assignment no 5 class 9

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The Fundamental Unit of Life CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 5 notes:

Science Revision Notes for Class 9 Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life help you understand the concepts of cells, their structure and functions. These notes are created by experts at askIITians based on the latest CBSE syllabus and exam pattern. The revision notes include pointwise explanations for all the topics of the chapter so that you can memorise the concepts easily. You can study these notes at your own pace and refer to them whenever you want. 

Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life online revision notes include topics like animal cells and their structure, plasma membrane, lipids, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids,  chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. These notes will also help you understand the structure of plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and cell division. At askIITians, you can also find Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 notes for Science and Maths along with different study materials for your exam preparation. 

CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes for The Fundamental Unit of Life 

Quick review.

• All living organisms in this universe are made up of cells.
• They either exist as a single cell or as a combination of multiple cells.

Discoveries about Cells – The Fundamental Unit of Life

The cell theory.

1. A cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

2. All living organisms are made up of cells.

3. Cells are formed from pre-existing cells. 

• Unicellular Organisms  – The organisms that consist of a single cell such as Amoeba.
• Multicellular Organisms  – The organisms which contain various cells that perform different functions in the organism such as plants fungi and animals

How can multicellular organisms originate from a single cell?

A cell can divide itself into cells of its own type. Therefore, more cells can generate from an already existing cell.

The Shape of the Cell

The shape of the cell may vary depending upon the type of function they perform in an organism.

Cells are capable of changing their shape. For example, the white blood cells and amoeba can change shapes on their own.

Figure 1 - Cells can have different Shapes and Sizes

How can cells perform distinct functions in organisms?

Cells are capable of performing multiple functions in an organism. A cell contains specific components which are called Organelles. Each organelle in the cell can perform different functions such as making new cells or clearing the waste of the cell. Thus, organelles allow a cell to perform several kinds of activities in an organism.

The Organisation of a Cell

Figure 2 – The Structure of Cells in Plants and Animals

A cell contains three features –

• The Plasma Membrane

Plasma Membrane

• It is just like an envelope that covers the whole cell. Therefore, a cell gets separated from the external environment because it has a plasma membrane.
• The plasma membrane can decide which materials should enter or leave the cell and which should not. That is why it is also called a ‘Selectively Permeable Membrane’.

The Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane

• The Fluid Mosaic model explains the structure of the plasma membrane. According to it, the plasma membrane comprises 3 components - Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates. These components can flow freely and fluidly inside the plasma membrane.
• Phospholipid – It is a lipid made up of glycerol, two fatty acids, and phosphate. It creates a semi-permeable membrane that allows the flow of only certain materials inside/ outside the cell
• Cholesterol - It is a lipid that provides fluidity to the surface of the plasma membrane.
• The proteins act as receptors of the cell and help in transportation across the cell membrane. The carbohydrates attach themselves with the lipids and proteins and are found on the extracellular side of the membrane.

Figure 3 -Structure of the Plasma Membrane

How can substances move in and out of a cell?

Gaseous Exchange between the Cell and its External Environment –

• Movement of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide to and from the cell is carried out through diffusion.
• Gaseous substances tend to move to areas where their concentration is less from the areas where there is higher. This movement is defined as the process of diffusion. Diffusion can take the place of solids, liquids, and gases.

Movement of Water between the Cell and its External Environment –

It is carried out by the means of osmosis. Osmosis is a process in which water moves from the region of high concentration to one where its concentration is low through a semipermeable membrane. Therefore we can say that Osmosis is just a special case of the process of diffusion.

Hypotonic Solutions

• If the concentration of water outside the cell is higher than the concentration of water inside the cell gains water by the process of osmosis.
• Water can move into the cell from the cell membrane. In the case of hypotonic solutions, more water enters the cells which result in swelling of the cells.

Figure 4 - Hypotonic Solution

Isotonic Solutions

If the cells are put in an environment that has a similar concentration of water as present inside. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.

Therefore, the size of the cell does not vary in an isotonic solution because there is no net movement of water.

Figure 5 - Isotonic Solution

Hypertonic Solutions

• If the cells are kept in an environment that has a lower concentration of water than what is present inside the cells then due to the process of osmosis water moves out of the cells.
• This results in a decrease in the size of the cells (they shrink) as more water comes out of the cell.

Figure 6 - Hypertonic Solution

What is Endocytosis? (Olympiad)

It is a process by which the plasma membrane engulfs food and other materials inside the cell.

• The cell wall is an outer, hard covering of the cell which maintains the shape of the cell.
• The cell wall is generally made up of cellulose.
• What is plasmolysis?

Plasmolysis is a process in which the contents of the cell that are away from the cell wall shrink or contract when a cell loses water due to Osmosis when it is kept in hypertonic solution.

• Can dead cells absorb water? No, dead cells cannot absorb water through osmosis.
• How plants, fungi, and bacteria can exist in the hypotonic medium?

Plants, fungi, and bacteria exist in such situations because of their rigid cell membranes. Even if the cells swell up the cell membrane is able to prevent them from bursting out.

The Nucleus

Nucleus is a prominent organelle present in the cell which is the controlling centre of all activities of the cell.

Figure 7 - Nucleus of a Cell

The Structure of the Nucleus

• A nucleus has a nuclear membrane that covers it all around.
• There are pores present on the nuclear membrane that allow the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus.
• There are chromosomes, rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus which contain genetic information.

The chromosomes contain two types of things -

1. DNA - This is responsible for organising and constructing new cells

2. Proteins - These help in the packaging and condensation of DNA.

Chromatin is thread-like material present in a cell. The chromatin organises itself into chromosomes whenever the cell is about to divide.

Figure 8 – Chromosomes and Chromatin

It is called the Brain of the Nucleus. It comprises 25% of the volume of the nucleus. It consists of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA). It helps in the formation of ribosomes which help in the formation of proteins inside the cell.

Figure 9 - Nucleolus inside a Nucleus

What is a nucleoid?

Sometimes cells do not have a well-defined nucleus because they lack a nuclear membrane. Such a nucleus with no definite nuclear boundaries is called a Nucleoid.

What are the prokaryotes?

Organisms whose cells do not have a definite cell membrane are called Prokaryotes.

What are eukaryotes?

Organisms whose cells contain a well-defined nuclear membrane are called Eukaryotes.

Are there any further differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Figure 10 - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells  

• The plasma membrane has a fluid-like substance in it which is called the cytoplasm.
• The cytoplasm contains several organelles that can perform distinct functions of the cell

Functions of Cytoplasm

• It supports and suspends the cell organelles and molecules.
• The cellular processes occur in the cytoplasm such as the formation of proteins.
• It allows the movement of substances in the cell such as hormones.
• It dissolves cellular wastes.

The Cell Organelles

In the case of Eukaryotic organisms, the cells contain organelles that have their own membranes apart from the overall cell membrane of the cell.

Figure 11 - Different Cell Organelles

What is the significance of membrane-bound organelles in a cell?

The cells perform several functions. The organelles are useful because they allow the separation of different functions that are being performed by the cell.

Organelles which carry out important activities in a Cell – 

1. Endoplasmic Reticulum

2. Golgi Apparatus

3. Lysosomes

4. Mitochondria

5. Plastids

6. Vacuoles

7. Centrioles

8. Ribosomes

9. Peroxisomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Figure 12 - Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The structure of the ER is quite similar to that of the plasma membrane. It is a network-like structure that consists of membrane-bound tubes and sheets.
• Rough ER contains ribosomes that are responsible for the manufacturing of proteins in the cells. They give a rough texture to the cell.
• The smooth ER manufactures fats or lipids in the cell which allow the functioning of the cell.
• Proteins and lipids synthesised on ER are used for making cell membranes. The process is known as Membrane Biogenesis.
• Proteins can act as an enzyme
• Both protein and lipids can act as hormones
• Transportation of material between different parts of the cytoplasm and also between the nucleus and cytoplasm
•  Folding of proteins which are synthesised by ribosomes on RER.
• Detoxifying poisons and drugs out of the cell is the function of SER.

Golgi Apparatus

Figure 12 – Golgi Apparatus

• It contains vesicles that are arranged parallel in stacks. These stacks are called Cisterns. These vesicles have their own membranes. These membranes are sometimes connected to those of the ER.
• Golgi apparatus carries materials synthesised by the ER to different parts of the cell. The material is stored and packaged in vesicles.
• Formation of complex sugar
• Formation of lysosomes.

Figure 13 – Structure of Lysosome

• They are single-membrane vesicles that are responsible for cleaning the cell. They can digest any foreign material such as food or bacteria and even the worn-out cell organelles.
• Lysosomes are capable of doing so because they have digestive enzymes in them. These enzymes break the materials and digest them. These enzymes are synthesised by RER and packaged into lysosomes by Golgi bodies.
• If the cell’s own material gets damaged or dead, there are chances that lysosomes burst out, thus digesting its own cell.

Mitochondria

It is a double membrane organelle that has its own DNA and that is why often called ‘Semi-Autonomous Organelle’

Figure 15 – Structure of Mitochondria

The cell requires energy in order to carry out several activities. This energy is generated by mitochondria which are often called the ‘Powerhouse’ of the Cell. Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration. They use oxygen from the air to oxidise the carbohydrates and thereby release energy.

What are the energy currencies of a cell?

The Mitochondria generates ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which are energy giving molecules of the cell that are often called their ‘Energy Currency’.

The two membranes of Mitochondria

Outer Membrane – Porous in Nature 

Inner Membrane – Deeply Folded

The Inner Membrane of Mitochondria called as Cristae Facilitates Generation of ATP molecules as it has a larger surface area.

Just like mitochondria, Plastids are also double membraned organelles that have their own DNA and ribosome.

Plastids exist in plant cells only. Depending upon the type of function they play in the cell they can be classified as –

Figure 15 – Types of Plastids

Classification of Plastids

1. Amyloplast

They are found in tubers, cotyledons and endosperm in plants.

They are used to store starch.

2. Elaioplast

They are found in epidermal cells of the plants

They store oil.

3. Proteinoplast

They are found in seeds and nuts.

They store proteins.

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are cell organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plants.

Chloroplast is derived from two Greek words Chloro and Plasts which means green and plants respectively.

Chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments called ‘Chlorophyll’ along with lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, DNA, RNA, grana, thylakoids and stroma.

The main functions of chloroplasts are:

Conducting photosynthesis in plants.

Protein synthesis

Releases oxygen

Storage of Starch

Figure 16 – Chloroplast containing thylakoids, stroma and grana

Light-dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis – During photosynthesis chlorophyll absorbs the light energy which is then used for two molecules ATP and NADPH.

Thylakoids – They are pillow-shaped compartments in the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis take place in the thylakoids.

Stroma – It is a fluid-filled matrix in the chloroplasts. It is a colourless fluid that contains all the enzymes that are needed for the light-dependent reactions in Photosynthesis.

Grana – Stacks of thylakoids are called Grana. They are found in the stroma. They provide a large surface area so that the reactions of photosynthesis can take place.

Vacuoles are the places where cells can store liquids and solids. They are present in both plants and animals but the plant vacuoles are bigger in size than the animal vacuoles.

Types of Vacuoles

Sap Vacuoles

Contractile Vacuoles

Food Vacuoles

Figure 17 - Sap Vacuoles

These vacuoles are filled with a fluid called Vascular Sap. The fluid contains Amino Acids, Salt, Sugar, Proteins, Water, and Waste Materials. Sap vacuoles are separated from the cytoplasm by a semipermeable membrane called Tonoplast. Their main function is to allow rapid exchange between the cytoplasm and the surrounding environment.

Several sap vacuoles are found in young plant cells and animal cells. In mature plants, the small sap vacuoles combine to form a single large central vacuole.

Figure 18 – Osmoregulation in Amoeba through Contractile Vacuoles

They are found in protistan and algal cells in freshwater. The membrane of the contractile vacuoles is highly extensible and collapses easily. These vacuoles are responsible for osmoregulation (maintaining the water content of the cells) and excretion in the cells.

Figure 19 – Food Vacuoles and Digestion

They are found in the cells of protozoans and several lower animals. Food vacuoles are responsible for the digestion of food in the cells as they contain food enzymes. The digested food then passes into the cytoplasm. Found in single-celled organisms like Amoeba.

•  A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way.
• Their main purpose is to help a cell in cell division.
• They are found near the nucleus but can be seen only during the cell division.
• They are found in pairs and form a special substance called Centrosome which appears near the nucleus.
• When the cell divides, the centrosome divides into two parts and each part moves to opposite sides of the cell.

Figure 20 - Centrioles 

• They are cell organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes because the synthesis of proteins is important in both of them.
• In prokaryotes, the ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm.
• In eukaryotes, they can be found floating in the cytoplasm or they are often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• The ribosomes attached to the ER synthesise proteins that are to be exported out of the cell while the ribosomes floating inside the cell synthesise proteins that are used inside the cell.

Peroxisomes

• Peroxisomes are small vesicles found in the cells.
• These enzymes are used to break the toxic materials inside the cell.
• They digest the fatty acids of the cell as well as amino acids by carrying out oxidation reactions in the cell.
• They are also responsible for the digestion of alcohol in the human body. Hence, the liver contains a large number of Peroxisomes.

Figure 21 - Peroxisomes in a cell

Online Revision Notes for Class 9 Science The Fundamental Unit of Life FAQs

1. What is the main concept of Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life? 

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life helps you understand how the different cells work, what they are made of and what are their functions. You will learn about the animal cells and their components along with plant cells and their functions. Studying this chapter will help you understand advanced concepts in Biology. 

2. What are some tips to prepare CBSE Class 9 Chapter The Fundamental Unit of Life? 

• You must read the NCERT chapter thoroughly. Underline the important terms, highlight definitions and create your notes. 
• Use our revision notes for understanding the chapter concepts in a better way. 
• Then, practice the NCERT questions given in the chapter. Use our NCERT Solutions for the chapter as a reference guide. 
• Keep revising the chapter notes after regular intervals to ensure that you do not forget the concepts. 

3. How to use the revision notes for CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life? 

• These revision notes are prepared by the experts at askIITians so are 100% reliable. 
• The notes are based on the latest CBSE syllabus and hence are ideal for exam preparation. 
• The notes include pointwise information and hence are ideal for a quick revision before exams. 
• The notes provide all the important diagrams and tables for the chapter and can help you in solving the NCERT exercises of the chapter. 

4. What are the important terms included in CBSE Class 9 Science revision notes for Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life? 

Important terms and concepts included in the online revision notes for The Fundamental Unit of Life are Cell Organelles, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, and Chloroplast. You must study our revision notes for a complete understanding of the chapter. 

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• The Fundamental Unit of Life Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 5 (Free PDF Download)
• Revision Notes

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life Revision Notes - Get Your PDF Now!

The Chapter 5 Science Class 9 Notes help students to learn all the essential concepts of the fundamental unit of life and the importance of life and evolution over the billions of years. The Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Notes help students comprehend the topics covered in the chapter. Students can learn from the revision notes provided here to secure good in their exams. The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class 9 Notes PDF is prepared and compiled by our subject-matter experts. Students can download this PDF for free of cost from Vedantu and improvise the concepts in their exam preparation.

Vedantu is a site that supplies students with free CBSE Answers (NCERT) and other study resources. You may get Class 9 Mathematics NCERT Answers to help you revise the entire curriculum and achieve well in your exams.

Download CBSE Class 9 Science Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 9 Science revision notes for All chapters:

Access Class 9 Science Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life

What are the Components of Living Organisms?

Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. Complex organisms' primary structural and functional unit is the cell.

History of Cell:

Cells were discovered for the first time in \[1665\] by Robert Hooke using a crude microscope.

With a better microscope, Leeuwenhoek observed free-living cells in pond water for the first time in \[1674\].

The nucleus of the cell was found by Robert Brown in \[1831\].

Purkinje created the name "protoplasm" for the cell's fluid portion in \[1839\].

The cell theory, presented by Schleiden in \[1838\] and Schwann in \[1839\], states that all plants and animals are made up of cells.

In \[1855\], Rudolf Virchow advanced on the cell hypothesis by claiming that all cells originate from pre-existing cells.

The discovery of the microscopic universe was made possible by the invention of magnifying lenses. Unicellular creatures have a single cell that performs all tasks such as nourishment, respiration, excretion, and reproduction. Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Paramecium, and Bacteria, for example, have solitary cells that make up the entire organism.

Multicellular organisms are organisms with a large number of cells that perform many roles. Multicellular organisms might exhibit themselves as a single cell or as a group of cells.

Fungi, plants, and mammals, for example, have many cells that form tissues. A single cell gave rise to every multicellular organism.

As a result, all cells are derived from pre-existing cells. Cells of various types can also be found in some creatures.

The shape and size of a cell are determined by the function it performs. Some cells alter their appearance. Amoeba, for example. In other situations, the cell shape may be more or less fixed and unique to a specific cell type. Eg: nerve cells.

Every live cell has the ability to carry out certain basic operations that are common to all living things. In multicellular organisms like humans, there is a division of labour. This means that various regions of the human body serve diverse purposes.

Within a single cell, division of work is also visible. In reality, each of these cells has unique components known as cell organelles. Each type of cell organelle has a distinct purpose. These organelles allow a cell to live and accomplish all of its activities. The basic unit of the cell is made up of these organelles.

What are the Components of a Cell? What is a Cell's Structural Organisation?

Every cell has three distinct features: a plasma membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm. Due to these characteristics, all activity within the cell and exchanges between the cell and its environment are feasible.

Components of a Cell

The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is the cell's outermost layer, which separates the cell's contents from its surroundings. It is made up of organic molecules called lipids and proteins and is flexible. The cell membrane's flexibility also allows the cell to take in food and other materials from its surroundings. Endocytosis is the term for such a process. Amoeba, for example.

It allows some substances to pass into and out of the cell. It also inhibits some other materials from moving. As a result, it's known as a selectively permeable membrane.

Diffusion, osmosis, and other processes can move chemicals through this semi-permeable barrier.

The difference between diffusion and osmosis is as below:

If we place an animal or plant cell in a hypotonic solution, it would most certainly swell. If the cell is kept in an isotonic solution, it will maintain its size. The cell will shrink if the solution is hypertonic.

Osmosis is a process through which unicellular freshwater organisms and most plants obtain water.

Cell wall: The cell wall is only found in plant cells. Cell walls are made of cellulose and are porous. It keeps the contents of the cell distinct from the rest of the world. It gives the cell its form and protects it.

Plants, fungi, and bacteria have cell walls that allow them to survive very dilute external media without bursting.

Plasmolysis is the process by which cells in a hypertonic solution lose water.

Nucleus: The nucleus is protected by a double-layered membrane known as the nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores that allow material to pass from the inside to the outside. Chromosomes, which are made up of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, are found in the nucleus. The nucleus is in charge of the cell's entire activity.

Nucleus and Chromosome

The nucleus is important in cell division and development because it contains genetic information in the form of DNA. Genes are the functional portions of DNA. Protein synthesis and character transmission from one generation to the next are crucial functions of the nucleus. It is important for cellular reproduction. In some organisms, the nuclear membrane is missing, leaving only nucleic acids (nucleoids) in the nuclear area. Prokaryotes are such creatures. Bacteria, for example. Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nuclear membrane in their cells.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosome

Cytoplasm: The fluid content inside the plasma membrane is referred to as cytoplasm. It's a vicious jelly-like substance that covers the entire cell save the nucleus. It also contains a variety of specialised cell organelles, each of which serves a specific purpose for the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Plastids, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles are examples of cell organelles. They're vital since they perform some of the most important jobs in cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): The ER, or endoplasmic reticulum, is a vast network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets. It acts as a conduit for the movement of materials, particularly proteins, between distinct cytoplasmic organs or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. It also serves as a cytoplasmic scaffolding that provides a surface for certain of the cell's metabolic operations. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the two forms of ER.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

RER: These are rough on the outside and are linked to ribosomes. Protein synthesis is carried out by these cells.

SER: These are smooth on the outside and have nothing to do with ribosomes. It aids in the production of fat molecules, also known as lipids. It also aids in the detoxification of a variety of toxins and medications.

Membrane biogenesis: EF produces proteins and lipids that aid in the formation of the cell membrane. Membrane biogenesis is the name given to this process.

The Golgi Apparatus is named after Camillo Golgi, a scientist who was the first to describe it. A stack of membrane-bound cisternae makes up the Golgi.

Golgi Apparatus

These membranes are frequently connected to the membranes of the ER, and so form part of a complex cellular membrane system. Its responsibilities include storing, modifying, and packing items in vesicles. It has a role in the development of lysosomes as well.

Lysosomes: Lysosomes are enzyme-filled membranous sacs. RER produces these enzymes. They are a type of cell waste disposal device. They aid in the cleaning of the cell by digesting foreign substances as well as worn-out cell organelles.

Hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes are capable of digesting cellular macromolecules. When a cell is damaged, the lysosome may burst, allowing the cell's enzymes to digest it. As a result, lysosomes are referred to as ‘suicidal bags'.

Mitochondria are cellular organelles that are known as the "powerhouses of the cells." A double membrane separates these from the rest of the body. The exterior membrane is smooth, and the inner membrane is folded into cristae folds. The cristae expands the cellular respiration area. Mitochondria produce ATP molecules, which are used to release energy. ATP is referred to as the cell's "energy currency." Mitochondria have their own DNA DNA ribosomes and are capable of producing some proteins.

Mitochondria

Plastids are a type of bacterium found solely in plant cells. There are two varieties of these: chromoplasts (coloured plastids) and leucoplasts (white plastids) (white or colourless plastids). Chloroplasts are plastids that contain the pigment chlorophyll. These are necessary for plant photosynthesis. Chromoplasts are organelles that contribute vibrant colours to plant structures such as buds, flowers, and leaves. Organelles that store starch, oils, and protein granules are known as leucoplasts. Plastids are made up of several membrane layers that are encased in the stroma. Plastids have DNA and ribosomes of their own.

Vacuoles: 

Plant and animal cells both have vacuoles, which are membrane-bound compartments. These are solid or liquid-filled storage sacs. In animal cells, they are little, whereas in plant cells, they are larger. Plant cells have sap-filled vacuoles that give the cell turgidity and stiffness. Water, waste materials, and compounds including amino acids, carbohydrates, and proteins are all stored in these organelles. Specialized vacuoles serve a vital function in the expulsion of excess water and certain wastes from the cell in some unicellular organisms.

Difference Between Plant Cells and Animal Cells:

The difference between plant and animal cells is enlisted below:

Class 9th Science Chapter 5 Notes

Introduction to class 9 science ch 5 notes.

The Class 9th Science Chapter 5 Notes cover the themes discussed in the chapter 'The Basic Unit Of Life' in depth. The evolution of life from its primordial precursor to the multicellular creatures that surround us is a fascinating process. The Notes of Chapter 5 Science Class 9 teach about the most fundamental unit of life, the cell.

The Basic Unit of Life Class 9 Notes PDF explains all of the important themes such as definition, forms and sizes, kinds, cell structure, cell organelles, and the distinction between a plant cell and an animal cell. Using the answered practise problems, the Class 9 Ch 5 Science Notes offer students with a full understanding of the chapter "The Basic Unit Of Life."

Definition and Structure of a Cell

A cell is termed as the structural and functional unit of life as it provides structure to our body and all the body functions occur at the cellular level. Robert Hooke first discovered a cell in the year 1665. This incident was followed by the discovery of the nucleus in the cell by Robert Brown in the year 1831.

The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells and that a cell is the fundamental unit of life. The approach also says that new cells come from pre-existing cells.

Types of Cells

There are two primary types of cells: - Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.

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   Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

(a) Prokaryotic Cell:- Cells that lack a true nucleus is known as a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells are incomplete and primitive and are usually found in unicellular organisms. For example, bacteria, blue-green algae, and archaebacteria are known as prokaryotes. 

(b) Eukaryotic Cell:- Cells that possess a true nucleus is known as eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are complete and advanced cells and are usually found in all living organisms- both unicellular and multicellular organisms except blue-green algae and bacteria.

Cell Organelles

A cell comprises different parts or organelles that perform various activities to keep the cell functional and alive. These parts of the cell are referred to as cell organelles. A few of the essential cell organelles are discussed below.

Cell Organelles 

(a) Endoplasmic Reticulum:- Endoplasmic reticulum/ER is a membrane-like organelle that plays a vital role in the interpretation of the genetic information present in the nucleus. It is of two types- rough ER that contain ribosomes for protein synthesis and smooth ER that lack ribosomes but are effective detoxifiers and lipid metabolites.

(b) Golgi Apparatus:- It is commonly known as the post office of a cell as they transport and pack proteins across the cytoplasm. 

(c) Lysosomes:- These are commonly known as suicidal bags as they comprise potent enzymes that help in digestion and also defend by attacking foreign objects intruding the body.

(d) Mitochondria:- These are commonly known as the powerhouse of the cells as they generate ATP. They also comprise DNA known as mtDNA.

The students are required to follow the notes of this chapter. This is a detailed note on the chapter - The Fundamental Unit of Life, which will help the students to revise in a precise manner before the exam. 

The students are also advised to download the pdf of the notes for the same chapter, the pdf is for free you can access the study material anytime and from anywhere. 

The Fundamental Unit of Life Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 5, available as a free PDF download, offers a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the fundamental building blocks of life - cells. This chapter provides essential knowledge about cells, their structure, functions, and significance in living organisms. The notes begin by introducing the concept of a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. They cover the discovery of cells, the cell theory, and the significance of this groundbreaking theory in the field of biology.

The notes further explore the structure and functions of various cellular components, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Students understand the roles these structures play in maintaining the cell's integrity and carrying out essential cellular processes.

FAQs on The Fundamental Unit of Life Class 9 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 5 (Free PDF Download)

1. Enlist the structures of a cell as per what you have learned in the Notes of ‘Fundamental Unit of Life’.

The structure of a cell is described below.

The cell membrane is a covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external environment and contains lipids and protein. 

The cell wall is present only in a plant cell and is composed of cellulose to provide a rigid structure.

The nucleus is a dense and spherical organelle known as the processing unit of the cell. It is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material- chromosomes that are responsible for inheritance.

The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid found inside the cell that structures the cell and homes multiple cell organelles.

2. Differentiate between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell, according to the Notes of ‘Fundamental unit of Life’.

A eukaryotic cell is generally large while a prokaryotic cell is usually smaller in size.

The eukaryotic cell comprises multiple chromosomes and a true nucleus while a prokaryotic cell contains a single chromosome and lacks a true nucleus. 

The membrane-bound cell organelles like golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, etc., are present in a eukaryotic cell while these cell organelles are absent in a prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cell division occurs through mitotic or meiotic cell division. The prokaryotic cell division takes place by fission or budding.

3. What is the fundamental unit of life according to Class 9 Science Chapter 5 notes?

As stated in Class 9 Science Chapter 5, a cell is the fundamental unit of life. It was given this name since it is capable of doing all required functions in life on its own. As a result, cells are sometimes referred to as the functional unit or building blocks of all living entities. Various creatures have a variable number of cells that make up their body, and all cells differ in size, structure, and function. If you're seeking for the greatest revision notes for this chapter, go no further than Vedantu's.

4.  What is the nucleus, define as per Notes of ‘Fundamental of Life’?

The nucleus is one of the three fundamental components of every cell. It is shielded by a double-layered nuclear membrane. This membrane has holes that allow stuff to move from the inside to the outside. The nucleus is in charge of every activity carried out by the cell. It also has chromosomes, which are formed of DNA and proteins.

5. What are vacuoles according to Class 9 Science Chapter 5 notes?

Vacuoles refer to the membrane-bound compartments that are either solid or liquid-filled storage sacs. Their presence can be found in both animals and plants. While the size of vacuoles present in animal cells is quite small, the ones present in plant cells are larger. Vacuoles serve various purposes depending on the organism’s requirements. Vacuoles present in plant cells are filled with sap and provide stiffness to the cells. You can find a more detailed explanation in CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Revision Notes available on Vedantu website .

6. What are important definitions covered in Class 9 Science notes for Chapter 5?

Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life in Class 9 Science includes many new and important concepts that students need to study. There are certain definitions in each chapter that have a possibility of being questioned in the Class 9 Science exam and hence, it becomes essential to prepare such concepts well. Following is a list of particular concepts that students should prepare well for:

Chloroplast

Nucleus (chromosomes and DNA)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

For revision, students can download the revision notes free of cost from the Vedantu website.

STUDY MATERIALS FOR CLASS 9

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CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Science

CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Science: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 9 Science Worksheets for the students of Class 9. All our CBSE NCERT Class 9 Science practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 9 Science will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 9 Science Number of Worksheets: 30

CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Science provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 9 Science important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Science can also use like assignments for Class 9 Science students.

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Advantages of CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 9 Science Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 9 Science are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 9 Science revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 9 Science Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 9 Science Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 9

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Class 9 Physics Assignments

We have provided below free printable Class 9 Physics Assignments for Download in PDF. The Assignments have been designed based on the latest NCERT Book for Class 9 Physics . These Assignments for Grade 9 Physics cover all important topics which can come in your standard 9 tests and examinations. Free printable Assignments for CBSE Class 9 Physics , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 9 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable Assignments for Physics Class 9 with solutions and answers. All Assignments and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in Physics Class 9. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf Assignments for Physics class 9 for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 9 Physics Assignments with Answers and test papers are given below.

Physics Class 9 Assignments Pdf Download

We have provided below the biggest collection of free CBSE NCERT KVS Assignments for Class 9 Physics . Students and teachers can download and save all free Physics assignments in Pdf for grade 9th. Our expert faculty have covered Class 9 important questions and answers for Physics as per the latest syllabus for the current academic year. All test papers and question banks for Class 9 Physics and CBSE Assignments for Physics Class 9 will be really helpful for standard 9th students to prepare for the class tests and school examinations. Class 9th students can easily free download in Pdf all printable practice worksheets given below.

Topicwise Assignments for Class 9 Physics Download in Pdf

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Assignments For Class 9

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Wisconsin football locks in official visit with 2025 running back Javin Gordon

W isconsin football scheduled an official visit with class of 2025 running back Javin Gordon on Wednesday. The visit will be June 7-9, during one of the bigger official visit weekends of the year.

Gordon is currently unranked by 247Sports at this stage in the 2025 cycle. Wisconsin is likely the Georgia native's best offer at the moment. Other notable ones include Indiana, Northwestern, Cincinnati, Georgia Tech, Toledo, Liberty, USF and Wake Forest.

Related: Wisconsin football 2024 spring transfer portal window tracker

The Badgers offered Gordon on April 11 and took no time to schedule the visit.

The program's class of 2025 currently ranks No. 22 in the nation with seven players committed. It is yet to land a running back, that after finishing the 2024 cycle with three at the position.

https://twitter.com/Javingordon5/status/1780611478938141110

Contact/Follow  @TheBadgersWire on X (formerly Twitter) and like our page on  Facebook to follow ongoing coverage of Wisconsin Badgers news, notes and opinion.  Follow Ben Kenney on X .

This article originally appeared on Badgers Wire: Wisconsin football locks in official visit with 2025 running back Javin Gordon

• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Class 9
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science
• Class 9 Political Science
• Chapter 5 Democratic Rights

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 5: Democratic Rights

Ncert solutions for class 9 civics chapter 5 – free pdf download.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights provides answers to the exercise questions in the textbook. Students can practise these NCERT Solutions to prepare well for the Social Science exam. Writing answers, as per these solutions, in the exam will help students score more marks. By solving them regularly, students will get acquainted with the effective way of answering different types of questions in the annual exam.

• Chapter 1 What Is Democracy Why Is Democracy
• Chapter 2 Constitutional Design
• Chapter 3 Electoral Politics
• Chapter 4 Working of Institutions

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights

The solutions for Chapter 5, Democratic Politics – I, are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 9 for other subjects.

Exercises Page No. 89

1. Which of the following is not an instance of an exercise of a fundamental right?

• Workers from Bihar go to Punjab to work on the farms
• Christian missions set up a chain of missionary schools
• Men and women government employees get the same salary
• Parents’ property is inherited by their children

d. Parents’ property is inherited by their children

2. Which of the following freedoms is not available to an Indian citizen?

• Freedom to criticise the government
• Freedom to participate in armed revolution
• Freedom to start a movement to change the government
• Freedom to oppose the central values of the Constitution

b. Freedom to participate in armed revolution

3. Which of the following rights is available under the Indian Constitution?

• Right to work
• Right to an adequate livelihood
• Right to protect one’s culture
• Right to privacy

c. Right to protect one’s culture

4. Name the Fundamental Right under which each of the following rights falls:

• Freedom to propagate one’s religion
• Right to life
• Abolition of untouchability
• Ban on bonded labour
• Right to Freedom of Religion
• Right to Freedom
• Right to Equality
• Right against Exploitation

5. Which of these statements about the relationship between democracy and rights is more valid? Give reasons for your preference.

• Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.
• Every country that gives rights to its citizens is a democracy.
• Giving rights is good, but it is not necessary for a democracy.

a. Every democratic country gives rights to its citizens, as the basic characteristic of being a democratic country is to focus on its citizens and work for their welfare. However, the country that gives rights to its citizens may or may not be democratic.

6. Are there restrictions on the right to freedom justified? Give reasons for your answer.

• Indian citizens need permission to visit some border areas of the country for reasons of security.
• Outsiders are not allowed to buy property in some areas to protect the interest of the local population.
• The government bans the publication of a book that can go against the ruling party in the next elections.
• Yes, it is justified. Even though the right to travel to any part of the country is a fundamental right, there are some reasonable restrictions. These restrictions are applied to secure the interests of different communities of the country and also to maintain law and order.
• Yes, this is justified, as the intention is to secure the cultural and linguistic rights of certain sections of the community.
• No, it is not justified. It curtails an individual’s fundamental right to freedom, where they can express their opinions. Freedom of speech and expression empowers people to exhibit their thoughts.

7. Manoj went to a college to apply for admission into an MBA course. The clerk refused to take his application and said, “You, the son of a sweeper, wish to be a manager! Has anyone done this job in your community? Go to the municipality office and apply for a sweeper’s position”. Which of Manoj’s fundamental rights is being violated in this instance? 

Manoj’s fundamental right to equality has been violated. The right to equality confers the right to get employment regardless of caste, gender, or religion. The other right that has been violated is the right to freedom. This right confers freedom or personal liberty for anyone to seek a job.

8. When Madhurima went to the property registration office, the exercises Registrar told her, “You can’t write your name as Madhurima Banerjee d/o A. K. Banerjee. You are married, you must give your husband’s name. Your husband’s surname is Rao. So your name should be changed to Madhurima Rao.” She did not agree. She said, “If my husband’s name has not changed after marriage, why should mine?” In your opinion, who is right in this dispute? And why?

Madhurima is right. The registrar is violating her right to freedom. The question of choosing the surname of her husband or her father is totally Madhurima’s discretion. By insisting her to adapt to her husband’s surname, the registrar violated her right to choose and her right to privacy.

Democratic Rights Summary

Chapter 5 of NCERT Social Science Political Science textbook – Democratic Politics – I explains how a democratic government has to be periodically elected by the people in a free and fair manner. Students will read a few discussions on some real-life cases to imagine what it means to live without rights. What we mean by rights and why we need them is also discussed in this chapter. As in the previous chapters, the general discussion is followed by a focus on India. One by one, the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution are introduced to the students. Next, students will learn how these rights can be utilised by ordinary citizens. They will also learn how the scope of rights has been expanding.

The students will also get to know about the following topics in this chapter:

1. Life without Rights

• Prison in Guantanamo Bay
• Citizens’ rights in Saudi Arabia
• Ethnic massacre in Kosovo

2. Rights in a Democracy

• What are rights?
• Why do we need rights in a democracy?

3. Rights in the Indian Constitution

• Cultural and Educational Rights
• How can we secure these rights? – Right to Constitutional Remedies

4. Expanding Scope of Rights

‘Democratic Politics – I’ is an important book for the Class 9 Social Science subject. Apart from this chapter, the full set of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science is given in the linked article.

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Political Science Chapter 5

Are ncert solutions for class 9 political science chapter 5 suitable for cbse students, where can i download ncert solutions for class 9 political science chapter 5, what is the meaning of the right to equality according to ncert solutions for class 9 political science chapter 5, leave a comment cancel reply.

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