role of indian space research essay in english

Essay on ISRO

500 words essay on isro.

ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organization, is India’s national space agency that is located in the city of Bengaluru. Furthermore, the Department of Space Government of India controls the ISRO space agency. Let us learn more about this space agency with this essay on ISRO.

                                                                                                                                 Essay On Isro

About the ISRO Space Agency

The formation of ISRO took place in the year 1969. Furthermore, the vision behind the establishment of ISRO was to develop and harness space technology in national development. Moreover, this development and harnessing of space technology were to take place while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.

ISRO is the successor of the Indian National Committee for Space Research whose establishment took place in the year 1962. ISRO now enjoys the reputation of being among the elite space agencies in the world.

As of now, ISRO is the primary Indian agency to perform activities related to the development of new technologies, space exploration, and space-based applications. Moreover, ISRO is among the only six government agencies that operate large fleets of artificial satellites, deploys cryogenic engines, undertakes extraterrestrial missions, and has full launch capabilities.

Throughout many years, ISRO incorporates space service for the benefit of the common man as well as the nation. Moreover, the maintenance of one of the largest fleets of communication satellites and remote sensing satellites takes place by ISRO. They serve the roles of fast and reliable communication as well as Earth observation.

Achievements of ISRO

The first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO was Aryabhata, whose launching took place on April 19 th , 1975. Furthermore, 1980 was another important year for ISRO because the launching of the Rohini satellite took place. Moreover, the successful placing of Rohini in the orbit took place by SLV-3.

In the year 2014 January, ISRO made use of an indigenously built cryogenic engine for GSLV-D5. Also, this was the launch of the GSAT-14 satellite . Most noteworthy, this made India one of the only six countries to develop a cryogenic technology.

Apart from technological capabilities, a lot of contribution has taken place by ISRO in the field of science. Furthermore, ISRO is in charge of its own Lunar and interplanetary missions. Moreover, ISRO controls various specific projects for the promotion of science education, and also to provide data to the scientific community.

The development of two rockets has taken place by ISRO, which are the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). Moreover, ISRO sent Chandrayaan-1, a lunar orbiter, on October 22nd 2008, which made the spectacular discovery of lunar water in ice form.

The Mars Orbiter Mission was sent by ISRO on November 5th 2013, which made its entry into the orbit of Mars on September 24th 2014, thereby making India successful with its attempt to Mars.

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Conclusion of the Essay on ISRO

There is no doubt that ISRO is really the pride of India. Furthermore, it has boosted the reputation of India in the world as a nation of scientific thought and development. Hopefully, ISRO will continue on its noble mission of space and technological exploration in the future.

FAQs For Essay on ISRO

Question 1: Mention some of the activities of ISRO?

Answer 1: Some of the activities of ISRO are the operation of large fleets of artificial satellites, deployment of cryogenic engines, undertaking extraterrestrial missions, and full launching capabilities.

Question 2: Mention any two satellites launched by ISRO?

Answer 2: Two satellites launched by ISRO are Aryabhata and Rohini. Furthermore, Aryabhata was the first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO. Moreover, Rohini was the first satellite whose placing took place in the orbit by SLV-3.

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Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

Students are often asked to write an essay on India’s Achievements in Space in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

Introduction.

India has made great strides in space exploration. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) leads these efforts, launching numerous satellites and missions.

Chandrayaan Missions

ISRO launched Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, marking India’s first lunar probe. Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, aimed to land on the moon, showcasing India’s ambitions.

Mars Orbiter Mission

The Mars Orbiter Mission, or Mangalyaan, launched in 2013, made India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first globally to do so in its maiden attempt.

Satellite Launches

India has launched over 100 satellites, serving various purposes like communication, weather monitoring, and navigation.

Future Plans

ISRO plans to launch Gaganyaan, its first manned mission, and continue exploring the moon, Mars, Venus, and the Sun.

250 Words Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

India’s journey into space began with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Under the visionary leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the nation embarked on an ambitious journey to explore the cosmos.

Launching Satellites

India’s first significant achievement in space was the launch of Aryabhata, its first satellite, in 1975. This was followed by the launch of Bhaskara, Rohini, and INSAT series, affirming India’s growing capabilities in satellite technology. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, marked a landmark achievement, making India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first globally to do so in its maiden attempt.

Indigenous Developments

India’s space program stands out for its emphasis on indigenous technology. The development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) are noteworthy achievements. The successful testing of the GSLV Mark III, capable of carrying heavier payloads, further underscores India’s self-reliance in space technology.

India’s lunar missions, Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, have significantly contributed to lunar science. Chandrayaan-1 discovered traces of water on the moon, a groundbreaking discovery that has reshaped our understanding of Earth’s satellite.

India’s accomplishments in space are a testament to the nation’s scientific prowess and determination. The upcoming Gaganyaan mission, aiming to send humans into space, signifies the next leap forward. Despite budget constraints, India’s space program has achieved remarkable feats, inspiring a new generation of scientists and positioning the country as a global space power.

500 Words Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

India’s journey into space exploration began with small steps in the late 1960s and has since evolved into a fully-fledged space program that is recognized globally. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been the pioneer and driving force behind this success.

Early Achievements

India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. However, the real breakthrough came in 1980 when ISRO successfully launched Rohini, its first indigenously developed satellite, into orbit using the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). This was a significant achievement, marking India’s entry into the select group of nations capable of launching their own satellites.

Progress in Satellite Technology

Over the years, India has developed a range of satellites serving different purposes. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system, launched in the 1980s, revolutionized communications, meteorology, and broadcasting in India. The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites have been instrumental in managing natural resources and monitoring environmental factors.

ISRO’s Chandrayaan-1 mission in 2008 was a major milestone. The mission discovered water molecules on the moon, contributing significantly to lunar science. This was followed by the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), or Mangalyaan, in 2013, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the only one to do so on its first attempt.

Development of Launch Vehicles

Parallel to satellite development, ISRO has also made significant strides in launch vehicle technology. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has been ISRO’s workhorse, with a remarkable track record of successful launches. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and its variants have enabled India to launch heavier satellites into geostationary orbits.

The successful testing of the GSLV Mark III, India’s heaviest rocket, and the development of reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrate ISRO’s commitment to innovation and cost-effectiveness.

Human Spaceflight and Future Endeavors

India’s ambitions are not limited to unmanned missions. The Gaganyaan mission, scheduled for 2022, aims to send Indian astronauts into space, further cementing India’s place in space exploration.

ISRO also has plans for missions to study the sun (Aditya-L1), Venus (Shukrayaan-1), and a second mission to Mars (Mangalyaan-2). The proposed Chandrayaan-3 mission aims to land an Indian rover on the moon.

India’s achievements in space have been remarkable, especially considering the resource constraints. These achievements have not only advanced scientific understanding but also have practical applications for everyday life, from weather forecasting to communication and disaster management. As India continues its journey into the cosmos, one can expect further groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in technology. This journey is a testament to India’s spirit of exploration and its capacity for technological innovation.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on India in Space
• Essay on Space Shuttle
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Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Tqsm sir…. From this essay I knew very much about the achievements of india in the field of space…….🙏🏻🙏🏻

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The story of ISRO’s origins, as Chandrayaan-3 flies to the Moon

India’s space agency was the brainchild of dr vikram sarabhai and has now come to represent a success story. here’s a brief look at how it began..

Chandrayaan-3, the mission that aims to achieve the feat of conducting a “soft” landing on the Moon’s southern pole, launched off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Andhra Pradesh on Friday (July 14) afternoon.

It will now take approximately 42 days to reach the Moon. Should it conduct a successful landing, India will become only the fourth country – after the United States, Russia, and China – to have done so.

While a successful launch is only the first step towards a long journey for the spacecraft, Isro ’s role in carrying it through has seen great appreciation, and it has become a symbol of national pride for many. That has been the case for long, such as in 2014, when the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) was inserted into the Martian orbit. The low cost of the mission was also highlighted as an achievement.

Since its inception in 1969, the country’s space agency Isro has carried out altogether 89 launch missions carrying satellites into space. How did the agency chart this course? We take a look.

Early beginnings of a space agency, from a church in Kerala

The history of space activities in India reflects how little by little, institutions centred around space exploration and research were set up and expanded. Indian scientist EV Chitnis recounted in the book From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey , a compilation of essays from those involved in this journey, that the first such organisation was the Physical Research Laboratory set up in Ahmedabad , Gujarat.

Along with Vikram Sarabhai, a few scientists worked here but lacked adequate funds. Chitnis recalls putting together two boxes and an asbestos sheet as his work table.

However, Sarabhai was able to secure some resources from both the USSR and the US, even during the period of the Cold War rivalry. His efforts paid off, and on November 21, 1963, a small American sounding rocket, known as Nike Apache, took off from Thumba, a fishing hamlet near Trivandrum, Kerala. This place was chosen for meeting certain geography and physics-related criteria, such as of being at the magnetic equator, which eased the process of the rocket’s launch.

Sounding rockets are one or two-stage solid propellant rockets used for probing the upper atmospheric regions and for space research. They also serve as easily affordable platforms to test or prove prototypes of new components intended for use in launch vehicles and satellites. “With the establishment of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1963 at Thumba, a location close to the magnetic equator, there was a quantum jump in the scope for aeronomy and atmospheric sciences in India,” Isro’s website notes.

Chitnis further adds that in the land acquired, the only “decent building” available was one St Magdalene Church. One of Sarabhai’s early recruits, D Easwaradas, is quoted as saying “The church was our workshop and the bishop’s house was our office.”

The building was later converted into the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Space Museum in 1985. “It was in this church the first rocket systems were assembled and integrated. The building assumed multifaceted roles in the beginning of ISRO by acting as the first lab and as the main office for scientists in the early days,” the VSSC website notes.

Towards INSCOPAR and ISRO

In 1962, Nehru and Sarabhai established the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) as an autonomous body that was a part of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), then headed by the pioneering Indian scientist Homi J Bhabha.

The ICONOSPAR grew to become the Indian Space Research Organisation in 1969. With the establishment of the ISRO and further with the government of India forming a dedicated Department of Space (DOS) in 1972, research and execution of space-related enterprises got a boost. ISRO was also brought under the DOS.

ISRO now has its headquarters in Bengaluru. Its activities are spread across various centres and units. Launch Vehicles are built at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram; satellites are designed and developed at U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), Bengaluru; integration and launching of satellites and launch vehicles are carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), and so on.

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Essay on ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)

ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization; it is a space agency that comes under the Department of Space (DOS). ISRO is known for conducting economical programs and is responsible for managing space affairs in India. One of the main achievements is conducting a successful landing on Mars on the first attempt also being the least expensive Mars Mission in the world. ISRO is also responsible to carry out communication satellites and is supposed to work with DRDO to watch out for the security of India.

Short and Long Essay on ISRO in English

Here is a long essay mentioning the history and importance of ISRO to India.

10 Lines Essay on ISRO (100-120 Words)

1) The space-related affairs of India are managed by an agency known as ISRO.

2) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) was set up on 15 August 1969.

3) The headquarters of ISRO reside in Bangalore.

4) ISRO’s current serving chairman is Shri S. Somanath (2022).

5) Aryabhatt is India’s first satellite developed by ISRO.

6) ISRO has discovered two moon missions.

7) DoS or the Department of Space is responsible for monitoring and managing ISRO.

8) Recently, ISRO has successfully completed Mars Mission.

9) IRS, INSAT, GAGAN, etc are some pride projects of ISRO.

10) ISRO holds 5 launch vehicles out of which three are operational launch vehicles.

Long Essay on Indian Space Research Organization – 1300 Words

Introduction

ISRO is also called Bhartiya Antariksh Anusandhan Sangathan in Hindi. It is directly seen by the Prime Minister of India. The current chairman, Dr. Kailasavadivoo Sivan also known as K Sivan is also an executive member of the Department of Space (DOS). ISRO holds the record for being one of the agencies with Full Launch capabilities, the ability to launch extraterrestrial missions and can operate a big cortege of artificial satellites.

ISRO boasts 5 launch vehicles namely Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV), Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-MK III). Among those, 3 are operational launch vehicles which are mentioned below-

• PSLV – Stands for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, it is a third generation launch vehicle and was first launched in the year 1994. Till 2017, it has launched 257 satellites in which 48 are Indian satellites and 209 are foreign. It is well known for its successful launch of Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 and Chandrayan-1 in2008.
• GSLV – Also known as Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle Mark II (MKII) was launched first on 18 th April 2001. Since then it has been in 13 missions and holds the record for having success in 4 missions consecutively.
• GSLV-MK III – Was chosen to launch the Chandrayan II and has the twice the capacity of GSLV MK II and was launched in the year 2014 for the first time.

History of ISRO

Earlier scientists like S.K. Mitra, C.V. Raman, and Meghnad Saha used to carry space programs. Later Vikram Sarabhai founded Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad. Homi Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945.

In 1962, the urge of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was established by PM Jawaharlal Nehru. Later in 1963 sounding rocket was launched from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). On 15th August 1969 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established.

One of the biggest landmarks was seen when ISRO sent its first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ with a Soviet Rocket in the year 1975. Later, in the year 1982, Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1A) was launched. ISRO collaborated with the Soviet Union to conduct the first manned mission in 1984 in which Rakesh Sharma was a part of it.

In 1994, ISRO conducted the launch of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), the third generation of launch vehicles. Moving to 2001, ISRO managed to successfully launch GSLV D1. ISRO stepped on the moon in the year 2008 and in 2014 ISRO managed to land on Mars.

Role of ISRO in the Advancement of India

ISRO’s role in the Advancement of India cannot be forgotten from Aryabhatta to NavIC. Here are some of the projects that became a landmark and helped India in modernization.

• IRS – the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) is a series of Earth observation satellites from India. The IRS line provides remote sensing services and is the largest set of residential remote sensing satellites in use today in the world. They have a wide range of applications which are beneficial for different purposes.
• INSAT – The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is the Indian family of communication satellites. The project jointly includes DOS, DOT, MBI and Prasar Bharti. It is a multipurpose geostationary satellite helpful in different needs like telecommunications, broadcasting and research. These satellites have been put to good use by the Indian armed forces. GSAT9 or “SAARC Satellite” is a notable example of communication services to India’s small neighbors.
• GAGAN – GAGAN stands for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. It is a GPS Satellite Augmentation System working regionally; it has satellite communication and air traffic management plan for the aviation industry ‘civil Aviation. The Indian system SBAS, space Augmentation System.

Achievements of ISRO

India is prideful to have ISRO as it has given us many reasons to feel pride. ISRO has always delivered whenever India wanted to do something, ISRO never failed to surprise us. Be it the cheapest landing on Mars or finding water on Moon, ISRO has done many works. Here are some of the Achievements that ISRO must be proud of.

• Mars Orbital Mission (MOM) – The Mars Orbital Mission or Mangalyan is one of the biggest successes for ISRO. ISRO achieved the target of reaching Mars in the most economical way and became the first space agency to reach mars in the first attempt. The budget was 450 crores which is less than many Hollywood movies making India the 4 th country to reach on Mars. There is a movie made to highlight the landing of Mangalyan naming Mission Mangal.
• 104 satellites in 1 Mission – ISRO in 2017 created history as it launched 104 satellites in 1 goes. ISRO used its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle to perform this target. Among 104 satellites, 101 were foreign and 3 were Indian.
• Water on Moon – India’s Chandrayan I mission was launched on 14 th November, 2008. It landed on the south pole of the moon and founded hydroxyl absorption lines on the surface. It was later confirmed by NASA, when M 3 sent data on 25 th September, 2009.

Budget Allocations

If an organization is this big that the world praises and hails its works, then it will definitely need a good amount of budget. Indian government never failed to provide that. Although, the Mars Orbital Mission was inexpensive but now the budget is not a big issue. The 8,228 Crore expenditure which was allocated for 2020-21, increased to 13,949 Crore for 2021-22. A new public sector named New Space India Limited (NSIL) got an allocation of Rs 700 crores for the same term.

ISRO – The Pride of India

Mentioning ISRO as a pride of India is no doubt a big statement. ISRO is something that India will always boast of. ISRO has been regarded as one of the fastest-growing space agencies in the world and can change the space race. Below mentioned points tell why India considers ISRO a pride.

• ISRO’s mars mission was so cheap that it took only Rs 7/km to reach mars.
• SUPARCO of Pakistan was established 8 years earlier than ISRO but the capabilities of launching satellite will be developed by 2040.
• ISRO is planning to launch Human Spaceflight program in 2023 which might make India the 4 th country to send humans in Space.
• ISRO works closely with Defence Research Development Organization for India’s defence and they have signed an MOU for the upcoming Gaganyan Mission.
• ISRO is also planning to launch its Space Station soon after the Gaganyan mission.

ISRO has always stunned everyone with its unbelievable achievements. However, they have failed many times but it didn’t affect them. ISRO has always learned from the setbacks and just as the diamond shines, it kept shining. The Indian government has also supported ISRO and past few years, the budget allocations are majorly focused. An Indian person sees ISRO scientists as supermen and respects them whenever they get to meet them. ISRO is supposed to compete with NASA in near future and it can be a matter of respect for all of us.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions

Ans. ISRO is the National Space Agency which mainly focuses on space affairs in India.

Ans. ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization.

Ans. ISRO was established on 15th August 1969.

Ans. The chairman of ISRO is Dr. K. Sivan.

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It has been hailed as one the most successful programmes. From India’s first satellite Aryabhatta (1975) to the development of indigenous cryogenic engine India has made significant advances with little help and no technology sharing from developed countries. With the multi dimensional applications space technology ensures, India is moving in the right direction.

Over the last few years, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) took giant leaps forward, one success after the other.

• Chandrayaan 2: India successfully launched its second lunar mission Chandrayaan-2 a week after it halted the scheduled blast-off due to a technical snag. India hopes the $145m (£116m) mission will be the first to land on the Moon’s South Pole.
• INSAT: The system is a network of satellites that facilitates communication and broadcasting across the south Asian region. It ushered in a revolution in India’s television and radio broadcasting, telecommunications and meteorological sector.
• Created Polarized Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) to make cost effective launch system. This has also increased international space collaboration by launching satellites of other nations at low costs.
• Chandrayaan 1 : It has launched Chandrayaan 1 lunar probe mission in 2008.
• Mangalyan: ISRO has launched Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013 and created history by launching Mangalyan (mission spacecraft) into the Mars orbit in maiden attempt.
• ASTROSAT : It has launched first space observatory in 2015 to become fourth agency to do so after NASA, Roscosmos and ESA.
• Scramjet : Supersonic Combusting Ramjet has been launched by ISRO. This system works on Air-breathing Propulsion System which uses atmospheric oxygen to burn the fuel in the rocket.
• RLV-TD : ISRO demonstrated its Reusable Launch vehicle space shuttle RLV -TD to launch satellites around earth orbit and re-enter into the atmosphere.
• 104 satellites: ISRO has created history by launching 104 satellites in one go.
• Crew Escape module : ISRO has test-launched Crew Escape Module paving the way for manned space mission Gaganyaan.

Besides, NAVIC (Indian Regional navigation satellites system) and South Asia Satellite are other missions which are a remarkable example of international coordination in the space arena. ISRO is preparing for its missions of Aditya (Solar Mission) and Gaganyaan (Manned Space Mission).

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Understanding India’s Uses of Space: Space in India’s Changing Geopolitics

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Although primarily driven by the need to serve developmental aims, India’s space programme is not limited to the sole pursuit of utilitarian, socio-economic benefits. Space has also been a tool in India’s geopolitical calculus, a dimension that has progressively strengthened since the past decade. Thanks to exploration missions such as Chandrayaan-1 and Mangalyaan, space has increasingly become an asset for boosting national prestige, a prestige directed as much towards its citizens as the international community. Similarly, space has also become a tool of Indian foreign policy and diplomacy, as well as an element in its military modernisation. It is essential to see the context of a growing geopolitical significance of space in light of India’s own growing role on the world stage. Accordingly, the next section will shed light on the most recent developments in India’s foreign policy agenda. The chapter will subsequently elaborate on India’s emerging uses of space for both diplomatic objectives and security needs. Further, considering that space is not only a tool for achieving broader policy objectives but also an arena of strategic interaction, India’s approach vis-a-vis diplomacy and the security of space will also be analysed.

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Interestingly, also during the “non-alignment period”, India showed a high dose of ambiguity, with regard for instance to non-proliferation issues.

This is so not only because India’s international position is progressively making structural determinants less potent but also because the democratic nature of India’s political processes, its size and the extreme heterogeneity in terms of ethnicity, languages, religions and caste diversity and fractured and democratic nature of its polity create several disagreements or even active sociocultural and political cleavages that have competing or conflicting claims (Stepan et al. 2010 ; Ollapally and Rajagopalan 2013 ).

This section is mainly based on the perspectives offered by Indian international relations’ scholars Ollapally and Rajagopalan ( 2013 ).

Because of its extreme heterogeneity in terms of ethnicity, languages, religions and caste, Indian polity indeed presents a significantly robust multinational dimension that does not fit well into the classic French-style nation-state model based on a “we-feeling” resulting from an existing or forged homogeneity. According to Stepan, Linz and Yadav, India should be more properly analysed under the lenses of the state-nations’ model. The term indicates “a political-institutional approach that respects and protects multiple but complementary socio-cultural identities. State-nations policies recognise the legitimate public and even political expression of active socio-cultural cleavages, and they include mechanisms to accommodate competing or conflicting claims without imposing or privileging in a discriminatory way any one claim. State-nation policies involve creating a sense of belonging (or “we feeling”) with respect to the state-wide political community, while simultaneously creating institutional safeguards for respecting and protecting politically salient sociocultural diversities” (Stepan et al. 2010 , p. 54).

It is also important to note that Western understandings of left- and right-wing politics are not easily applicable to India’s political life. As explained by Nick Booker, India parties’ ideologies fall at different places on the liberal–conservative spectrum, socially and economically. For instance, India’s longest ruling party, the Congress, is considered both socially and economically centrist, while the Communist Party of India, of Marxist origins, is liberal from a social perspective and conservative from an economic perspective. The current ruling party at the national level, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is the exact opposite: it is conservative from a social perspective but liberal from an economic perspective (IndoGenius, India’s Election Calendar 2016 ).

This diplomatic and strategic initiative was first launched during Shinzo Abe’s first tenure as prime minister of Japan (September 2006–September 2007) and named the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Japan, the United States, India and Australia) as a solution to the maritime disputes involving China. The new strategy was launched by Prime Minister Abe in 2014 based on “three pillars: (1) reinvigorating the U.S.-Japan alliance; (2) a reintroduction of the UK and France to Asia’s international security realm; and (3) bolstering international cooperation between key democracies in the Indo-Pacific, such as India and Australia” (Miller 2013 ).

Larry Summers. Quoted from (Bajaj 2010 ).

UN General Assembly Resolution 45/72 of 11 December 1990.

The main task of the Centre is to develop the skills and knowledge of university educators, environmental research scientists and project personnel in the design, development and application of space science and technology for subsequent application in national and regional development and environment management.

Rao, Krishna. Quoted from (Rajagopalan 2017a ).

Gandhi, Indira. Quoted from (Jayaraj 2004 ).

Over the years, these diplomatic efforts would be successful. In 1982, the UN recognised the potential of space technologies for these purposes, noting example states such as India are “leapfrogging over obsolete technologies and getting away from percolation and trickle down models of development for which developing countries do not have the time”. Remarkably, Yash Pal was the secretary general for the second UN Space Conference held in August 1982 called UNISPACE-82, and U.R. Rao was the chairman the UNISPACE-III held in July 1999.

Rao, Narasimha. Quoted from (Lele 2017c ).

Once again, this is not because the country’s space leaders did not recognise the military value of space activities, but they made a deliberate effort to harness space technology for socio-economic utility, hence avoiding possible confrontational stances in the space arena and benefiting instead from cooperation with both the United States and the Soviet Union.

In explaining the drivers behind its establishment, the minister affirmed: “Although we want to utilize space for peaceful purposes and remain committed to our policy of non-weaponisation of space, offensive counter space systems like anti-satellite weaponry, new classes of heavy-lift and small boosters and an improved array of Military Space Systems have emerged in our neighbourhood” (Rajagopalan 2013 ).

As also contended by Ajey Lele, it would be erroneous to equal the absence of a space policy to the absence of vision. Various specific policy documents, articulations of space agenda by top ISRO leadership on various occasions, documents such as Vision 2020, etc. elucidate India’s expectation for the future (Othman 2017 ).

As highlighted by Mazlan Othman, “these principles can be used to reaffirm or demonstrate a state’s adherence to international agreements and treaties, and to outline national principles that have a historical, cultural, or ideological basis. The principles in a national space policy can also form the foundation for lower-level government policies in specific sectors. As for International cooperation, it is “rarely pursued haphazardly, but is instead often part of larger policy and strategic considerations. International cooperation is often considered both a mechanism and a goal, so it may feature in policy documents. As a mechanism, space cooperation enables actors to leverage the expertise, investments, and resources of others in the development of programs, whether through the direct acquisition of hardware or the joint development of technical capacity”.

Knowing India’s interests, needs and priorities for the future can help foreign partners enlarge the scope of potential cooperation with respect to both data and information exchange and joint activities in areas of mutual interest.

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Aliberti, M. (2018). Understanding India’s Uses of Space: Space in India’s Changing Geopolitics. In: India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics. Studies in Space Policy, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71652-7_5

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English Essay on “India in Space” Astronomy Essay, Paragraph, Speech for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 Exam.

India in space.

In India, the space program we were formerly launched in 1972 with the setting up of the Space Commission and the Department of Space. Advancement in areas of communication, meteorology, resources survey, and management, develop satellites, launch vehicles, and associated ground systems were the initial objectives.

Since then, India has made impressive progress in this field. Space technology has not only enhanced India’s communication capabilities but has also contributed to meteorological forecasting, providing advanced disaster warnings, search and rescue measures, and distance education to remote areas.

From a historical perspective, the first Indian satellite was Aryabhata, which was launched by a Soviet rocket on 19th April 1975.

This was launched from a cosmodrome near Moscow. It was designed and built by Indian scientists and engineers of the Indian Space Research Organization. Orders and instructions were transmitted to the experimental 360 kg satellite Aryabhata from the control station at Sriharikota.

Bhaskara-I was the second Indian satellite and Bhaskara-II the third which were launched from the same Soviet cosmodrome mainly for observations on the earth.

With the successful launch of SLV-3 on 18th July 1980 when a 35 kg satellite called Rohini I was placed in LEO, India became only the seventh nation in the world to achieve space orbit capability. This was the first time when a satellite was launched from Indian soil.

This was followed by the development of SLV-3 D1, launched, on 31st May 1981 injecting a 38 kg Rohini-Dl satellite into an orbit near the earth. Its life ended prematurely, nine days after the launch instead of 90 days as envisaged.

The second development flight SLV-3 D was launched on April 17, 1983, from the launch pad Sriharikota. It put the 41.5 kg Rohini satellite RS-D2 into low earth orbit. It carried a two-band solid-state camera called ‘smart sensors’ to take images of identification of landmarks for orbit.

It could also classify the ground features such as water, vegetation, cloud, and snow and helped in evaluating the performance of the vehicle for future flights.

APPLE, which is an abbreviation of the Ariane Passengers Payload Experiment, was India’s first geostationary telecommunication satellite.

It was shot into orbit on June 19, 1981, by European Space Agency’s Ariane rocket from Kourou in French Guyana. Since 1982, a series of multi-purpose application satellites like INSAT-1A, INSAT-1B, INSAT-1C INSAT-1D, INSAT-2A, INSAT-2B, INSAT-2C, INSAT-2D, INSAT-2E, and INSAT-3B has been launched. LNSAT-1B and INSAT-1C are geostationary satellites. Nowadays, INSAT-1B is used extensively for weather forecasting.

INSAT-1B is also used to r&eive and retransmit telephone calls. INSAT-2A launched in 1992, is the first indigenously built multi-utility satellite, hurled into space by Ariane’s vehicle from Kourou.

Launched on March 22, 2000, INSAT1 3B is the first satellite from the third generation, is meant for business, development, and mobile communication.

The telecommunication and mass communication capabilities of the INSAT system, which is linked with the International Telecommunication Satellite (INTELSAT), is being used by the Oil & Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), the Indian Post & Telegraph Department with 28 fixed and 3 transportable stations, Doordarshan, Indian Meteorological Department, All India Radio, etc.

India’s first operational Earth Observation satellite IRS- 1 A, an 850 kg satellite was launched into a 900 km polar orbit on 17th March 1988 by a Soviet rocket. In 1997, India used its own rocket PSLV to place IRS-1D into polar orbit.

On April 18, 2001, GSAT-1 was successfully launched by India’s first development flight of GSIAT-1 from Sriharikota in A.P.

It marked the maturing of India’s space lunch capabilities. The satellite is meant for conducting communication experiments. And on October 22, 2001, ISRO’S Polar Satellite. Launch Vehicle (PSLV) successfully launched three satellites Technology Experiments Satellite (TES) of India, Bispectral Infrared Detection Satellite (BIRD) of Germany, and Project for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA) of Belgium.

The principal rocket & satellite testing and launching station are SHAR in Sriharikota island in Andhra Pradesh. The IS RO satellite center in Bangalore has the primary responsibility for planning, design, development, fabrication, integration, test, and qualification of satellites.

The primary tasks of the Space Application Centre at Ahmedabad are to conceptualize, plan and execute projects. National Remote Sensing Agency at Secunderabad, an autonomous registered society supported by the Department of Space, utilizes modern remote sensing techniques for planning and management of the country’s natural resources and provides Operational support for various users.

The experimental data of NRSA finds application in many fields such as land use, pollution monitoring, soil classification, agriculture, etc. cartography, geological and geographical survey, oceanography, agriculture, etc.

Satellite technology has strengthened existing telegraphy, telephony, wireless telegraphy, and also radio communication. Bio-prospecting in India is becoming a lot easier, with satellites helping Indian scientists reap nature’s benefits.

Scientists are using the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites to map vegetation, ecological zones, and landscapes to provide valuable information that biologists could use in their hunt for new resources. Researchers from more than a dozen institutes have teamed up for the research project supported by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Department of Space (DOS).

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