research topics in risk assessment

157 Risk Assessment Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best risk assessment topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on risk assessment, ⭐ simple & easy risk assessment essay titles, 📌 interesting topics to write about risk assessment, 🔎 good research topics about risk assessment, ❓ research questions on risk management.

• Villaggio Mall’s Risk Assessment The concept of risk assessment seeks to identify possible hazards and define the level of threat and vulnerability of a specific location or enterprise.
• 1989 Hillsborough Stadium Disaster’s Risk Assessment Failure to analyze and approximate the risk before opening the gate led to a stampede. The assumption analysis technique of risk identification can recognize and prevent all the risks from occurring in the future. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Apple Company’s Risk Assessment in China The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic, political, social, and capital risks of operating in China for Apple, a long-time investor in the Chinese economy.
• Forensic Psychology’s Risk Assessment In recent years, the assessment of the risk of violence has been one of the most discussed issues in the medical and legal community.
• Asset-Based Risk Assessment and Control The goal of asset classification and recognition is to obtain all needed details of an organization’s assets in advance so that they might be used to respond to a risk impacting that asset.
• Lifting Equation in Ergonomics Risk Assessment Measuring and recording task variables, which include the horizontal distance at the origin of the lift and the horizontal distance at the destination, the height of the lift origins and the height of the lift […]
• Food Safety Risk Assessment Poultry is a reservoir of salmonella in human being due to the ability of salmonella to proliferate in the intestines of poultry.
• Risk Assessment and Practices of Dodge Ball The report also gives the strategies put in place to control hazards to reduce the risks of playing the game. No student should be allowed in the field of play without proper clothing and particularly […]
• Risk Assessment and Safety Planning Depending on the type and texture of a floor, it is important to ensure that floors are free from any objects that may lead to incidences like tripping over.
• The Atom Methodology for Project Risk Assessment Making the process of project implementation cost-effective is hugely important, and it would be unwise to dedicate extra time and resources to small projects of little importance.
• Risk Assessment Process in Five Steps Risk is measured by considering the potential amount of loss and the probability of the loss occurring.”Risk can be assessed either quantitatively or qualitatively.”If both the probability and severity can be quantified, the risk is […]
• Healthcare Risk Assessment Methods The goal of risk assessment in healthcare is to measure the readiness of the healthcare system and ensure that it will not cause risks to patients or organization. The paper is aimed at the investigation […]
• Cargo Security Planning and Risk Assessment Cargo security planning involves analyzing the risks and creating solutions that minimize the challenges during the movement of goods. This may include the use of technology to ensure that cargo is theft-proof.
• THIRA, TRAM, and BTRA: Essential Tools for Risk Assessment and Management The goal of TRAM is to minimize the risk of terrorist attacks and ensure the safety of citizens and organizations. This model is used to identify and evaluate the potential risks of a biological system […]
• Effectiveness of Risk Assessment Planning The first step is to identify the risks, and in this case, it is the risk of an influenza pandemic in New Jersey.
• The Solvay Green River Mine Risk Assessment The risk assessment was conducted by identifying the key risk factors with the use of PESTLE. It is important to note that the given qualitative risk assessment will be based on the definition of risk […]
• Simons Inc.’s Engagement Team Risk Assessment The engagement team’s assessment of the design was appropriate because it stated that the risk of material misstatement is low since the Control team evaluates reports each month.
• The Chemical Storage Facility’s Risk and Liability Assessment The chemical storage facility is likely the source of the TCE and Benzene contamination in the area. Use bioremediation to break down the TCE and benzene in the groundwater.
• Risk Assessment in Social and Health Care In social and health care practice, it is important to consider both the positive and negative aspects of risk. When it comes to the first step, for a practitioner, the starting point is the consideration […]
• Market Research, Financial Analysis, and Risk Assessment Accordingly, in order to close this gap, it is necessary to analyze the missing aspects of the product offer and launch the production to close the gap.
• Diabetes Risk Assessment and Prevention It is one of the factors predisposing patients suffering from diabetes to various cardiovascular diseases. With diabetes, it is important to learn how to determine the presence of carbohydrates in foods.
• Fall Risk Assessment of Alzheimer’s Patient The nurse answers questions about the old lady helps fill the Stay Independent brochure and assists the observing physician in carrying the various clinical tests on the patient.
• MasterCard Company’s Risk Assessments Performing risk assessments on a regular basis allows an organization to stay abreast of emerging threats and make informed decisions about when and where to implement relief controls in the event of a change in […]
• The Centers for Diabetes’ Risks Assessment In general, the business case for the Centers for Diabetes appears to be positive since the project is closely aligned with the needs of the community and the targets set by the Affordable Care Act.
• Risk Assessment Options One strategy to lessen the risks involved with taking part in the global sports ministry is having diverse knowledge of all the customs and cultures of the potential host country.
• Diabetes Risk Assessment After completing the questionnaire, I learned that my risk for the development of diabetes is above average. Modern risk assessment tools allow identifying the current state of health and possibilities of developing the disease.
• Community Risk Assessment: Mental Health Disorders: New York The identified area of focus in the community is the prevalence of mental health disorders. These resources will ensure an adequate and comprehensive assessment of the mental health conditions within the community.
• Optimizing Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Tools to Increase the Patient Safety Today, there is a lack of standardized risk assessment tools in the clinical area to help nurses early predict the risk of pressure ulcers.
• Meta-Analysis of the Ethics of Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Juvenile Justice Similarly, it sought to investigate the ethical instruments of risk assessment that are instrumental in determination of treatment of juvenile offenders.
• Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Juvenile Justice This paper critiques the journal article “Risk and risk management in juvenile justice” by looking at its contribution to the topic, how poor professionalism and ethical issues surrounding risk assessment of juveniles may lead to […]
• Endometriosis: Risk Assessment in American Women Endometriosis is a chronic disorder that involves the growth of the endometrium outside the uterus and affects various areas in the body including the bowel, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the pelvic region.
• Corporate Cyber Risk Assessment: Bank of America Arguably, one of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of the internet.
• Juvenile Delinquency: Risk Assessment The investigatory processes to know the individual’s character and personality involve the use of complex and simple approaches, and these serve to provide organizations or institutions dealing with child welfare with important information that would […]
• Terrorism Risk Assessment: Threat of Al Shabaab and Hezbollah to the USA Attacks such as those that happened outside the US and more are likely to occur due to what Hezbollah perceives as the US posing a threat to its ties with Iran.
• Perform a Risk Assessment Based on the Content of the Protocol Children above the age of 6 years will be slated to be dosed with 5 mg of nebulized salbutamol and 0.
• Country Risk Assessment in Hong Kong The leader of the Hong Kong government is the Chief Executive, who can be impeached by the Legislative Council. The executive has the mandate of enacting and enforcing the law in the region, and its […]
• Risk and Vulnerability Management and Assessment The primary school in the community is across the river. It also has a risk department which helps to ascertain the veracity of the dangers in the community.
• Risk Assessment of Stickley Furniture Company The riskiest job in the factory is the management and running of the woodcutting machine that requires an employee to manually feed wood logs into the machine.
• Herbicide X and Health Risk Assessment There is also the risk of exposure to breastfeeding babies as the chemicals in the herbicide can pass to them through their mothers’ milk.
• Financial Management: Risk Assessment As for the first one, this principle means that the faster the sum is invested the more the money is worth in the future. The standard deviation measurement is used to measure the risk of […]
• Building Studies. Risk Assessment and Management Environmental degradation is causing a lot of harm to the buildings being constructed in the current era, and there is a dire need of involving a hazard alleviation sector while undergoing a developmental project.
• Health Management. Falls Risk Assessment In 1999, a randomized controlled attempt was published which illustrated that the discontinuation of a subgroup of probable FRID or fall- risk increasing drugs such as antidepressants and sedatives can minimize the risk of falling.
• Colleen’s Risk Assessment Analysis Colleen is at high risk according to the Missouri risk assessment; she had a total score of 9 which is in the range for High risk: A score of 8+.
• Risk Assessment Models and Management Circle It can be defined as a set of practices utilized for the identification, evaluation, and estimation of existing levels of risk peculiar to different situations that emerge during the functioning of organizations, their investigation regarding […]
• Geriatric Fall-Risk Prevention and Assessment The presented case study considers a patient with Parkinson’s disease, whose incontinence, tremors, and gait problems increase the risk of falls.
• Risk Assessment of a Language Learning Process Within the frame of the fourth step, the documentation of findings, it would be necessary to structure the information on the ways to reduce risks.
• House Fire Fighting Risk Assessment As such, the objectives of the report are to identify general fire-related dangers as well as those specific to houses and compare them to each other to understand their severity.
• Qatar Civil Defence Department: Risk Assessment Governance is the ‘software which enables the operation of urban ‘hardware and must be designed to avoid devastating consequences to population and infrastructure from disaster risk.
• Medical Risk Management and Assessment Programs While risk management and risk assessment have different goals, I believe that their aim is similar, because they both focus on reducing the potential risks for their customers, with the exception that risk management programs […]
• Project Monitoring and Control and Risk Assessment Particularly, the risk of failing to obtain the required amount of oil to cover the expenses taken deserves to be mentioned; however, the specified threat also entails other risks, such as the threat of significant […]
• Berkshire Hathaway Company’s Risk Assessment Therefore, it is necessary to develop a specific protection plan and assess the efficiency and quality of the implementation of the technology used.
• The Department of Homeland Security Risk Assessment Unless it provided its services to the U.S.citizens and served to protect the United States from the possible attacks of those willing to change the political landscape of the country, the security of the residents […]
• Crisis Management Models for Risk Assessment To assess the relative risk of each of the risk events, the assessment tool quantified the probability of occurrence, impact on students, impact on staff, impact on learning, the preparedness of the institution, and the […]
• Role of Risk Assessment for Business That is, it should be decided whether the probability of occurrence of a risk or the severity of its impact takes priority when assessing the level of the risk.
• Behavioural Finance Issues in Risk Assessment Processes Moreover, the article by these authors accents on the fact that the modern portfolio theory is intended to analyze the possible return on investments as it requires making a graph to identify the average growth […]
• Food Product Risk Assessment The problem of the use of the substances in poultry presents a challenge due to the high risks of them adversely influencing the health of consumers.
• New Juice Bar’s Risk Assessment in Boston Due to the challenges associated with the production quality and the durability of the raw materials, it is necessary to focus on the risks related to quality and technical requirements.
• Risk Assessment Plan in Health & Human Services For this purpose, risk management plans include the step of risk assessment the process of “determining the probability that a risk will occur and the impact that event would have, should it occur”.
• Peru Economy and Business Risk Assessment To create suitable conditions and effective management strategies for the long-term success of the organization, the risk committee must focus its efforts on identifying and analyzing the scope of possible risks as well as the […]
• Woltech Company’s Information Security Risk Assessment Considering that the organisation uses various sources of the remote access and communication between the offices, it is necessary to ensure the high-quality protection of employees’ and Woltech’s data.
• Business Goals Achievement: Risk Assessment Strategy According to the vulnerability of assets, the impacts may be different. Thus, all the elements are linked, and a good risk assessment strategy addresses all of them.
• Environmental Risk Assessment Advancement The thing is that the process of risk assessment is often criticized and questioned in the framework of its value and credibility.
• Winter Storms in Pennsylvania: Risk Assessment Investigation of the main hazards that pose a threat to the security of a certain community and its well-being is an important process that should be given great attention.
• Making Business Decisions: Kenya Risk Assessment The country has a trade ministry that controls and oversees all the trading activities in the country. The country through the Ministry of trade collects import duties on all import goods and services, a task […]
• Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment One of the major goals and benefits of the approach is the possibility to prioritize risks. Controls are procedures that minimize the probability of transitioning through the entire chain of the risk event aimed at […]
• Wildfire Forensic Company’s Risk Assessment To assess the risk of Wildfire Forensic, it seems appropriate to define it. Assessing the risk of Wildfire Forensic, it is important to establish the levels of disruption resource unavailability.
• Company Risk Assessment: Qualitative or Quantitative Approaches The use of qualitative or quantitative approaches to assessing risk depends on the situation and objectives of the risk assessment exercise.
• Croatian Oil Drilling: Investment Risks Assessment An increase in the accuracy of the drilling process will allow for reducing the risk of an oil spill and, therefore, the loss of the investments made in the process, to a minimum.
• Oil Refinery Industry Risk Assessment Resting on these facts, it is possible to choose a certain industry and use the risk management approach in order to obtain the idea about the main peculiarities of its functioning and the ways in […]
• J. Smith & Associates Company’s Risk Assessment The prevention of the potential difficulties, which may arise in the project, has to be correlated with the essential aims of the reorganization.
• Quantitative Risk Assessment – Performance Plastics Inc The project scope includes a risk management plan for the expansion and acquisition of the Shimtech Industries by the Plastics Inc, company, which will be achieved by merging the departments of the companies and the […]
• Risk Identification, Assessment, and Handling It is only after identification of the risk that it can be feasible to investigate causes of the risk. Therefore, it is upon the management of any organization to ensure that efforts are made to […]
• Risk Assessment for Commercial Loans One function of the commission is reporting of the excessive budgets to the members as a criterion of early warning and facilitation of strictness, timeliness and effectiveness in the functioning of the pact.
• Environmental Risk, Risk Management, and Risk Assessment The estimation of the possible consequences includes presence of the hazard, the possibility of the receptors getting affected by the hazard and the consequential damage from exposure to the hazard.
• Risk Assessment and Contingency Plans Measurement The management can evaluate learning and growth in Canadian stores by measuring the amount of time it takes different department stores to assimilate the best practices of the Company.
• Nanotechnology Risk Assessment and Management Nanoparticles in the nuclear waste are easily absorbed by the human body leading to adverse effects of the respiratory system. These impurities are risky to the human health and the environment.
• Occupational Risk Assessment for Silica Dust In the determination of the human health risks at the workplace it is also very important to consider the nature and extent of the damage that might be caused by exposure to these risks at […]
• Risk Assessment in Handling Hazardous Materials The following measures must be observed; the first step is to make sure that paint is kept in a sealed container to prevent air from getting into the container.
• Indiana University Bloomington Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Management This high concentration of infrastructure is likely to increase the level of damages because a destruction of many buildings is likely to result in higher human deaths and more financial losses.
• Hurricanes in Indiana University Board Risk Assessment and Management Plan To assess the eventuality of an occurrence of a natural disaster, policy makers should access the geological and/or hydro-meteorological hazards to which a particular country or region is exposed; the location of Monroe County is […]
• Risk Assessment: Minimizing the Losses for Commercial Loans The preliminary categorization of the small and medium enterprises was based on: Location of the enterprise The category of industry that the enterprise participates in The size of the enterprise The age of the enterprise […]
• British Social Work: Risk Assessment and Management The 2007 UNICEF report on children in the UK and the USA, reveal the position children occupy to be at the bottom of the list in developed countries in conditions where a range of indicators […]
• Risk Assessment of Malathion Pesticide Are the hospitals in this city prepared enough to deliver treatment to individuals facing health problems due to spraying of Malathion if the council were to adopt the application of this pesticide throughout the city?
• Risk Assessment of a Warehouse Safety of warehouses in the United States is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, as provided for under the Occupational Safety and Health Act which was legislated by the Congress and signed into […]
• IUB Natural Disaster Risk Assessments and Risk Management Due to the fact that Tornado is a natural disaster that locations around IUB need to be prepared of; there are lots of vulnerabilities in the University.
• Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments This trend is evident because of the increased cases of offences that necessitate the urgency in the development of quick risk assessment methods.
• GLM Realtors Risk Assessment Project for a Commercial Property This risk basically outlines the danger of having to deal with the problem of a shortfall in performed tasks because the danger in such a risk is that poor project performance can come from any […]
• Adapting Ecological Risk Assessment for Ecosystem Valuation
• Advanced Lending Operations and Credit Risk Assessment Using Purchase Order Information
• Africa and the Global Economic Crisis: A Risk Assessment and Action Guide
• Agent-Based Risk Assessment Model of the European Banking Network
• Agricultural Supply Chain Risk Assessment in the Caribbean
• Airport Security and Security Risk Assessment
• The Nurses Role in Relation to Risk Assessment
• Assessing Financial Risks Using a Multicriteria Sorting Procedure
• Asset Allocation and Risk Assessment With Gross Exposure Constraints for Vast Portfolios
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Standardizing a Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment of Information Systems Security
• Compare Different Uses of Risk Assessment in Health and Social Care
• Commercial Banking and Tools for Risk Assessment
• Combining Risk Assessment and Economics in Managing a Sanitary-Phytosanitary Risk
• Risk Assessment of Information Technology
• Child Maltreatment Risk Assessment Instruments
• Characterizing and Measuring Maliciousness for Cybersecurity Risk Assessment
• Challenges for Systemic Risk Assessment in Low-Income Countries
• Case‐Based Reasoning and Risk Assessment in Audit Judgment
• Capital Budgeting and Risk Assessment Tools
• Contamination and Risk Assessment in Environmental Law
• Correlated Risk Assessment and Its Managerial Applications
• Risk Assessment as Essential Part of a Risk Management Process
• Linking Psychopathy and Violence Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment and Its Effects on the Workplace
• Long Term Risk Assessment in a Defined Contribution Pension System
• Risk Assessment as a Way of Profiling Risk
• Model Combination for Credit Risk Assessment
• Model for Insurance Fraud Risk Assessment and Prevention
• Modeling Travel Time Reliability of Freeways Using Risk Assessment Techniques
• Molecular Genetic Testing and Risk Assessment of Releasing Nonpathogenic
• Money Laundering: Correlation Between Risk Assessment and Suspicious Transactions
• Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Management
• Need for Risk Assessment of Biotechnology Projects
• Online Product Returns Risk Assessment and Management
• Open-Source Intelligence for Risk Assessment
• Analysis of the Fundamentals Behind Risk Assessment
• Political Risk Assessment and Management
• Psychosexual Deviancy Evaluation and Current Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment for Global Finance
• How Does Risk Management Affect Bank Efficiency?
• Which Financial Statement Is Most Useful for Risk Assessment?
• How Are Agreed Risk Assessment Processes Used to Support the Right to Make Choices?
• Does Enterprise Risk Management Improve Operational Efficiency?
• How Can Risk Assessment Be Used to Support People’s Right to Make Their Own Decisions?
• What Are the Risk Assessment Tools for Violence to Assess the Possible Future Crimes of an Adolescent?
• How Does Risk Assessment for Distribution Systems Use an Improved Pem-Based Method?
• Does Corporate Governance Affect the Risk Management System?
• How Can Risk Assessment Help Resolve Dilemmas Between Rights and Safety Concerns?
• What Is the Role of Implementing Risk Assessment in Health Care?
• How Can Market Information Be Used for Banking System Risk Assessment?
• Does the Protection of Property Rights Affect Corporate Risk Management Strategy?
• What Are the Possible Future Directions of Research on Bank Credit Risk Assessment?
• How Is Property Insurance Against Debris-Flow Disasters Based on Risk Assessment and Principal-Agent Theory?
• What Factors Influence Risk Management Decisions of Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises?
• Can Support Vector Machines Be Used for Credit Risk Assessment with Unbalanced Data Sets?
• What Is Risk Assessment Framework According to the Fraud Triangle Theory?
• How Can Risk Assessment Be Used to Safely Promote Person-Centred Care?
• What Impact Does Risk Assessment Have on the Workplace?
• How Does Risk Management Affect Production Decisions?
• Is a Multi-Risk Assessment Approach the Basis of Territorial Sustainability?
• How Are Health and Safety Risk Assessments Monitored and Reviewed?
• What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial Risk Management?
• Can Uncertainty Evaluations Be Used for Risk Assessment in Impact Injuries and Implications for Clinical Practice?
• How Does Risk Management Affect Business Functions?
• What Statistical Methods and Software Are Used for Risk Assessment?
• How Can Audit Risk Assessment Potentially Be Improved?
• What Are the Recommendations for Benefit-Risk Assessment Methodologies and Visualizations?
• Does Fair Value Reporting Affect Risk Management?
• How Does Risk Assessment for Evidence-Based Subjective Ethnography Apply in High-Risk Environments?
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Core Subjects of Risk Analysis

• Risk Analysis Fundamental Principles
• Risk Analysis Glossary
• Advanced Materials and Technologies
• Applied Risk Management
• Decision Analysis and Risk
• Dose Response
• Ecological Risk Assessment
• Economics and Benefits Analysis
• Engineering and Infrastructure
• Exposure Assessment
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• In Memoriam

The  Core Subjects of Risk Analysis  covers five main topics including fundamentals, risk assessment, risk perception and communication, risk management and governance, and solving real risk problems and issues. This document provides guidance on the subjects to be covered in risk analysis programs and offers a platform to identify specific risk analysis subjects for broad overview courses on risk analysis, as well as for courses and programs on related areas such as safety and security.

Risk analysis as a field is built on two main knowledge generating pillars:

A. Risk knowledge related to an activity in the real world

B. Knowledge on concepts, theories, frameworks, approaches, principles, methods and models to understand, assess, characterize, communicate, manage and govern risk.

Core Subjects of Risk Analysis provides guidance on the subjects to be covered in risk analysis programs and offers a platform to identify specific risk analysis subjects for broad overview courses on risk analysis, as well as for courses and programs on related areas, such as safety.

The document covers five topics including:

• Risk analysis fundamentals,
• Risk assessment,
• Risk perception and communication,
• Risk management and governance, and,
• Solving real risk problems and issues.

The subjects and topics covered here are not all “owned” by the risk analysis field per se,  however, risk analysis concepts and methodologies are applied to help make informed decisions and to see patterns and models in data that help interpret randomness and uncertainty in order to draw conclusions about the topic or issue being studied.

As the field and science of risk analysis is developing, it must balance between the need for authoritative guidance and solutions on the one hand, and the need for continuous debate, research and improvement on the other. This balance is sought by specifying the subjects up to some level of detail but avoiding selecting and forcing a specific implementation or solution.

Check out these webinars for more information on core subjects!

CHALLENGES FOR PUBLIC DISCOURSE AND POLICY MAKING

APPLIED RISK MANAGEMENT: A COMPANY PERSPECTIVE

RISK COMMUNICATION & RISK PERCEPTION

RISK MANAGEMENT & POLICY

FUNDAMENTALS OF RISK ANALYSIS

95 Risk Assessment Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on risk assessment, 🌶️ hot risk assessment essay topics, 🎓 most interesting risk assessment research titles, 💡 simple risk assessment essay ideas, ❓ research questions on risk management and assessment.

• Enron Scandal: Risk Assessment
• British Petroleum Company Risk Assessment
• The Boeing and FAA Safety Risks Assessment
• Enterprise Risk Management and Assessment
• Ford Motor Corporation and Mexico Risk Assessment
• Suicide Prevention and Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessments: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
• Hazard Analysis: Initial Risk Assessment, Additional Control Measures Hazard can be defined as a potential for harm and encompasses “all aspects of technology or activity that produce risk”.
• Forecasting and Risk Assessment Risk management is a process of identifying risks, evaluating the consequences as well as defining effectual methods of controlling risks and responding to them.
• Henderson Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment A proper understanding of the disasters capable of disorienting the lives of the people of Henderson can guide different agencies to formulate interventions.
• Los Angeles: Health Risks Community Assessment This paper argues that Los Angeles city has three main health risk factors for the community – the homelessness crisis, environmental issues, and the singleness crisis.
• Navigation Safety Management System & Risk Assessment The objective of the research paper is to provide an overview of the Navigational Safety Management System and Risk Assessment.
• Risk Assessment of Network: IBS Electronics The practical implementation of an IDS/IPS system ensures that the intrusion detection system is effective. It will directly translate to an advance in the security of the network.
• Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Methods For organizations, a risk management framework is the procedure of recognizing and attempting to moderate risk occurrence.
• Risk Assessment and Planning: Fly-Fishing Planning for any corporate event, regardless of its form or purpose, must be accomplished through a risk assessment.
• Power Plant International’s Risk Assessment Plan This research paper presents the risk assessment plan for Power Plant International to import a GT 6 Bladed Rotor.
• Chemical Hazards: Risk Assessment and Analysis In the case of a hazardous chemical, food production and distribution communications, banking and financial services, energy, and water could be compromised.
• Risk Assessment Strategies: Comparative Discourse Endeavors to achieve the appropriate balance between hazards and opportunities are critical components of business success.
• Risk Assessment in Information Technology Field Risk assessment is becoming an important framework for information technology due to its role in ensuring companies are better prepared when dealing with security-related threats.
• British Airport Risk Assessment Diary The case explores the risks in managing the British Heathrow Airport which includes the identification of hazards, their assessment, and the preparation of a response.
• Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment Rapid action is required from emergency response organizations to avert potential dangers to medical personnel.
• Risk Assessment Matrix: The Challenger Case This paper explores the tragic Challenger disaster of 1986, where the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after launch, resulting in the death of all seven crew members.
• The Thanda Company’s Audit Risks Assessment The purpose of this paper is to analyze the risks associated with auditing the Thanda company and how one should deal with them in planning an audit.
• Successful Project Management and Risk Assessment For a successful project completion with limited delays and mistakes, risk management and project management should be followed.
• Cobit 5 Framework 19: Risks Assessment of Information Technology COBIT 5 fills the gap of information necessity required by businesses to provide IT expertise for governance and management.
• Event Management: Risk Management Assessment This paper aims to explore risk and hazard management for festivals and events, namely for Burning Man Festival, Lollapalooza 2019, and Coachella 2018.
• The Risk Assessment of Opening Up the Branch The purpose of the report is to focus on various stages of the work of risk assessment paper for a company to set its branch in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• Chemicon Plc’s Risk Assessment in Democratic Republic of Congo The paper presents strategies for the security of Chemicon Plc and discusses the significant details regarding the security issues and risks in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• Forecasting and Risk Assessment in Business Risk is defined as the possibility of a loss or injury while uncertainty refers to the indefinite aspect of knowledge, which is not known beyond doubt.
• Global Finance Inc.’s Security Risk Assessment Global Finance Inc. (GFI) is a large multinational company. The case study is intended to investigate the issues inherent in the IT department of GFI.
• Using Market Information for Banking System Risk Assessment
• Climate Change and Natural Hazard Risk Assessment Framework for Coastal Cable-stayed Bridges
• Support Vector Machines for Credit Risk Assessment With Imbalanced Datasets
• Integrated Genomic and BMI Analysis for Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment
• Challenges for Systemic Risk Assessment in Low-Income Countries
• Spatial Risk Assessment for Extreme River Flows
• The Relative Efficiency and Financial Risk Assessment of Shipping Companies
• Model for Insurance Fraud Risk Assessment and Prevention
• Sovereign Risk Assessment Under Economic Crisis Conditions
• Soil Phosphorus Saturation Ratio for Risk Assessment in Land Use Systems
• Ohs Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Policies and Procedures
• Risk Assessment and Profit Sharing in Business Networks
• Rationalizing Risk Assessment: Applications to Agricultural Business
• International Export and Marketing Risk Assessment for the Czech Republic
• Violence Risk Assessment Tools for Assessing Possible Future Crimes of an Adolescent
• Characterizing and Measuring Maliciousness for Cybersecurity Risk Assessment
• Senior Citizen Surgery Patients and Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
• Farmer Risk Assessment for Voluntary Insecticide Reduction
• Online Product Returns Risk Assessment and Management
• Technological Market Conjuncture: Risk Assessment Commercialization of Intellectual Property
• Child Maltreatment Risk Assessment Instruments
• Climatic Statelessness: Risk Assessment and Policy Options
• Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment: The Case of Athens
• Waterlogging and Flood Hazards Vulnerability and Risk Assessment in Indo Gangetic Plain
• The Brazilian Spring: Reconsidering Risk Assessment in Business and the Global Political Economy
• Modeling the Reliability and Predictive Validity of Risk Assessment in Child Protective Services
• The General Dynamic Risk Assessment for the Enterprise by the Hologram Approach in Financial Technology
• Investment and Commercial Banks’ Management and Risk Assessment
• Quality Risk Assessment Model for Airline Services Concerning Taiwanese Airlines
• Understand the Need for Tissue Viability Risk Assessment
• Regional Ecological Risk Assessment in the Huai River Watershed During 2010–2015
• Elder Abuse Risk Assessment Instruments
• Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative Criteria for Credit Risk Assessment
• Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment Instruments
• Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism
• Information Security Risk Assessment for a Distribution Company
• Market Valuation and Risk Assessment of Indian Banks Using Black-Scholes-Merton Model
• Object-Oriented Bayesian Network for Complex System Risk Assessment
• Can Systematic Reviews Inform GMO Risk Assessment and Risk Management?
• What Are the Possible Future Research Directions for Bank’s Credit Risk Assessment Research?
• How Does Risk Management Influence Production Decisions?
• Are Exogenous Requirements Sufficient to Induce Corporate Risk Management Activities?
• What Are the Methods Used for Conducting Risk Assessments?
• Does Risk Management Affect Bank Efficiency?
• How Should We Use Risk Assessment Instruments to Predict Violence and Antisocial Behavior?
• What Is the Best Method for Risk Assessment?
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Articles on Risk assessment

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Flood risk ratings: Translating risk to future costs helps homebuyers and renters grasp the odds

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Aaron Rodgers dropped the ball on critical thinking – with a little practice you can do better

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A new ratings industry is emerging to help homebuyers assess climate risks

Matthew E. Kahn , USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Emotion is a big part of how you assess risk – and why it’s so hard to be objective about pandemic precautions

Sheldon H. Jacobson , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

What’s a 100-year flood? A hydrologist explains

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Whakaari tragedy: court case highlights just how complex it is to forecast a volcanic eruption

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4 ways to fix private health insurance so it can sustain a growing, ageing population

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Genetically modified mosquitoes could be released in Florida and Texas beginning this summer – silver bullet or jumping the gun?

Brian Allan , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Chris Stone , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Holly Tuten , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Jennifer Kuzma , North Carolina State University , and Natalie Kofler , Harvard University

Coronavirus is significant, but is it a true black swan event?

Glenn McGillivray , Western University

Lethargic global response to COVID-19 : How the human brain’s failure to assess abstract threats cost us dearly

Arash Javanbakht , Wayne State University and Cristian Capotescu , University of Michigan

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Risk Assessment and Management for Sensitive Social Work Research

• First Online: 01 December 2021

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This chapter is about risk assessment and management to conduct sensitive social work research. Understanding the risk assessment management involved in sensitive research projects is vital because it enables researchers to manage difficult situations during their research. As well as defining risk assessment and management, the chapter discusses the way researchers should conduct risk assessments and manage their research. This chapter indicates what the potential risks of engaging in sensitive research projects might be, how these risks might arise and who they would or could affect. Last but not least, the risk of physical, psychological and emotional harm to researchers is explored, as is the way research should manage those risks. The risks associated with research sites, physical locations, lone working and publishing are also covered. A checklist for risk assessment and management and de-escalating techniques is also given.

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Suggested Reading

Liamputtong, P. (2007). Researching the vulnerable: A guide to sensitive research methods . Sage Publications.

McCosker, H, Barnard, A., & Gerber, R. (2001). Undertaking sensitive research: Issues and strategies for meeting the safety needs of all participants. Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 2 (1).

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Haider, S. (2022). Risk Assessment and Management for Sensitive Social Work Research. In: Sensitive Research in Social Work. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85009-8_5

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UVA Researchers Develop New Artificial Intelligence Risk-Assessment Tool to Improve Heart-Failure Care

April 16, 2024 by [email protected]

left to right: Sula Mazimba, MD, Josephine Lamp and Kenneth Bilchick, MD

UVA researchers have developed a powerful new risk assessment tool for predicting outcomes in heart failure patients. The researchers have made the tool publicly available for free to clinicians.

The new tool improves on existing risk assessment tools for heart failure by harnessing the power of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to determine patient-specific risks of developing unfavorable outcomes with heart failure.

“Heart failure is a progressive condition that affects not only quality of life but quantity as well. All heart failure patients are not the same. Each patient is on a spectrum along the continuum of risk of suffering adverse outcomes,” said researcher Sula Mazimba, MD, a heart failure expert. “Identifying the degree of risk for each patient promises to help clinicians tailor therapies to improve outcomes.”

About Heart Failure

  Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood for the body’s needs. This can lead to fatigue, weakness, swollen legs and feet and, ultimately, death. Heart failure is a progressive condition, so it is extremely important for clinicians to be able to identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes.

Further, heart failure is a growing problem. More than 6 million Americans already have heart failure, and that number is expected to increase to more than 8 million by 2030. The UVA researchers developed their new model, called CARNA, to improve care for these patients. (Finding new ways to improve care for patients across Virginia and beyond is a key component of UVA Health’s first-ever 10-year strategic plan .)

The researchers developed their model using anonymized data drawn from thousands of patients enrolled in heart failure clinical trials previously funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Putting the model to the test, they found it outperformed existing predictors for determining how a broad spectrum of patients would fare in areas such as the need for heart surgery or transplant, the risk of rehospitalization and the risk of death.

The researchers attribute the model’s success to the use of ML/AI and the inclusion of “hemodynamic” clinical data, which describe how blood circulates through the heart, lungs and the rest of the body.

“This model presents a breakthrough because it ingests complex sets of data and can make decisions even among missing and conflicting factors,” said researcher Josephine Lamp, of the University of Virginia School of Engineering’s Department of Computer Science. “It is really exciting because the model intelligently presents and summarizes risk factors reducing decision burden so clinicians can quickly make treatment decisions.”

By using the model, doctors will be better equipped to personalize care to individual patients, helping them live longer, healthier lives, the researchers hope.

“The collaborative research environment at the University Virginia made this work possible by bringing together experts in heart failure, computer science, data science and statistics,” said researcher Kenneth Bilchick, MD, a cardiologist at UVA Health. “Multidisciplinary biomedical research that integrates talented computer scientists like Josephine Lamp with experts in clinical medicine will be critical to helping our patients benefit from AI in the coming years and decades.”

Findings Published

  The researchers have made their new tool available online for free at https://github.com/jozieLamp/CARNA .

In addition, they have published the results of their evaluation of CARNA in the American Heart Journa l. The research team consisted of Lamp, Yuxin Wu, Steven Lamp, Prince Afriyie, Nicholas Ashur, Bilchick, Khadijah Breathett, Younghoon Kwon, Song Li, Nishaki Mehta, Edward Rojas Pena, Lu Feng and Mazimba. The researchers have no financial interest in the work.

The project was based on one of the winning submissions to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Big Data Analysis Challenge: Creating New Paradigms for Heart Failure Research. The work was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, grant 842490, and NHLBI grants R56HL159216, K01HL142848 and L30HL148881.

To keep up with the latest medical research news from UVA, subscribe to the Making of Medicine blog at http://makingofmedicine.virginia.edu.

Article written by  Josh Barney, Deputy Public Information Officer , UVA Health. Contact Josh about this story or to share your own research.

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UPDATED 11:47 EDT / APRIL 19 2024

AI for finance: Navigating new frontiers in risk and fraud prevention

by Victor Dabrinze

Alongside other hypersensitive sectors such as healthcare and defense, finance — especially with the integration of AI for finance — remains critical at both public and private levels. Failures and crashes can snowball to create a plethora of large-scale problems.

Artificial intelligence is now being weaved into every fabric of daily life. How are financial industry players leveraging AI and large language models to counter fraudulent activities and assess/mitigate risk at scale?

“The other things that we’ve been seeing is the utilization of deepfakes, particularly as far as enhancement in trying to bypass, let’s say, your voice biometrics and then also your facial recognition applications,” said  Long Jiang (pictured, right), assistant vice president of fraud analytics and strategy at Credit One Bank N.A. “All of that translates into risk that we’re looking as far as how we can stop it, how we can prevent it.”

Jiang and  Stu Bradley (left), senior vice president of risk, fraud and compliance solutions at SAS Institute Inc.,  spoke with theCUBE Research executive analyst  John Furrier and chief analyst Dave Vellante  at SAS Innovate , during an exclusive broadcast on theCUBE, SiliconANGLE Media’s livestreaming studio. They discussed the transformative power of AI and its implications for the banking industry, from fraud detection to operational efficiency. (* Disclosure below.)

AI for finance: Boosting accuracy and efficiency in critical financial tasks

AI isn’t going to completely take over critical finance industry tasks, such as accounting, auditing and strategy. Rather, it’s going to augment for accuracy and efficiency. The introduction of lightweight models, akin to Lego blocks, will expedite fraud detection , offering developers newfound agility and efficacy in combating financial threats.

“The attack surface for fraudsters has expanded and created that additional attack surface, which means you need to have additional data points,” Bradley said. “Leveraging different sources across the ecosystem at the right time in your decisioning cycle is tremendously important. It’s about first creating that data ecosystem first. Then the artificial intelligence comes into play. Now that you have those new data sources, allowing you to do a better job of modeling for new trends that you might see from a fraud attack.”

On the risk side of things, recent macroeconomic shifts, such as rising interest rates, are putting immense pressure on the banking system. In response, financial institutions must adopt a holistic risk-management approach, integrating data from disparate sources to gain comprehensive insights into their operational landscape, according to Bradley.

“Part of the issue is that many organizations have grown their risk management capabilities in a bunch of silos,” Bradley said. ” I think as we emerge out from that environment, the capabilities of integrating data so you can get a holistic view across the balance sheet, stress test that and change different micro and macro factors to understand the impacts is going to be a really important response for financial institutions to think about.”

The advent of gen AI, characterized by enhanced computational capabilities and workflow augmentation, presents an unprecedented opportunity to fortify risk mitigation strategies in the face of evolving threats. Given all the tech advancements happening, organizations must cultivate agility in responding to evolving threats. Banks must transcend siloed approaches and foster cross-departmental collaboration to effectively combat multifaceted risks, Jiang added.

Here’s the complete video interview, part of SiliconANGLE’s and theCUBE Research’s coverage of SAS Innovate : 

(* Disclosure: SAS Institute Inc. sponsored this segment of theCUBE. Neither SAS nor other sponsors have editorial control over content on theCUBE or SiliconANGLE.)

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The Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate identified three goals to advance institutional risk analysis capabilities to support the Department's resilience and readiness programs. This effort is expected to provide DHS with research and analysis intended to inform risk analysis qualifications and training guidelines to enable a stronger, better-informed futures cadre at DHS.  

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National Research Council (US) Committee on Risk and Decision Making. Risk and Decision Making: Perspectives and Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1982.

Risk and Decision Making: Perspectives and Research.

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RESEARCH ON RISK AND DECISION MAKING

People in a large number of professions and disciplines are currently engaged in research related to risk and decision making:

• Toxicologists devise laboratory experiments to identify potential carcinogens, mutagens, and other toxic substances;
• Climatologists build models to predict the effects of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on global weather patterns;
• Epidemiologists use large data bases to isolate statistical associations between various risk factors (e.g., pollution and diet) and various indices of morbidity and mortality;
• Physicists, chemists, and biologists study fundamental physical processes to facilitate the identification and assessment of risks;
• Ecologists investigate the tensions between the needs of humans and the needs of other organisms in an ecosystem;
• Economists explore the effects of regulation on inflation, employment, innovation, competition, and productivity;
• Legal scholars assess how various liability doctrines affect both the compensation of victims and the incentives for injurors to engage in risk-generating conduct;
• Psychologists develop and test theories about how people form perceptions about risks and about how people make personal decisions about risks in their daily lives;
• Communication specialists examine the potential effects of educational media campaigns on self-hazardous life-styles;
• Market researchers assess the consequences of advertising on the consumption of hazardous products and substances;
• Sociologists study the influences of peer pressure on teenage smoking and drinking habits;
• Political scientists describe and evaluate how different political and economic systems generate and cope with risks;
• Philosophers and political theorists study the value trade-offs and ethical considerations in risk and decision making;
• Demographers and biostatisticians compile and analyze risk indices to identify crucial trends in risks over time;
• Defense analysts weigh the deterrent effects of weapon systems against the risks of escalation in armed conflict;
• Classical and Bayesian statisticians study how inferences about uncertainties should be made, how new information about risks should be incorporated into old beliefs, and how information about risks from disparate sources should be combined in a formal decision analysis;
• Organizational theorists study how the incentives and rewards faced by employees in business firms and public agencies cause people to generate and cope with risks;
• Engineers design safer consumer products and cleaner production processes; they worry about the cost and complexity of safety devices versus the risks of accidents;
• Geographers study techniques for managing natural hazards and natural disasters; and
• Decision and management scientists develop methods for formalizing value trade-offs in decisions about risks.

This list, although incomplete, conveys the range and diversity of expertise now involved in research involving consideration of risk and resulting decisions. It also makes plain the near impossibility of establishing priorities for research. Accordingly, the agenda for research offered below is not a ranking but rather a sampling of research that is generally applicable to the improvement of risk analyses in individual disciplines.

A message also carried by the agenda is that performance of risk analysis calls not only for knowledge of its methods but also for disciplinary understanding of the particular problems at issue, be they certifying airplanes or assessing the mutagenic effects of a new chemical; it also demands an awareness of economic and social implications of a given risk and various options for dealing with it. The practice of risk analyses requires the knowledge of many fields; it is in fact an undertaking of multiple disciplines melded together in an interdisciplinary analysis.

Obviously, with the diversity of research actors, coordination of research and communication of its results is a necessity if risk analyses are to have available the best tools and expertise. To be more specific, research on particular issues in risk analysis that coordinates, suggests, and links insights from different disciplines may be especially effective. Research that coordinates the techniques of one field with the issues facing another does not now have a home within universities or research institutions. Consequently this work, falling at the interface between disciplines, is often neglected; yet it is the essence of risk analysis. Moreover, the coordinating function, to be truly effective, must be supported by effective communication of results to the involved parties.

Our nation needs vigorous and coordinated programs of research on risk and decision making. Risk in its many forms is such a pervasive problem, is subject to so many unknowns and uncertainties, and is such a significant source of social concern that it demands the attention of the nation's research communities and research sponsors. Research is needed not only on the identification, assessment, and quantification of various risks, but also on improved methods of analysis for decision making and on improved market, legislative, regulatory, and judicial decision-making processes. Such research should draw on experiences within the United States as well as those in other countries.

There will not be, of course, any scientific resolution to many of the controversies about risk and decision making. Scientific research can narrow the range of disagreement about the magnitudes of certain risks, but even in those cases the result may trigger more explicit and heated controversy about value trade-offs and ethical considerations. At the same time, the whole field of conflict resolution--so integral to risk and decision making--is a fertile and valuable research domain for behavioral, social, and management scientists. Research and experimentation with improved techniques for mediation and bargaining could be especially useful in resolving disputes about environmental policies that affect health, safety, and the environment.

There is also a need for expansion of interdisciplinary research projects on risk and decision making. The relative neglect of interdisciplinary research is understandable, given the inherent difficulties with such efforts: differences in problem definition, language barriers between participants, problems in finding sponsors who are sympathetic to joint projects, the complexities in establishing appropriate peer review mechanisms for interdisciplinary work, and the extra time and expense associated with combating all of these difficulties. Despite these problems, the committee believes that an expanded interdisciplinary research program on risk and decision making should be undertaken.

We identify numerous specific research topics that are both critically important and that require the joint efforts of multiple disciplines. There are several general rationales for giving some priority to these kinds of projects:

• The fact that most risk problems require knowledge of specialists from a variety of natural, social, and management sciences;
• The desire of many decision makers to have an effective synthesis of scientific inputs into decision making, a difficult yet appropriate demand that certainly requires multiple talents;
• The ability of research teams with diverse members to communicate findings to decision makers who lack scientific training and to the general public; and
• The tendency of research projects within a single discipline to become preoccupied with technical intricacies that may not be central to the needs of decision makers who are faced with immediate problems involving risks.

Several billion dollars are spent every year on research that is related to society's efforts to cope with health, safety, and environmental risks. Nearly all of this money is devoted to natural science and engineering research, especially biomedical research and, to a lesser extent, safety engineering. Relatively little attention has been focused on social science research, on research to develop better analytical methods for risk assessment, risk evaluation, and decision making. We list social science and analytical research topics that might be explored.

Research on risk analysis is not within the scope of any single agency, but coordination and the communication of results may be. Alternative mechanisms may be an interagency committee or a unit separate from the governmental structure, perhaps housed within a university. Within that framework the committee proposes an agenda for research, one that is not comprehensive but rather selective and indicative. The agenda follows in its outline that of the first section of this report and takes up in order research on: actual and perceived risks ; risk generating and risk coping processes; and approaches to and methods of risk analysis.

• ACTUAL AND PERCEIVED RISKS

A risk analysis, while asking distinct questions and applying specific knowledge, still must be provided with a perspective--the overall health of society as measured by indicators of the population's health, safety, the state of the environment, or the economy. This is particularly true when the analysis must consider not only the risk itself but perceptions of it. Whether the subject of the analysis is the effects of changing the upper limits on nitrogen oxide emissions from cars, the effects of low-level radiation from nuclear power plants, or putting a new airport at a particular location, the common need is a yardstick against which to measure the relative risk. No such yardstick is now available; even the very extensive data collected by the committee was incomplete, especially for measures of morbidity and environmental quality. A source book of health, safety, and environmental indicators, regularly revised, would be extremely valuable; it certainly would have helped the work of the committee. An analogous volume is Social Indicators , a set of “selected data on social conditions and trends in the United States” with some international comparisons, which is assembled and periodically updated by the social indicators staff of the Center for Demographic Studies in the Bureau of the Census in collaboration with the Interagency Committee on Social Indicators. Many of the indices in this compilation of statistics are relevant to concerns about risk, but many more appropriate indices about risks are missing. A compilation of risk indicators could include data about public perceptions of risks as well as data on actual risk indices.

In addition to a regularly published comprehensive collection of existing health, safety, and environmental indicators, serious thought should be given to how to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate additional information about trends and patterns in mortality, morbidity, and environmental quality. Deficiencies in available data should be assessed, including the likelihood of misinterpretations from such data.

As noted above, data on morbidity and on environmental quality are sparse. Furthermore, data on global conditions and on comparisons of conditions in different countries are very spotty. A more complete, current, and accurate data base would be very useful. It is an ambitious task, but a beginning could be made by outlining the scope of the volume, the data not now collected that should be, and the data that are currently incomplete or insufficiently validated. The forms in which current data are now provided should be critically examined. Are the caveats in the data clearly stated?

Societies are not static and neither is their health. In looking at existing and prospective risks, the direction of change must be considered as well as the current state. For that reason, an effort to encourage the relevant disciplines, such as epidemiology, demography, actuarial analysis, psychology, and statistics, to assess likely trends in known data and their underlying forces would be invaluable in improving the analysis of risks. A dynamic analysis of this sort would, among other things, better tell how relevant current data are to possible future risks. As examples, the following are important questions for risk analysts to discuss:

• Why have cardiovascular death rates declined so dramatically over the last two decades?
• How much are cancer rates likely to increase or decrease in the future?
• What are the causes of higher mortality among blacks compared with whites, males compared with females, Americans compared with Swedes, etc.?

Risk Perceptions and Behavior

Two research communities are concerned with perceptions of risk and choices among them. Behavioral or descriptive decision analysts are concerned with how both lay people and experts actually perceive risks--how they learn about risks, how they behave, and how they explain or rationalize their behavior. This community includes cognitive psychologists, psychometricians, learning theorists, and some economists and operations researchers. Normative or prescriptive decision analysts are concerned with how people should behave or might want to behave if they were consciously made aware of underlying desiderata for reasoned behavior. The field has a theoretical and an applied side. Theory asserts how idealized people should behave to satisfy certain rational desiderata, while the applied side is concerned with guiding people to behave more “rationally.” Prescriptive decision analysis includes in its community many (but not all) theoretical economists, decision analysts, operations researchers, and management scientists.

Behavioral decision analysts have demonstrated in the laboratory and through surveys and clinical studies not only that individuals do not behave according to the rationality assumptions of the prescriptive theories,but also that many individuals continue to behave the same way even after they are made aware of their so-called inconsistencies. “Behavior” as used in this context has three facets: how people perceive risks and think about uncertainties; how with new information they modify these perceptions, that is, how they learn; and how they choose among alternatives when uncertainties are present.

There is a need to foster a closer link between these two communities. Prescriptive theories that are designed to guide behavior should be modified to account for real psychological concerns. In dealing with issues of risk, many people do not think probabilistically, even when they know how to, and the heuristics they use to guide their behavior often are clearly inappropriate. How can some of the insights from prescriptive decision analysis be introduced into the general consciousness of people in ways that will produce more reasonable heuristics for behavior? The aim is to teach people how to think about risks more clearly but not to indoctrinate them into narrow channels that eliminate real psychological concerns.

Further Descriptive Research on Perceptions

It may be appropriate to extend in several directions the research being done on the ways in which people think about risks and about such risk-taking behavior as choice of insurance coverage, choice of occupation, life-style habits, life-saving precautions, and choice of investment. Several general questions are worth pursuing:

• In perceptions about risks and in risk-taking behavior, what are the differences (if any) between cultures--between the United States and other countries; and, within the United States, between the sexes, races, religious affiliations, rural and city dwellers, socioeconomic groups, people with different levels of education, etc.? What accounts for these differences?
• How do children think and learn to think about risks? Do competitive sports have an influence on risk attitudes? What are the influences of early education, number of siblings, etc.?
• How do perceptions of risk relate to beliefs in astrology and how do attitudes toward risk relate to other attitudes, e.g., internal versus external control, fatalism? Is there a relationship between those beliefs and attitudes and the perceptions of risk?
• What kinds of people are more concerned about what kinds of risks? For example, to what extent and why do risk perceptions differ, for example, between business leaders and governmental officials or between technical experts and lay people?
• What are the attributes of a risk that people are particularly concerned about (e.g., controllability, catastrophic potential, etc.)?
• What is the role of the media in shaping and responding to people's perceptions about risks?
• To what extent are an individual's attitudes toward entrepreneurial risks related to his or her attitudes toward health, safety, and environmental risks?
• What are the historical trends in people's attitudes toward value trade-offs--between dollars and health, economic growth and environment, and so forth?
• THE GENERATION OF RISKS

As we have argued, the responses to risks, the coping mechanisms, depend on the class of risks and in turn on how a particular risk is generated. In some instances, such as hang gliding, the policy response is to do nothing; in others, such as child abuse, the response is vigorous.

The design of coping mechanisms and the selection of alternatives is aided by an understanding not only of how risks are generated but also of the milieus in which people tolerate some risks but not others, deliberately expose themselves to risks or with vigor or considerable cost avoid them. Both political and economic milieus may affect attitudes toward taking risks.

Thus, in understanding responses to risk or to its avoidance, it would help to more precisely tabulate the different health, safety, and environmental problems in nations with different political systems (democracies versus autocracies), different economic systems (capitalist versus socialist), or different national mores (e.g., West German versus American). The corollary question is whether some political or economic systems are better able to cope with certain risks than with others. If so, which risks and why? The essential purpose of the research, then, is to clarify the different responses to risks in different political, economic, or national systems and also to analyze the nature of the risks in those countries. What are considered to be serious risks in the U.S.S.R., for example, that are accepted in the United States? Or which risks that concern policy makers in the United States are given a gloss in France?

What is the pattern of causal relationships that link wealth and health? Does “richer mean safer” in countries as wealthy as the United States? How important are the various correlates of high standards of living, including education levels, leisure, and patterns of employment, in determining levels of health? To what extent would a change in the rate of economic growth affect the rate of progress against mortality and morbidity?

• COPING WITH RISKS

There are many ways to cope with risk, of which Figure 2 lists only a few. Some are used routinely, such as insuring against a fire or car accident; others, such as effluent fees, are intensely discussed in the academic literature but have yet to be used in the United States; others that are applied to one sort of risk may be applicable to others. A critical function of research should be to explore the dimensions of both existing and untried coping strategies, determining the type of risks they may best fit, the implications for decision makers, and associated benefits and costs.

Social Experiments

It is, of course, very difficult to predict with reasonable accuracy the consequences of innovative coping strategies, such as the sale of pollution licenses and changes in tort law. Consequently, research is needed on ways in which new coping strategies can be experimentally tested, especially those for possible new environmental threats, such as acid precipitation, changing climates due to rising levels of carbon dioxide, the erosion of ozone by manufactured chemicals, or indoor pollution. The design of a social experiment in risk-coping should include procedures for monitoring and evaluating the effects of innovations over time with adaptive feedback controls.

International Comparisons

The same research agenda for comparing the attitudes toward and generation of risks in nations differing in their politics, economics, and mores can be applied to an international survey of coping strategies. Certainly in developing a richer array of coping strategies, as suggested above, the United States would benefit from the experience of other industrialized countries; as with the generation of risks, however, little effort to date has been made to compare, contrast, and critically evaluate the tactics in different countries for coping with risks.

Some coping strategies that are employed extensively in other nations, such as effluent fees for pollution control and legal restrictions on self-hazardous behavior, are not used extensively in the United States. What factors explain the difference in usage, what can be learned from foreign experience, and how can the successful strategies from abroad be implemented in the United States?

A Particular Strategy: Monitoring Chemicals

The society is exposed to tens of thousands of chemicals and each year thousands of new chemicals are introduced. Some of these chemicals are noxious without important benefits and clearly have been removed or have not been introduced. Others are clearly benign with copious benefits. Others present problems: Are their uncertain risks and costs worth their uncertain benefits? One question is what to do about a given chemical. A larger and more important question is how to design an entire system to review old and new chemicals--a system that must exploit and perhaps modify given institutional structures to ensure that trivial risks do not overload the system and that proper attention is paid to large risks, whether they are historical (often known risks) or are more uncertain (see Weinstein, 1979, 1981).

That is simply a recognition of the nature of the problem: a huge industry is in place, the national economy depends in part on both the health of the industry and the availability of its products, and new chemicals are constantly introduced and others removed. The issue thus is more than testing a particular chemical; it involves dealing with an industry that is an economic pillar in a manner that strengthens the economy and protects the population. The coping tactics applied to monitoring chemicals are necessarily iterative ones, a constant seeking of an equilibrium among economic, health, safety, and environmental concerns.

Such a strategy means setting priorities, accumulating more experimental evidence, rearranging priorities, and so on. Such a strategy must involve a host of actors, including government agencies, government research facilites, business firms and their research facilities, universities, and industry-sponsored research facilities. It must be designed so that the incentives of the marketplace work, on balance, for the common good. The problem can be characterized as a sequential design for the interaction of experimentation and action in a decentralized environment. Science, assessment, experimentation, evaluation, action, monitoring--all must interact within the confines of our institutional structures.

Is this a researchable topic? Certainly what is now done can be described. The specific procedures of the current strategy can be critiqued and ameliorative, incremental changes can be recommended. What we are doing can be contrasted with what other countries are doing. While their institutions differ, cross-national epidemiological data are still relevant. One might also simplify the problem by ignoring institutional constraints and investigate how a control system might work in a more abstract setting--the hope being that some of the analysis would generate realistic heuristic insights. One might even suggest experimental modifications of the current strategy and carefully monitor and evaluate the performance of the modified system.

Underlying what has been said so far is our society's capacity to deal with aggregated risk: that is, an entire industry rather than any one of its products. New strategies may be needed to deal with that difficulty. Research is needed to consider what these strategies might be, the suitability of our present institutional structures for applying them effectively, their applicability to a particular problem involving aggregate risks, and their probable costs and benefits.

One might also foreshadow the discussion below on the assessment and evaluation stages of risk analysis by noting that the separation of the two stages is quite natural in considering a single chemical, but not at all in coping with a risk analysis en bloc for hundreds or even thousands of chemicals. Also, examination of such “macro risks” demands extensive interdisciplinary interactions.

Taxation Strategies

Economists have published research on the theoretical advantages of tax schemes for coping with various risks (e.g., effluent charges for pollution control and consumption fees for hazardous products). The issue now is whether and how this theoretical work will actually be applicable within political constraints. Can taxation strategies be used effectively to cope with the emerging problem of hazardous wastes? What are the political or institutional impediments to more widespread use of these approaches in the United States, and how can they be made more politically feasible?

Mediation and Arbitration

Power plants, refineries, dumps for toxic chemicals, airports, and incinerators frequently have to be built despite the fact that increased risks may be imposed on the nearby residents. Vociferous arguments occur about the siting of facilities that are deemed on balance beneficial to the majority but unfair to a minority. Ultimately such decisions must be made through a political and judicial process, but analysis may be of assistance in several ways. In particular, is it possible to elicit reliable opinions about costs, benefits, equities, and values from those having a stake in the result? This is a growing research area among economists and policy analysts.

The choice of the site and the type and the size of a facility pose difficult technical problems. If there were no conflicts between interest groups, then optimization techniques, such as operations research methods, could be used. There is a tendency for conflict to drive out analysis, but a case could be made for the reverse: Adding conflict to an already technically difficult choice makes the problem still harder, and analysis might be useful in designing compromise solutions. This is, however, rarely done in practice. In recent years, several environmental disputes have been mediated successfully because the mediator has been astute enough to suggest a new compromise alternative that was not on the table in front of the disputants (see for example Center for Environmental Conflict Resolution, 1978). Part of the mediators' task is to turn a win-lose confrontation mentality into a win-win joint problem-solving task; very rarely has formal analysis been used in this type of joint problem solving.

If towns or regions were monolithic, it might be possible to compensate a locality that accepts a locally noxious facility. Auctions, for example, could be used to determine the amount of financial compensation to the locality accepting the facility. Compensation can come in many guises. One of them is to couple alternatives that raise risks with those that lower them so that the net effect is lessened risk for the locality that accepts a noxious facility. Applied research talent is needed to exploit these ideas, to show the practicality of such interventions in settling disputes.

Innovation, Productivity, and Competition

Political debates about regulatory reform frequently contain assertions about the effects of federal regulation on industrial research and development, productivity, and competition. Reliable economic research does not currently exist to refute or establish most of these claims. Since repeal or modification of many regulations may occur during the tenure of the Reagan administration, a unique opportunity exists to assess the consequences of regulatory reform. Of course, any macroeconomic effects of regulatory changes may be lost in “measurement noise.” However, microeconomic studies of particular firms and industries can bolster cause-and-effect hypotheses. Some issues deserving special attention are: the effects of regulatory changes on small firms and industry market shares; the effects of regulatory uncertainty on research, development, and capital investment decisions; and the positive and negative effects of regulation on measures of economic productivity.

• RISK ANALYSIS

While, as emphasized in the first part of this report, analysis has a limited role in decision making, it still can be a powerful tool for categorizing risks, assessing them, evaluating a given set of alternative coping strategies, and devising new alternatives. The actual role of risk analysis in particular situations is variable, as are the methods used. There is also the fact that in some decision making on risk, analysis has no role; in other situations analysis is useful only if it is designed so that it provides information that the decision maker cannot obtain. Research that is based largely on retrospective looks at analyses that have been done and their uses would be helpful to both analysts and to decision makers in determining when formal analyses may be useful, operating under what criteria, and involving what sort of dialogue between the analysts and those using their advice.

Such research would inform the committee's belief that formal analyses can often be useful to decision makers at various stages of interaction, either by providing critical information or by helping decision makers to structure their thinking.

As part of learning how to do better risk analyses, existing studies could be reviewed, compared, evaluated, and criticized--and then perhaps redone. Comparisons of studies within a fairly narrow field could be used to discover and elucidate valuable features elements to be included, good methods, etc., versus omissions, pitfalls, inappropriate methods, etc. Comparisons of relatively good studies across fields could be used to discover, elucidate, and illustrate the common features as well as the reasons for differences in emphasis, method, and so on. The goal of studies that redo a risk analysis would be to exploit improvements in methods, better data collection and problem formation, the use of experts, and the communication of results; the purpose is to show how improvements can be made by explicitly building on the partial successes and failures of the past. The studies that have been done of risk analyses are often regarded, justifiably or not, as tainted by adversial biases; that is, they were done by those unhappy with the conclusions of the original work that triggered the follow-up study.

It may be useful to expend considerable effort on analyses of a few specific risks to advance the state of the art of risk analysis. The purpose is to produce analyses of such high quality that they become models in the field. Specific problems should be chosen to illustrate various important features of analysis and with a view toward the transferability of approach, technique, style, organization, and process. There are now very few calculations of risk in the open literature and still fewer with detailed commentaries.

Some of these prototypical analyses might concentrate on risk assessments (i.e., on estimating the magnitudes of health, safety, and environmental hazards); other analyses might concentrate on separating and linking assessment with those evaluations that consider policy alternatives, value trade-offs, political constraints, implementation concerns, and so on; other analyses might concentrate on cases in which the separation between assessment and evaluation is inappropriate or not achievable without crippling distortions. Some “models” might illustrate the usefulness of simple, back-of-the-envelope quick analysis, whereas others might focus on more elaborate time-consuming studies.

At the core of risk assessment and evaluation are experts--generating facts, expressing judgments, influencing values. As expertise becomes more important in social decision making, research is needed about what it is, what its systematic biases are, how it interacts with other sources of knowledge or opinion (such as intuition, common sense, adversarial presentation, etc.), how it is acquired and lost, how experts communicate with lay persons and with other experts, and whether expertise can be isolated from other ingredients of opinion so that others can evaluate those ingredients separately by the different criteria appropriate to each.

Some of the ethical issues that arise in coping with risks, alluded to earlier, include:

• Distributional equity with respect to the potential costs and benefits of policies that generate or mitigate risks or allow risks to remain unabated;
• Distributional equity between the interests of people living today and members of future generations with respect to potential costs and benefits of policies that generate or mitigate risks or allow risks to remain unabated;
• The imposition of risks that will fall on a statistically chosen few for the good of many;
• Proper balancing between incommensurables like expenditures and the saving of anonymous lives; and
• The balance between individual freedom of choice and social interventions.

Surveys have asked Americans how they feel about such issues, but the questions usually are vague and ineffective in probing deep ethical values. Can a better job be done in understanding how people really feel about these issues? Can simple questions be devised whose responses correlate well with the results of deeper, more probing, more time-consuming studies? A specific research agenda in this area might include the comparison of the results from standard surveys and in-depth analysis of the same issue. The outcome may aid in determining the most efficient and economical methods of probing the distribution of ethical values in society. If so, will they lead to a better understanding of the distribution of ethical values in society through survey techniques or through studies of small groups of individuals?

• SYNTHESIZING RISK ASSESSMENTS

Separating assessment from evaluation in risk analyses is difficult but also more commonly done than supposed. It may be done poorly. Nevertheless, the effort is generally made to separate from evaluation those components that are a part of risk assessment, such as the identification of hazards, the review of scientific theories and facts, and the compilation of experimental and epidemiological data. Such separation is attempted because it aids systematic and rational attempts to deal with complex issues.

The synthesis of a risk assessment into a form that is coherent and useful to the evaluator and to the policy maker is, as also noted earlier, invariably more difficult than the original separation, given the disputed interpretations, conflicting or incomplete data, and disparate methodologies that typify many assessments. Accordingly, research into understanding and ameliorating those difficulties is needed.

A clear presentation of indisputable facts dealing with a given uncertainty or uncertainties might suffice for decision and policy purposes. In some specific circumstance, it may be clear that a given chemical is severely carcinogenic and that appropriate, inexpensive substitutes exist; no profound analysis may be necessary to conclude that the chemical should not be used. In other circumstances the evidence may indicate clearly that the chemical has earned an impeccably clean bill of health. In some circumstances, however, the evidence may pull in different directions: theory may pull one way; in vitro tests another way; animal studies of different qualities and credibilities may pull in several contradictory ways; human controlled experiments may be sparse and only indirectly relevant; epidemiological studies may be marred by a host of extraneous complicating factors that make cause and effect almost impossible to sort out. In short, there are cases in which the facts do not speak for themselves. Policy makers may want to know how the experts interpret the data; they may want all the theory and data relating to the uncertainties in question to be synthesized in a way that will be suitable as an input to the policy-evaluation process.

Statisticians are trained to work with other scientists to tease out the inferential meaning of experimental evidence. There are even textbook cases of well-structured problems for which there are formal ways of combining evidence from different sources. But there are a host of real problems that plague risk assessors, for which a reasoned syntheses of the data is extremely difficult, even for the most sophisticated statistician. Synthesis, if it is to be done at all, must incorporate the judgments of experts who have studied the empirical facts and who are knowledgeable about the science involved. The skills of the scientist, the statistician, and the detective have to be combined--creatively and artistically. How can this task be done better? Can the art, if not the science, of synthesis be taught? At the very least, there is need for documentation of case studies of good and bad syntheses. Can people even recognize or agree on good and bad cases of synthesis?

Considerable research has been done in the area of eliciting judgments about uncertainties from a single individual. Some research has been done in statistically validating individual judgments about uncertainties with reality (e.g., how well do meteorologists or stock-market analysts calibrate over time); some research has examined how independent judgments from several experts can be combined and how well these composite assessments calibrate with reality (e.g., pooling betting odds of experts on horse races or other sporting events); some research examines formal iterative techniques that drive experts toward agreement (e.g., Delphi techniques); a great deal of sociological research has examined small group behavior. Despite all this research on component aspects of the problems faced by risk-assessment committees, there are very few case studies of committee processes and deliberations that can be used as appropriate models. There has been considerable research on the Delphi technique, but the reviews are mixed at best and few substitutes have appeared on the scene. The deliberation of experts in committees is a pervasive issue in risk assessment, and much more research should be addressed to the process itself.

In what form, for example, should substantive disagreements among committee members be reported to the evaluator? How can the significance of such disagreements to the central policy questions be stated? Should, in fact, an assessment committee consider the importance of its disagreements to the resolution of policy issues?

Research also is needed on techniques for separating assessment from evaluation, both the effectiveness of current techniques and the development of alternatives. Finally, studies are needed of situations in which separation is impossible or inappropriate. What are the most effective ways to conduct analyses for which decomposition is not done? What are examples of such studies done well? Or done poorly? How can such studies be structured to derive optimum gain from peer review?

• Cite this Page National Research Council (US) Committee on Risk and Decision Making. Risk and Decision Making: Perspectives and Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1982. RESEARCH ON RISK AND DECISION MAKING.

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Tackle Risk Factors for Head Injury Assessments (HIAs) in Sub-Elite Rugby League and Recommendations for Prevention: Head Contacts from Upright Tackles Increase the HIA Risk to Both Ball Carrier and Tackler

Affiliations.

• 1 School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
• 2 Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
• 3 Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
• 4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
• 5 Mass General for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA.
• 6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, MA, USA.
• 7 Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. [email protected].
• PMID: 38630171
• PMCID: PMC11024065
• DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00696-7

Background: The rugby league tackle has been identified as the game event with the greatest propensity for a clinically diagnosed concussion. This study aims to replicate the work conducted in professional rugby league and rugby union by examining Head Injury Assessment (HIA) events to determine the associated tackle characteristics that increase concussion risk in sub-elite rugby league players. This comparison between competition levels is important due to the less developed physiological and tackle proficiency characteristics of sub-elite rugby league players and the fewer resources available for an on-field diagnosis, compared to the elite level of the sport.

Results: Tackles resulting in Head Injury Assessments (HIAs, n = 131) and 2,088 tackles that did not result in a head injury were identified and coded from one season of the 2019 Queensland Cup. The body position of both ball carrier and tackler, tackle height, and body contact areas were evaluated. The propensity for tacklers to undergo a head injury assessment was 1.49 HIAs per 1,000 tackles, equating to a 2.5-fold higher risk than that of the ball carrier (0.59 HIAs per 1,000 tackles). The risk for an HIA was 2.75-fold greater when the tackler was upright (2.89 HIAs per 1,000 tackles) compared to a bent-at-the-waist tackler (1.05 HIAs per 1,000 tackles). The greatest risk for the tackler and ball carrier sustaining an HIA occurred when the tackle height was high, with head-to-head contact having the greatest propensity for an HIA (44.37 HIAs per 1,000 tackles). HIA risk was also greater for both players when the ball carrier did not employ an evasion strategy (3.73 HIAs per 1,000 tackles).

Conclusions: The study replicates results from research in elite rugby league and rugby union. A combination of higher head contact/proximity and upright body position significantly increase an HIA risk. Tackler head position and ball carrier evasion behaviours also affect risk, suggesting that injury prevention strategies designed to reduce tackle height and improve tackle technique by focusing on head position, body position, and in a novel finding, ball carrier evasion, may reduce head injury risk in sub-elite rugby league players.

Keywords: Head impact events; Head injury assessment; Head injury prevention; Mild traumatic brain injury; Tackle events.

© 2024. The Author(s).

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In the past decades, foodborne diseases have become a widespread public health issue all over the world. According to WHO, approximately 600 million foodborne illnesses and 420,000 deaths caused by the 31 foodborne hazards were reported in 2010, and the global burden of these diseases was 33 million ...

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