class 9 history chapter 2 case study questions and answers

Class 9 History Case Study Questions Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

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Case study Questions on Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2  are very important to solve for your exam. Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Case Study Questions have been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving case study-based questions for Class 9 History Case Study Questions Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

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In CBSE Class 9 Social Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on Assertion and Reason. There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1: Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills of the time. Why? Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied was concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive. So, if society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests. Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it. Socialists had different visions of the future. Some believed in the idea of cooperatives. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). Other socialists felt that cooperatives could not be built on a wide scale only through individual initiative: they demanded that governments encourage cooperatives. In France, for instance, Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. These cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members. Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments. Marx argued that industrial society was ‘capitalist’. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. The conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.

Which of the following statements correctly described the reason why socialists were against private property? (a) It made personal ideal (b) It was the root of all social ills (c) Individual owned it and used it for their own gain only not for others (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

According to Karl Marx societies have all along been divided between (a) the educated and elite (b) the rich and the poor (c) the religious and the educated people (d) the rich and revolutionary people

Answer: (b) the rich and the poor

Socialists had a vision of the future. Select the best suitable option from the following in the reference to the context (a) Cooperative should be built for the sake of people interest. (b) Government should encourage cooperatives (c) Cooperatives were to be association of people who produced goods together and divided the profits. (d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

Why do socialists like Karl Marx and Engels, think that in communist societies property was socially controlled? (a) Because socialist were the well wisher of workers. (b) They thought capitalist exploited the worker. (c) They were against the capitalists, they believed in equality. (d) All of the above

Answer: (b) They thought capitalist exploited the worker.

Why Louis Blanc believed in cooperative society? (a) Because, in a cooperative society everyone will be treated equal (b) It is operated by democratic management. (c) Because cooperative societies realise the needs of its surrounding communities. (d) All of the above

Answer: (a) Because, in a cooperative society everyone will be treated equal

Two statements are given in the questions below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A) Capitalist had different vision of the future. Reason (R) Capitalist owned the capital invested in factories and the profit of capitalist was produced by workers. Codes (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true, but R is false (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (d) A is false, but R is true

Case Study 2: In the late 19th century, Europe witnessed growing discontent among the working class due to their poor working conditions and low wages. Industrialization led to the rise of factories and a massive increase in the number of industrial workers. However, these workers faced long working hours, low wages, and hazardous working conditions. As a result, various socialist ideas began to emerge, advocating for a more equitable society where the means of production would be owned and controlled by the workers themselves. These ideas gained traction among the working class, leading to the formation of socialist political parties and trade unions across Europe.

What was the main cause of discontent among the working class in late 19th-century Europe? a) Lack of job opportunities b) High taxes imposed by the government c) Poor working conditions and low wages d) Lack of access to education

Answer: c) Poor working conditions and low wages

Which factor contributed to the rise of socialist ideas in Europe during this period? a) Increase in job opportunities b) Improved working conditions c) Industrialization and growth of factories d) Decrease in the number of industrial workers

Answer: c) Industrialization and growth of factories

What did socialist ideas propose regarding the means of production? a) They should be owned and controlled by the workers. b) They should be owned and controlled by the government. c) They should be owned and controlled by the wealthy capitalists. d) They should be abolished completely.

Answer: a) They should be owned and controlled by the workers.

What was the impact of socialist ideas on the working class? a) They led to increased job opportunities. b) They resulted in higher wages for workers. c) They gave rise to socialist political parties and trade unions. d) They caused a decline in the number of industrial workers.

Answer: c) They gave rise to socialist political parties and trade unions.

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Class 9 History Chapter 2 Important Questions Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution important questions and answers cover the major concepts of the chapter. Solving answers of these important questions help students to revise the Chapter most competently. We prepared these questions with PDF as per the latest NCERT book and CBSE syllabus. Practising these questions before the exam will ensure excellent marks in the exam.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Important Questions

1. How did Social Democrats disagree with Social Revolutionaries?

Answer:  (a) (i) Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1900. (ii) They were in favour of peasants’ rights. (iii) They demanded that land belonging to the nobles be transferred to peasants. (b) (i) Socialist Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants. (ii) Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group because there were poor, rich, labourers and capitalists among them. So they could not all be the part of a socialist movement.

2. Explain consequences of the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia.

Answer:  Consequences of the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia are as mentioned below: (i) Tsar abdicated on 2 March. (ii) Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a provisional government to run the country. (iii) It was agreed that Russia’s future would be decided by a constituent assembly, elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage. (iv) The provisional government removed restrictions on public meetings and associations. (v) Soviets, like the Petrograd Soviet, were set up everywhere, though no common system of election was followed.

3. Liberals were not Democrats. Explain. OR Why do we say that liberals could not be called ‘democrats’?

Answer:  The liberals could not be called democrats because even though they argued for are presentative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials, they did not believe in universal adult franchise and also did not want the voting rights for women. They felt right to vote should only be given to the propertied men.

4. How did Social Democrats disagree with Socialist-Revolutionaries?    [CBSE 2016]

Answer:  Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries in the following ways. (a) Social Democrats believed workers to be the main force of revolution whereas Socialist Revolutionaries argued that peasants would be the revolutionary class. (b) Social Democrats wanted benefits for the workers and control on the factors of production. Socialist Revolutionaries, on the other hand, demanded land to the peasants. (c) Social Democrats felt that peasants were not a united group as they were rich and poor and many owned large tracts of land. Socialist Revolutionaries favoured peasants as natural socialists.

5. What was the difference between Bolshevik and Menshevik group?    [CBSE 2016] OR Who were the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

Answer:  The Bolsheviks were the majority group led by Vladimir Lenin who thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined and control the number and quality of its members. They were the group who conducted the Russian Revolution. Mensheviks, on the other hand, were the minority group who thought that the party should be open to all. They did not believe in revolution but wanted to bring changes through democratic means.

6. Discuss Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.    [CBSE 2016] OR What were the demands referred to in Lenin’s ‘April Theses’?

Answer:   The following were the demands referred to in Lenin’s April Theses’. (a) World War I should be brought to an end. (b) Land should be transferred to the peasants. (c) Banks should be nationalised .

7. Describe the sequence of events responsible for the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.

Answer:  The sequence of events responsible for the Revolution of 1905 in Russia was as given below: (i) Autocracy:  There was autocracy in Russia. Liberals, Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries demanded a constitution. (ii) The year 1904:  Prices rose and wages declined. (iii) Dismissal of four workers of the Assembly of Russian Workers was the immediate cause that led to workers’ strike. (iv) Demands:  They demanded a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions. (v) Bloody Sunday:  A procession of workers led by Father Gapon was attacked by the police killing 100 workers. This led to a series of events that became known the 1905 Revolution.  (vi) Results:  (a) The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma. (b) A large number of trade unions and factory committees of factory workers came into existence.

8. Briefly describe the general impact of First World War on Russia.

Answer:  General impact of the First World War was as mentioned below: (i) Initially the war was popular and people rallied around Tsar. (ii) As the war continued, the support became less as Tsar did not consult the main parties in the Duma. (iii) Defeat of Russian armies in Germany and Austria. (iv) By 1917 there were 7 million casualties. (v) As Germany controlled the Baltic Sea, Russian industries could not get supplies. Similarly there was break down of the railway lines and shortage of labour as most of them were fighting the First World War. (vi) On their retreat, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia.

9. Describe global impact of the Russian Revolution.

Answer:  (i) In many countries, communist parties were formed e.g., the Communist Party of Great Britain. (ii) The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to fight against imperialism. (iii) Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the People of the East (1920) and the Bolsheviks founded Committee which was an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties. (iv) Some received education in the USSR’s Communist University of the Workers of the East. (v) By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face which eventually led to the rise of cold war in Europe.

10. Why did the Bolshevik Party accept the April Theses’? Give any five reasons.

Answer:  Bolshevik Party accepted the April Theses’ because of the following reasons. (a) The Provisional Government under Kerenskii failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people like land to the tiller, peace, control of industries by the workers, etc. Rather it became more unpopular. (b) The government was under the influence of landowners, army officials and industrialists that affected its decisions. (c) Lenin felt that time had come to seize the power from the government. (d) People’s demands were included in the programme along with exit from the war and nationalisation of banks. (e) Lenin’s view was accepted when the Provisional Government began suppressing the Bolsheviks.

11. Differentiate between the ideas of the liberals and radicals in Europe (take the time period after the French Revolution).

Answer:   The liberals did not believe in universal franchise. In contrast, radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. Liberals felt men of prosperity mainly should have the vote. They did not want the vote for women. On the other hand the radicals supported women’s suffrage movements and opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. They were not against the existence of private property but disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.

12. Why do we say that liberals during this time could not be called ‘democrats’?

Answer:   The liberals opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers and wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. They also argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. However, they could not be called democrats. They did not believe in universal adult franchise and also did not want the vote for women. They felt right to vote should only be for men of property.

13. How should society, according to liberals and radicals, develop?

Answer:  Liberals and radicals were often property owners and employers. Having acquired wealth through industrial ventures and trade, they firmly believed that such efforts should be encouraged — that its profits would be reaped if the work force in the economy was healthy and citizens were educated. They put forth that societies could develop if the poor could labour, freedom of individuals was ensured and those with capital could operate without restraint.

14. Why were socialists against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills?

Answer:  The people who propagated socialism said that individuals who owned property, did provide employment to many people but they were concerned with personal gains only and did not bother about the welfare of the people. They felt that if society controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.

15. Describe the incident known as ‘Bloody Sunday’.

Answer:  Over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike in 1905, demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvements in working conditions. When this procession reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. This incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.

16. What effect did the war have on the industry of Russia.

Answer:  Russian industries were very few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916 railway lines began to break down. Able bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essential commodities were shut down.

17. Why was the decision to collectivise farms taken?

Answer:  It was thought that rich peasants and traders in the countryside were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. This created a shortage. As shortage continued, the decision was taken to collectivise farms as Lenin felt that the small size of farms caused the shortage. They also felt that these small size farms could not be modernised. They felt that the need of the hour was to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines with machinery.

18. “By the 1950s it was acknowledged within the country that the style of government in the USSR was not in keeping with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.” Why was this said?

Answer:  By the 1950s it was acknowledged within the country that the style of government in the USSR was not in keeping with the ideals of the Russia Revolution. Russia, a backward country, had become a great power. Its industries and agriculture had developed and the poor were being fed. But it had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens and carried out its developmental projects through repressive policies.

19. What was the role of the Tsar in the peasant revolt of 1905? Did the revolt fail? Discuss briefly.

Answer:  During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative parliament or Duma. The Tsar dismissed it within 75 days and re-elected. Second Duma : within 3 months. He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Yes, the revolt failed.

20. Discuss the civil war that took place in Russia after the October Revolution and its consequences.

Answer:  When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution the Russian army began to break up. Non- Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters or autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. They were supported by the French, American, British and Japanese troops. The Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalised during the civil war. A process of centralised planning was introduced. Rapid construction and industrialisation started. An extended schooling system developed. Stalin introduced collectivisation of the farms so that no shortage of grain should occur. The Bolsheviks controlled most of the farmer of Russian Empire.

21. What was the basic principle of the Marxist theory?

Answer:  Marx believed that the conditions of workers could not improve as long as profit was accumulated by private capitalists. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Workers must construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society and a Communist Party was the natural society of the future.

22. Discuss briefly the Five Years Plans.

Answer:  A process of centralised planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five-year period, on this basis they made the five-year plans The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two plans (1927-32 and 1933-38) centralised planning led to economic growth.

23. Explain why did the Bolsheviks considered the Russian revolution as only the “first stage” of the revolution.

Answer:  The Bolsheviks considered the Russian revolution as only the ‘first stage’ of revolution because merely seizing power was not their ultimate aim. They aimed at an egalitarian society. The next stage of the revolution included redistribution of land, nationalisation of industries and banks, collective farming. The power of the pro-Tsarist aristocracy had to be crushed. Rich peasants had to be forced to redistribute land. Their ultimate aim was to establish the rule of the proletariat – the peasants and workers.

24. What made the Tsar the ‘Autocrat of all the Russians’? Describe the steps he took just before the Russian Revolution.

Answer:  The Tsar was not subject to parliament. Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs. All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party founded in 1898 operated as an illegal organisation. Russia under Tsar Nicholas II was an autocracy.

25. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?

Answer:  Anti-German sentiments were high. St. Petersburg (a German name) was renamed Petrograd. Tsarina Alexandra’s German origin and poor advisors made the autocracy unpopular. The defeats in the World War I were shocking – seven million casualties and three million refugees by 1917. This situation discredited the government and the Tsar. There was shortage of food, people were rioting as bread and flour became scarce. The large Russian army shifted its loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries, Tsarist power collapsed.

26. Mention the demands of the workers who went on strike at St. Petersburg in 1904.

Answer:  When four members of the Assembly of Russian Workers were dismissed, there was a call for industrial action. Over the next few days over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike. Workers demanded a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.

27. What was the impact of the First World War on the Russian economy?

Answer:  The war caused large supplies of grain to be sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the writer of 1916, riots at bread shops were common. The workers in Leningrad were the worst sufferers as a severe winter added to their miserable conditions. The economic crisis led to Revolutions.

28. Mention the important steps taken by Lenin to improve the agriculture and economy of Russia.

Answer:  Lenin nationalist most industries and banks. He ordered land redistribution. He permitted peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialised centralised planning was introduced. Five year plans were made. The government fixed all prices during the First two year “plans”. There was increased production of oil, coal and steel. An extended schooling system developed, factory workers and peasants could go to universities. Communes were set up, members are in a communal dining hall and income was divided according to the principles of “cooperative commission”.

29. Why socialists were against private property?

Answer:  The possibility of a workers’ state fired people’s imagination across the world. In many countries, communist parties were formed, for example, the Communist Party of Great Britain. The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment. Many non-Russians outside USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolsheviks founded Comintern. Some received education in the USSR’s Communist University of the Workers of the East. By the beginning of the second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

30. What was Lenin’s April Theses? Why were some members of the Bolshevik Party surprised by the April Theses? What made them change their attitude? What were the main objectives of the Russian Revolutionaries?

Answer:  The three demands of Vladimir Lenin, after his return to Russia in April 1917′ were : (i) He and the Bolsheviks had opposed the war since 1914. He felt in 1917 that was should be brought to a close. (ii) Land should be transferred to the peasants. (iii) The banks should be nationalised and the party should be renamed “Communist Party”. These three demands were called Lenin’s “April Theses”.

Most of the members of the Bolshevik were initially surprised as they thought the time was not yet ripe for a socialist revolution and the provisional government needed to be supported. The developments of the subsequent months made the party change its attitude the workers movement spread, trade divisions grew in number the power of the provisional government grew weaker factories and reprised them. In the countryside peasants pressed for redistribution of land and encouraged by socialist revolution’s ideas peasants seized land between July and september 1917. This led to the change of view and the Bolsheviks decided to size power.

31. Why did the Kerensky government became unpopular in Russia?

Answer:  The Kerensky government tried to suppress the workers movement and the Bolshevik influence. It suppressed all demonstrations staged by Bolsheviks in July 1917. Many Bolsheviks had to go into hiding. Peasants in the countryside had started demanding redis. The Tribution of land. Kerensky was suspected of setting up a dictatorship and Lenin persuaded Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. Kerensky had to leave the city to summon troops.

32. Mention any two changes introduced by Stalin in the Russian economy. How did Stalin deal with the critics?

Answer:  Stalin introduced the collectivisation. All peasants had to cultivate collective farms (Kolkohz) from 1929. The profit was shared by the peasants working on the land. Before collectivisation, Stalin took steps to eliminate ‘Kulaks’ – the well to do peasants. He took away land from them and established large state controlled farms. Stalin severely punished the critics of his programme. Many were deported and exiled. He charged his critics with conspiracy against socialism. By 1939, 2 million were put in prisons or labour camps. A large number were forced to make false statements under torture and were executed. Several among them were talented professionals.

33. What steps were taken to improve the condition of factory workers and peasants in Russia after the civil war?

Answer:  Five year plans were made to promote industrial growth. Industrial production was increased by 100 percent in oil, coal and steel. New factories were built. In Magnitogorsk a new steel plant was built in three years. Extended schooling system developed, creches were established in factories for the children of women workers, cheap public health care was provided. Model living quarters were built up for workers.

34. How did the destruction of Russian industries after the First World War become one of the causes of resentment of people?

Answer:  The First World War had a devastating impact on industries. Russia’s own industries were few in number and the country was cut off from other supplies of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated rapidly. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, workshops producing essentials were shut down. Huge supplies of grain were sent to feed the army. For the people in cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.

35. Discuss the relationship between peasants and nobles in Russia during early 19th century.

Answer:  Peasants cultivated most of the land. But the nobility, the crown and the church owned large properties. Except in few cases peasants had no respect for the nobility. Peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be distributed to them. Frequently peasants refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. In 1902, such events occurred on a large scale in South Russia. In 1905 such incidents took place all over Russia.

36. Describe the three reforms introduced in Russia by Czar Nicholas II after the Revolution?

Answer:  (i) The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma. (ii) Most committees and unions were declared illegal. Severe restrictions were placed on political activity. (iii) The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected second Duma within three months. He did not want any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.

37. What were the different notions of Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives regarding formation of the new Government in Russia? Discuss.

Answer:  Liberals opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. They argued for a representative elected parliamentary government with an independent judiciary. Radicals wanted a government based on the majority of a country’s population. Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileged of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. They disliked the idea of concentration of property in the hands of a few. Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals. They believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.

38. What were the three main changes observed after the October Revolution in Russia?

Answer:  (i) Most industries and banks were nationalised in November 1917. The government took over their ownership and management. (ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. (iii) Large houses in cities were partitioned according to family requirements. Old titles of aristocracy were banned. New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.

39. Why socialists were against private property?

Answer:   Socialists saw private property as the root of all social ills of the time. Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive. So, according to them, if society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.

40. Explain how a society, according to socialists, can operate without property. What would be the basis of socialist society?

Answer:   Socialists had different visions of the future. Some such as Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a co-operative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). Other socialists felt that co-operatives could not be built on a wide scale only through individual initiative. 

They wanted that governments must encourage co-operatives and replace capitalist enterprise. This was propagated by Louis Blanc in France. They said that cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members. More ideas were added to this body of arguments. 

These ideas were added by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalist owned the capital invested in factories. The profit which came to them through these factories was produced by the workers. The workers contributed to the profits but did not gain anything. 

Their condition could improve only if the workers freed themselves from capitalists exploitation. For this the workers needed to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society. The second International was the body termed to coordinate their efforts. 

41. What developments took place in Europe in support of socialism?

Answer:  By the 1870s the socialists formed an international body, namely the Second International to coordinate their efforts. Associations were formed by workers in Germany and England to fight for better living and working conditions. To help members in times of distress, they set up funds and demanded a reduction in working hours and the right to vote. In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party and helped it win parliamentary seats. By 1905 socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France.

42. Discuss Stalin’s collectivisation programme. Or What was Collectivisation? How did stalin use this programme?

Answer:  Stalin felt that collectivisation would definitely solve the problem of shortage. From 1929 the Party forced the peasants to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhoz). The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared. Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock. Between 1929 and 1931 the number of cattle fell by 1/3. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. Many were exiled and deported. The peasants argued that they were not rich and were not against socialism but they opposed collectivisation for a variety of reasons. Some independent cultivation was allowed by Stalin’s government but such cultivators were treated unsympathetically. In spite of all these measures production did not increase immediately.

43. How did socialism spread in Europe?

Answer:  The International Workingmen’s Association — the First International–was formed in 1864. With its formation “Socialism stepped onto the stage of history as a World Movement”. Its slogan was “proletarians of all countries unite”. It worked for the emancipation of the workers and laid stress on the ‘‘abolition of all class rules”. It continued up to 1872. In 1889, the socialists formed the Second International to coordinate their efforts. Associations were formed by workers in Germany and England for better living and working conditions. They set up funds to help members in times of distress. By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France.

44. Discuss the causes that led to the Revolution of 1917. Or Describe the circumstances which were responsible for Russian Revolution.

Answer:  Russian peasantry was in a miserable condition. Feudalism and serfdom prevailed till 1861. The capitalist industrialists exploited the workers by making them work 12-14 hours, for low wages. The despotic rule of Tsar Nicholas II. The bureaucracy was corrupt, rigid and inefficient. The common people were fed up with the absolute rule of the Tsar. Karl Marx propagated scientific socialism. Liberal ideas of the west through literature entered Russia plus Tolstoy and other thinkers infused revolutionary thoughts in the youth.

45. Comment on the role of Vladimir Lenin in the revolution and his contribution to the economic policy.

Answer:  Vladimir Lenin played an important part in the Russian Revolution of 1917. He led the revolutionaries after the fall of the Tsar Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolshevik Party put forward clear policies to end the war, transfer land to the peasants and advance the slogan ‘All power to the Soviets’. He was of the opinion that no genuine democracy could be established unless all the non-Russians were given equal rights. These were the real objectives of the Russian Revolution and he fulfilled all these objectives. That is why Lenin’s name has become inseparable from the Russian Revolution.

46. Discuss the role and importance of Lenin in the history of the USSR. OR Examine the role of Lenin in Russian Revolution.

Answer:  In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from exile. He said it was time for the Soviets to take over power. He declared that the war be brought to a close, land be transferred to peasants, banks be nationalised. These three demands were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’. He argued that Bolshevik Party be renamed the Communist Party. In January 1918, Lenin dismissed the Constituent Assembly. There was only one party — the All Russian Congress of Soviets. It also became the Parliament of the country. The secret police OGPU and NKVD punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the former empire. The Bolsheviks created the USSR from the Russian Empire in December 1922.

47. What were the immediate consequences of the Russian Revolution? (CBSE 2010)                                                                       Or What were the impacts of the Russian Revolution on Russia?

Answer:  Most industries and banks were nationalised in November 1917. This meant the government took over the ownership and management. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements. They banned the use of old title of aristocracy. To assert the change, new uniforms were designed for the army and the officials. The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.

48. How did communism in Russia influence capitalist societies?

Answer:   Karl Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories. The profit of capitalists was produced by workers. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. A radically socialist society had to be constructed. A communist society was the natural society of the future. By 1870s, socialists ideas spread through Europe.

49. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?

Answer:  Social conditions : People of different social status, classes, religions and diverse nationalities were there. Imposition of Russian language was made to belittle the cultures of these people. Main groups of Russian population were farmers, workers, landowners, capitalists, industrialists and traders. Economic conditions : 85 percent of Russians were agriculturists. Agriculture provided employment to a vast population. Cultivators produced food for market as well as their own needs Political conditions : Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar, not through local popularity. This was unlike France where peasants respected nobles and fought for them. In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.

50. In what ways was the working population is Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?

Answer:   Workers were a divided social group in Russia. Some had strong links with villages, some had settled in cities. Workers were divided by skill. Metal workers considered themselves aristocrats. Despite division they did unite to strike work when they disagreed with employers. Like workers, peasants were also divided. But they had no respect for the nobility. They wanted the land of the nobles. They refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.

51. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?

Answer:  Most industry and banks were nationalised. This meant that the government took over the ownership and management. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. In cities, Bolsheviks enforced partition of large houses according to family requirements. Use of old aristocratic titles were banned. New uniforms were designed for the army and the officials. The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party. Russia became a one-party state. The secret police OGPU and NKVP punished those who criticised Bolsheviks.

52. Comment on the global influence of the Russian Revolution. Or What were the international consequences of the Russian Revolution?

Answer:  Existing socialist parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the Bolsheviks took power and kept it. Still the possibility of a workers’ state fired their imagination across the world. In many countries communist parties were formed. Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their example. Many non-Russians received education in the USSR’s University of the Peoples of the East. By the time the Second World War broke out, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

53. How did Russia’s participation in the World War caused the fall of the Tsar?

Answer:   The war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II. But as the war continued, support became thin and Tsar’s popularity declined. Anti-German sentiments became high. The Tsarina Alexandra’s German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular. Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia’s armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. The war also had a severe impact on industry. Many of them producing essential goods were shut down. Able bodied men were called up to the war. Large supplies of grains were sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.

54. What conditions led to the Russian Civil War in 1918-1920? Any four points. Answer:   

(i) The Russian army began to break up after Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution. Soldiers who were mostly peasants wished to go home for the land and deserted. (ii) Now Bolshevik Socialists, Liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders organised the troops to fight the Bolsheviks. (iii) During 1918 and 1919, the ‘greens’ (Socialist Revolutionaries) and ‘whites’ (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire. They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops. As these troops and the Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry and famine became common. (iv) Supporters of private property among ‘whites’ took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 Free PDF Download

Ncert solutions for class 9 history chapter 2 – socialism in europe and the russian revolution.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution lets the students discover the incidents that took place in the revolution and how socialism was brought to Europe. This chapter is a bit complex to understand for which students need beneficial study material. We aim to do exactly that with our easy to understand solutions. Most importantly, they will enable the students to grasp the concept in a comprehensible way.

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CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 introduces the students to how Socialism came to be in Europe. Subsequently, it discusses the Russian Revolution as well. After this chapter, students will be able to understand the movements that took place and the reasons behind them. In other words, this chapter will help you in comprehending the concept of socialism better. Therefore, our NCERT solutions will be very beneficial when you study this chapter.

Sub-topics covered under NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2

1. the age of social change-.

This topic discusses briefly the important political traditions of the nineteenth century, in addition to how they influenced change.

• 1.1 Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives- Over here, it discusses the differences between liberals, radicals, and conservatives.
• 1.2 Industrial Society and Social Change- This section throws light on the industrialization and how it brought social change.
• 1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe-  Over here, students learn how socialism made its way in Europe.
• 1.4 Support for Socialism-  Students will learn how people all over Europe were in favor of socialism.

2. The Russian Revolution-

This section introduces the students to the Russian Revolution.

• 2.1 The Russian Empire in 1914- This section shows the conditions of the Russian Empire in 1914.
• 2.2 Economy and Society- The connection between the economy and society of Russia is shown here.
• 2.3 Socialism in Russia- This part discusses how Socialism came to be in Russia and what the conditions before it was.
• 2.4 A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution- Students will learn about the 1905 Revolution here and why it took place.
• 2.5 The First World War and the Russian Empire- This section discusses the happenings of the First World War. Similarly, it shows the impact on the Russian Empire.

3. The February Revolution in Petrograd-

It gives students a chance to learn about the February Revolution of Petrograd.

• 3.1 After February- The incidents that took place after the February Revolution are taught here.
• 3.2 The Revolution of October 1917- Over here, students will learn about the Revolution of October 1917 and its origination.

4. What Changed after October?-

Students will learn the changes in the circumstances of the country after the Revolution of October.

• 4.1 The Civil War- The renowned Civil War will be taught to students and how it impacted the country.
• 4.2 Making a Socialist Society- How the Socialist Society came into being and what went in the making of it is given here.
• 4.3 Stalinism and Collectivisation- This section teaches the impact and meaning of Stalinism and Collectivisation to students.

5. The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR-

This part shows the impact of the Russian Revolution and USSR on the world.

You can download NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 PDF for free by clicking on the download button below

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Questions and Answers History Chapter 2

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 9 SST History Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 2 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution NCERT Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1. List two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property. Answer: (i) The capitalists believe that individuals have right to own private property whereas the socialists believe that all property should belong to the society as a whole, i.e. to the state.

(ii) The capitalists believe that the profits from the property should go to the owner of the property but the socialists believe that since profits are produced by workers, so their (profits) should be shared by them (workers).

Question 2. Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905? What were the demands of revolution aries? Answer: There were several reasons for revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905— (i) Russia had to face defeat in the Russo-Japanese war in 1904. As a result, prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 percent.

(ii) At the Putilov Iron Works, four members of the Assembly of Russian workers, which had been formed in 1904 were dismissed. This called for industrial action soon, there was strike.

(iii) One day a procession of workers was attacked by the police and the Cossacks in which over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. The incident was known as Bloody Sunday.

(iv) This started a series of events that came to be known as the 1905 Revolution. Strikes took place all over the country which resulted in the creation of an elected Parliament or Duma.

The revolutionaries demanded three things.

• Reduction in the working day to eight hours.
• An increase in wages.
• Improvement in working conditions.

Question 3. The year is 1916. You are a general in the Tsar’s army on the eastern front. You are writing a report for the government in Moscow. In your report suggest what you think the government should do to improve the situation. Answer: The government should do something to boost up the soldiers’ morale.

Question 4. Look again at source A and Box 1 (on NCERT textbook page 36) Source A Women in the February Revolution “Women workers, often … inspired their male co-workers … At the Lorenz telephone factory, … Marfa Vasileva almost single handedly called a successful strike. Already that morning, in celebration of Women’s Day, women workers had presented red bows to the men … Then Marfa Vasileva, a milling machine operator stopped work and declared an impromptu strike. The workers on the floor were ready to support her … The foreman informed the management and sent her a loaf of bread.

She took the bread but refused to go back to work. The administrator asked her again why she refused to work and she replied, “I cannot be the only one who is satiated when others are hungry”. Women workers from another section of the factory gathered around Marfa in support and gradually all the other women ceased working. Soon the men downed their tools as well and the entire crowd rushed onto the street.’ From: Choi Chatterji, Celebrating Women (2002).

(i) List five changes in the mood of the workers. (ii) Place yourself in the position of a woman who has seen both situations and write an account of what has changed. Answer: Five changes in the mood of the workers: (i) Earlier only meetings were being held in an organised way. Now the workers stopped work to press for their rights, as Marfa Vasileva did.

(ii) Earlier there were no women workers. But now the situation changed when a woman worker started the strike by stopping work.

(iii) Now the women presented red bows to the men, showing the unity. The men downed tools in support of the women who had gone on strike.

(iv) Now the workers showed that they would not just talk but take action. They become fearless. They were not afraid of some counter action from the management side.

(v) Unlike earlier days, they were more determined and positive. I Since I have seen both situations, I can say that workers now were greatly changed. They could now handle the situation more smartly. They had become fearless and were willing to sacrifice their job. They welcomed women on the public platform which earlier only meant for men. Both men and women spoke in one voice and were ready to do anything for their collective benefit.

Question 5. Why did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways? Answer: People in Central Asia responded enthusiastically to the February 1917 Revolutions because it freed them from the Tsar’s slavery. They could now decide their own fate. But their enthusiasm ceased when there occurred the October Revolution because it brought violence, pillage, extra taxes and another dictatorial power to rule over them. They feared that they might lose their autonomy.

Question 6. Compare the passages written by Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore. Read them in relation to sources C, D and E. Answer: Source C Dreams and Realities of a Soviet Childhood in 1933 Dear grandfather Kalinin … My family is large, there are four children. We don’t have a father – he died, fighting for the worker’s cause, and my mother … is ailing … I want to study very much, but I cannot go to school. I had some old boots, but they are completely torn and no one can mend them.

My mother is sick, we have no money and no bread, but I want to study very much. …there stands before us the task of studying, studying and studying. That is what Vladimir Ilich Lenin said. But I have to stop going to school. We have no relatives and there is no one to help us, so I have to go to work in a factory, to prevent the family from starving. Dear grandfather, I am 13, I study well and have no bad reports. I am in Class 5 …

Letter of 1933 from a 13-year-old worker to Kalinin, Soviet President From: V. Sokolov (ed), Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930-ye gody (Moscow, 1997).

Source D Official view of the opposition to collectivisation and the government response ‘From the second half of February of this year, in various regions of the Ukraine … mass insurrections of the peasantry have taken place, caused by distortions of the Party’s line by a section of the lower ranks of the Party and the Soviet apparatus in the course of the introduction of collectivization and preparatory work for the spring harvest.

Within a short time, large scale activities from the above-mentioned regions carried over into neighbouring areas – and the most aggressive insurrections have taken place near the border.

The greater part of the peasant insurrections have been linked with outright demands for the return of collectivized stocks of grain, livestock and tools … Between 1st February and 15th March, 25,000 have been arrested … 656 have been executed, 3673 have been imprisoned in labour camps and 5580 exiled …’

Report of K.M. Karlson, President of the State Police Administration of the Ukraine to the Central Committee of the Communist Party, on 19 March 1930. From: V. Sokolov (ed), Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930-ye gody

Source E This is a letter written by a peasant who did not want to join the collective farm. To the newspaper Krestianskaia Gazeta (Peasant Newspaper)

‘…I am a natural working peasant bom in 1879 … there are 6 members in my family, my wife was bom in 1881, my son is 16, two daughters 19, all three go to school, my sister is 71. From 1932, heavy taxes have been levied on me that I have found impossible. From 1935, local authorities have increased the taxes on me … and I was unable to handle them and all my property was registered: my horse, cow, calf, sheep with lambs, all my implements, furniture and my reserve of wood for repair of buildings and they sold the lot for the taxes. In 1936, they sold two of my buildings … the kolkhoz bought them. In 1937, of two huts I had, one was sold and one was confiscated …’

Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev, an independent cultivator. From: V. Sokolov (ed), Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930-ye gody.

(a) What did Indians find impressive about the USSR? (b) What did the writers fail to notice? Answer: See the passages on NCERT Textbook Page 47 and sources C, D and E on pages 43 & 45. (a) India was then ruled by the British. India was a country where there existed vast class and caste differences and a large section of people lacked education. So, they were impressed by the fact that all persons in Russia were treated equally. In spite of them being very prosperous, they were happily going about their work. Russia was such a country where Asians and Europeans could freely mingle but this could not happen in India at that time.

(b) But the two writers failed to notice that people were not free to do what they liked. The Bolsheviks ruled like dictators and followed repressive policies to develop the nation quickly. These writers were unaware of the miseries of the poor who led a very hard life.

History Class 9 Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905? Answer: The social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905 was quite backward. (i) Social conditions: There was no equality among the working class. Workers were a divided group. Some had strong links with the villages from which they came. Others had settled in cities permanently. Workers were divided by skill. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves aristocrats among other workers. Women were discriminated against. They were paid less than men. Divisions among workers showed themselves in dress and manners too. But there was unity among them. They could go on a strike when they disagreed with employers about dismissals or work conditions.

(ii) Economic conditions: Before 1905, the vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85% of the Russian population earned their living from agriculture. In the empire, cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was a major exporter of grain. There were few industries. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside craft workshops. Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russia’s railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industry increased. Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled. In spite of these improvements, Russia’s economic condition remained backward. There was acute employment problem among the workers.

(iii) Political conditions: Politically too Russia was a backward country. All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian peasants formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900, This party struggled for peasants’ rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants. But as they were not a united group, they were not considered to be part of a socialist movement started by Lenin.

Question 2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917? Answer: The condition of Russian people, especially those of the working populations (farmers and factory workers) was pathetic in comparison to other European countries. In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land and lived a very miserable life. But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties. Peasants had no respect for the nobility. This was unlike France where, during the French Revolution in Brittany, peasants respected nobles and fought for them. In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.

The factory workers too led a deplorable life. They were not allowed to form any trade unions and political parties to express their anguish. Most industries was the private property of industrialists. They exploited the workers by not giving them even the minimum fixed wages. There was no limit of working hours. They had to work from 12-15 hours a day.

Question 3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917? Answer: There were many factors that contributed to the fall of the Tsarist autocracy in Russia: (i) The most prominent factor was the First World War. It made Russia economically very poor. As the war continued, the Tsar refused to consult the main parties in the Duma. Support went thin. Anti-German sentiment ran high. The Tsarina’s German origins and poor advisers made the autocracy highly unpopular.

(ii) The working population i.e. peasants and factory workers who formed large section of the population were miserable, deprived and frustrated. The Tsar didn’t pay any attention to them because he was a self-willed, corrupt and oppressive ruler.

(iii) The peasants did hard labour on the land but the produce went into the hands of landlords and the privileged classes. The workers were not given even the minimum fixed wages. They were forced to worked 12-15 hours a day. The Tsar remained silent spectator.

(iv) The bureaucracy that the Tsar recruited was inefficient and inflexible. Members were recruited on the basis of privileges and patronage, not on merit. This was a major cause of disappointment among the common people who in spite of having talents could not recruited for high posts.

(v) The liberal ideas of the west and growth of socialist ideology led to the formation of many socialist groups. These groups infused the’workers and peasants with a revolutionary spirit. These factors prepared the background and finally, the Tsar had to go.

Question 4. Make two lists: One with the main events and effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history. Answer: Main events and effects of the February Revolution: (i) On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank of the river Neva.

(ii) On 23 February, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy. In many factories, women led the way to strikes. Demonstrating workers crossed from the factory quarters to the centre of the capital—the Nevskii Prospekt. However the government suppressed their agitation by imposing curfew.

(iii) On 25 February, the government suspended the Duma. Politicians spoke out against the measure.

(iv) Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank on the 26th. On the 27th, the Police Headquarters were ransacked. The streets crowded with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. The government tried to control the situation but nothing happened. The regiments supported the workers. Eventually ‘Soviet’ or ‘Council’ was formed.

(v) On 2nd March, the Tsar abdicated and Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a provisional government to run the country. The February revolution was not led by any political party but people themselves led it. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy and gained an important place in the history of Soviet Union. Trade unions became active and their number grew.

Main events and effects of the October Revolution:

(i) Apprehensive of the Provisional Government Lenin on 16 October, 1917 persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure. The date of the event was kept a secret.

(ii) On 24th October, the uprising began. But the Kerenskii government successfully seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers with the help of troops. The Winter Palace and other government buildings were protected by troops.

(iii) The Military Revolutionary Committee responded swiftly. It ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers.

(iv) The ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace late in the day. By nightfall, the city was under the committee’s control and the ministers had surrendered.

(v) The Bolshevik action was approved. Uprisings took place in other cities too. By December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area. They successfully formed a communist government for the first time in Russia.

Question 5. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution? Answer: The following main changes were brought about by the Bolsheviks soon after the October Revolution: (i) The Bolsheviks were against private property. Hence, most industries and banks were nationalised in November 1917. This meant that the government took over ownership and management.

(ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility which they wanted from a long time. Thus, the nobles lost their power and position.

(iii) In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements. They banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy.

(iv) To assert the change, new uniforms were designed for the army and officials. The Soviets hat called budeonovka was chosen in 1918 in a clothing competition.

(v) The Bolshevik Party was given the name of the Russian Communist Party. In March 1918, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at Brest Litovsk. Russia became one-party state. Trade unions were kept under party control.

Question 6. Write a few lines to show what you know about:

• Women workers between 1900 and 1930
• The Liberals
• Stalin’s collectivisation programme

Answer: Kulaks: It was the name given to prosperous peasants in the later part of the Russian Empire and early Soviet Union. Stalin was suspicious of them for hoarding. So, he introduced collectivisation of farming and raided them and seized their lands. Stalin believed that to develop modem farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery, it was necessary to eliminate these Kulaks and establish state-controlled large-farms. Stalin’s move caused great anger among the Kulaks. They resisted collectivisation but were severely handled.

The Duma: Duma, an elected consultative Parliament, was created by the Tsar of Russia during the 1905 Revolution. In the beginning it promised that it would be a representative assembly and that its approval would be necessary for the enactment of legislation. But the fundamental laws, issued in April 1906, before the first Duma met in May 1906, deprived it of control over state ministers and limited its ability to initiate legislation effectively.

However, the Tsar dismissed the First Duma within 75 days and the re-elected second Duma within three months. He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians, liberals and revolutionaries were kept out. The fourth Duma was also of limited political influence. Thus the Duma was reentered right from the start, and people knew it.

Women workers between 1900 and 1930: Women workers between 1900 and 1930 led a very miserable life. They made up 31 per cent of the factory labour force by 1914, but they were paid less than men (between half and three quarters of a man’s wage.) However, it was the women workers who led the way to strikes during the February Revolution in 1917. They often inspired their male co-workers.

The Liberals: They believed in the change of society. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.

They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. However, they did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise. They were of the opinion that men of property mainly should have the right to vote. They also did not want the vote for women. In this way, we can say that liberals were not democrats.

Stalin’s collectivisation programme: Collectivisation was a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant, households into collective farms called ‘Kolkhozes’. It was carried out by the Soviet Government in the late 1920s early 1930s. Stalin introduced this system to overcome the food crisis which was rampant in the country at that time and to increase peasant labour productivity.

The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farm. Many peasants protested such attempts and destroyed livestock to show their anger. But Stalin’s collectiviasation programme did not bring the desired results. The food supply situation turned even worse in subsequent years because production did not increase immediately.

Class 9 History Chapter 2 NCERT Intext Activity Questions and Answers

Question 1. Imagine that you are a striking worker in 1905 who is being tried in court for your act of rebellion. Draft the speech you would make in your defence. Act out your speech for your class. Answer: My lord, you think that I have committed a crime but I don’t think so. I have done what I should do. You know how the prices of bread has gone up. If may wages are not increased accordingly, how I and my family would survive. You’ll be surprised to know that nowadays we only eat one time in a day. We are in acute crisis.

We don’t have enough money to buy food. So what a wrong if I demand increase in wages? You also know that the standard working hours in a day is 8 hours but we the labourers are forced to work 12 hours a day. Is it right and humane? What is more, the working conditions of the workers are too poor to describe. We work hard for long hours in suffocative and filthy atmosphere. If I raise voice on behalf of my fellow workers, these is no wrong in it. We want justice and nothing else. Now it’s up to you whether you provide me that or not. But one thing is sure I am not a criminal. I only want to be treated like a human being.

Question 2. Write the headline and a short news item about the uprising of 24 October 1917 for each of the following newspapers. Answer:

• A conservative paper in France
• A Radical newspaper in Britain
• A Bolshevik newspaper in Russia.
• A conservative newspaper in France can never welcome the revolution and pray for its quick failure.
• A Radical newspaper in Britain, however, should be supporting the move.
• The Bolshevik newspaper in Russia should be glorifying the revolution.

Question 3. Imagine that you are a middle level wheat farmer in Russia after collectivisation . You have decided to write a letter to Stalin explaining your objections to collectivisation. What would you write about the conditions of your life? What do you think would be Stalin’s response to such a farmer? Answer: I would write about the miseries of my life that I am facing due to collectivisation. The bulk of my land and implements have been transferred to the ownership of collective farms. I am forced to work on the land but the profit from the collective farms is shared. This has made my life miserable. I find it difficult to continue farming in future. Stalin’s response is not favourable. He is very strict and is not ready to listen anything against his collectivisation programme.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

CBSE Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution in this step-by-step answer guide. In some of State Boards and CBSE schools, students are taught thru NCERT books. As the chapter comes to an end, students are requested few questions in an exercising to evaluate their expertise of the chapter. Students regularly want guidance managing those NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution.

It’s most effective natural to get stuck withinside the exercises while solving them so that you can assist students score higher marks, we’ve provided step by step NCERT answers for all exercises of Class nine Social Science so you can be looking for assist from them. Students should solve those exercises carefully as questions withinside the final exams are requested from those, so these exercises immediately have an impact on students’ final score. Find all NCERT Solutions for Class nine Social Science Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution below and prepare in your tests easily

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History

Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Exercise Questions

1. What were the social , economic and Ans . political conditions in Russia before 1905 ?

Ans . Social Conditions Russian society was divided into three classes : the clergy , nobility and the working class .

Slavery was abolished in 1861 , but the peasants , who constituted 85 per cent of the population , had to pay heavy taxes for small holdings .

Economic Conditions After industrialisation , many factories were set up by industrialists . The wages were minimum and the working hours were sometimes 15 hours a day . The condition of the workers was miserable . The state treasury was bankrupt due to heavy expenditure .

Political Conditions Under the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II , the Russian empire was vast and feudal . The disastrous defeat of Russia in the Russo – Japanese War of 1904 had eroded the prestige of Tsar Nicholas II .

2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe , before 1917 ?

Ans . The working population in Russia was different from that of those in other countries in Europe before 1917 in the following ways

( i ) About 85 per cent of Russians were agriculturists . Whereas in France and Germany , the farmers were between 40 per cent and 50 per cent .

( ii ) The cultivators in Russia produced for the markets as well as for their own needs . Industrialisation started late in Russia and industries were only found in small pockets . Workers were a divided social group and maintained strong links with the villages they had come from . Metal workers considered themselves aristocrats among other workers . In Russia , sometimes the working hours for workers were 15 hours as compared to 10 or 12 hours in Europe . On the other hand , in Europe , the Industrial Revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one .

( iii ) In France , during French Revolution , the French peasants respected nobles and also fought for them . But in Russia , peasants wanted the land of the nobles . They refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords .

( iv ) In Russia , peasants had pooled their land together and divided the profits according to the family needs . In other parts of world , agriculture was done individually by the peasants .

3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917 ?

Ans . The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to social , economic and political reasons

Social reasons In the First World War , the defeat of the Russian army was shocking and demoralising .

There were over 7 million casualties and 3 million refugees by 1917. The rest of the population became hostile to the Tsar .

Economic reasons There were labour shortages due to the participation of able – bodied men in the war , which led to the shut down of many small factories .

Moreover , large quantities of grain were sent to feed the army . For the people in cities , bread and flour became expensive and scarce . This scarcity led to riots at bread shops . People became very dissatisfied with the policies of the Tsar .

Political reasons Tsar Nicholas II was an autocratic , inefficient and weak ruler who believed in the divine rights of the king . The bureaucracy got special rights and privileges , but the general public got none . Moreover , the Tsar had built a vast empire and imposed Russian language and culture on diverse nationalities . A large section of the Russian empire became hostile to the Tsar and his corrupt bureaucracy . All these factors led to discredit of the government and brought about the end of Tsarist autocracy .

4. Make two lists : One with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution . Write a paragraph on who was involved in each and who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history .

Ans . Events of the February Revolution

( i ) 22nd February , 1917 Lockout of a factory on the right bank of the Neva river . The next day , the workers of 50 factories went on strike in sympathy .

( ii ) 24th and 25th February Demonstrators came back on the streets and were dispersed by imposing curfew .

( iii ) 25th February The government suspended the Duma . Politicians criticised the measure .

( iv ) 26th February Demonstrators returned in force to the streets .

( v ) 27th February Workers ransacked the Police Headquarters .

( vi ) 2nd March The Tsar gave up his throne . Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provincial Government to run the country .

No political party was actively organising the February Revolution . Men and women workers were involved in this movement who were supported by the soldiers .

Effects of the February Revolution

( i ) Restriction on public meetings and associations were removed .

( ii ) Soviets were set up everywhere , but no common system of election was followed .

( iii ) In industrial areas , factory committees were formed which began questioning the way industrialists ran their factories .

( iv ) Trade unions grew in number .

( v ) Soldiers ‘ committees were formed in the army .

( vi ) Provisional Government’s power reduced and Bolshevik influences grew .

( vii ) The Bolsheviks were repressed .

( viii ) Land committee was formed , peasants seized land between July and September 1917 by the encouragement of the socialist revolutionaries .

Events and Effects of the October Revolution

( i ) 16th October , 1917 Lenin became the leader and he persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power . It led to the formation of a Military Revolutionary Committee for seizure of power .

( ii ) 24th October Uprising began on 24th October . The buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers were seized by the military men loyal to the government . On the same day , Pro – government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace .

Responding to the government’s action , the Military Revolutionary Committee seized the government . offices and arrested the ministers .

The navy played a significant role in the assault on the Winter Palace . The revolutionaries took over different military points .

5. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution ?

Ans . The changes brought by the Bolsheviks after October Revolution were

( i ) The Bolsheviks opposed private properties ; thus they nationalised most industries and banks .

( ii ) Lands of the clergy and nobility were seized and land was declared state property .

( iii ) In cities , the large houses were partitioned to accommodate other families .

( iv ) The use of old titles of aristocracy was banned . To assert the social change , new uniforms , e.g. , Soviet t hat , were designed for the army and the officials .

( v ) The Bolshevik Party renamed itself as the Russian Communist Party . Russia became a one – party state .

( vi ) All Russian Congress of Soviets became the Parliament of the country . Trade unions were kept under party control .

( vii ) The secret police kept vigilance on citizens and punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks .

6. Write a few lines to show what you know about

• Workers between 1900 and 1930

• The Liberals

• Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme

Ans . Kulaks Kulak is the Russian name for well – to – do peasants . In 1927-1928 , Stalin took the decision to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines . For this purpose , it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks . Many Kulaks ‘ properties were raided .

Under Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme , land of Kulaks was taken away and converted into large modern farms . This programme was severely resisted by the Kulaks . Many of them destroyed their livestock . Those who resisted collectivisation were punished ; many Kulaks were deported and exiled .

The Duma It was the elected consultative Parliament set up after the Revolution of 1905 . Its members were charged with the responsibility of making laws . The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re – elected the second Duma within 3 months .

The Tsar did not want any questioning of his power . He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians . Finally , in February 1917 , the Duma was suspended . Many members of the Duma became a part of the Provisional Government .

Women Workers between 1900 and 1930 In Russia , the women workers constituted 31 per cent of the factory labour force . They were paid less than their men counterparts . In most of the factories , they were paid between half and three – quarters of a men’s wage . During the February Revolution ( 23rd February , 1917 ) , women led the way to strikes in many factories .

The Liberals One of the groups which looked to change society were the liberals . They were opposed to the uncontrolled power of the dynastic rulers . They preferred religious tolerance and wanted to safeguard individual rights . They favoured parliamentary system of government and an independent judiciary .

They did not believe in universal adult franchise . They wanted voting rights to be restricted to men of property only .

Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme

( i ) In 1927-1928 , Soviet Russia was facing an acute problem of grain supplies . The peasants refused to sell the grains at the price fixed by the government .

( ii ) Stalin believed that the peasants had surplus grain , but were holding it back , expecting higher prices . So , he introduced the concept of collective farms ( kolkhoz ) .

( iii ) To develop these farms , it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks , take away land from peasants and establish state – controlled large farms .

( iv ) From 1929 , all peasants were forced to work in kolkhoz . The kolkhoz profit was shared by all the peasants who worked on the land . Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished .

( v ) Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation , but treated such peasants unsympathetically .

Intext Questions

Activity on page 28.

1. List two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property .

Ans . The differences between capitalist and socialist ideas of private property were

Activity on page 33

2. Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905 ? What were the demands of the revolutionaries ?

Ans . The causes of the revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905 were

( i ) Russia’s defeat in the Russo – Japanese War of1904 due to the poorly organised Russian army .

( ii ) The prices of essential commodities rose , so that real wages declined by 20 per cent .

( iii ) Workers were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works .

The revolutionaries demanded a reduction in daily working hours to eight , increase in wages and improvement in working conditions .

Activity on page 41

3. Why did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways ?

Ans . The people in Central Asia responded enthusiastically to the February 1917 Revolution because it freed them from the oppression of the Tsar’s reign and they became masters of their land again . They expected to regain their autonomy .

However , they responded negatively to the October Revolution , as it brought violence , robbery , extra taxes and another dictatorial power to rule over them . They feared now that their autonomy would be lost .

Activity on page 47

4. Compare the passages written by Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore . Read them in relation to Sources C , D and E and answer the following questions

( a ) What did Indians find impressive about the USSR ?

( b ) What did the writers fail to notice ?

An Indian arrives in Soviet Russia in 1920

For the first time in our lives , we were seeing Europeans mixing freely with Asians . On seeing the Russians mingling freely with the rest of the people of the country , we were convinced that we had come to a land of real equality .

We saw freedom in its true light . In spite of their poverty , imposed by the counter – revolutionaries and the imperialists , the people were more jovial and satisfied than ever before . The revolution had instilled confidence and fearlessness in them . The real brotherhood of mankind would be seen here among these people of fifty different nationalities . No barriers of caste or religion hindered them from mixing freely with one another . Every soul was transformed into an orator . One could see a worker , a peasant or a soldier haranguing like a professional lecturer . “

Shaukat Usmani , Historic Trips of a Revolutionary

Rabindranath Tagore wrote from Russia in 1930

‘ Moscow appears much less clean than the other European capitals . None of those hurrying along the streets look smart . The whole place belongs to the workers … Here the masses have not in the least been put in the shade by the gentlemen … those who lived in the background for ages have come forward in the open today … I thought of the peasants and workers in my own country . It all seemed like the work of the Genii in the Arabian Nights . [ here ] only a decade ago ,

they were as illiterate , helpless and hungry as our own masses … Who could be more astonished than an unfortunate Indian like myself to see how they had removed the mountain of ignorance and helplessness in these few years . “

Ans . ( a ) Indians were impressed by the fact that all persons in Russia were treated equally . In spite of them , not being very prosperous , they were happily going about their work . Asians and Europeans mingled freely in Russia , whereas it was unthinkable in India at that time .

( b ) The two writers failed to notice that essentially the people were not free to do as they liked . The Bolsheviks ruled like dictators and followed repressive policies to develop the nation quickly . The hard lives and poor working conditions of the people went unnoticed by these writers .

Benefits of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution contains extremely important points, and for each chapter, each concept has been simplified to make it easier to remember and increase your chances of achieving excellent exam results. Exam Preparation References Here are some tips on how these solutions can help you prepare for the exam.

• This helps students solve many of the problems in each chapter and encourages them to make their concepts more meaningful.
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution encourage you to update your knowledge and refine your concepts so that you can get good results in the exam.
• These NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution are the best exam materials, allowing you to learn more about your week and your strengths. To get good results in the exam, it is important to overcome your weaknesses.
• Most of the questions in the exam are formulated in a similar way to NCERT textbooks. Therefore, students should review the solutions in each chapter in order to better understand the topic.
• It is free of cost.

Tips & Strategies for Class 9 Exam Preparation

• Plan your course and syllabus and make time for revision
• Please refer to the NCERT solution available on the  cbsestudyguru  website to clarify your concepts every time you prepare for the exam.
• Use the  cbsestudyguru  learning app to start learning to successfully pass the exam. Provide complete teaching materials, including resolved and unresolved tasks.
• It is important to clear all your doubts before the exam with your teachers or Alex (an Al study Bot). 
• When you read or study a chapter, write down algorithm formulas, theorems, etc., and review them quickly before the exam.
• Practice an ample number of question papers to make your concepts stronger. 
• Take rest and a proper meal.  Don’t stress too much. 

Why opt for cbsestudyguru NCERT Solutions for Class 9 history Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution ? 

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Class 9 Social Science Case Study Questions

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If you’re seeking Class 9 Social Science Case Study Questions, you’ve come to the correct spot. Students can use Class 9 Social Science Case Study Questions to help them answer a variety of questions about the Class 9 Social Science case study.

The CBSE Board has included case study questions in Class 9 Social Science examination pattern. As a result, it becomes an indispensable study tool.

The need for a student-friendly app to explain and facilitate the understanding of the social sciences subject has been felt for a long. Especially for students who do not have a strong foundation in Class 9 Social Science. With myCBSEguide , class 9 social science students now have a place where they can find resources that are student-friendly, interesting and easy to understand.

Class 9 Social Science Case Study questions are intended to assess student’s abilities to apply their learning to practical scenarios. You’ll need to employ your critical thinking and problem-solving skills to come up with the best solution. Class 9 Social Science case study questions are designed to test your knowledge and help you improve your skills.

Class 9 Social Science Case Study Questions Samples

myCBSEguide has identified the essential themes connected to CBSE case study questions for Class 9 Social Science that every student should be aware of following a comprehensive examination of CBSE Sample Papers and Marking Scheme. Students in Class 9 Social Science will benefit from this information in understanding the changes in the Class 9 Social Science. For a better understanding and analysis, students should refer to the example of Class 9 Social Science case study questions attached below:

Class 9 Social Science Case Study Question 1

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens. Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a peoples’ militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms. Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille, where they hoped to find hoarded ammunition. In the armed fight that followed, the commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released – though there were only seven of them. Yet the Bastille was hated by all because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the markets to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction. The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the countryside. Most people were protesting against the high price of bread. Much later, when historians looked back upon this time, they saw it as the beginning of a chain of events that ultimately led to the execution of the king in France, though most people at the time did not anticipate this outcome. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

On 14th July, 1789 the people of the ________ estate attacked the Bastille prison and freed all the prisoners signalling the start of the _________.

• first, civil war
• fourth, Russian war
• second, movement
• third, revolution

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

• The Bastille was the fortress-prison.
• The Bastille stood for the democratic power of the king.
• On the morning of 14 July 1789, the people of Paris stormed Bastille
• All are correct

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option: Assertion (A): The people of France storm the Bastille. Reason (R): They were hopeful to find King Louis XIV and commander of the Bastille there.

• Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
• Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
• A is correct but R is wrong.
• Both A and R are wrong.

What was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris?

• Atrocities by the commander
• The high price of bread
• The killing of women and children
• All of these

Answer Key:

• (d) third, revolution
• (b) The Bastille stood for the democratic power of the king. [Explanation: The Bastille stood for the despotic power of the king.]
• (c) A is correct but R is wrong. [Explanation: The people of France stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille because they were hopeful to find hoarded ammunition there.]
• (b) high price of bread

Class 9Social Science Case Study Question 2

Read the extracts and answer the question that follows:

The Himalayas, geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the Himalayas northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world. They form an arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 Km. Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 Km in Arunachal Pradesh. The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half than those in the western half. The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent. A number of valleys lie between these ranges. The northern most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all the prominent Himalayan peaks.

The folds of Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite. It is perennially snow bound, and a number of glaciers descend from this range.

• The Great or Inner Himalayas is also known as?
• Give two features of the folds of Great Himalayas.
• Give two features of the Inner Himalayas.
• The Great or Inner Himalayas is also known as the ‘Himadri’.
• (Any two relevant points)
• The folds of Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature.
• The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite.
• It is perennially snow bound, and a number of glaciers descend from this range.
• Features of the Inner Himalayas:
• It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres.
• It contains all the prominent Himalayan peaks.  

Class 9 Social Science Case Study Question 3

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999. He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country. Later he changed his designation to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five-year extension. Pakistani media, human rights organisations and democracy activists said that the referendum was based on malpractices and fraud. In August 2002 he issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a National Security Council which is dominated by military officers. After passing this law, elections were held to the national and provincial assemblies. So Pakistan has had elections, elected representatives have some powers. But the final power rested with military officers and General Musharraf himself. Clearly, there are many reasons why Pakistan under General Musharraf should not be called a democracy. People may have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but those elected representatives were not really the rulers. They cannot take the final decisions. The power to take final decision rested with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them were elected by the people. This happens in many dictatorships and monarchies. They formally have an elected parliament and government but the real power is with those who are not elected. In a few countries, the real power was with some external powers and not with locally elected representatives. This cannot be called people’s rule. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

What is the meaning of Referendum?

• Direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal
• A form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people
• A system where the majority or elected representatives are allowed to take decisions on behalf of all the people

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option: Assertion (A): Pakistan not considered a democratic country even after having elections Reason (R): Despite elections to the national and provincial assemblies, the final powers rested with General Musharraf and military officers.

• Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
• Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
• A is wrong but R is correct.

After the passage of the ________, elections were held to the national and state assemblies.

• Military rule
• Legal Framework Order
• Both (b) and (c)

Does the given source explain the significance of which feature of democracy?

• Democracy must be based on a free and fair election
• In a democracy, the final decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people
• In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote
• Democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights
• (a) Direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal
• (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
• (c) Legal Framework Order
• (b) In a democracy, the final decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people

Steps to Master Class 9 Social Science Case Study Questions

Class 9 Social Science case study questions can be daunting, but there are some strategies you can use to ace them. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to Class 9 social science case study questions. The best way to solve a social science case study will vary depending on the specific case in question. However, there are some general tips that can be followed in order to improve your chances of success while answering class 9 social science case study questions.

• First, make sure to read the question carefully and understand what is being asked. It is often helpful to re-read the question after gathering all of your information.
• Next, organize your thoughts and create an outline of your answer. This will help you to stay on track and include all relevant information.
• Finally, write your answer in a clear and concise manner.

Class 9 Social Science Content Structure

Class 9 social science content is divided into four parts: History, Geography, Economics and Political Science. Each part is further divided into smaller themes/chapters.

Each of these topics given in Class 9 Social Science is important in its own right, and together they provide a comprehensive overview that affect our world today. The content is structured in such a way as to provide Class 9 Social Science students with a broad understanding of each issue, while also allowing them to focus on specific areas that are of particular interest to Class 9 Social Science students.

Class 9 Social Science COURSE CONTENT 

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Class 9 History Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Notes

• Updated on  
• Oct 9, 2023

As Class 9 History covers the historical events of World War I and II, one of its chapters also essentially explores the emergence of socialism in Europe. This chapter comprises a detailed overview of the tremendous changes the European societies witnessed and went through during the Russian Revolution. Since it is one of the lengthiest chapters of the class 9 syllabus , it can be difficult to remember all the key pointers for the exam. So, in this blog, we have prepared the Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution notes to help you understand this chapter in a simpler manner. We have also provided the exercise solutions at the end of this blog to help you get a good grasp of the chapter.

This Blog Includes:

French revolution rooting for social change , conservatives, industrial and social change , socialism in europe, the russian revolution , economy and society of the russian empire , russian socialism , the bloody sunday , beginning of the world war and its effect on the russian empire, the february revolution in petrograd, post-february , october revolution (1917), after-effects of the october revolution, civilian war, forming a progressive social society, stalinism and collectivisation, global impact of the russian revolution and ussr, class 9 socialism in europe and the russian revolution notes pdf, ncert solutions – extra questions and answers.

NCERT Chapter Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution PDF

Before the 18th century, Europe was dominated by Monarchical power where the aristocrats and the church enforced economic and social decisions on people. However, with the onset of the French Revolution between 1789 to 1790, people raised their voices to change the country’s political landscape and uproot the monarchy system. 

Liberals, Radicals, and Conservatives 

It was noted that not all Europeans did not want a complete transformation of society. There were few in favour of a gradual shift while others wanted the society to be restructured rather radically. Let’s have a look at these divided groups in further detail

One of the groups which favoured a change in society was the liberals. This group wished to live in a nation that tolerated all religions. The Liberal Group was strongly against the unrestrained power of the authoritative rulers. 

Their agenda was also to promote the rights of individuals against the government. This group were not ‘ democrats ’. They did not agree with the concept of an independent adult franchise, which gives rights to every citizen to vote. They wanted men owning property to cast their vote and were against women participating in the vote.

Radicals too wanted to change society like the liberals. However, they wished to stay in a nation in which the government was elected based on the votes of the mass population. They wanted to safeguard the rights of women through the women’s suffrage movement. They were in opposition to the privileges enjoyed by great landowners and wealthy factory owners. 

Conservatives are another important group which played a pivotal role in the upsurge of socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution, Conservatives were initially against the change that was being favoured by liberals and radicals. However, after the French Revolution, conservatives also became open to change through a slower process. 

Industrialization brought together men, children, and women in factories. The factory working hours were gruesome and long. During the lack of demand for industrial goods, unemployment was high. There was no proper facility for housing and sanitation. Liberals and radicals who were property owners wanted to address these issues. They felt that wealthy and educated citizens should benefit the economy by being more productive. 

Socialists were against people holding private property. They felt that though the property owners gave employment, they were only concerned with their private gains and not about the welfare of the society at large. Karl Marx (1818-1883) argued that industrial society was ‘capitalist’ and the workers should build a socialist society where all property was socially controlled to become free of capitalist status. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) contributed immensely to the theories and study of the concept of socialism.

Socialists took charge of the government in Russia during the October Revolution of 1917. The fall of the monarchy in February 1917 and the events that followed in October of the same year are referred to as the Russian Revolution. Before this Czar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire in 1914.  

Now that you are familiar with the upsurge of Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution took place, here are some pointers describing the economic conditions during this time in Europe

• At the beginning of the 20 th century, the majority of Russians (85%) earned their livelihood by practising agriculture.
• Industries were concentrated only in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
• In the 1890s more factories were set up with the extension of Russia’s railway network and the production of coal and iron increased.
• The Government rule was often broken and the workers were made to work for 10- 15 hours a day.
• Women accounted for 31% of factory labour in 1914 but were paid less than men.

In this chapter, the next important topic is Russian Socialism. Enlisted below are some major pointers related to it. 

• The socialists founded and formed the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 1898 but had to be operated illegally due to the Government’s policing.
• The Socialists group founded the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900 which stood for peasant’s rights, demanding that the land which belonged to the nobles should be handed over to the peasants.

Bloody Sunday is a vital sub-topic covered under the chapter on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. It took place on 22nd January 1905 in St. Petersburg . A procession of 1,10,000 workers gathered to make an appeal to Czar Nicholas II demanding a reduction in working hours to eight hours a day, an increase in wages, and better working conditions. Many workers felt that the prices of essential goods were increasing too fast and the wages were declining by 20%. The local police along with the Cossacks attacked the mob and killed over 100 workers and injured over 300. The Bloody Sunday is an unfortunate event known worldwide covered under the Russian Revolution

The emergence of World War I indirectly impacted the Russian Revolution in great terms, let us have a look at some key pointers related to it:

• In 1914, two European alliances, i.e. Germany, Austria & Turkey as well as France, Britain & Russia took to war.
• The war was initially popular in support of Czar Nicholas II, but then the public stopped supporting the Czar.
• From 1914 to 1916, Russian armies lost war against Germany and Austria. As many as 7 million people were recorded as casualties,
• Industries were affected, railway lines were disintegrated, small workshops were shut and bread & flour became scarce.

As mentioned in Socialism and the Russian Revolution, the February Revolution was one of the most influential events of that period. Here are the key pointers you must know about the February Revolution:

• The conditions in 1917 in Petrograd were grim as there was an acute shortage of food in the worker’s quarters,
• On February 22nd, a major lockout was declared in the Factory and workers walked from the factory dwelling quarters to the centre of the capital.
• The government called for a curfew and the Duma was removed. Streets were filled with people shouting slogans of bread, wages, lesser working hours and democracy.
• The government asked the cavalry to fire, however, they did not follow the orders and joined the workers on strike.
• Soldiers and workers formed a ‘soviet’ or ‘council’ which came to be known as the Petrograd Soviet.
• This led to the rise of the February Revolution and the end of monarchy rule in 1917 February.

Liberals and socialists favoured a government elected by the masses. Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks came back to Russia from his exile and declared the war to end. He also demanded that land must be passed on to peasants and that the banks should be nationalized. Different unions were formed in factories. Land committees came into existence and peasants seized land.

On 16 October 1917, Lenin convinced the Soviets of Petrograd and the Bolsheviks to accept the socialist power. The Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviets under Leon Trotsky for the seizure. At a meeting in Petrograd of the All Russian Congress of Soviets party, the majority approved the Bolshevik action. A major fight in Moscow broke out but by December, Bolsheviks established control of the Moscow-Petrograd area. Hence, the October Revolution is marked as an essential topic under the chapter on Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. 

Here are some of the major repercussions of the October Revolution:

• The nationalization of Industries and banks had taken place by 1917. The land was declared as public property. Most peasants were able to seize the lands of the nobility class.
• The Assembly in 1918 rejected Bolsheviks’ appeal and the assembly was dismissed by Lenin.
• Bolsheviks was the sole party to take part in the election to the Russian Soviet Congress.
• Russia became a one-party state and trade unions had to take orders from the ruling party. 

The civilian war witnessed disapproval from various leading groups in Europe. While studying Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution, you must also go through the following pointers on the emergence of the Civilian War:

• The group of Socialists, liberals, and autocrats did not support the Bolsheviks uprising.
• During the period of 1918 to 1919, the greens termed as socialists (revolutionaries and whites who were in favour of the Czar) controlled the Russian empire supported by the French, the Americans, the British and the Japanese troops. 
• Civil War was initiated between newly formed troops and the Bolshevik supporters. 
• Non-Bolsheviks lost support in the War and by  1920 the Bolsheviks headed and controlled the Russian Empire.
• Bolsheviks sought the support of non-Russian nationalists and Muslim jadidists.
• The non-Russians were now allowed to participate in politics in the Soviet Union (USSR).

While making the study notes for class 9 chapter socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution, you must also know about how the formation of a progressive social society was carried out in the post-war European society:

• Planning became a centralized process and a five-year plan was drafted.
• The government set prices for all commodities to increase industrial and economic growth.
• Industrialization increased and new factories were set-up.
• The school system was formed and provisions were made for factory workers and peasants. Crèche facility was opened in factories, public healthcare at cheap was provided, and living quarters were made for workers.

Stalinism and Collectivisation are described in detail under the chapter on Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. Here is a section summary of Stalinism and Collectivisation: 

• The period of the early Planned Economy was led to the disasters of the collectivization of agriculture.
• By 1927-28, Soviet Russia faced an acute shortage of grains.
• The Government fixed a price for grins but peasants denied the new rates.
• Stalin led the party after the death of Lenin called for emergency measures.
• Peasants were stocking grains for a higher price and got arrested.
• Lands were seized from peasants and large state-controlled farms were established.
• Peasants were forced to work on collectivized farms.
• Due to a bad harvest in 1930-33, a devastating famine struck Russia and 4 million died.
• Around 2 million people were prisoned for criticizing the Planned Economic measures.

As the Russian revolution was one of the major historical events, it had multiple repercussions all across the world. Take a look at the key consequences of how th Russian Revolution affected the world economy at large:

• Globally, many Communist groups were formed like the Communist Party of Great Britain.
• Many non-Russians outside of the USSR were a part of the Conference of Peoples of East during 1920 and the Bolshevik group initiated the Comintern (a worldwide union of Bolshevik socialist party supporters).
• The idea of Socialism had been given a front face globally by the outbreak of the Second World War.
• It was noticed that the structure of the USSR governance was not tuned correctly with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.
• Even though industries were flourishing especially the agriculture sector and there was an abundant food supply, the ultimate freedom to citizens was denied.

Industries and banks were nationalised by November 1917; the Government took over ownership and management. The land was declared as a social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. In the cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements. Old titles of the aristocracy were banned. New uniforms were designed for the army and officials. Bolshevik Party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) Bolsheviks conducted elections to the constituent assembly; however, they failed to attain the majority, Assembly rejected the Bolshevik measures, and Lenin dismissed the assembly. All Russian Congress of Soviets became the Parliament of the country. Russia became a one-party state. Trade unions were kept under party control, the Secret Police punished anyone who criticised the Bolsheviks. Many young artists and writers continued to support the Party as it stood for Socialism. Many experiments were done in Arts and Architecture. But many artists were unhappy because of the censorship.

Russia’s population were agriculturists. About 85 percent of Russians depended on agriculture as the main source of their income. Unlike France and Germany where only 40 per cent and 50 per cent depended on agriculture and rest were involved in manufacturing or service industries. Russia was a major exporter of grain as a larger number of the population was dependent upon the sector. Russia had two major industrial areas- St Petersburg and Moscow. With only a few industries, craftsmen took care of maximum production. Changes were introduced in the 1890s, when Russia’s railway extended, industries were set up, foreign investment in industry increased, coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Russians (85%) earned their livelihood by practising agriculture. Industries were concentrated only in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the 1890s more factories were set up with the extension of Russia’s railway network and the production of coal and iron increased. Government rule was often broken and the workers were made to work for 10- 15 hours a day. Women accounted for 31% of factory labour in 1914 but were paid less than men. The socialists founded and formed the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party in 1898 but had to be operated illegally due to Government’s policing. The Socialists group founded the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900 which stood for peasant’s rights, demanding that the land which belonged to the nobles should be handed over to the peasants.

Tsarist autocracy collapsed due to a number of reasons. The Tsar rule was authoritarian and not answerable to the general public. There was no parliament to keep its powers in check and the poor economic and social conditions of the workers did not help. Workers in the early 20 century were overworked and the trade unions and factory committees were declared illegal. There were heavy restrictions on political activity. Tsar had dismissed the first 2 Dumas very quickly because he did not want his authority and powers to be questioned. The third Duma was filled with Conservative politicians. Tsar refused to consult the Duma during the first world war. The dissatisfaction increased when the Russian soldiers returned from war to find their agricultural lands were burnt and buildings destroyed on the orders of the Tsar.

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Arinjay Academy » Social Science Class 9 » Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers covered all the topics explained in Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. The chapter on the Russian Revolution begins with an introduction to the various ideological groups present in society and how the political and social changes began changing Russian society. The following section discusses the Russian empire before the revolution and how the economy and society of the empire were structured. It also touches upon the 1905 Revolution. The chapter then discusses the February and October Revolutions which were together called the Russian Revolution. The following section discusses the changes that took place due to the revolution, and how a socialist society was formed. The collectivisation programme by Stalin is also discussed.

The chapter ends with a discussion on the global influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR.

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 9  all subjects which can be accessed by  clicking here .

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Answer Type Questions: 1-2 Marks

Ques.1: Who were the Liberals?

Ans.1: The Liberals were a group of people who aimed at changing society and were secular. They did not favour any specific religion and were particularly against the concept of monarchy. They believed in the concept of fundamental rights and were largely in favour of representative parliamentary form of government elected by the citizens themselves. They demanded the setting up of an independent judiciary to safeguard individual rights. However, they did not support the concept of universal adult franchise and were against granting the voting rights to women, and believed that only  men owning property should be allowed to vote.

Ques.2: Who were Radicals?

Ans.2: The radicals were a group of people who believed that the governments should be based on the vote of the majority of the population. As opposed to the liberals, they believed in the universal adult franchise and some even favoured granting voting rights to women.They were against the privileges of wealthy landowners, but they did not oppose private ownership. They were only against the accumulation of wealth with a small section of society.

Ques.3: Define Conservationists.

Ans.3: This section of the society completely opposed any kind of change and was absolutely opposite to liberal and radical ideology. However, gradually they changed their ideology and favoured change through a slow process.

Ques.4: What was the Suffragette movement?

Ans.4: It was a movement demanding the right to vote for women.

Ques.5: Whose writings inspired people in Italy to fight for nations with equal rights?

Ans.5: Giuseppe Mazzini’s writings became an inspiration for not only  the people of Italy but also for the populations across various other countries.

Ques.6: Name some of the famous socialists.

Ans.6: Some of the popular socialists with different ideologies were:

• Robert Owen
• Louis Blanc

Ques.7: What was ‘New Harmony’?

Ans.7: New Harmony was a cooperative community, set up on the suggestion of Robert Owen.

Ques.8: Which socialist trade unions formed with the support of socialism?

Ans.8: Various socialists trade unions were formed across Europe with the support of socialism. These were:

• Social Democratic Party in Germany
• Socialist Party in France
• Labour Party in Britain

Ques.9: Which international body was formed to coordinate the efforts of socialism across Europe?

Ans.9: The Second International

Ques.10: Who ruled the Russian empire before the Russian Revolution?

Ans.10: Tsar Nicholas II

Ques.11: What was the extent of the Russian empire?

Ans.11: The Russian empire included the territories of present-day Russia, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Poland, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The Russian empire extended in the Pacific Ocean as well.

Ques.12: What feature set apart the Russian peasants from other European peasants?

Ans:12: The unique feature of the Russian peasants was that from time to time, they pooled their land resources and redistributed it among themselves based on the needs of individual families. This feature set the Russian peasants apart from other European workers.

Ques.13: Which workers called themselves the ‘aristocrats of workers’ and why?

Ans.13: Metalworkers in the factories considered themselves as the ‘aristocrats of workers’ as theirs was among those works requiring special skills, expertise, and training.

Ques.14: Name the socialist parties formed in Russia.

Ans.14: The socialist parties formed in Russia were:

• Russian Social Democratic Workers in 1898
• Social Revolutionary Party in 1900

Ques.15: What were the internal factions of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party?

Ans.15: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Ques.16: St. Petersburg was renamed as ___________.

Ans.16: Petrograd

Ques.17: How did February 23 come to be recognised as the International Women’s Day?

And.17: On 23 February, workers from 50 factories took to roads to strike and protest against the lockout in a factory. Many groups in these strikes were led by women. Hence, this day came to be recognised as International Women’s Day.

Ques.18: Who were the reds, greens, and the whites?

Ans.18: Reds were the Bolsheviks; greens were the Socialist Revolutionaries and whites were pro-Tsarists.

Ques.19: Define Jadidists.

Ans.19: Jadidists was a section of people in Muslim society demanding modernised Islam.

Ques.20: Who headed the Bolshevik Party after Lenin’s death?

Ans.20: Joseph Stalin.

Ques.21: Which organisations came into existence as the result of the global influence of the USSR?

Ans.21: The impact of the Russian Revolution was visible across various nations. People from non-USSR nations actively participated in major organisations like:

• Conference of the Peoples of the East
• Comintern (a pro-Bolshevik union)

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Answer Type Questions: 2-4 Marks

Ques.1: Differentiate between Liberals and Radicals.

Ques.2: Who were the socialists?

Ans.2: Socialists was the name given to the followers of socialism.

• They were against the concept of private property ownership and believed that the property must be owned by the government.
• In their view, private property ownership led to the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a smaller section of the society, promoting personal gain.
• The attention thus should be on the collective gain and social interest of all members of the society.
• They carried out extensive campaigns and worked hard to set up socialist form of government.

Ques.3: What different visions about socialism existed?

Ans.3: The ideology of socialism around the world varied from one region to another. People had their own visions about how society should be structured as a socialist one.

• An English manufacturer, Robert Owen, favoured the idea of cooperatives. He worked to build a cooperative community, New Harmony, in Indiana (USA).
• Others like Louis Blanc were of the view that government initiative is necessary for setting up large cooperatives and reducing the influence of capitalism. He circulated the concept of working in associations and dividing the profits based on the amount of work done.
• These ideas were further refined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He believed in order to escape the exploitation by capitalism, a society must be designed where the assets are socially owned. Workers must oppose the capitalistic setup and work towards the formation of a communist society.

Ques.4: Briefly explain the Marxist ideology.

Ans.4: The Marxist ideology was named after the ideologist who proposed the theory, i.e. Karl Marx.

• According to Marx, industrialization was a capitalistic concept.
• Most of the factories and property were owned by capitalists and the profit earned by the workers was taken away from them. The conditions of the workers were grim.
• He believed that only when the workers fought against capitalism and dismantled its power, can this exploitation be overcome by them.
• For this, Marx suggested a society where the property was socially controlled. He inspired workers to develop a communist society.
• In his opinion, communist society was natural and that future held great success for this society.

Ques.5: When and how did socialism spread across Europe?

Ans.5: The ideology of socialism grew popular in the rest of Europe by the 1870s. The Second Internation was set up to coordinate the socialists across Europe. Eventually, workers in Germany and England began forming associations and unions and started demanding better wages and working conditions. Funds were maintained to help the members of associations in times of need. Associations like the Social Democratic Party in Germany, Labour Party in Britain, and the Socialist Party in France were set up. The idea of socialism grew stronger and gradually began influencing the governments.

Ques.6: Describe the Russian economy at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Ans.6: The Russian economy was largely dependent on agriculture, with 85% of its population engaged in agricultural practices.

• Russia was a major exporter of food grains before 1905.
• Industries were not popular and were only found in small concentrations. The Major industrial regions were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Almost all the industrial units were private properties, with almost no government supervision over large ones.
• Major production was undertaken by craftsmen.
• Industrial growth was aided with the extension of rail networks and increased foreign investment in industries.
• Iron and steel production increased by four times and coal production doubled.

 Ques.7: How did the Social Democrats differ from the Social Revolutionaries?

Ans.7: The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was found in 1898. The Socialist Revolutionary Party came into existence in 1900. They believed that the system of Russian peasants whereby they pooled and redistributed their land depending on individual family needs was socialist in nature, and hence the peasants should be the force of the revolution.

However, the Democrats disagreed on the ground that the peasants were a diverse community with some peasants being rich, owning the land,employing the poor peasants and others to work on their fields, were the less prosperous ones forced to work on the farms of capitalistic peasants. Hence the Democrats believed that not all peasants could be a part of the socialist movement.

Ques.8: What were the consequences of the 1905 Revolution?

Ans.8: The consequences of the 1905 Revolution were as follows:

• An elected parliament called the Duma was set up.
• Factory workers formed associations and trade unions.
• Political activity was limited.
• Eventually, the Tsar began restricting these associations and unions and declared them illegal.
• The Duma was dissolved within 75 days of its formation.
• Voting laws were changed and the third Duma was elected, having members belonging only to the conservatives.

Ques.9: What was the April Theses?

Ans.9: After the February Revolution, when Lenin returned from exile in April, he realised that now it was time for the Soviet socialists to control the power. Lenin put forth the following three demands:

• The war should end.
• The lands should be transferred to nobility.
• The banks should be nationalised.

These demands were together known as the April Theses.

Ques.10: What changes were brought by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution?

Ans.10: The changes brought by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution were:

• No one could own any private property.
• Banks and industries were nationalised.
• Land was no longer a private property and peasants were allowed to seize the land.
• Large houses were broken up based on family requirements.
• New military and official uniforms were introduced, the most popular of them being budeonovka, the Soviet hat.

Ques.11: How did the political conditions change after the October revolution?

Ans.11: After the October Revolution, a series of political changes took place in Russia.

• The Bolsheviks renamed themselves as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
• The elections were conducted in November 1917 where the Bolsheviks lost. The Assembly thus elected was dismissed by Lenin the following year, so that fresh elections could be conducted and a more democratic All Russian Congress could be elected.
• Eventually, the Bolsheviks began to take decisions against the opinions of the opposition members.
• In the coming years, the Bolsheviks were the only party that began contesting the elections. It was followed by Russia becoming a one-party country.
• Secret police department was set up and people who criticized the government were punished.
• Though the crowds still supported the party, they were largely misguided owing to the censorship.

Ques.12: What led to the Civil War in Russia?

Ans.12: As the land was now being redistributed, soldiers and peasants began moving to their homes to acquire the land.

• Meanwhile, the non-Bolsheviks, who were against the Bolsheviks, began moving south to organise troops to fight the Bolshevik uprising.
• The Socialist Revolutionaries and pro-Tsarists took control of the Russian empire in 1918 and 1919.
• To gain back the control, the Bolsheviks fought these groups, which resulted in the Civil war.
• Casualties were high and cases of looting increased. Famines also became common.

Ques.13: Describe the Russian Society in the 1950s.

Ans.13: By the year of 1950, socialists around the world began criticising the Russian Revolution as it no longer represented the ideals it began with. Though the country had witnessed modernisation of industry and development in agriculture, the essential rights were denied to its citizens and they were largely being repressed. Eventually, Russia lost the reputation that it held among other socialist nations. But the Russian Revolution continued to inspire socialists worldwide.

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Answer Type Questions: 4-6 Marks

Ques.1: Which event is known as the Bloody Sunday in the history of the Russian Revolution? How did it lead to the 1905 Revolution?

Ans.1: The workers and peasants in Russia, along with the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries fought for their rights and better living conditions during the 1905 revolution. Multiple factors agitated these groups to fight the government.

• The conditions in Russia began worsening for the workers in the year 1904.
• The prices of essential commodities saw a major price hike, reducing the real wages of the workers by 20%.
• In the same year, four workers of the Assembly of Russian Workers were dismissed, which agitated the workers across all the other factory associations.
• In protest of this event, over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike, demanding the following demands to be fulfilled.

a) Improved working conditions b) Eight-hours working day c) Increased wages.

• When the protesting workers reached the king’s Winter Palace, they were attacked by armed forces. Hundreds of soldiers were killed and an enormous number were injured.

This was the infamous incident of Bloody Sunday. The events following this incident were collectively called the 1905 Revolution. Widespread protests took place all over the country, and a lack of civil liberties was questioned. A number pf unions were established by doctors, engineers, lawyers, and middle-class workers.  

Ques.2: How was the First World War different on the eastern side as compared to the western side? What were its impacts on the Russian empire?

Ans.2: The First World War began in the year 1914. The war was fought both in and outside of Europe. The way the war was fought in the east and the west varied greatly.

• On the western front, the war was fought from trenches along eastern France.
• However, in the east, the movement of armies was strong and there were large casualties.
• The armies were badly defeated. When they retreated, they destroyed crops and damaged the buildings in order to make it difficult for the opposing armies.
• Eventually, the Tsar government grew unpopular and the soldiers began backing out of the war.

The war had major implications for the Russian industry.

• The already fewer industries were severely hit by the shortages of supply.
• Industrial equipment disintegrated, and railways started to break down.
• Factories and shops fell short of labour as most of them were required to fight the war. Hence the factories and shops were shut.
• Food resources became scarce as most of them were used to feed the soldiers.
• This resulted in riots.

Ques.3: Discuss in detail the February Revolution of 1917. What were its effects?

Ans.3: The city was divided into two economically separate sections. The workers were on the right bank of River Neva, and the left side of the river had all important buildings like the Palace and official buildings.

• The winters were severe in February and workers on the right bank of the river faced food shortage.
• Tsar wished to dissolve the Duma, as opposed to the parliamentarians who wished to preserve the elected government.
• A factory lockout took place on 22 nd February, following which workers from fifty factories went on strike the next day, on 23 February.
• Many sections were led by women. Hence the day came to be recognised as International Women’s Day.
• Around the same time, on 25 th February, the Duma was suspended by the government.
• On 27 th February, the demonstrators plundered the police stations, demanding their rights to better working conditions, democracy, and sufficient food supplies to be fulfilled.
• A soviet named Petrograd Soviet was formed by the protesting workers and soldiers.
• Tsar was forced to leave the throne on 2 nd March 1917, thereby collapsing the monarchy and the Provisional Government formed by Soviet and Duma leaders took over the country.

 Effects of the February Revolution were:

• Soviets began to be set up around the country, and associations and public meetings were legalised.
• Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks demanded to transfer land to the peasants, nationalisation and putting an end to the war.
• Factory committees questioning the system of running the factories were formed and many trade unions emerged. Soldiers’ committees were being set up in the army.
• Eventually, the Bolshevik influence continued to grow.
• Land began to be redistributed by the committees, and between July and September, peasants began seizing the land.

Ques.4: What was the Russian Revolution? Discuss the October revolution in detail. What were its social and political impacts?

Ans.4: The events that took place during the February Revolution and October Revolution were together known as the Russian Revolution of 1917. The major events and the effects of the October Revolution are as follows.

• To overcome the fear and prevent the Provisional Government from setting up a dictatorship, the Bolsheviks began igniting a spark among the followers against the government.
• A Military Revolutionary Committee was set up under the leadership of Leon Trotskii on 16 October 1917 to seize the power of the government.
• The violent uprisings began on 24 October. Troops sent by the government tried hard to protect the Winter Palace. Eventually, the entire city and all the military points were taken over by the committee.
• Riots and fights continued all over the country. Gradually, the Moscow-Petrograd area was completely under the control of the Bolsheviks.

The social impacts of the October Revolution were:

• In November 1917, the banks and industries were nationalised.
• The land of the nobility was seized by the peasants and land was no longer private property.
• Large houses were redistributed depending on the family sizes.
• New uniforms were introduced for soldiers and officials, the most famous among them being the budeonovka, the Soviet hat.

The political impacts of the Revolution were:

• The Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) was the new name adopted by the Bolshevik Party.
• The assembly elected in November 1917 was dismissed by Lenin and proper elections were conducted for the All Russian Congress of Soviets.
• The problems between the Bolsheviks and Germany regarding Brest Litovsk were resolved against the popular opposition.
• Eventually, Russia became a one-party state, with only the Bolshevik Party being the one to participate.
• Soon the Party grew autocratic and began punishing those who criticised them. The secret police were set up and trade unions were once again under control.
• The Bolshevik Party encouraged censorship as well, thereby keeping the populations in the dark.

Ques.5: What steps were taken by the Bolsheviks to make the Russian society socialist?

Ans.5: The Bolsheviks were the supporters of socialism from the very beginning. Once they took over the government of the country, they brought about certain changes to make the Russian society more socialistic. These were:

• Banks and industries were industrialised.
• Private lands were confiscated and made a socially controlled property.
• A centralised planning system was introduced, with the adoption of Five-Year Plans.
• Targets were set to be achieved during this five-year period.
• The first two five-year plans were across the years 1927-1932 and 1933-1938.
• The first two plans were devoted to the development of industries, with all the prices being fixed by the government.
• The economy of the country boomed and the industrial sector flourished.
• New cities came into existence.
• Extended schooling system was developed, whereby the workers and peasants could join universities.
• To facilitate working for women workers, creches were set up for their children inside the factories.
• Health care services became cheap.
• Better living conditions were provided to the workers.

However, there were certain negative implications of growth. The working conditions of the workers worsened owing to large scale industrial construction. The transition to and then following of socialism brought both positive and negative effects, owing to the limited resources that the government possessed.

Ques.6: What measures were adopted by Stalin to overcome the shortage of food grains?

Ans.6: During the first Five-Year Plan, people across Soviet Russia were facing the problems of a limited supply of food grains. As the government put a maximum price ceiling on the expenses at which the farm produce could be sold, peasants became reluctant to sell the grains at the existing prices. This led to severe food shortages.

When after the death of Lenin, Stalin took over the control of the Soviet government, he speculated that the rich traders and peasants were hoarding the produce, waiting for the prices to rise.

To overcome this situation, Stalin introduced the collectivisation programme in 1928. Initially, the grain-producing areas were toured and kulaks, the well-to-do peasants were raided. Even after the raids, the grain continued to fall short of the demands. The reason behind this was thought to be the relatively small size of landholdings, making them less productive. As the land was already distributed among the peasants, the size of the lands was small and hence difficult to modernise.

In order to modernise the farms, the land had to be taken back from peasants and converted into large farms that were under the government’s control. Hence, the small farms were now merged together and turned into large collective farms, known as kolkhoz. The peasants were now forced to work on these collective farms and shared the profit among themselves. However, the peasants did not like this and as a result, cattle were killed by them on a large scale, reducing their population by one-third until 1931. Such criticism was unwelcomed and these peasants were severely punished. Independent cultivation was not allowed, barring a few exceptions.

However, the collectivisation programme did not solve the problem of food grain shortage. Devastating famines took place due to the bad harvests of 1930-1933, where over 4 million people died.

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MCQ Questions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 9 History with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1. What was the position of Russia’s army in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916? (a) Russian army brought a lot of destruction in Germany and Austria. (b) It killed a large member of people and was victorious (c) Russian army lost badly (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Russian army lost badly

Question 2. Why did the Tsar dismiss the first Duma within 75 days of its election? (a) Because it was incapable of taking good decisions (b) Because the Tsar did not want anyone to question his authority (c) The term of first Duma was of 75 days only (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Because the Tsar did not want anyone to question his authority

Question 3. In the World War I, which started in 1914, Russia fought against (a) Britain and France (b) Germany and Austria (c) America (d) All the above

Answer: (b) Germany and Austria

Question 4. What were the demands made by the workers in St. Petersburg who went on a strike? (a) Reduction of working time to eight hours (b) Increase in wages (c) Improvement in working conditions (d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

Question 5. Which of the following is true about the peasants of Russia? (a) Except in a few cases, they had no respect for the nobility (b) Peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them (c) Frequently they refused to pay rent and even murdered the landlords (d) All the above

Answer: (b) Peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them

Question 6. The procession of workers to the Winter Palace was attacked by the police killing 100 workers. This incident is called (a) Black Sunday (b) Bloody Sunday (c) Rebellious Sunday (d) Unlucky Sunday

Answer: (b) Bloody Sunday

Question 7. By the mid-19th century in Europe, the idea which attracted widespread attention on the restructuring of society was (a) Capitalism (b) Socialism (c) Dictatorship (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Socialism

Question 8. When was the Socialist Revolutionary Party formed in Russia? (a) 1898 (b) 1900 (c) 1905 (d) 1910

Answer: (b) 1900

Question 9. Why did some liberals and radicals become revolutionaries in France, Italy, Russia etc.? (a) They wanted to concentrate powers in their own hands (b) They wanted to overthrow the existing monarchs (c) They were against equal rights (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) They wanted to overthrow the existing monarchs

Question 10. Who conspired in Italy to bring about a revolution? (a) Bismarck (b) Karl Marx (c) Guiseppe Mazzini (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Guiseppe Mazzini

Question 11. What kind of developments took place as a result of new political trends in Europe? (a) Industrial Revolution occurred (b) New cities came up (c) Railways expanded (d) All the above

Question 12. How can you say that the ‘liberals’ were not ‘democrats’? (a) They did not believe in universal adult franchise (b) They felt that only men of property should have a right to vote (c) Women should not have right to vote (d) All the above

Question 13. In order to develop societies, liberals and radicals believed (a) in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise (b) in the privileges of the old aristocracy (c) that those who had capital should work with restraint (d) all the above

Answer: (a) in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise

Question 14. What were the ideas of ‘conservatives’ regarding social change in the 19th century? (a) They accepted that some change was required (b) They believed that change should be done by a slow process (c) They were completely opposed to any such change (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 15. Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct regarding what the ‘liberals’ wanted? (a) Not to tolerate all the religions (b) To oppose uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers (c) Universal adult franchise (d) Government appointed by the king

Answer: (b) To oppose uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers

Question 16. According to the views held by the people of Europe regarding social change, they came to be called (a) liberals (b) radicals (c) conservatives (d) all the above

Answer: (d) all the above

Question 17. Which of the statements given about the Socialist Revolutionary Party is not true? (a) The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed by socialists active in the countryside (b) They struggled for peasants’ rights and demanded that land from nobles be transferred to them (c) They were one united group fighting for their rights (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (c) They were one united group fighting for their rights

Question 18. The majority religion of Russia was ___________ but the empire also included _________ (a) Russian Orthodox Church, grown out of Greek Orthodox Church (b) Russian Orthodox Church (c) Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 19. Industrialisation did not lead to which of the following problems? (a) poor wages (b) long hours of work (c) liberalism (d) development of new industrialised regions

Answer: (c) liberalism

Question 20. Which of these statements is/are correct about Europe after the French Revolution? (a) Suddenly it seemed possible to change the aristocratic society of the 18th century. (b) However not everyone wanted a complete transformation of society. (c) Some wanted gradual shift, while others wanted complete change of society. (d) All the above

Question 21. The people who wanted to put an immediate end to the existing governments in Europe (in 1815) were called: (a) nationalists (b) liberals (c) revolutionaries (d) radicals

Answer: (c) revolutionaries

Question 22. Which among the following groups was against any kind of political or social change? (a) nationalists (b) conservatives (c) liberals (d) radicals

Answer: (b) conservatives

Question 23. Karl Marx wanted workers to overthrow : (a) capitalism (b) rule of private property (c) accumulation of profits by capitalists (d) radicals

Answer: (a) capitalism

Question 24. Which religion was followed by most of the people of Russia? (a) Catholics (b) Protestants (c) Russian Orthodox Christianity (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Russian Orthodox Christianity

Question 25. At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Russian people worked in the: (a) Industrial sector (b) Agricultural sector (c) Mining sector (d) Transport sector

Answer: (b) Agricultural sector

Question 26. The Jadidists of Russia aimed that: (a) Socialist should rule Russia (b) Democrats should rule Russia (c) Modernised Muslims should rule Russia (d) Liberal Christians should rule Russia

Answer: (c) Modernised Muslims should rule Russia

Question 27. Russian peasants were different from other European peasants because: (a) They had no respect for the nobility (b) They pooled their land together (c) They were not different (d) both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) both (a) and (b)

Question 28. After 1905, most committees and trade unions were: (a) declared illegal (b) declared legal (c) active (d) none of the above

Answer: (a) declared illegal

Question 29. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in (a) 1898 by Socialists (b) 1899 by Communists (c) 1899 by Lenin (d) 1899 by Middle Class

Answer: (a) 1898 by Socialists

Question 30. After the abdication of Tsar Nicolas II in 1917, Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a: (a) National Government to run the country (b) Provisional Government to run the country (c) Local Government to run the country (d) Central Government to run the country

Answer: (b) Provisional Government to run the country

Question 31. In the context of Russia, what was ‘KULAK’? (a) A collective Farm (b) A Russian Church (c) Well-to-do Peasants (d) Landless Labourers

Answer: (c) Well-to-do Peasants

Question 32. Which one of the following refers to the secret police of Russia? (a) Cheka (b) Gestapo (c) Security Police (d) F.B.I.

Answer: (a) Cheka

Question 33. Who started ‘Collectivisation Programme’ in Russia? (a) Lenin (b) Karl Marx (c) Rasputin (d) Stalin

Answer: (d) Stalin

Question 34. In the context of Russia who launched the slogan-‘‘Peace, Land and Bread’’? (a) Chernov (b) Rasputin (c) Lenin (d) Trotsky

Answer: (c) Lenin

Question 35. Who led the Bolshevik group in Russia during Russian Revolution? (a) Karl Marx (b) Friedrich Engels (c) Vladimir Lenin (d) Trotsky

Answer: (c) Vladimir Lenin

Question 36. Socialists took over the government in Russia through the? (a) October Revolution in 1917 (b) November Revolution in 1918 (c) December Revolution in 1919 (d) February Revolution in 1920

Answer: (a) October Revolution in 1917

Question 37. Why were most of the Bolshevik Party members initially surprised by ‘April Theses’? (a) They wanted continuation of World War I (b) They thought that time was not ripe for a socialist revolution (c) Government needed to be supported at this time (d) All the above

Question 38. In the context of Russia, which group was the supporter of women’s ‘Suffragette Movements’? (a) Liberals (b) Radicals (c) Conservatives (d) None of these

Answer: (b) Radicals

Question 39. When did the Tsar abdicate the throne? (a) 28 February, 1917 (b) 2 March, 1917 (c) 10 April, 1917 (d) 15 May, 1918

Answer: (b) 2 March, 1917

Question 40. In the context of Russia who launched the slogan-‘‘Peace, Land and Bread’’? (a) Chernov (b) Rasputin (c) Lenin (d) Trotsky

Question 41. On 27th February 1917, soldiers and striking workers gathered to form a council called (a) Soviet Council (b) Petrograd Soviet (c) Moscow Union (d) Russian Council

Answer: (b) Petrograd Soviet

Question 42. Which of the following events took place after the Tsar abdicated on 2nd March? (a) Provisional government was formed (b) It was decided to set up a Constituent Assembly (c) Constituent Assembly was formed by revolutionaries only (d) Both A and B

Answer: (d) Both A and B

Question 43. When did the government suspend the Duma? (a) 25 February, 1917 (b) 26 February, 1917 (c) 27 February, 1917 (d) 28 February, 1917

Answer: (a) 25 February, 1917

Question 44. In order to control the situation, the government called the cavalry. How did the cavalry react? (a) The cavalry killed a large number of workers (b) Most of the cavalry did not turn up due to extreme cold (c) The cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) The cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators

Question 45. Why did a lockout take place at a factory on the right bank of the River Neva on 22 February, 1917? (a) It was extremely cold for the workers to work, because of frost and heavy snow (b) The workers were being forced to join the army (c) Food shortages were deeply felt in the workers’ quarters situated on the left bank of the River Neva (d) Both (a) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (c)

Question 46. Why did the support of people to the Tsar for war gradually started decreasing? (a) Because of rising prices (b) Army was sick and tired of war (c) Because Tsar Nicholas II refused to consult the main parties in Duma (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Because Tsar Nicholas II refused to consult the main parties in Duma

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History

Ncert solutions for class 9 history india and the contemporary world – i – free pdf download.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History help students learn about the things which occurred in our country. India is blessed with magnificent features, animal and plant life and rich culture. To learn the minute details clearly, students can make use of the solutions drafted by the subject experts at BYJU’S. The NCERT solutions are created by considering the understanding abilities of Class 9 students. The main objective is to help students learn all the dates and events accordingly and perform well in the final exam.

The primary focus of the CBSE Class 9 History textbook is on the emergence of the contemporary world. Students can also get to see how the story of India’s past is related to the broader history of the world from this subject. Here, we have compiled the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History, which can help the students to remember the important dates of world history in an easy way. The NCERT Class 9 solutions , compiled chapter-wise, help students to revise the subject thoroughly for the exams.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History is a student-friendly resource which can be used by the students in case they have any queries regarding the chapter. The solutions are concept-oriented and not exam oriented so that students obtain a strong grip on the subject. The solutions are provided in PDF format, which can be used by the students to prepare for the exams at their own pace. Even though the solutions are precise, all the important topics are explained clearly to help students score well in the final exam.

These NCERT Class 9 Solutions are available for easy download and help the students to solve their doubts concerning any topic of the subject. Students can prepare efficiently for the exams and score well.

The chapter-wise solutions of NCERT Class 9 History can be accessed by using the links which are provided above. These solutions help students to remember all the dates and related events which are important from the exam perspective.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Book Chapter-wise Overview

Chapter 1: the french revolution.

The French Revolution led to the end of the monarchy in France. A society based on privileges gave way to a new system of governance. The declaration of the ‘Rights of Man’ during the revolution announced the coming of a new time. The idea that all individuals had rights and could claim equality emerged as the central idea of a new age. But in different countries, the idea was reinterpreted and rethought in many different ways. The anti-colonial movements in India, China, Africa and South America produced ideas that were innovative and original, but they spoke in a language that gained currency only from the late eighteenth century.

Topics Covered in Class 9 History Chapter 1 The French Revolution:

• French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century
• The Outbreak of the Revolution
• France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
• Did Women have a Revolution?
• The Abolition of Slavery
• The Revolution and Everyday Life

List of Map Items in  C lass 9 History Chapter 1 The French Revolution:

Outline Political Map of France (For locating and labelling / Identification)

Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

The chapter talks about the emergence of socialism in Europe. The Russian Revolution changed society entirely and raised the question of economic equality and the well-being of workers and peasants. The chapter also includes topics such as the changes initiated by the new Soviet government, industrialisation and mechanisation of agriculture rights of citizens, etc.

Topics Covered in Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution:

• The Age of Social Change
• The Russian Revolution
• The February Revolution in Petrograd
• What Changed after October?
• The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR

List of Map Items in  C lass 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution:

Outline Political Map of World (For locating and labelling/identification)

• Major countries of the First World War

(Central Powers and Allied Powers)

Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

Allied Powers – France, England, Russia, U.S.A.

Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

In this chapter, you will read about the rise of Hitler and the politics of Nazism, the children and women in Nazi Germany, schools and concentration camps. It further highlights the facts related to Nazism and how they denied the various minorities a right to live, anti-Jewish sentiments and battle against democracy and socialism.

Topics Covered in Class 9 History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler:

• Birth of the Weimar Republic
• Hitler’s Rise to Power
• The Nazi Worldview
• Youth in Nazi Germany
• Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

List of Map Items in  C lass 9 History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler:

Outline Political Map of the World (For locating and labelling / Identification)

• Major countries of Second World War

Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied Powers – UK, France, Former USSR, USA

• Territories under German expansion (Nazi Power)

Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia (only Slovakia shown in the map), Denmark, Lithuania, France, Belgium

Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism

The chapter talks about the growth of industries and urban centres, ships and railways, and new interest in the forests for timber and other forest products. It also includes topics such as new rules of forest use, new ways of organising the forest, colonial control, how forest areas were mapped, trees were classified, and plantations were developed. The chapter will give you an idea of the history of such developments in India and Indonesia.

Topics Covered in Class 9 History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism:

• Why Deforestation?
• The Rise of Commercial Forestry
• Rebellion in the Forest
• Forest Transformations in Java

Chapter 5: Pastoralists in the Modern World

Pastoralists in the Modern World chapter discusses nomadic pastoralists. Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn a living. In this chapter, you also read how pastoralism has been influential in societies like India and Africa, the way colonialism impacted their lives and how they have coped with the pressures of modern society.

Topics Covered in Class 9 History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World:

• Pastoral Nomads and their Movements
• Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life
• Pastoralism in Africa

Here, we have provided the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science subjects. It consists of answers to the entire list of questions present in the NCERT Class 9 Textbook , which are specially prescribed for CBSE students. If a student has any trouble finding answers to the complicated questions, they can refer to NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science from the links given in the table above. By clicking on these links, students can also download the PDF for free, so that they can refer to it offline as well.

At BYJU’S, students are also provided with CBSE sample papers , syllabus and textbooks. Solving previous years’ question papers and sample papers will help the students to get acquainted with the latest exam pattern as well as understand the marking scheme.

Students can also access the various study materials of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science from the links given here.

• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Geography
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• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics

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Extra Questions for Class 9th: Ch 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution History

Extra questions for class 10th: ch 2 socialism in europe and the russian revolution social studies (s.st) important questions answer included, contact form.