says they’ve been asked to use the Harvard referencing style, it could be one of many variations. You should check if a particular version has been specified. If there isn’t, use this guide to apply the version we use, but add a note for the customer to check with their institution. Also, pay attention to the requested dialect. Quotation marks, for instance, will vary depending on whether the citation is written in US or UK English .
Essentially, the surname of the author of the source and the year of its publication must be given in the text. If it is not known when a source was published, it must be indicated with “no date” (abbreviated to “n.d.” ) in place of the year.
If a direct quote is made from a source, then the in-text citation must also include the page number (or paragraph) of the quote. For page numbers, the basic form is “p.” for a single page and “pp.” for quotes spanning multiple pages. For paragraphs, use “para.” (e.g., for websites that don’t have pages); for long documents without page numbers, you can choose to include the section or chapter number or name (e.g., Smith, 1998, Section title, para. 3), but do check with your institution’s style guide.
Those key pieces of information are given in parentheses in the same font as the surrounding text and separated by commas. The bracketed citation should immediately follow the portion of the sentence that comes from the external source. If the author is mentioned in the sentence, then the bracketed citation (which will then just include the year of publication) will need to follow directly after the author’s name.
In-text citations can take three basic forms :
If the source doesn’t come from an author with a surname – a corporate body, for example – then the name of that organization takes the place of the surname:
These basic rules will need to be adapted to various circumstances, which we will discuss next.
When there are multiple authors of the same work, the main thing to remember is that in-text citations name one or two authors. For three or more authors, only the first is mentioned, followed by “et al.” (in which case, note that a period is used in addition to a comma because “al.” is an abbreviation).
NB: When it comes to the full list of references at the end, all authors – some institutions put a cap on this, but others simply say to consult the course tutor – should be listed.
When both authors are named, the in-text citation will spell out “and” rather than use an ampersand (“&”).
Two authors of the same source | This example (Carter and Burge, 1967) OR Carter and Burge (1967) gave this example. |
Three (or more) authors of the same source | This example (Powell et al., 1971) OR Powell et al. (1971) gave this example. |
An exception to only giving the surname of the author is if there are authors with the same surname and publications from the same year. In that case, the author’s initials should be added for clarity . Whether that initial comes before or after the surname, and whether or not it should have a period, will depend upon the university’s style guide. Our general approach is to put a period after an initial, as you would in any writing, but you should go for consistency within the document and flag the issue with a comment.
Authors with the same surname | This example (A. Hopper, 1911) OR B. Hopper (1911) gave this example. |
More frequently, you may come across citations for more than one work by the same author. If they were from different years but cited together, there is no need for the author’s name to be repeated. The years of publication are then listed in reverse chronological order (i.e., the newest comes first) with the years separated by semicolons . Each individual source is then listed in the reference list.
NB: When it comes to the full list of references at the end, the order of sources by the same author is chronological (i.e., with the earliest first).
If, however, the author has multiple works from the same year, a lowercase letter should be added to the year to differentiate the sources. The lettering should be alphabetical in the order that the sources are cited in the text .
NB: The crucial thing to check here is that the same system is reflected in the reference list at the end.
Multiple works by the same author in the same citation | There are a couple of sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; 2020). |
Different works with the same author and date | This was a productive year (Woodhouse, 2022a), as can be seen here (Woodhouse, 2022b). |
If there is more than one source cited in support of a statement (e.g., multiple works by the same author), they will need to be cited in reverse chronological order and separated by semicolons . If the list includes works from the same year , they should be cited alphabetically by author .
NB: If the customer has consistently cited references in chronological order, then you should simply add a note for them to check whether this is what their university requires. Given the many variations on the Harvard theme, this could well be the case.
Multiple sources cited in support of the same point. | There are multiple sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; Powell et al. 1971; Carter, 1940; A. Hopper, 1911; B. Hopper, 1911) |
You may see cases where the title of the source is given in place of the author. This is likely because the source has no named author (whether individual or corporate). In these cases, using the title of the source (the book, collection, etc.) is an acceptable variation, but it’s advisable to flag it with a comment to make sure.
If you’re presented with a reference to a work within a work (i.e., the customer hasn’t read the original but has come across it as a reference in another), this is a secondary citation.
In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|
A. Hopper (1911), cited in Carter (1940), says… | Carter, P. (1940) Place of Publication: Publisher. |
The Harvard style requires a full list of all the sources that are cited within the text to be provided at the end of the document. The standard formatting requirement is to include it on a separate page titled Reference List .
Sometimes, a university will require a list of all the sources considered within a piece of work, even if they haven’t all been cited. This type of list is called a Bibliography .
In either case, the sources are listed alphabetically by the first item in the source’s full reference (usually the author’s surname). A corporate author or title of a work (if that comes first) starting with “The,” “A,” or “An” should be listed as if that word weren’t there (e.g., a source from the Open University would be listed under “O,” not “T”).
Detailing the sources in a reference list is probably the biggest cause of headaches for both writers and proofreaders. This is because the particular requirements differ depending on the type of source – and there are many .
The information itself is usually straightforward; it’s the formatting that gets tricky. In general terms, you could use the following as a checklist:
Item | Example |
---|---|
Author’s name: Surname first, then initial(s) after a comma, with a period after each initial. | (1911). “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Year of publication in parentheses, although this can vary between Harvard styles. | Hopper, A. “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of any individual chapter (or similar) comes before the details of the main work. It is presented in quote marks and in sentence case; think of this as the warm-up to the main event. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a comma. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of the main work goes in sentence case (usually, although this can vary) and italics; think of this as stressing the importance of the main work. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) . Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
If the source is not in hard copy/print form, the format is given in square brackets with a period after the closing bracket. | Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
The place of publication appears before the name of the publisher, usually followed by a colon to separate it from the next piece of information. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Publisher’s name comes after the place of publication. Think of the publisher as taking the important final credit. If further information does follow, there will need to be a comma in place. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: pp.30–45. |
Any range of pages, URLs, and dates of access to online material come last. Make sure page ranges are formatted with an en dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-). | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. |
The final piece of information is followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp. 30–45. OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
Let’s start with the most common types and see how those translate from in-text citations to full reference listings so that you can easily recognize them and, if necessary, fix them.
These sources are most likely to follow the general checklist given above. Within the list, “year of publication” is abbreviated to “year.” For particular issues relating to authors and years, please refer to the notes on in-text citations.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Book | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Floyd, 2021) | Floyd, D. L. (2021). Cardiff: Stratosphere Books. |
Chapter of an edited book | (Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Y. Editor (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. |
e.g. | (Telfer, 2008) | Telfer, E. (2008). “Food as art,” in A. Neill and A. Ridley (eds.). , 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, pp.11–29. |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
e.g. | (Boyer, 2007) | Boyer, S. D. (2007). “The logic of mystery,” , vol. 43, no. 1, pp.89–102. |
Here’s where things start to get different.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Movie/ film | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | ( , 1946) | (1946). Directed by Frank Capra [Film]. US: RKO Radio Pictures. |
Audio CD/vinyl | (Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | (Beatles, 1967) | The Beatles (1967) [Vinyl]. London: Parlaphone. |
Some additional information is required here, most commonly:
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Website content | (Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
e.g. | (Proofed, 2022) | Proofed Inc. (2022) [Online]. Available at https://proofed.com/services/proofreading/ (Accessed 5 December 2022). |
With a wealth of sources available, there will always be something that doesn’t quite fit with the general principals. At the end of this guide is an alphabetical list of some you may come across and how they may appear ( remembering that there may be variations between universities ).
The aim of the list is to provide a baseline so that you know the main elements to expect. Consistency of presentation is key, as is the use of the commenting tool to point out where information may be missing – or the format may require checking with the university’s own preferences.
To summarize, the Harvard referencing style can be – and is – interpreted in a wide variety of ways. We’ve set out the Proofed standard approach, so here’s what to do when it almost inevitably differs from the approach taken by the customer:
(1911). “This is my chapter,” in , 2nd edn. Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publishing House, pp.30–45. |
The main purpose of referencing is for writers to avoid plagiarism. For that same reason, there is a limit on what can be done for a customer.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Annual report (print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, report number if given. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. | |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year of publication or last updated). “Title of message,” , day and/or month of posted message [Blog]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). https://proofed.com/writing-tips/how-to-reference-a-print-book-harvard-style/ | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Reviewer, year of publication of review) OR Reviewer (year of publication of review) praised Author’s book… | Reviewer, Y. (year of publication of review). “Title of book review,” review of by Author, X. volume number, issue or part number, page range. | |
(Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Editor, Y. (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. | |
(print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | Author Organization (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, code or guideline number if given. OR Author Organization (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(published in print/online and unpublished) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. OR Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). OR Author, A. (year of presentation, if unpublished) “Title of paper,” paper presented at Location, date of conference. Note that if conference papers have been gathered together and published in book form (normally titled something like “Transactions of the …”), then a cited conference paper can be treated like a chapter in an edited book. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of standalone unit or block,” . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) shows… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… | Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” , edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Dissertation or thesis (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year of submission or publication) OR Author (Year of submission or publication) says… | Author, X. (year of submission or publication). PhD/Masters/Bachelors etc. thesis/dissertation. Place of Publication: Awarding Institution. If available online, provide the URL and accessed date. |
(online) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Online]. Place of publication if available: Publisher if available. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
eBooks (on reader) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Type of eBook Reader]. Place of Publication: Publisher (Accessed date). |
(Editor, year) OR Editor’s Title of book (year) collects… | Editor, Y. (ed.) (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
eJournal article | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). Note that if the journal is available in print/hardcopy, then you should just treat it as a hardcopy journal. |
Encyclopedia entry (hardcopy or online, author or unauthored) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… NB: Where unauthored, replace Author with Title of Encyclopedia. | Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: Where unauthored, start with and move “Title of entry” to come after the edition number. |
Exhibition (catalog) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) noted that… | Author, X. (year). [Exhibition catalog]. Location, date(s) of exhibition. NB: If no author is available, begin with the title of the exhibition. If the catalog is available online, provide the appropriate URL/accessed date. |
Foreign language title | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material, but keep the title in the original language. |
Government publication | (Country. Government Department, year) OR According to the Government Department (Country, year)… | Country. Department. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Document number). If available online, replace everything from “Place of publication” onwards with: Available at: URL (Accessed DD Month YYYY). |
Gray literature (brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc.) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [Type of Document, e.g. Brochure]. Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Illustration in book (hardcopy or online) | (Author, year, page featuring illustration) | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, page number(s) for illustration (illus./fig./diagram/logo.). OR Author, X. (year). (illus./fig./diagram/logo.) [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(online or in real life) | (Artist, year of production) OR Artist (year of production) illustrates… | Artist, Z. (year of production). Collection if Applicable [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Artist, Z. (year of production). [Medium]. Collection or Institution in which the work is held, Location. If the image does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Drawing of colorful flowers in a green vase]”). |
Interview (by author or between two other people) | (Interviewee, year) OR Interviewee (year) said… | Interviewee, W. (year). Date of interview, Place of interview. |
Journal article (forthcoming) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. [Forthcoming]. “Title of article,” [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
Online journal article (as opposed to ejournal articles, ejournals are only available online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. NB: Unlike most other material accessed online, if a journal article is simply read online (website or PDF), then it is generally referenced as if it were the print version. |
Pre-print journal article (e.g., ArXiv) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year written) [Pre-print]. “Title of article,” |
Lecture (unpublished) | Tutor/Lecturer (year) states… | Tutor/Lecturer, V. (year). “Title of seminar/lecture/presentation,” University Name. Unpublished. |
Magazine (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue or part number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. | |
Movie/film (foreign language) | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material but keep the title in the original language. |
Multi-volume work | (Author or Editor, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author or Editor, X. (year). Volume number, Edition if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. If you wish to cite all volumes in a multivolume work, then write the total number of volumes instead of the volume number (e.g. 6 vols). |
Musical score | (Composer, year) OR Composer (year) shows… | Composer, U. (year). A. Name (ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Newsletter | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
Older work (e.g., Aristotle, Plato) | (Author, book and/or line or chapter number) NB: If only one work by the author has survived, there is no need to give the title in the citation. | Author, trans./ed. Translator/Editor (year of publication of translation/edition). Place of Publication: Publisher. If the work has been translated and edited, for example, you would say “trans. X.X. Translator, ed. X.X. Editor.” Some guides might want you to put commentary or introduction authors in, in which case it would be “Commentary by X.X. Commentator,” for example. |
Personal comms (emails, letters) | (Sender, year) OR Sender (year) says… | Sender, T. (year). Email to Recipient Name, date of message. |
Photographs (online, or in real life) | Photographer (year) illustrates… | Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph], [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph]. Collection or institution in which the work is held, Location. If the photograph does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Four pigeons sitting on a bench]”). |
Play | ( , year of performance) OR (year of performance) illustrates… | Author (year of performance). Directed by Director Full Name [Venue, Location, day and/or month seen]. |
(Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). “Title of podcast,” day and/or month of airing [Podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… NB: To pinpoint a phrase, the line number may be added after the year, separated with a comma. | A poem in a standalone book should be referenced as a book. A poem found online should be referenced in the same way as a web page. |
Author’s poem (Editor of anthology, year) was… | A poem in an edited anthology should be referenced in the same way as a chapter of an edited book. | |
Press release | (Organization, year) OR Organization (year) said… | Organization (year). [Press release]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( year of transmission) OR In (year)... | (year). Channel, date of transmission. If the transmission is available online, include the URL and date of access. | |
Religious text (e.g., the Qur’an, the Bible) | (Book and chapter or Surah: verse) | Sacred Text Name. Book and chapter/Surah: verse. If applicable, also provide: Version (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Trans. A. Name (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Ruth 1: 16–17) (Qur’an 20:26) (Shemot 3:14) | The Holy Bible. Ruth 1: 16–17. Good News (2013). Swindon: Bible Society. Qur’an 20:26. Trans. A. Yusuf Ali (2013). Ware: Wordsworth. Torah. Shemot 3:14. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | For paper copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for books. For online copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for eBooks. | |
Shakespeare (play script, sonnet, or anthology) | (Shakespeare, year of version publication, Act:Scene:Line) OR (Editor or Compiler, year of anthology) | Shakespeare, W. (year of version publication). Edited by A. Name. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Editor, Y. (ed.) (year of publication of anthology). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [...] [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If the author’s real name is unknown, their username may be used and capitalized as it appears online. | |
Social media profile page | (Author, year last updated) OR Author (year last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Speech | (Speaker, year) OR Speaker (year) said… | Speaker, R. (year). Location, date. |
(Organization, year) OR Organization (year) says… | Organization (year). Number: Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
Statistics | Cite and reference in the same way as datasets, remembering that the year will relate to the year the statistics were published, not the year they were gathered. | |
Statute or Act (pre-1963) | ( Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) OR As enacted in (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) | (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number). Place of Publication: Publisher (if available). |
e.g. | ( (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) OR As enacted in the (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) | (26 Hen. 8, c. 1). |
Statute or Act (post-1963) | (Country, ) OR s.X(Y) of the Act (Country, ) states… (Wales. OR s.27(1) of the Act ( ) states… | (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of Publication: Publisher. (anaw 2). London: The Stationery Office. OR (c.22). London: The Stationery Office. |
Translated book | (Author, year of translated version) OR Author (year of translated version) says… | Author, X. (year of translated version [year of original work if available]). (trans. A. Translator). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
( year of broadcast) OR In (year of broadcast) | (year of broadcast). Channel, date of transmission. OR (year of broadcast) Channel, date of transmission [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(online) | ( , date uploaded) OR (date uploaded) shows… | (date uploaded). Title of Platform, added by Username of Uploader [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Webinar | (Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). [Webinar]. Publisher or sponsor of the webinar. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If no recording of the webinar is available, the URL availability details may be replaced with the date the webinar was delivered. |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). Publisher/Website Name if Different from Author. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
White paper (published or unpublished) | (Department, year) | Department (year). (Command paper number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Department (year). (Command paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Working paper | (Author or Organization, year) | Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Yearbook | (Institution, year) | Institution (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
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It would be challenging to use some of the critical reading strategies from Unit 1 if every writer developed a unique structure. A standard structure provides a template to help writers organize ideas and keep track of all the components required in an academic paper.
What is Harvard Style? The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style. It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.
Harvard Formatting and Style Guide. Cover Page. Harvard formatting requires a very specific title page. About halfway down the page is the title of the paper, in all capital letters. Following this (about three lines down) is the name of the author. This is not in capital letters.
tells you how to write a term paper. Finally, Chapter 5 provides a guide to citing sources and creating a bibliography. Three appendices provide useful information for developing your term papers. Appendix A provides a roadmap of fields in economics and can help define very broad areas of interest.
As you begin writing the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion of your Harvard referencing paper, these are formatting tips to keep in mind. Page headings: Center a page title. Do not bold, italicize, or underline it. Body: Left-aligned. Paragraphs: Indent the first line using the tab key.
Check our Harvard style guide and find out how to format your paper. Create a Title Page, Reference List and citations according to the latest requirements.
This guide covers the basics of the Harvard referencing style, including paper formatting rules, in-text citations, and full references.
Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list.
This guide covers the most common types of sources you will reference in Harvard style. It gives examples for in-text citations and reference list entries.
Harvard referencing refers to the general citation style of listing a source’s author and date in parentheses within the text, with a corresponding entry in a reference list at the end of the work. Jump to List of Example References.