software for writing research paper

11 Best Academic Writing Tools For Researchers

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For many people, the academic writing process can be a daunting and exhausting experience. Papers and reports can take hours or days to complete and require intense dedication to perfect. However, there are tools that can make the process much easier for those who need them most. 

If you find yourself struggling with long-form writing projects, these tools will help you work smarter instead of harder. 

This article is organized into roughly 3 stages of writing:

• Writing and editing a draft 
• Rewording/ Paraphrasing
• Organizing the manuscript

Table of Contents

I. Best Writing Software for Researchers 

#1. jasper (formerly jarvis) – game-changing ai writing bot.

Jasper is a clever AI that can help you with different parts of your writing. Jasper can identify the core argument in your writing and will provide an outline, create a title, and offer to write introductions and conclusions.

This tool is relatively new. And, I have become a heavy user. I can see how this tool will be VERY useful for knowledge work like professors and researchers. It takes a bit of a learning curve to master the tool. But, it’s absolutely worth it.

We recently negotiated a deal for our readers to get 10,000 words for free. You can grab it here.

But, let me say this first: this tool is great if you know when and how to use it (like most tools really…). And, no, this AI won’t replace you, yet… Your role as the researcher is to guide the AI. Be clear about the central thesis, arguments, and guide it through the process.  

Here is the deep dive review article on Jasper .

• The writing document comes with the basic editing functions e.g.., Grammar, Rephrase, and Explain-it-to-5th-grade
• Great tool for writing a cover letter or email to editors that show a bit of your personality (e.g., using its tone of voice function
• Help you promote your work on social media with the “Quora Answers” template
• Help you do polls and surveys with the “Poll Questions & Multiple Choice Answers” template
• Help you write an opening paragraph of a press release that people will want to read “Press Release Title” Template
• Flexible pay-as-you-go. To start with, Jarvis gives you some credits (5,000 in my case) for free. So, test Jarvis and pay for what you use
• This tool is not ready yet to stand on its own. As I said, you will need to guide it through the process, so you will have to be more involved than with some other tools.
• It does take a bit of learning like using a typewriter when most people are still using pen and paper. (Eventually, most people use a keyword to type. And, I believe it’s only a matter of time until most people realize they can do more and better with AI…)
• Unused credits are not allowed to carry over to the next month. I wish it’s more like the Audible model, where you can save up the credit later on. 
• The paraphrasing function only works for a short paragraph (<30 words) and often misses quite a lot of points once word count exceeds that

Update: Jasper is giving a one-off 10,000 words for free for five days to our readers. Check it out before it expires.

#2. ProWritingAid – Your paper enhancer before submission

As someone who works in academia, I understand the importance of producing quality writing that is clear, concise, and accurate. That’s why I love using ProWritingAid, an AI-powered writing tool that helps me perfect my work before submission.

The rephrasing tool allows me to improve any sentence in just a few clicks. The AI-powered grammar checker catches even the trickiest mistakes, ensuring my ideas shine without any easy-to-miss errors.

The learning tool for students provides in-depth analysis to get work publish-ready. ProWritingAid’s analytical language goals and power verb suggestions help me write professionally without sacrificing readability.

I would suggest you test this tool out using its guaranteed refund for 14 days.

One of the things I love is its unique 20 reporting functions from ProWritingAid (see image below), especially the Sticky, Overused, Pronouns, and Alliteration.

Overall, ProWritingAid is a powerful tool that can help you produce quality writing quickly and efficiently.

• Comprehensive grammar checker that can catch and fix even the trickiest issues
• Offers a rephrasing tool that allows you to improve any sentence in just a few clicks
• Learning tool for students that provides in-depth analysis to get your work publish-ready
• Analytical language goals and power verb suggestions to help you write clearly, concisely, and accurately
• Can be used by both students and professionals for all types of academic writing
• The free version has limitations, and you need to upgrade to access all features
• While I love the detailed report feature, some users may find these functions overwhelming at first 
• Can be time-consuming to use for long documents or research papers as this is not designed with the paper organization in mind

#3. Trinka – Designed for Academic and Technical writing

Trinka is an AI-powered English grammar and plagiarism checker, which we have covered in this article . It also doubles as a language enrichment writing assistant.

We have been testing Trinka recently and fell in love with it. Trinka is founded by Enago, an established academic service provider. So, they are well-versed in the needs of academic papers or technical writing. 

Using real-time writing recommendations, Trinka corrects contextual spelling problems and sophisticated grammatical issues.

It aids academics and professionals in ensuring that their writing is clear, succinct, and interesting.

Below is a comparison of its performance against Grammarly from a Trinka whitepaper. Trinka wins in Domain, Usage, and Style.

We are also delighted to see its Publication Readiness feature included in the free plan. If you have issues with publishing your paper, chances are something is wrong with your manuscript. This Publication Readiness Checker may just be that difference maker.

• More suited for academic and technical writing 
• Consistency Check that’s made for scientific writing
• Publication readiness check is a lifesaver (included in the free plan!)
• Flexible – credit-based pricing. Free-credits every month
• No desktop or mobile app
• Free version limits word count to 10,000 words/month

#4. Hemingway Editor – free and powerful

Hemingway Editor is one of my favorite writing tools. It helps you to simplify your writing. And, it’s free and easy to use.

It highlights problems with your writing based on the idea that dense, complex sentences are hard to understand. The program takes these long, winding sentences and breaks them into chunks with periods in between. 

This makes it easy to see where you can cut out unnecessary words or phrases. You can also use the Hemingway Editor mobile app, which is available for free on iOS devices!

• Helps you spot your prose’s pitfalls, e.g., passive voice and convoluted sentence structure
• Free tool that also checks grammar
• Software can be downloaded so you can access it without the internet
• Aids in finding alternatives for difficult sentences
• Can make a large difference to the clarity of your writing
• Helps improve reading comprehension and understanding  
• Is available as a free mobile app on iOS devices
• Great for essay writing
• Sometimes the alternatives require the reader’s attention 
• Can’t export to MS Word or PDF files
• There is no browser plugin for this great tool
• Not ideal for checking really long research or paper
• You need to know what is the right reading level to set it

II. Best Re-Writing Software

#1. quillbot – best paid option for the professional .

QuillBot is a cutting-edge paraphrasing software that may reword part of the text or the entire article. After you’ve entered a sentence or piece of text, hit the paraphrase button, and QuillBot will rephrase your material while preserving its original meaning.

One of the primary strengths of this tool is that it uses machine learning to understand, reword, restructure, and improve on the paraphrases it makes. Besides paraphrasing and cutting your writing time, QuillBot offers a built-in thesaurus function to help you find the perfect word every time and change individual words.

Writing modes are included to help you enhance clarity and meaning, and a Word Flipper helps you change your writing instantly. 

The free version can paraphrase up to 700 characters, but you can purchase a premium account and paraphrase up to 10,000 characters. The premium plan also paraphrases text faster, has more writing modes, and shows you a single sentence in multiple modes so you can compare results.

• High-quality results that preserve the original meaning
• Has a slider to adjust the level of synonyms and different writing modes to help you enhance clarity and meaning, as well as style, tone, and grammar tools
• Good interface that shows you the words that have been spun, not just shows you the result
• Works with the writing tools you already use, like Microsoft Office , Google Docs, and Google Chrome.
• Has a co-writer function that can rival Jarvis as a writing tool
• Has a Citation Generator that can be handy with your academic paper
• Has a Grammar Checker that rivals Grammarly with a one-click fix-it function
• The free version allows only 125 words (paraphraser) and 1,200 words summarizer
• The absolute price of $15 per month may scare many people off (until you have experienced the power of an AI writing tool, an editing tool like Grammarly, and a paraphrasing tool like WordTune – coming into one).
• Premium starts with $15 billed monthly and $9.99 per month (billed every 6 months)

#2. WordTune – The most convenient option

WordTune can generate rewrite suggestions by analyzing vast amounts of text and finding human language patterns. As a result, it may occasionally change the meaning to convey a more common idea or to include information it believes is implied. 

During the rewrite suggestions, Wordtune is learning to preserve the meaning of your input text as best as possible. It may occasionally, however, offer suggestions that seem to be out of context since the tool is built with some creative freedom. Sometimes, it may misinterpret your text and give incorrect or irrelevant suggestions. 

• Best onboarding process that allows you to feel the tool – has a floating W icon that follows
• Works as a Google Extension which I use for my daily needs
• Free version shows impressive rewording results with the highlighted changes
• Most rewarding options I have seen from a tool (vs. others that don’t offer options)
• Offers 40% discount to students and educators with a valid academic email address, or those who work for a non-profit or NGO 
• To change the tone to casual or formal requires an upgrade
• To use the shorten and expand function requires an upgrade
• Can’t work on a mobile or tablet function 
• The normal price of $10 a month may be too much for casual writers

We tested Wordtune and find the Quillbot to be a more powerful tool with more functions mentioned above. Who knows, Wordtune may change after seeing user feedback like ours one day.

#3. Spinbot – Best free option for starters

Spinbot is a free summarizing tool that converts the substance you paste or write directly into an editorial manager. When you submit a request, the Spinbot framework modifies the text automatically.

Spinbot does not capitalize words, which protects uppercase terms like titles, professional people, places, and things while also preserving the main phrase of each sentence. You may modify this setting by checking the Spin Capitalized Words box.

• Free version  that works up to 10,000 words which is quite amazing compared with QuillBot’s 125 words
• The interface is simple, spotless, and straightforward to use, but it includes offers. When you get past the commercials, though, the summarizing method is simple
• User experience is interrupted by ads sometimes
• The results is not as transparent as the QuillBot which shows you what has been changed
• The result can sometimes be quite bad (makes no sense) and you can’t adjust the rewording level like you can with QuillBot 

III. 3 Best Writing Organization Tools

#1. scrivener – best for academic researchers.

Scrivener is great for researchers who need to handle a large volume of research. Academic writing is more complicated than a grad school writing assignment. This tool costs a little bit of money. But, many top researchers use it for their research papers. 

It’s helpful that it has a mobile app, too. If you want to walk around and research ideas or write on your phone, Scrivener can sync with your device so everything is in one place.

Scrivener is very easy to use and helps you organize your writing. You can create chapters that have subpages for all of your research. You can also add images or text boxes that relate to your writing. It’s a great tool for organizing your research and thoughts, so you can produce a better academic research paper.

Scrivener also has a great free trial period – 30 days of use . So, if you use it 3 days a week, then you could have the trial for 10 weeks. Check the Discount here . 

• Ease of use – allows you to easily rearrange your chapters and organize your research paper later without worrying about the order
• Many guides along the research process 
• Free app trial that most students can access and test 
• Able to help you turn random articles and documents into a thesis and great research paper
• Interface in the documents can be a bit confusing for first-time users

Further reading: 

• Robin Nemesszeghy has written a great article on Scrivener vs. Dabble.

#2. Authorea – Best for Alternative Publication and Exposure

Authorea is this writing tool is a one-stop-shop for you to a) create/upload, b) disseminate your research paper, and c) get published in top journals. Authorea is great for young researchers who want to publish their academic work.

You can also use Authorea with Scrivener!

That’s right, you won’t have to leave your writing tool if you need to upload a research paper or just an article. 

One of the best features is that Authorea officials allow you to publish your work on their website, free of charge. You can also get a DOI from them so it’s easier for people to cite your original research paper.

• One-stop shop for creating, disseminating, and getting published in top journals
• Great tool for young researchers who want to do their academic work and publish their research paper without having to handle the document and other admin tasks
• Can use Authorea with Scrivener
• May be difficult to get published in top journals 

#3. Reedsy – Best for Aspiring Best-Selling Authors

Reedsy is a publishing company that helps authors and publishers connect with professionals to help them create beautiful books. They offer powerful tools and free educational content to help people become top researchers and have more academic success.

Reedsy’s Book Editor is a powerful digital tool used for writing and editing eBooks, print books, journals, and articles. It gives you all the features you need to write your manuscript, including unlimited revision history with comments sent via email; automatic backups; dynamic word count; advanced character filtering; track changes; export to .docx or .txt files; the ability to collaborate on your manuscript with several people at once; and much more.

Reedsy’s eBook Editor has all the features of an advanced word processor, meaning you can write your eBook with the same high-powered tools that are used by best-selling authors.

• Reedsy offers a wide range of professional services to help you create a beautiful book
• They have a lot of free educational content that can help you improve your research and writing skills
• The Reedsy Book Editor is a powerful, yet easy-to-use, tool for writing and editing manuscripts
• Reedsy is quite expensive compared to other publishing companies
• More of a next-level tool for people who have some success or resources 

#4. LaTeX – Great tool but difficult for non-coder  

LaTeX is one of the most widely used academic writing tools that are free and reliable. We have even created a LaTex tutorial, where we help with the minimal programming knowledge that you need to use this too. 

Use LaTex if you haven’t started writing your research paper, have some time to learn it, and want to learn one of the absolute classic writing tools.

Download the LaTeX program here , and don’t forget to check out our guide on how to use it here .

• LaTeX is free to use, which helps students on tight academic budgets.
• The ability to create your own bibliography using Latex’s site function saves time for you and your librarian.
• Creates a technical barrier for researchers who know how to use LaTex and those who don’t
• It takes some time to learn how to use Latex and can take a few hours or even months for beginner writers
• Certain word processing programs such as MS Word cannot be used with LaTex

#5. DraftIn – Minimalistic and free for laser-focus writing  

If Steve Jobs creates an academic writing tool, Draftin might be it. The tool is designed for people who just want to focus on words. It embraces Hemmingway’s motto of “Writer drunk. Edit Sober.”

I work with other people all the time, using Google Docs. But, sometimes there are issues with version control. This tool solves that problem by holding the version updated by the user in the user’s environment. So, you should review it first before accepting it. 

This is different from Google Docs’ showing the updated version and you figure out what has been changed. And, revert them one by one.  

The downside of being minimalist is that you can’t embed links in the text.

• One of the good free online writing tools
• Minimalist design with the Hemingway Mode that encourages “write first, edit later”
• Version control is very helpful for keeping track of edits and updates
• Great when you have co-authors to work on the same documents
• Help you focus on the quality of your writing and notes
• You can’t embed links in text in the document
• Limited functions (by design) compared with other tools 

Final Thoughts

The best academic writing tools don’t have to be expensive or complicated. 

The most important thing you can do is use your time wisely. 

We are also curious about your experience with what works and what doesn’t.

What are the top three things you wish someone had told you about academic writing when you were starting out? 

Share them with us below!

Why should I use LaTeX?

One important but less obvious benefit is that LaTeX allows you to clearly distinguish the substance of your academic papers from the format. As a writer (scientist, researcher or not), this frees you up to concentrate on “what” rather than “how” will it look when printed out on paper (that is the job of LaTeX document class designers).

One big caveat is that the learning curve is quite steep. So, be sure to check out our tutorial here .

What are the best tips for academic writing?

• 1. Make sure to spell-check and proofread 
• 2. It’s not enough to merely quote your references 
• 3. Try using different words than the ones you found in your research
• 4. You have to accurately summarize and synthesize their ideas in a new way 
• 5. Write clearly and simply 
• 6. Avoid cliches
• 7. Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE 
• 8. Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION 
• 9. Be CONCISE
• 10. Use the VOCABULARY that you know 
• 11. But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY 
• 12. ***Be open mind and learn to use the tool that you need, not what others recommend

What are the tools for effective writing?

The most important tool is your mind as a researcher.

Good academic writing relies on clear thinking, orderly presentation, and sustained focus.

To be an effective researcher, it’s important to have a set of clearly defined priorities for how you will spend your time in the library or office, what questions you’re devoting attention to, which ideas are worth pursuing in more depth. 

Brainstorming is often part of drafting a paper in rhetoric, but in these earliest stages, it is also about figuring out one’s attitude toward the subject at hand. Who am I writing this essay for? Who am I disagreeing with? What are they saying about my topic that I need to refute – all this has implications when deciding where to look next or what hypothesis to pursue. 

One major problem for researchers is to actually “see” how much they know. Scapple  can be a great tool for organizing knowledge and connecting the dots. You can find out more about how we reviewed >30 mind mapping software here .

There is more.

Check out our other articles on the Best Academic Tools Series for Research below.

• Learn how to get more done with these Academic Writing Tools  
• Learn how to proofread your work with these Proofreading Tools
• Learn how to broaden your research landscape with these Academic Search Engines
• Learn how to manage multiple research projects with these Project Management Tools
• Learn how to run effective survey research with these Survey Tools for Research
• Learn how get more insights from important conversations and interviews with Transcription Tools
• Learn how to manage the ever-growing list of references with these Reference Management Software
• Learn how to double your productivity with literature reviews with these AI-Based Summary Generators
• Learn how to build and develop your audience with these Academic Social Network Sites
• Learn how to make sure your content is original and trustworthy with these Plagiarism Checkers
• Learn how to talk about your work effectively with these Science Communication Tools

10 thoughts on “11 Best Academic Writing Tools For Researchers”

Does quiltbot,save the changed text on its server, and then creata the problem of plagerisim.

Here is what it says about its plagiarism checker: “QuillBot stores your content in order to run the plagiarism report, so you can access your reports in the future. Our third-party vendor, CopyLeaks, does not store your content. QuillBot will never share your content with any third parties outside of CopyLeaks.”

Please provide information on resources for systematic review and meta-analysis; for conducting literature review

No it does not

i am a research scholar.i request you to kindly let me share information on rewrite cum plagiarism check, removal tool for best performance. Thank you all

Thank you, Dear Writer. It’s very much helpful.

These are very important for research students. Thank you very much for this piece of information. Great work Joannah.

Thank you for the kind words!

Thanks for sharing this well-researched article.

Nice article, might I suggest Writefull also, they have a number of tools designed for academic/technical writing…

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19 Academic Writing Tools (that are completely free!)

A selection of tools for academic writing – from collaborating, time-tracking and project management to finding the perfect phrase or translation. We are continuously updating this list (latest update: April 2023).

I often get asked about my favourite academic writing tools. That’s why I compiled this scientific tools list for you with 19 great tools to support your academic writing. You can use all these scientific research tools for free and some of them have paid versions with additional features.

Just one word of caution: Exploring new academic writing tools can be a time-suck and distract you from getting your actual writing done. If you are one of those people who spend hours signing up for new software for academic writing and getting it set up, only to abandon the tool a few days or weeks later – then be careful reading this scientific tools list, and don’t get overenthusiastic. 😉

By the way, I don’t have any affiliation with any of the academic writing tools listed below, and none of these are affiliated links.

Here, we go, 19 tools for academic writing and scientific research I recommend in no particular order:

ACADEMIC Writing tools

1. writefull.

This proof-reading tool for scientific texts is powered by AI and big data. You can integrate the Writefull app into Word or Overleaf for free. A reader of the blog brought my attention to this tool (thank you so much!) and I’ve only recently started using it, so I can’t give you a full-blown review just yet but so far the results are promising. Writefull is owned by Digital Science, a company that has released several Open Science apps, such as figshare, Overleaf and Altmetric. 

2. Phrasebank

Created by Dr John Morley from “The University Language Center” of Manchester University, the Phrasebank is a database of common phrases used in papers, dissertations and grant proposals – a real goldmine!

The phrases are organised both by the common sections in a paper such as the Introduction, Methods, Results or Discussion section. For example, in the tab for the Introduction section, one can find entries for “establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society” or “identifying a knowledge gap in the field of study”. If you click on the latter, you can find among others the following suggested phrases: “It is still unclear whether…”, “However, the behaviour of X has not yet been investigated” and “Causal factors leading to X remain speculative”.

You can also look for phrases by choosing a general language function. Some of the choices are “being cautious”, “describing trends”, “signalling transition”.   

The Phrasebank is very useful to get inspiration for new wording but I do not endorse all entries. Sometimes you find language that is a bit clunky or overly complicated so do use your own judgement when you browse this academic writing tool. PS: You can also download the Academic Phrasebank as PDF or Kindle file.

3. Thesaurus.com

If you’re looking for synonyms, thesaurus.com is the best online thesaurus I’ve found so far. It divides the synonyms based on different meanings of the word and indicates the relevance of the synonym by using three shades of orange.

Just one word of caution: Don’t fall into the trap of using too many synonyms in your academic writing. Being precise is so much more important than varying the words you are using in your writing. In particular for field-specific terminology, I advise against using synonyms .

This is a hot tip for researchers who need to transcribe interviews (hello, social scientists!), who like to record research ideas or those who like to write by dictating text into their phone. Otter is an AI-based transcription tool that works for English language recordings. The quality of the transcriptions is comparable to other transcription services using AI, meaning they are often not accurate and can give nonsensical, even comical results — especially when the recorded voice has a strong or unusual accent. Still, the automated and quick transcriptions (real time transcriptions are available too!) can be a good starting point and are a huge time saver. What’s cool about Otter compared to its competitors is that they give you 300 minutes of transcriptions per month for free!

There are many online dictionaries but Linguee is my favourite for academic writing. It suggests a translation on the basis of previous translations published on the internet.  Therefore, this dictionary is especially great if you’re looking to not only translate a word but a certain turn of phrase or idiom. Linguee translates to and from English in over 20 languages. An essential academic writing tool for all non-native English speakers!

ACADEMIC WRITING TOOLS FOR Collaboration AND CO-WRITING

6. authorea.

The magazine “ TechCrunch ” describes Authorea as “a Google Docs for scientists”. On the academic writing platform, you can write, edit, and insert citations, figures and data. And it’s great for collaborative writing: Co-authors can access the same text at the same time, track the changes they made, insert comments and even live-chat during writing sessions. Documents can be imported from LaTeX and Word and exported as LaTeX, Word and PDF documents. You can also submit your article as a bioRxiv preprint straight from the Authorea platform. This software for academic writing is free for up to ten documents with limited sharing options.

7. Overleaf

Overleaf is to LaTeX users, what Authorea (see tool #6) is to Word users: an online editor that allows you to access and collaborate on your writing projects from anywhere. You can, for example, invite others to comment on your work. Overleaf offers some other neat collaborative writing features, such as a track-changes function, but – unfortunately – only on the paid plan. LaTeX may seem a bit intimidating at first but you actually get the hang of it quite fast (and feel like a coder 😎). Also, in my experience, you save a lot of time formatting your text (and feel smug about it when you talk to Word users 😁).

Slack is a chat tool that you can use in your lab or with your collaborators. Used in the right way, it allows you to save time by cutting down on emails and create a group atmosphere even if the members are not working in the same location. You can easily add files to the chats and create different channels for subgroups or certain topics. There also exist virtual communities on Slack you can join, such as the New PI Slack community for Assistant professors around the world. 

Loom is a great scientific research tool when you want to share a quick video with a colleague, student or collaborator. This could be a recorded presentation or lecture, your comments on the paper of a co-author, or a tutorial on using a piece of software. You can record your screen, camera and microphone. The neat thing is that after you’re done recording, Loom auto-generates a link you can share.

Academic writing tools for Productivity and project management

Toggl is a time-tracking app that you can install on your phone and computer. There’s only one way of knowing how long certain writing tasks typically take you, and that is by tracking the time they took you to complete . Time-tracking has another great advantage: You can identify time-sucks in your day. And these may be less obvious than you think.

I like to use Toggl for time-tracking because it’s quick to use and integrates with various other scientific research tools I am using. You just need to click the big red power button to start or stop a recording and assign tracked times to different projects. This scientific research tool has paid plans but for most people the free basic plan will be sufficient.

Are you easily tempted to check your phone when you really should be writing? This app called Forest may be just right for you then. Once installed on your phone, you can start planting a virtual tree whenever you want to focus. It grows from a little plant to a full-grown tree. When you pick up your phone and leave the app, the tree dies. This way, you can build your forest representing the time you have spent on focused work (or quality time with your family and friends…). I’m not using Forest myself, but I’ve heard that it works really as an academic writing tool well for some people. Give it a go!  

12. Focusmate

As Forest (see tool #11), Focusmate is an app to help you stay focused. Instead of  gamification, the concept of Focusmate is based on social accountability. Here is how it works: You schedule a 50-minute virtual co-writing session with another Focusmate member, turn on your webcam when your session starts, greet your temporary co-worker and then get to work silently.

Even though being filmed while working is a little strange in the beginning, co-writing sessions work really well for a lot of researchers. This is why we offer co-writing sessions as part of our academic writing program, the Researchers’ Writing Academy, as well.

13. Cold Turkey

If Forest (tool #11) or Focusmate (#12) don’t get you to focus on your writing, you may need to go Cold Turkey . This software for academic writing blocks any other application and turns your computer into a typewriter. You can choose whether you want Cold Turkey to prevent you from digital distractions for a certain amount of time or until you’ve hit a certain word count. With the paid version, you can even access integrated productivity soundtracks and text formatting.

Not an app exactly, but free as well: Click the orange button below to have me walk you through my step-by-step system to write clear & concise papers for your target journals in a timely manner . This free academic writing training is perfect for you if you’re reading this blog post because you are procrastinating on writing your paper.

Trello is an excellent project management tool for your academic writing, which you can use for managing each of your writing projects, for creating a publication pipeline and as a daily and weekly to-do list. Trello is a great introduction into project management because it’s a lot easier to learn and use than most other project management software. For each project called a “Board”, you can create different “lists”, which are vertical collection of “cards”, which you can move between lists. You can add due dates, checklist lists, links, files and text to each card. To work collaboratively, you can leave comments on cards and assign them to members on your team. You can also use Trello as a brainstorming tool, using the cards just as you would use post-it notes.

Members of my online course, the Researchers’ Writing Academy , get access to Trello templates I created to easily manage their publication pipeline, the writing process for each of their scientific papers and all of their other daily, weekly and monthly tasks and projects.

15. Todoist

Todoist is an alternative to Trello (see tool #16) or can be used in addition. It’s an online to-do list organiser and project management tool that comes as an app and browser version. You can organise your tasks in projects and schedule them for a certain day. This academic writing tool shows you today’s tasks as well as those for the next seven days. It also tracks your productivity, i.e. how many tasks you have completed.

academic writing Tools for finding and reading the literature

Feedly is a neat RSS feed manager that helps you stay up to date with the scientific literature. Instead of getting email alerts from journals (because who wants to get more emails…) you can view and organise the literature you are interested in by following journals’ RSS feeds. You can not only use this for scientific literature but also subscribe to blogs, for example the one you’re reading right now, by simply putting the URL in the Feedly search: https://www.annaclemens.com/blog .

Are you a mindmapper? Then you need Xmind , a free mindmapping and brain-storming tool. It’s intuitive, looks good and does exactly what you want a mindmapping tool to do. The free version allows for embedding of hyperlinks, images, attachments, so you can really use it however you like! That’s all I can really say about it as I’m not using mindmapping myself. But I know scientists who swear by it!

18. Audemic

Audio formats have become so popular (I’m a big podcast lover myself!) so it shouldn’t really come as a surprise that there now is an audio tool available for the scientific literature too: Audemic . This tool — completely free to use for individual researchers — creates summaries for you (that go beyond the abstract), lets you skip sections, highlight text and take notes while listening.

There are a few reference managers for your academic writing to choose from, some of which cost money. Zotero is free, open-source and doesn’t lack in functionality. You can easily save references from your browser, organise them in folders and with tags and create bibliographies with the right style. You can also create a citation library with your co-authors or share your library with others.

That’s it: 19 academic writing apps and scientific research tools to support your writing for free! However, the best academic writing software won’t make you more productive if you don’t rely on a streamlined writing process and if you aren’t using your writing sessions effectively. If you want to get your hands on a template to write scientific papers in a systematic fashion, sign up for this 1-hour writing training now. It’s free too!

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© Copyright 2018-2024 by Anna Clemens. All Rights Reserved. 

Photography by Alice Dix

How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂 

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

• How to write a research paper
• Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
• Stage 2 : Structure & outline
• Stage 3 : Iterative writing
• Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

• Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
• Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
• Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications. If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

• To choose a research question and review the literature
• To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
• To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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Best Academic Writing Software: 21 Top Options (2024)

In this article, you’ll discover the best academic writing software options based on their features, prices, and usability. 

I remember spending countless hours in my University’s library, desperately trying to format my thesis correctly, surrounded by half-empty takeaway coffee cups. If only I had known that the right academic writing software could have helped me save time and improve the quality of my work. 

Whether you’re a university student struggling to finish your thesis like I was or a researcher with deadlines looming, you can rest assured that the right academic writing software will take an enormous weight off your shoulders. What is academic writing? Read our guide to find out!

Academic writing requires meticulous attention to detail which is why we’ve scoured the web looking for software that will support you in the following areas:

• Concise sentences
• Readability improvements
• Chapter, footnotes, and bibliography automation

The academic software options in this article will help you unlock your true potential as an academic writer by improving your grammar, structure, style, and planning.

1. Grammarly

2. prowritingaid, 3. scrivener, 4. google docs, 9. obsidian, 11. microsoft word, 13. mendeley, 14. endnote, 16. turnitin, 17. copyscape, 18. chatgpt, 20. authorea, best academic writing software: the final word, why should you trust me , our testing criteria, is grammarly good for academic writing.

Pricing : Free version available, Premium $12/month, Business $15/month Use for : For plagiarism and grammar checks of academic writing

Grammarly is the most popular writing software on the market, and it’s being used by all types of writers, from high-school students to academic writers in top institutions and universities.

I personally never submit work to my clients without running it through Grammarly first, and I’ve even shelled out for the yearly premium subscription to get access to the plagiarism checker. To find out more, read our Grammarly review .

Some new students also wonder if it’s ok to use this tool to edit their essays and papers. It’s fine to use but if you need more context, in this article, our writer answers the question, is using Grammarly cheating ? 

• Grammarly is user-friendly, allowing you to either copy and paste your work directly into the application or have it check your documents while you type
• Makes Suggestions to improve sentence structure and explains why the change has been suggested
• Picks up on adjectives that could lead to exaggeration
• Encourages you to write in the action instead of the passive voice
• Works for British English, American English, and Australian English
• Plagiarism checker is only available to premium customers
• Plagiarism checker doesn’t cover academic papers
• Live checker is not available for Microsoft Word

We tested dozens of grammar checkers, and Grammarly is the best tool on the market today. It'll help you write and edit your work much faster. Grammarly provides a powerful AI writing assistant and plagiarism checker.

Pricing: Free version, $20/month, $79/year, $300/lifetime Use for: As an alternative for grammar and plagiarism checkers of academic writing

ProWritingAid is an affordable grammar checker that leverages artificial intelligence and a personal support system to help you improve your writing by pointing out specific areas of weakness. 

ProWritingAid presents suggestions similarly to Grammarly through bold pop-up boxes that are easy to navigate. However, this software targets professionals looking to make fundamental changes to their writing style. To find out more, read our ProWritingAid review .

• Reasonable prices, especially with the lifetime option
• Compatible with Microsoft Word
• Includes a digital writing coach
• Style score gives you a guide regarding the quality of your work
• Plagiarism is not included in the free version
• PLagiarism checker less accurate than Grammarly

ProWritingAid is a powerful, accurate grammar checker and style editor. It's suitable for non-fiction and fiction writers and doesn't require a monthly subscription. Save 20% per month or year.

Price: 30-day free trial, student/academics discount $50, IOS $19.99, Standard macOS and Windows $58.99 Use for: For managing large academic papers, organizing research, and references

Scrivener may not be as well known as the last two software options, but it has much to offer academic writers. For example, the platform will help you get your references in order, and it will help you integrate large chunks of text into one, which is useful when you’re moving big paragraphs.

Although bloggers and journalists overlook Scrivener, if you’re someone who is dealing with long research papers, this could be the ideal software choice. To find out more, read our Scrivener review .

• Great formatting tools for academic writers
• Affordable prices, especially with the academic discount
• Helps organize your reference 
• Keep all your files, including PDFs and web pages, inside your Scrivener account
• Take a snapshot of your work and return to early versions if you want to make retrospective changes
• No plagiarism checker
• No live checker for editing on external platforms such as Google Docs and Word
• A learning curve

Scrivener is our go-to app for long-form writing projects. It's popular with best-selling novelists, screenwriters, non-fiction writers, students, academics, lawyers, journalists, translators and more. 

Price: Free Use for: General writing, collaborative writing, and editing

Google Docs is probably the most well-known writing software, and it’s used by professional writers, bloggers, and academics worldwide. I’m personally using Docs to write this post, as its sharing feature makes sending your work to an editor a breeze. 

Docs offers many valuable features for academic writers, including headers and footers, collaborative comments, citations, and the new document comparison tool. 

This platform is useful when combined with Grammarly, its spell checker, and writing tips are highlighted clearly in Google Docs, and you can accept and reject suggestions with one click. 

• Easy to use, familiar software
• Collaboration made easy
• Easy to format text with citations, headers/footers, and Headings 
• Grammarly compatible
• Export in PDF
• Document comparison does not make up for the lack of a plagiarism checker
• Native spell checker is a little unreliable, but adding Grammarly makes up for this

Price: Free Use for: For writing scientific papers

LaTex is a writing software designed to help people improve the structure of their academic papers. It’s worth noting that LaTeX doesn’t offer a spell-checking service, so you’ll want to use it in combination with Grammarly or ProWritingAid. 

The software interface may not boast a high-quality-looking interface, but the underlying features are impressive, especially considering the software is free to use. 

• Automatic indexing and bibliography generator 
• Automatic chapter and paragraph macros
• Math typesetting
• No spelling and grammar checker 
• Not as user-friendly as some competitors

Price: 30-day free trial, $3/per month for students, $5/month for academics, $10/month for business Use for: To manage, read, annotate, and share your research references

Papers help you gather your research materials across multiple devices, making your books, articles, and journals easy to access and organize. 

If you’re writing a long research paper, manually collating all your references into one library would be extremely time-consuming. Papers automate the process, letting you focus on writing, 

Although Papers isn’t a stand-alone academic writing software due to the lack of most expected features, it will be handy for academic writers struggling to organize their references and sources.

• Low price for academics and students
• Import references to your library from multiple platforms
• Access all your research sources in one place
• Collaborative annotation of notes and sources
• $10/month is a little expensive, considering you don’t get plagiarism or a spell checker

Price: Free Use for: As a markdown editor and for organizing academic notes

Zettlr is an open-source markdown editor software that lets you focus on your writing without worrying about making it HTML compatible manually. Zettlr is excellent for academic writers looking to include citations or export their work in multiple formats. 

• Export in multiple formats
• Citation system.
• Tags to help you organize information
• Writing goals tracker
• Preview documents without opening them
• You may need some CSS coding knowledge to get the best out of the software.
• No plagiarism checker.

Price: $5.99/month or $39.99/year Use for: Writing on IOS devices

Ulysses is a writing software designed for use on Mac, iPad, and iPhone, so if you aren’t an Apple user, then this one isn’t for you.

Although academic papers are usually full of data, graphs, and charts, you sometimes need to focus on your text, which is where Ulysses can help. Ulysses is minimalist in design with a clutter-free interface, so if you’re someone that quickly gets distracted from writing, it could be a great option. It supports Markdown. You can also use it to prepare an academic paper for publication. To find out more, read our Ulysses review .

• iCloud synchronization
• One payment plan for three devices
• Minimalistic design.
• Set and track writing goals.
• Lacks academic writing features such as a bibliography, references, and chapter organization
• No option for collaborative writing
• Not available for Windows

Price: Free, but you can make a one-time payment of $25 for special developer features and a yearly $50 for commercial use rights Use for: Note taking and organizing

Obsidian is a note-taking and personal knowledge management tool for improving how research writers organize ideas and notes. 

Academic writing often involves developing complex ideas and presenting them clearly. Obsidian can help you develop your theories by organizing your ideas and notes into mindmaps and information stacks. 

Obsidian won’t be the standalone app you use as an academic writer, but it can help you develop ideas and connections within your papers. To find out more, read our Obsidian review .

• Unique mind mapping system
• Many plugins offer features such as voice recording, formatting, and writing templates
• If you have some knowledge of coding HTML or Java, you can customize parts of the software for your specific needs
• It will take some time to get to grips with all the features
• Lack of specific academic writing needs such as a plagiarism checker

Price: Free Use for: Organize your notes across various platforms

Joplin is an open-source note-taking software that operates across various devices and has a thriving community developing free tools to improve the platform. You can share your notes from Joplin across different platforms, and it runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android. 

For academic writers, Joplin offers a space to collect web clippings and notes from online sources and access them from multiple devices. 

• Accessible on all major operating systems
• Web clipping system is excellent for researchers gathering notes
• The community is constantly developing new features
• No collaborative feature
• No free storage/cloud
• Like other note-taking apps, it doesn’t check for plagiarism or spelling

Price: $6.99/Month Use for: General writing, editing, and note-taking

Microsoft Word is one of the most widely used word-processing applications for academic writing. Known for its user-friendly interface, it offers various formatting options and tools. It has an inbuilt spell checker, dozens of fonts, and various formatting options.

It’s a fairly general writing tool that lacks some of the more specialized features of some of those mentioned in this article. Nonetheless, Word is a tried and tested writing companion you should consider using with a good referencing software from this list.

• Robust formatting tools for academic writing
• Familiar to most writers
• Available on almost all PCs
• Solid offline writing tool
• Collaboration features are not as good as other options
• Additional cost for extra cloud storage
• Outdated UI
• Lack of specialist tools

Price: Free Use for: Organizing references

Zotero is an open-source reference management software ideal for anyone struggling to keep their bibliography neatly ordered. If you’re writing a lengthy academic paper and haven’t settled on a referencing software, Zotero is worth a try, especially as it’s free.

If you’re working on a group project, Zotero’s collaborative features are helpful when organizing citations in various formats, including Chicago and APA. Naturally, as this is citation software, you’ll want to combine it with a writing platform such as Docs or Word.

• Free version
• Over 10,000 citation styles
• Collaboration features
• PDF reader built-in
• Compatible with Google Docs and Word
• Limited customer support
• Limited offline access without a paid subscription
• Not the easiest to use without spending several hours practicing

Price: Free with optional premium plan Use for: Researching and referencing

Mendely is a free-to-use reference management tool that PhD students created. You can tell from the software that the people who created it had wasted hours manually referencing and wanted a more streamlined and efficient way to add citations to their papers.

The Mendeley Library has millions of papers and can be easily browsed from tablet, PC, and mobile. Combining it with a reference management tool will help you organize your research.

• Social networking for research collaboration
• Over 100 million articles in the database
• Clean UI, even on smaller screens
• It can be used to generate bibliographies
• Storage is limited in the free version
• Reports of poor synchronization on collaborative documents
• The downloadable version for PC is no longer available

Price: $269.95/Full License Use for: Referencing, annotating, and journal matching

EndNote is a premium academic research and writing software that is a market leader in providing reference management, citations, and bibliography creation. The premium price tag might be worth swallowing if you’re a serious academic writer.

EndNote can help you match your research papers with potentially compatible journals via its Manuscript Match tool. This software is easy to integrate with popular writing software like Google Docs and makes reading and annotating PDFs very easy, even on your phone.

• Excellent reference management
• Smooth integration with word processors
• Top-class PDF reader and annotator
• Novel journal matching tool
• Collaboration is made simple
• The price tag is out of most people’s range
• The learning curve for new users
• The student discount isn’t very generous

Price: Free trial or $1000 Use for: Collaborative reference management and writing

Citavi is an academic writing and reference management tool. The software combines a seamless collaborative writing experience with an automatic citation tool with over 10,000 styles. 

The software automatically links citations, creates a bibliography, and allows you to export directly to Microsoft Word. The software is impressive and has received great reviews, but the price tag naturally means most people will probably settle for something cheaper.

• Covers citations and writing
• Easy export process to Word
• Collaborative writing is as good as with Docs
• Complex academic search queries can be narrowed down with several filters
• The price is high as the product is aimed at companies, not individuals
• Lacks Google Docs compatibility
• The free trial is very limited

Price: Free Use for: Plagiarism checker

Turnitin is a plagiarism detection tool that anyone writing research papers should consider using. Most major research institutions use Turnitin to ensure they don’t publish plagiarized work.

The software is easy to use and rates the uniqueness of academic rating based on its massive pool of papers. Turnitin doesn’t just give a yes or no answer. It points out sections of your work that may be plagiarized and links them to citations of the work that appears to be being copied.

• Trusted by major institutions and leading universities
• Easy to use
• The feedback system gives a detailed breakdown of where you’ve plagiarized and helps you avoid it in the future
• Not the most modern user interface
• Does occasionally flag non-plagiarized copy as plagiarized
• No in-depth writing support or cross-compatibility

Price: Free version or pay per word Use for: Plagiarism checker

Copyscape is a plagiarism checker designed for online content creators and anyone who runs a blog or a website. Although it’s probably less helpful for academics than Turnitin, it’s still worth mentioning, as it can help academics in the early stages of research that involves collecting information from sources other than official journals. 

The software is straightforward to use as it is a simple copy-and-paste system. There is a limited free version, but even the premium per-word rate is very reasonable.

• Great for someone running a blog that posts academic content from multiple writers
• PDF compatible
• Generally, Turnitin is more appropriate for academics
• The website has a very cheap feel

Price: Free version or $20/month Use for: AI-enhanced writing, editing, and researching

ChatGPT has been the most talked about technological innovation this year. Its impact on the world of research and writing is still evolving, and the model is still developing. It’s a fantastic tool for researching if you’re willing to spend a few hours learning how to create effective prompts. 

ChatGPT can rapidly search the web for content published before 2021 and present it concisely. Regardless of the topic you’re researching, this software is going to be able to help you research and write more efficiently.

If you want an in-depth review of ChatGPT and how you can use it to become a better academic writer, check out our ChatGPT review . 

• Rapid response to even very niche research requests
• Finds sources from all over the web much faster than a traditional Google search.
• Speeds up the writing and editing process
• It is a useful tool to master, considering the likelihood of more large language models hitting the market in the future
• It does make factual mistakes.
• Sometimes, the AI suffers from so-called hallucinations that can result in very strange answers.
• Its access to the web was cut off in 2021, so it can’t find the latest research papers.
• You’ll need to spend some time learning about writing prompts to get the best out of ChatGPT

Price: Free version or $4.99/month Use for: Spelling and Grammar

Ginger is a spelling and grammar software that offers an interesting alternative to Grammarly. This software is compatible with most popular writing platforms and goes beyond basic grammar and spelling checks.

Ginger offers unlimited rephrasing suggestions and can translate documents into dozens of languages. In addition, they’ve managed to undercut Grammarly’s prices, so this could be worth a try if you feel Grammarly is too expensive.

• Solid grammar and spell checker
• Very nice UI
• The rephrasing tool will help you add new life to your writing
• Well priced particularly if you pay for a yearly subscription
• The translation feature makes it stand out from the crowd of grammar checkers
• The free version isn’t as comprehensive as the one offered by Grammarly
• Only available on three browsers

Price: Free version available Use for: Writing and publishing

Authorea is a collaborative writing tool designed for researchers working in small teams. Importantly, Authorea goes beyond just helping you write by offering several tools that help researchers publish their papers once it’s completed. Beyond the basic collaborative writing features you may expect, it also offers automatic citation formatting even when multiple people are editing one document.

The software can automatically format research papers to suit 40 of the biggest publishers in the world. The free version is fairly comprehensive, but frustratingly, it’s unclear how much they charge for the premium service, as the price has to be negotiated directly via email with the team. It appears to vary depending on the insulation you work for and the size of your team.

• The publishing feature will be beneficial for academic writers.
• Free to use
• Elegant website and UI
• Collaborative writing and automatic formatting of citations
• The premium pricing plan is not clear
• It’s specialized software, so using it will require some practice
• If you only publish in one journal, then the formatting feature won’t be that useful

Price: Free version available Use for: Specialized academic spelling and grammar checker

Trinka is an AI-powered technical writing grammar and plagiarism checker. This is essentially a more technical version of Grammarly that’s been designed specially to help academic writers. It can help you create a more formal tone, introduce technical terms, and even have the option to focus suggestions on specific scientific areas such as medicine, chemistry, and physics. 

In addition, it has a publication feature that can help you get your paper into the format required by most publishers. If you’ve been using Grammarly as an academic writer but feel that its suggestions are too general, then Trinka could be a great alternative.

• A spell checker designed for academic writers
• Suggestions tailored to your scientific field
• Formatting tool and an in-house plagiarism checker
• Tone enhancement designed for academic papers
• Premium version reasonably priced at $80/year
• The free version is slightly limited
• Only 5,000 words per month with the free version
• Slow response times from customer support, according to some reviews

If you need a good grammar checker, Grammarly is our top choice due to its accuracy and speed. Scrivener excels at managing long-form papers, but Ulysses is easier to use. Obsidian is great for managing research as it Papers.

My work as a journalist has been published in major news outlets such as The Daily Mirror, Newsweek, Zenger, and Yahoo. In a hectic newsroom, there’s no time to waste, and mistakes are rarely forgiven, so I’ve spent hundreds of hours using writing software to guarantee accuracy and clarity in my copy. 

In my opinion, you can make the best use of academic writing software by combining different options based on their individual strengths. I recommend using Google Docs if you collaborate with a team combined with Grammarly or ProWritingAid for spelling and plagiarism and then adding something like Papers to help organize your sources. 

We update this roundup of the best academic writing tools regularly. We test key features by checking MS Word documents, blog posts, essays, articles and even book chapters. 

These writing samples range from several hundred to several thousand words. Typically, we use the web, desktop and browser apps and plugins, factoring in price, ease of use, and functionality. We’ve reviewed many of these tools individually and included links to those reviews.

FAQs About The Best Academic Writing Software

Grammarly is useful for checking academic writing for grammar and spelling mistakes. It can also help academic writers improve the readability of their reports or papers. However, Grammarly isn’t meant to function as a tool for planning and writing academic papers. For that use, a traditional word processor or a dedicated academic writing app.

Peter is an experienced journalist and tech-lover who has spent years hunting for the best writing software. He firmly believes that we all need a helping hand crossing our Ts and dotting our Is and takes great pride in sharing his opinions on the best writing software out there.

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Best AI Tools for Research Paper Writing in 2024

Table of Contents

Before discussing the unique benefits and characteristics of using AI tools in research, let’s look at some of the AI writing tools that can help you with writing a research paper. There’s a plethora of AI research tools available today tailored to different research purposes and with different capabilities. Let’s look at the 5 best AI tools for research that you can incorporate into your research and writing process.

Top 5 AI Tools for Research Paper Writing

• SciSpace Literature Review
• ChatGPT | Custom GPTs for Research Writing

Let's explore these tools in detail!

1 . SciSpace Literature Review

SciSpace’s Literature Review tool is designed for researchers to conduct systematic literature reviews efficiently. This AI research tool helps you compare and contrast scientific papers, and extract key information, themes, patterns, and concepts of numerous research papers in minutes, all in one single workspace.

By simply entering your questions or keywords or niche-specific topics, you can find relevant research articles from SciSpace’s repository of 282M+ scientific papers. With the matrix feature, you can filter and derive useful insights from relevant research papers and save time. You can extract the summaries of all the prominent sections of the research paper including introduction, abstract, methodologies, conclusions, discussions, etc. And ask follow-up questions simultaneously to Copilot, the AI research assistant, to identify gaps in the literature, and even extract empirical data from papers. This lets you dive deeper into each paper and get more clarity on concepts or ideas within them. With an AI research tool like SciSpace Literature Review, researchers can save hours of valuable time and boost the overall quality and productivity of their research while improving academic writing.

Here’s a sample:

2. ChatGPT | Custom GPTs for Research Writing

ChatGPT serves as a valuable ally for brainstorming research paper outlines and structures . Researchers can leverage ChatGPT to generate ideas, refine research questions , and outline the paper's framework. Custom GPTs that are tailored to research paper writing can also be very helpful.

Especially, custom GPTs for research writing like SciSpace’s GPT (formerly ResearchGPT) that are trained on scientific papers can help you locate relevant literature with ease and also brainstorm ideas for your research paper.

An example of a simple outline:

3. WordVice

WordVice enhances language precision, ensuring the clarity and coherence of research papers. It offers advanced proofreading, language enhancement, and coherence improvement.

By automatically detecting and correcting errors in academic papers with WordVice, researchers can let their words flow without the typical interruptions to make amends. It can also give coherent explanations of each error and suggest stylistic changes in your writing.

This AI writing tool is incredibly helpful in writing your research paper, especially if you’re not a native speaker of the language or if you don’t have enough grasp of grammar and the conventional usages in academic writing.

Take a look at this example:

4. Wordtune

A personal AI writing assistant that excels in paraphrasing, aiding researchers in presenting ideas with clarity and originality. It helps to rephrase and refine sentences, avoiding plagiarism and enhancing the overall quality of writing.

Do you want to sound more authentic in your writing and also find the appropriate words for different contexts? Wordtune can help you fine-tune any text and also improve the quality of writing by suggesting a plethora of options with the Spices feature. Spices feature is essentially meant to improve your writing by generating text and giving you different options to choose from.

This AI writing tool also includes the option to ‘Incorporate data from verified sources’ to make your paper more empirically adequate and relevant. This way, Wordtune will help you deal with writer’s block and also give you relevant information, and suggest stylistic adjustments to boost the quality of your research paper.

Here's an example:

An AI-powered transcription tool, is a valuable asset for researchers, particularly those involved in the social sciences. It streamlines tasks such as transcribing interviews, capturing research ideas, and converting spoken words into text through mobile dictation.

Despite the inherent challenges of AI-generated transcriptions, Otter excels in providing quick and automated solutions, saving significant time for researchers. The tool's support for real-time transcriptions enhances its utility as an efficient starting point for various research endeavors.

Here’s what it might look like to get started:

Benefits and Challenges of Using AI Tools

While these tools offer immense benefits, challenges exist. AI research tools can streamline tasks but must be used responsibly. The responsible integration of AI into research processes ensures a harmonious blend of technological guidance without compromising the researcher's intellectual rigor and creative input.

Let’s look at some of the main benefits and challenges of using ai for research paper writing.

• Time Efficiency: AI tools accelerate tedious tasks, allowing researchers to focus on critical thinking and analysis. It also enables researchers to manage their time better, by focusing more on areas that require manual, intellectual effort.
• Language Precision: Tools like WordVice and Wordtune refine language, elevating the quality of communication in research papers.
• Heuristic support: AI tools can help you get acquainted with new theories, concepts, and arguments while offering personalized support to your learning process. Being better informed will positively reflect in your writing as well.
• Improving overall quality: The tools we’ve seen so far are capable of improving your overall work quality. By helping you with idea organization, extracting information, creating rough drafts, and fine-tuning your writing skills, AI tools can improve your work’s overall quality.

Challenges:

• Overreliance: Researchers must avoid overreliance on AI, preserving their unique insights and analytical skills. This balance ought to be cultivated in budding researchers, allowing them to explore diverse sources of information while remaining anchored in good research practices.
• Potentials for Bias: While we think that AI tools have overcome biases, the truth is quite far from it. Especially in research, AI tools can generate responses that conform to the  restricted data available at the source, betraying its lack of reflexivity and bias-recognition ability.
• Ethical Considerations: Responsible use involves addressing ethical concerns, such as data privacy and algorithmic biases. With the use of AI tools, the necessity for ethical considerations and regulations has become even more important in research.
• Inherent limitations: There are inherent limitations to AI, which of course is a result of its design itself. For example, despite several attempts to overcome AI hallucinations, we still encounter the problems of AI tools generating fake or untrue information, precisely because the model runs on iterative text-predictions in a given context.

Despite the many challenges associated with it, AI tools can indeed propel radical changes in scientific research. Embracing the best AI tools for research paper writing pushes academia into a new era of efficiency and precision.

The synergy between human intellect and AI tools can cultivate a research landscape where technological advancements complement, rather than overshadow, our intellectual endeavors.

As you embark on your next research journey, consider integrating these tools and navigating the intricate path toward academic success with confidence.

1. How do I use AI for academic writing?

2.can ai tools help me brainstorm and outline my research paper.

Yes, AI tools like SciSpace can assist in generating ideas and outlining a research paper. AI tools can also help refine your writing, including the style and overall structure of your ideas.

3.Which is the top AI tool for writing research papers in 2024?

SciSpace is the best AI tool for writing research papers in 2024. It has a plethora of AI tools geared towards locating relevant papers, conducting literature reviews, and finessing your research writing.

4.What are the pros and cons of using AI tools for academic writing?

Pros include time efficiency, language precision, heuristic support, and improved productivity. Cons include overreliance on AI tools, potential for bias, ethical challenges, and limitations of the models themselves.

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AI writing tools promise faster manuscripts for researchers

Automation brings plagiarism risks, and software still needs human input for analysis and narrative.

Credit: gmast3r/Getty Images

17 August 2021

gmast3r/Getty Images

Writing tools powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to reduce manuscript preparation time to a few days, or hours. Deep-learning technologies that run chatbots, spellchecks and auto-generated tweets are being used in a growing number of products pitched at students and academics.

Grammarly, for example, claims to “inspect your writing carefully to improve clarity, word choice and more”, offering free and fee-based services.

But are these tools up to the task? In an experiment through education information site EduRef, a group of recent graduates, undergraduates and self-described undergraduate-level writers were given the same assignments as GPT-3, an AI language program developed by OpenAI, a research company co-founded by Elon Musk.

The assignments were evaluated by instructors who did not know who (or what) had written them. GPT-3 performed in line with the humans, according to EduRef, and received “more or less the same feedback”.

The program was praised for writing excellent openings and transitions, but was criticised for using vague, blunt and awkward language, and for failing to craft a strong narrative. It wrote shallow, less descriptive papers than the students, according to EduRef’s write-up on its website, but it took between three and 20 minutes to write a paper, compared to three days for the students.

Hilde van Zeeland is chief applied linguist at start-up company Writefull, which offers AI-based language editing, and is part of London-based Digital Science (see disclosure, below). She says AI tools are already powerful enough to improve a writer’s sentence flow and structure, and will continue to improve.

The company recently analysed more than 250,000 abstracts to identify the most commonly used phrases in each of four different parts of the abstract.

They found, for example, that the words ‘aim of this study’ occurred most frequently in part 1 of the abstract (where study aim and background are described) and the phrase ‘95% confidence interval’ occurred most often in part 4 (which deals with meaning of results, contribution, future research). Users can choose phrases and connecting sentences to use in their own papers.

“With this database of phrases, when a user struggles with the right word to use for each section, our software will be able to provide good alternatives,” says van Zeeland.

The website tells users not to worry about plagiarism, reassuring them that certain phrases won’t be flagged by a plagiarism checker because they are short and commonly used.

Writefull is running a separate experiment that involves feeding an abstract into an AI tool, which generates a paper title based on the input. This function can enhance title readability, draw readership to the abstract and make the article more visible to search engines, according to van Zeeland.

AI tools can do more than check a writer’s grammar and spelling and suggest frequently used phrases, says computer scientist, Guillaume Cabanac, from the University of Toulouse in France.

An analysis of journal-published computer-science papers by Cabanac and his colleagues, posted as a preprint on arXiv in July and yet to be peer-reviewed, found swathes of articles containing tortured phrases and nonsensical text. For example, the phrase ‘colossal information’ was used instead of ‘big data’.

The authors suspect that these papers were the result of using automated translations or software that rewrites existing text to disguise plagiarism, according to a report in Nature .

Their study prompted warnings from research integrity experts that a new type of fabricated paper was entering the scientific literature, which will be hard to spot as AI tools learn to use more sophisticated language.

Considerations for using AI writing tools in academic work

Shu Chian Tay, a science communicator at the National University of Singapore , fears that AI writing tools could exacerbate inequality between labs with different access to resources or openness to trying new technologies.

Shu Chian Tay

“Consider a hypothetical situation where AI science-writing is possible and two labs have made the same research breakthrough at the same time,” says Tay.

“One lab stuck to human writing, which took weeks, while the other made use of AI writing tools. The latter, who is likely to publish earlier would get most, if not all, of the scientific recognition and lucrative intellectual property rights.”

Will AI replace human writing?

Tay notes that although AI writing tools are quite powerful, they have not yet reached a point where they can write a scientific manuscript from scratch. “We still need researchers to analyse data, present them as figures, and develop a coherent story before feeding all this information to the AI machine,” she says.

Ryan Morrison, professor of English as a second language at George Brown College in Toronto, Canada, says that although the adoption of AI in academic writing is inevitable, it is unlikely to replace human writing in the near future.

Ryan Morrison

“Just as super-computer calculators can process large sets of numbers fast, AI writing tools outperform humans in completing tasks like spell checks and text generation at a much faster rate,” says Morrison. “But the creativity of AI is ultimately limited by the input materials and the discretion of the human curator.”

Software such as Turnitin is also incorporating AI technology to enhance its ability to detect plagiarism. This could potentially be used to identify documents written using AI tools.

Be transparent about using AI writing tools in academic work

Michael Mindzak, assistant professor in the department of educational studies at Brock University in Ontario, Canada, cautions that the academic community has not yet agreed on how to manage potential problems related to AI writing tools, such as plagiarism and authorship credits.

Michael Mindzak

Most institutions are yet to formulate policies on the use of these tools by students and staff. This can be problematic when committee members making decisions on tenure and promotion have different views about the appropriateness of using them, says Mindzak.

“My advice is to be transparent,” says Mindzak. “Declare and add a disclaimer if you have used AI-assisted writing. As more people in the community do this, it may become a norm, just like how the ‘conflict of interest’ section has been added to academic papers in response to a rise in company-funded research and start-ups from academic labs.”

*Digital Science is a subsidiary of Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, which owns 53% of Springer Nature, publisher of the Nature Index. Nature Index is editorially independent of its publisher.

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Free software applications for authors for writing a research paper

Himel mondal.

1 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India

Ayesha Juhi

Anupkumar d. dhanvijay, mohammed jaffer pinjar, shaikat mondal.

2 Department of Physiology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Raiganj, West Bengal, India

Basic computer skills are essential for authors writing research papers as it has the potential to make the task easier for a researcher. This article provides a glimpse about the essential software programs for a novice author writing a research paper. These software applications help streamline the writing process, improve the quality of work, and ensure that papers are formatted correctly. It covers word processing software, grammar correction software, bibliography management software, paraphrasing tool, writing tools, and statistical software. All of the tools described are free to use. Hence, it would help researchers from resource-limited settings or busy physicians who get lesser time for research writing. We presume this review paper would help provide valuable insights and guidance for novice authors looking to write a high-quality research paper.

Introduction

An author is one who “writes a book, article, play, etc.” A researcher is “someone whose job is to study a subject carefully, especially in order to discover new information or understand the subject better.” However, in a broad sense, a researcher is an author first. In a research cycle, a researcher needs to become an author from the very beginning of the research (preparation of proposal) to the end of the research (writing a paper for publication).[ 1 ]

Basic computer skills are essential for authors writing research papers because computers and technology have become a fundamental part of the research and writing process. As a new author writing a research paper, there are several essential software skills that can help you streamline the writing process, improve the quality of work, and ensure that the proposal or paper is formatted correctly.[ 2 ] However, these skills are rarely taught in our formal undergraduate or postgraduate course of study.

In this context, we discuss some of the basic software skills that may enhance the the quality of an research article in this article. This includes word processing software, grammar-checking software, paraphrasing tools, statistical software, writing tools, and keyword-searching tool.

Software applications

We describe some of the free software applications that may help authors during the preparation of a research paper. All the applications described are available either for computers or can be used online without paying any fees. Relevant websites where the tools are available are shown in Table 1 .

Software application (downloadable and online) with websites and their primary use for research purposes

WPS=Writer, Presentation and Spreadsheets, MeSH=Medical Subject Headings, DOI=Digital Object Identifier, JANE=Journal/Author Name Estimator, GPT=Generative Pre-training Transformer

Computer software applications

Apache OpenOffice is a free and open-source office software suite that includes a word processor (writer), spreadsheet, presentation software, and other tools. OpenOffice Writer is similar to Microsoft Word and can be used to write and format your research article.[ 3 ] This program is capable of saving the file into its own format (.odt) and also helps in saving the file in Microsoft Word document format (.doc). Hence, any text typed in this program can easily be opened with Microsoft Word. Along with typing an article, this program can help in making a flow chart (e.g. PRISMA flow chart for systemic review and meta-analysis) for research articles. Figure 1 shows the user interface of OpenOffice writer.

A portion of a story written on OpenOffice Writer showing the user interface

There is alternative office software called WPS (an acronym for Writer, Presentation, and Spreadsheets) office. Its personal basic version is free to use. However, the full version needs a subscription. Hence, researchers who are not comfortable with OpenOffice can use this software for writing their papers.

JAMOVI is open-source software for statistical analysis, which means that it is free to download and use. This can be particularly useful for researchers on a budget who do not have access to expensive commercial software. JAMOVI has a user-friendly interface that is easy to navigate, even for beginners. JAMOVI offers a wide range of statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, regression, and factor analysis. It is particularly well suited for researchers who need to conduct statistical analyses but are not familiar with the more complex features of traditional statistical software like Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).[ 4 ] Figure 2 shows a part of the software when we conducted a Wilcoxon signed rank test (the nonparametric equivalent of paired t -test).

Part of the application JAMOVI when a Wilcoxon signed rank test was conducted

Those who are not interested to learn the basics of the JAMOVI can refer to the “online statistics” section of this article where we provided some websites that help in conducting basic statistical tests.

Zotero allows researchers to collect and organize references from a variety of sources, including library catalogs, websites, and databases. This can help researchers keep track of their sources and ensure that they have all the necessary information to cite them correctly. Zotero allows users to store full-text articles as PDFs, web pages, or other formats, along with their corresponding bibliographic information. This can make it easier to access articles and ensure that the information is all in one place. Zotero makes it easy to create bibliographies in a variety of formats, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and many others. This can save researchers time and reduce the likelihood of errors.[ 5 ]

However, those who are not willing to manage the references by Zotero can simply use the comment option in the word processing software to easily keep the reference with the text, and after the final draft, copy those references to add them to the manuscript file.

Google drive

Google Drive is a cloud-based storage and collaboration tool that can be very useful for researchers. Google Drive allows researchers to access their work from any device with an internet connection, making it easy to work on the go and collaborate with others from anywhere in the world. Google Drive makes it easy for researchers to collaborate with colleagues by sharing documents, spreadsheets, and presentations in real time. Multiple users can work on the same document simultaneously, and changes are saved automatically. Google Drive allows researchers to organize their research materials and data in one place, making it easy to find and access them when needed. By storing research materials and data on Google Drive, researchers can ensure that their work is backed up and secure, reducing the risk of data loss due to hardware failure or other issues.[ 6 ] The drive application can be downloaded and installed [ Table 1 ] on computers that would create a separate drive in the computer and keeping any files in this folder would be synchronized online and you can access it from any device connected to the Internet. However, it is to remember that an account is provided free with 15 GB of free cloud storage.

Online software applications

Grammarly is an online grammar-checking tool that can be very helpful for writers who want to improve the accuracy and clarity of their writing. It uses advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence to analyze text and identify errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. In addition to catching grammar and punctuation errors, Grammarly can also suggest vocabulary enhancements improve the style and tone of your writing. This can help you avoid common writing mistakes and create more engaging content. When Grammarly identifies an error in your writing, it explains the rule that you may have violated and suggests corrections that you can make. This can help you learn from your mistakes and avoid making similar errors in the future.[ 7 ] A guide on how to use Grammarly is available elsewhere in the article by Mondal and Mondal.[ 8 ] The premium version of the software provides further enhancement of the article. However, the basic free version helps a lot in correcting grammar that is skipped by common word processing software.

Quillbot is a paraphrasing tool that uses advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence to help researchers rephrase and reword their writing. It can be very helpful for researchers who need to paraphrase content for academic or professional purposes. Quillbot can help researchers save time by automatically rephrasing and rewording content. This can be particularly useful for researchers who need to paraphrase large amounts of text or who are working under tight deadlines. Quillbot can help researchers avoid text similarity (i.e. text plagiarism) by providing a way to paraphrase the content. This can be important for researchers who need to avoid plagiarism in their academic or professional work. Quillbot can be used on a variety of platforms, including web browsers, mobile devices, and desktop applications. This makes it easy to use Quillbot on the platform of your choice and to access your writing from multiple devices.[ 8 ] Figure 3 shows an example where a paragraph of text is being paraphrased.

A paragraph of text is paraphrased by QuillBot

MeSH on demand

MeSH on Demand is a website that provides a user-friendly interface to create Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, which are widely used in the biomedical literature to facilitate the indexing and retrieval of articles. It can be very useful for researchers who need to identify appropriate MeSH terms for their research articles. It generates keywords and phrases related to the text provided by the user. This can be very helpful for researchers who are unfamiliar with the MeSH vocabulary and want to ensure that their articles are indexed correctly.[ 9 ] Figure 4 shows searching MeSH terms in a paragraph of text. After getting the MeSH terms, the author needs to decide which are the most relevant keywords for their manuscript and use those. The majority of the journal has a limitation on the number of keywords.

MeSH terms were searched from a paragraph of text on MeSH on Demand web application

In addition to searching MeSH terms in an article, the search result also includes relevant articles available in PubMed. Authors can check the list if they had missed any relevant literature.

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier, which is a unique identifier assigned to a digital object such as a research article, data set, or other types of research output. It is widely used in the scholarly publishing industry and can be very useful for researchers. Researchers can always locate and access the digital object with DOI. It also helps researchers accurately cite their sources by providing a unique identifier that can be included in the reference list. This can help ensure that the citation is accurate and can be easily located by copy editors or readers.[ 10 ] In many journals, DOI is printed as a quick response code in the printed version of the journal so that any reader can scan it and get the article online. During writing an article, authors may save the DOI number along with the reference for a quick access of the article in future. However, authors always need to check the DOI before putting it along with references as sometimes, due to technical problems, the DOI does not work. In that case, they can save the URL of the article for accessing the paper later.

JANE stands for Journal/Author Name Estimator, which is a Web-based application designed to help researchers find relevant journals and authors for their research. JANE is a free service provided by the Biosemantics Group and funded by Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre, which makes it an accessible and cost-effective tool for researchers. JANE can help researchers find relevant journals for their research by analyzing the title and abstract of their paper and comparing it to the content of thousands of journals. This can save researchers time and effort in identifying appropriate journals to submit their work. JANE can also help researchers identify potential collaborators for their research by analyzing the authors of the papers in the relevant journals. This can help researchers find other experts in their field who are working on similar research topics.[ 11 ] From the list, authors can get email address of the authors and can use those for suggesting reviewers for the article, if the journal wants some suggested peer reviewer. In Figure 5 , three buttons are shown for finding “journals,” “authors,” and “articles.”

User interface of JANE where text can be pasted or typed and journals, authors, or articles can be searched by pressing buttons below

Online statistics

There are several online free websites that provide statistical tests for researchers. These online free websites can be helpful for researchers who need to conduct statistical tests but may not have access to specialized software or support. They provide a range of statistical tests and tools that are user-friendly and can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. Table 2 is showing some of the websites. Furthermore, detailed guidelines along with practice materials are available in articles by Mondal et al .[ 12 - 15 ]

Websites for statistical analysis

This is not a comprehensive list of online calculator

There is several artificial intelligence (AI)-based writing assistance software available. In recent times, an AI language model, ChatGPT is in discussion among academicians due to its human-like conversational and writing capability. It can be a useful tool for researchers in the process of writing a research paper. Researchers can use ChatGPT to generate ideas and inspiration for their research paper by inputting a topic or question related to their research. ChatGPT can then generate relevant sentences or paragraphs that can serve as a starting point for the paper. Researchers can use ChatGPT to help them write more clearly and effectively. This would particularly be helpful for non-native speakers of English. ChatGPT can provide suggestions for improving the wording, grammar, and structure of sentences, and can also provide synonyms or related words to improve the richness of the text. ChatGPT can be used to summarize long passages of text, making it useful for summarizing articles and research papers for review and analysis. ChatGPT can assist researchers in managing their citations and references by generating citations and reference lists in the appropriate format.[ 16 ] However, many a times, ChatGPT generates fictitious references for text which is not found on the internet. Google Bard is an alternative to ChatGPT which can also help in the tasks done by ChatGPT.

An example of conversation with ChatGPT is shown in Figure 6 where the ChatGPT was asked to explain importance of family medicine in India with three references.

A conversation with ChatGPT showing the input and output

Overall, having a basic understanding of these software tools can help new authors write more efficiently, effectively, and accurately, and create a professional-looking research paper.

There are several advantages of using technology for writing a research paper. Technology can greatly increase the efficiency of the research paper writing process, enabling researchers to complete tasks faster and more accurately. For example, ChatGPT can write a portion of the manuscript within seconds and QuillBot can help paraphrase text in a very short time. Technology can facilitate collaboration among researchers by enabling them to work together remotely and share information and feedback in real time. Digital tools can help researchers organize their research materials and notes more effectively, making it easier to keep track of important information and sources. In both domains, Google Drive is of great help.[ 17 , 18 ]

There are some disadvantages to using technology for research. Overreliance on technology can lead to a loss of critical thinking and writing skills, as well as a reduced ability to solve problems independently. The Internet and other digital tools can be a source of distraction and can hinder concentration and focus, potentially leading to lower-quality research and writing. While the Internet provides access to vast amounts of information, not all of it is reliable or accurate, which can lead to lower-quality research and writing. Not all researchers have access to the necessary technology and resources to complete their research effectively, which can create barriers to entry and hinder research progress.[ 19 , 20 ]

While we use the software applications for shaping our research paper, should we acknowledge them in the research paper as we mention humans who help us for similar task? Researchers mention the software package details, acknowledge any third party editing services, or copy editing by any human. However, they usually do not acknowledge the software. When it comes to word processing software, such as Microsoft Word or OpenOffice, it is not necessary to acknowledge them in a research paper. These tools are commonly used for writing and formatting documents, and their usage is expected. Regarding specific tools like Grammarly or ChatGPT, if substantial help was obtained, then acknowledging them would be appropriate. However, specific role to be mentioned for which the help was taken.[ 21 ] For example, refer to the acknowledgement part of this manuscript to have a glimpse on how we acknowledged ChatGPT for its help in this manuscript. Similar text can be added when help is taken from other tools.

Overall, technology can greatly benefit the research paper writing process, but researchers need to be aware of its limitations and potential drawbacks. By balancing the advantages and disadvantages of using technology, researchers can use it as a tool to enhance their research and writing while maintaining the integrity and quality of their work. Primary care physicians often engage in research activities; however, busy primary care physicians hardly get time for writing. Hence, these applications can assist them in organizing research data, writing manuscripts, and formatting citations and references.

This review paper has discussed the essential software programs that are highly recommended for novice authors writing a research paper. The software programs discussed include Open Office for typing a paper, Jamovi for statistical analysis, Zotero for reference management, Google drive for data storage and accessibility, Grammarly for checking grammar, QuillBot for paraphrasing, MeSH on demand for searching keywords and related articles, DOI for searching the literature, JANE for author search, various online websites for statistical analysis, and language-based AI for generating content for a research paper. Utilizing these essential software programs and maintaining a balanced approach to technology use, novice authors can produce higher-quality research papers and contribute to the advancement of their respective fields.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment

We would like to acknowledge the use of ChatGPT (May 24 Version), an AI language model developed by OpenAI ( https://openai.com/chatgpt ), for assisting in the language editing of this research paper. ChatGPT helped improve the clarity and readability of the manuscript.

Your Writing Assistant for Research

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Competitors may offer basic grammar checking but often fall short in fine-tuning the nuances of writing style.

Academic Writing Process

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Competitors may not provide the same level of support, leaving users to navigate the intricacies of academic writing on their own.

Scientific Writing

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Competitors may offer generic writing tools that lack the specialized features required for scientific writing.

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Paperpal for Researchers Join the academic and scientific writing revolution

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Showcase your research with high-quality academic writing

The academic writing revolution is here; with the emergence of new research paper writing tools, content creation has never been easier. Whether your objective is tenure, a research grant, a book deal, or just an improved reputation in your department, a string of high-profile journal articles are the building blocks you need to fast-track your academic career. As a researcher, what better way of communicating your research than by showcasing it in a well-written article that is published in a top journal? However, the process of journal submission and multiple research paper grammar checks to ensure the language is of the highest quality isn’t without its challenges. A global Editage study in 2018 found that nearly half of the authors surveyed faced challenges in preparing a manuscript for journal submission and found peer review to be a daunting process. Paperpal, with its AI-powered tools for researchers, is the key to making this process a simpler, faster one for authors everywhere.

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Simplifies and optimizes scientific editing for researchers

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Streamlines journal submissions with comprehensive checks

Imagine if after all the work you put in preparing your manuscript for submission, you’re rejected because it fails the basic technical checks. Being rejected for avoidable snags like a missing conflict of interest statement or ethics statement is not only disappointing, it further delays research publication. Most journals have a core set of submission requirements that need to be followed in order for a manuscript to be considered. But with so many things to check and do, researchers often stumble at this stage. This is where Paperpal for Manuscript, which checks your research paper across key language and technical parameters, is the perfect tool for researchers to check their submission readiness. Upload your ready manuscript and for just $29 you can download a Word file with all the suggestions included in mark-ups or comments. Accept or reject suggestions with a few clicks, and recheck your work unlimited times to create the best version of your manuscript. Premium editing has never been simpler.

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English has long been established as the language of academic publications. And even then, different journals prefer a specific variation, such as British or American English. While this can trip up even native English-speaking researchers, it makes the task of creating a compelling high-quality manuscript for publication even more challenging for those with English as a second language. Paperpal’s AI-powered research paper grammar check and scientific writing tools were built with a vision to democratize scholarly publishing by ensuring your academic writing meets the highest publication standards. Where you are in the world doesn’t matter. We’re part of an academic writing revolution that empowers anyone, anywhere to polish their academic writing skills with access to our precise research paper writing tools for researchers. Paperpal differentiates between British and American English and offers appropriate suggestions in terms of spellings, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. Moreover, our AI is trained on millions of corrections made by professional editors across 1,300 subject areas, which means you get tailored suggestions to enhance your research writing and boost your chance of publication success.

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LITERATURE REVIEW SOFTWARE FOR BETTER RESEARCH

“This tool really helped me to create good bibtex references for my research papers”

Ali Mohammed-Djafari

Director of Research at LSS-CNRS, France

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Swansea University, Wales

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Franklin Jeffers

South Oregon University, USA

“One of the 3 most promising tools that (1) do not solely rely on keywords, (2) does nice visualizations, (3) is easy to use”

Singapore Management University

“Incredibly useful tool to get to know more literature, and to gain insight in existing research”

KU Leuven, Belgium

“Seeing my literature list as a network enhances my thinking process!”

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

“I can’t live without you anymore! I also recommend you to my students.”

Professor at The Chinese University of Hong Kong

“This has helped me so much in researching the literature. Currently, I am beginning to investigate new fields and this has helped me hugely”

Aran Warren

Canterbury University, NZ

“It's nice to get a quick overview of related literature. Really easy to use, and it helps getting on top of the often complicated structures of referencing”

Christoph Ludwig

Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

“Litmaps is extremely helpful with my research. It helps me organize each one of my projects and see how they relate to each other, as well as to keep up to date on publications done in my field”

Daniel Fuller

Clarkson University, USA

“Litmaps is a game changer for finding novel literature... it has been invaluable for my productivity.... I also got my PhD student to use it and they also found it invaluable, finding several gaps they missed”

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Austin Health, Australia

Our Course: Learn and Teach with Litmaps

Free writing software: 24 tools to help you create better content, faster

Find the best brainstorming, researching, writing, and editing tools.

As a freelance writer, I try to keep my app costs lean, so I'm a sucker for free writing tools. But with so many writing apps on the market, it's hard to tell which free options are actually valuable.

I've done some of the legwork for you by bringing together some of the best free writing apps on the internet. All of the options listed here are tools the Zapier team or I have used and enjoyed.

For this roundup, I prioritized completely free tools and freemium apps with a forever free plan that was sufficient for actual regular use. Many of the options have paid plans, but those plans are generally geared toward power users.

Researching and note-taking software

Writing software

Editing software

Proofreading software

The best free writing software at a glance

Free writing tools for brainstorming and organizing your thoughts, best free writing software for expanding your ideas.

MindMeister (Web, iOS, Android)

If you like to perform mind mapping to get your thoughts on paper and connect them, MindMeister gives you a virtual space to do it. It includes templates for the traditional mind map as well as more specific layouts for frameworks like SMART goals, case studies, and content plans.

Want to learn more about mind mapping? Check out Zapier's list of the best mind mapping apps , or discover nine ways to use mind maps to jumpstart your projects.

MindMeister pricing: Free for up to 3 mind maps; from $5.99/month for premium plans , including features like unlimited mind maps, advanced exporting, and group sharing

Best free writing software for creating content outlines

Workflowy (Web, macOS, Windows, Chrome, iOS, Android)

Outlines are a writer's best friend , and Workflowy lets you go as deep or shallow as you want. This tool organizes your outline into bullet points that you can click to nest and expand however you want.

Workflowy pricing: Free for up to 250 bullets a month ; from $4.99/month for the Workflowy Pro plan with expanded features like unlimited bullets and uploads

Best free writing software for brainstorming together

When you need to write something in collaboration with others, the brainstorming process is one of the trickiest to facilitate with technology. Miro lets you plot out ideas with mind maps, Kanban boards, virtual sticky notes, and whatever strategy you use to get your thoughts down. The free plan allows for unlimited team members to brainstorm with at the same time.

If whiteboards aren't your preferred brainstorming method, explore Zapier's picks for the top brainstorming tools for more collaborative and solo apps.

You can even use Miro with Zapier (also free), so you can automate your brainstorming workflows. Here are a couple of ideas to get you started.

Create Miro widgets with new Trello cards

Add Miro cards from new rows on Google Sheets

Miro pricing: Free for 3 whiteboards with unlimited team members; from $8/user/month for plans with unlimited whiteboards and advanced collaboration features

Best free writing software for brainstorming topics

Ryan Robinson's Keyword Research Tool (Web)

Go to the Ideas tab of Ryan Robinson's Keyword Research Tool , and it'll provide ideas related to your query. Since it's a keyword tool first and foremost, these ideas are designed to be less competitive on search results, too.

If you're looking for keyword research tools specifically for their main purpose, check out Zapier's roundup of the best free keyword research tools .  

Keyword Research Tool pricing: Free

Best free writing software for brainstorming ideas with AI

ChatGPT (Web)

With the rise of AI , some writers use GPT-based apps to brainstorm ideas and build the base for an outline. ChatGPT is the best free option—and the one you know and love—or you can check out even more GPT-powered writing apps in Zapier's list of the best AI writing generators . 

You can also combine GPT with Zapier to send ideas to your favorite project management tool.

ChatGPT pricing: Free; ChatGPT Plus is $20/month

Best free writing software for brainstorming out loud

Your computer's dictation software (MacOS, Windows)

If you process your thoughts best through speaking, there's a brainstorming app already on your computer. Boot up Windows 10 Speech Recognition on Windows or Apple Dictation on Mac to record your thoughts as you brainstorm out loud.

For mobile and premium dictation app options, check out Zapier's list of the best text dictation software .

Windows 10 Speech Recognition and Apple Dictation pricing: Free

Free writing tools for research and note-taking

Best free writing software for keeping everything in one place.

Notion (Web, MacOS, Windows, iOS, Android)

Notion's balance of organization and spontaneity make it a great place to hold your notes, links, social media posts, transcriptions, and any other resources you need to write that draft. Plus, depending on your writing preferences, you can then write the draft itself in Notion—all for free. 

Add Zapier integrations to the mix to bring even more of your writing life together. Here are some pre-made workflows to get you started.

Save new tasks in Google Tasks in Notion databases

Add new Microsoft Outlook calendar events to Notion databases

If Notion doesn't meet your needs, try one of these Notion alternatives . Zapier also has a list of the best note-taking apps for you to browse.

Notion pricing: Free plan available; from $8/user/month for team plans

Best free writing software for finding free copies of paywalled research

Unpaywall (Web)

Have you ever come across a search result for the perfect research article, only to discover it's behind a paywall? Unpaywall gets you across those paywalls ethically by looking for legitimate free versions of paywalled academic research. It looks at sources like journals' open-access repositories and university and government databases, so you're never infringing copyright.

Unpaywall pricing: Free

Best free writing software for transcribing interview and video content

oTranscribe (Web)

oTranscribe simplifies the manual transcription process by placing your audio controls and a word processor on the same screen. This tool has keyboard controls and speed adjustment, so you can seamlessly transition between your audio and transcript.

If you're willing to pay a bit, here's Zapier's list of the best transcription apps and services .

oTranscribe pricing: Free

Best free writing software for collecting research from other people

Google Forms (Web, iOS, Android)

When you need original quotes or data from other people, a free survey tool or form builder will help you organize it all. Google Forms is an accessible choice for most people because it's completely free and works with the rest of Google Workspace.

Turn your form responses into Trello cards, Notion database entries, or any other nugget of info that serves you well with Google Forms' Zapier integrations .

Create Trello cards from new Google Forms responses

Share Google Forms responses in a Slack channel

Google Forms pricing: Free

Free writing tools for solo and collaborative writing

Best free writing software for collaborative writing.

Google Docs (Web, Chrome, iOS, Android)

Google Docs' straightforward interface and ease of use make it a great tool for writing solo, but this app really shines through its collaborative features . Its suggestion, sharing, and version history features put it on par with its paid alternatives at no cost to you.

You can connect Google Docs to all the other tools you use with its Zapier integration . Here are some ideas for free automations you might set up.

Create new Google Docs from text with new rows in Google Sheets

Create new Google Docs when Trint transcripts are ready

Not a fan of Google Docs or don't want to create a Google account? Find another great option in Zapier's guide to the best collaborative writing apps .

Google Docs pricing: Free

Best free writing software for messages and blurbs

WordCounter (Web)

Sometimes you need to write a small amount of text, such as a message or a blurb, without the pressure of accidentally hitting the Enter button too early. WordCounter acts as a combination clipboard and editor with a word count that saves your work in your browser cache for the next time you visit.

WordCounter pricing: Free

Free writing tools for editing

Best free writing software for finding the perfect word.

OneLook Reverse Dictionary and Thesaurus (Web)

OneLook Reverse Dictionary and Thesaurus offers all the synonyms you could dream of like a regular thesaurus, but it stands out in its reverse dictionary capabilities. Enter a phrase—or even a full sentence—to get words that match that meaning. This feature comes in handy when you want to write more concisely or find that word that's on the tip of your tongue.

OneLook Reverse Dictionary and Thesaurus pricing: Free

Best free writing software for finding the right word—anywhere

Power Thesaurus (Web, Chrome, iOS, Android)

As a freelance writer, I find myself needing to switch up words when I write on various platforms across the internet. Power Thesaurus gives me synonyms, antonyms, definitions, and other forms of word assistance wherever I like to write. It can do the same for you—put it to use on its website, in your browser, on your phone, in Google Docs, in Word, and in Gmail.

Power Thesaurus pricing: Free for fundamental features; starting from $2.49/month for Power Thesaurus PRO , featuring filters and a wider selection of synonyms

Best free writing software for rewording what you write

Wordtune (Web, Chrome, iOS)

When you just can't get phrasing right in your writing, you might turn to a friend or editor to help you sort it out. Wordtune acts as that person by offering suggestions to reword, expand, and shorten your content using AI. It doesn't have as robust of a free plan as some of the other options on this list, but it provides enough if you need assistance here and there.

If you want more features and are willing to pay a monthly fee, you can put AI to work in your editing process with Zapier's list of the best AI rewording and grammar-checking tools .

Wordtune pricing: Free for up to 10 rewrites, three AI prompts, and three summaries a day; from $9.99/month for advanced plans featuring more rewrites, AI prompts, and summaries

Best free writing software for clear and concise writing

Hemingway Editor (Web, macOS, Windows)

Inspired by Ernest Hemingway's concise writing style, the Hemingway Editor points out opportunities to sharpen your writing. This tool highlights passive voice, complex sentences, and adverbs that make your work harder to understand. It also supplies a readability score to estimate how accessible your writing is to a broad audience.

Hemingway Editor pricing: Free for editing in the Hemingway web app; $19.99 for the Mac or Windows desktop app

Best free writing software for creating compelling headlines

CoSchedule Headline Studio (Web, Chrome)

CoSchedule Headline Studio helps you write compelling headlines by analyzing the sentiment and word balance in your titles. Type in a headline to get a score and test different variations based on the suggestions you get. The Google Chrome extension and WordPress plugin let you analyze headlines wherever you go.

CoSchedule Headline Studio pricing: Free for basic features; from $8/month to buy "Premium Headline" credits that give you access to an SEO score, AI writing features, headline suggestions, and word banks for a certain number of headlines

Best free writing software for finding and removing cliches

Cliche Finder (Web)

Cut cliches out of your writing using Cliche Finder . After you paste your text into the textbox and click the Find Cliches button, the tool will highlight any cliches in bold, red text. It's up to you from there, but the tool is 100% free.

Cliche Finder pricing: Free

Best free writing software for finding jargon in your text

De-Jargonizer (Web)

Another writing mechanism that gets in the way of clarity is jargon—terms that only people in a specific role will understand. The De-Jargonizer highlights potential jargon in your writing in orange in red for you to consider rephrasing.

Once you identify jargon in your text with the De-Jargonizer, you can get suggestions for rewriting it from Zapier's Corporate Jargon Translator , built using Zapier's free AI chatbot builder .

De-Jargonizer pricing: Free

Best free writing software for varying your wording and sentence length

Expresso (Web)

Two of the best ways to amp up your writing are to switch up your words and sentence length. Expresso helps you achieve both of these goals by breaking your writing down into metrics based on word usage and sentence length, such as frequently repeated words and average sentence word count.

Expresso pricing: Free

Best free writing software for comparing your writing to AI content

GPTZero (Web, Chrome)

Due to the complexity of the AI situation, it can be tricky to truly detect AI writing with an AI content detector . But, as one writer discovered in our guide to standing out from AI , these tools work well for picking out human content that sounds like AI due to repetitive phrases and generic writing. GPTZero is a free option that judges text based on perplexity (complexity) and burstiness (sentence variation).

GPTZero pricing: Free for documents up to 5,000 words and batch uploads of up to 3 files; from $9.99/month for plans with higher word and batch limits

Free writing tools for proofreading

Best free writing software for catching spelling and grammar mistakes.

Grammarly (Web, macOS, Windows, Android iOS, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge)

Check for spelling and grammar mistakes everywhere you write with Grammarly . It looks for even the nit-pickiest details, like missing dashes and incorrect prepositions. Stick to its web editor, add it to your favorite writing tool, or add the browser extension to check your writing wherever you go.

Grammarly pricing: Free for the basic spell- and grammar-checker; from $12/month for plans with advanced features like tone, vocabulary, and rewrite suggestions

Best free writing tool for proofreading short-form content

ProWritingAid (Web, macOS, Windows, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge)

ProWritingAid's free plan can analyze less text at a time than Grammarly , but it includes a word explorer, thesaurus, and rephrasing tool on top of its grammar-checking features. These capabilities make it a better fit for writers who like to get really granular with their improvement. ProWritingAid's free plan could be a better option for you than Grammarly if your total word count usually clocks at 500 words or fewer.

ProWritingAid pricing: Free for a 500 word count limit and 10 rephrases per day; from $10/month for a Premium plan with no word count limit, unlimited rephrases, and advanced grammar improvement features like in-depth analytics of your writing

Best free writing tool for making MLA citations

EasyBib (Web)

This one's for the academics out there. Enter your paper's sources into EasyBib , and it'll organize them into an MLA bibliography for you. I had to give everything a once-over and make minor changes, but EasyBib helped me win my college library's bibliography contest back in the day by getting it all together.

EasyBib pricing: Free

Free writing software FAQ

Here are some questions lots of people have about writing apps and how to choose the right one.

What's a good free writing tool?

Tools like Google Docs and WordCounter are free forever and very functional. Other apps, like Grammarly or ProWritingAid, have free plans that offer basic features, with more advanced features available via a paid plan.

But there are a lot of free writing tools available that perform a wide variety of functions—everything from brainstorming to research and note-taking to writing to editing to proofreading.

What writing tool do most writers use?

There's a wide variety of writing tools out there, and which one a writer uses really comes down to preference. A lot of writers use Google Docs to write because they already use Google for so many other things—but some may prefer a tool like Notion, where they can combine writing with project management.

What makes a good writing tool?

In short, whatever helps you write! If a blank page and no distraction is what helps you actually get words down, then open a new Google Doc and go at it. If you need to organize your thoughts before you even think about writing, consider adding a brainstorming tool to the mix. Each writer's process is different, and it's all about finding tools that enable your writing, not add another roadblock to your process.

Sharpen your craft with your new toolkit

As is the case with many skills, it can be easy to focus too much on improving your writing through tools alone. You'll maximize the results you'll get from your apps with a solid foundation in writing techniques. Grab the tools that appeal to you on this page, then brush up on your core writing skills to become a killer prose machine.

Related reading:

The best journal apps

How to capitalize or change the case of your text in any app

How to write great copy: 11 copywriting tips

Copywriting vs. content writing: How to do each one well

How to write a business letter: Formatting + template

This article was originally published in June 2015 by Jane Callahan and has also had contributions from Jessica Greene. The most recent update was in August 2023.

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Melissa King

Melissa King is a freelance writer who helps B2B SaaS companies spread the word about their products through engaging content. Outside of the content marketing world, she sometimes writes about video games. Check out her work at melissakingfreelance.com.

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The best AI tools for research papers and academic research (Literature review, grants, PDFs and more)

As our collective understanding and application of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve, so too does the realm of academic research. Some people are scared by it while others are openly embracing the change. 

Make no mistake, AI is here to stay!

Instead of tirelessly scrolling through hundreds of PDFs, a powerful AI tool comes to your rescue, summarizing key information in your research papers. Instead of manually combing through citations and conducting literature reviews, an AI research assistant proficiently handles these tasks.

These aren’t futuristic dreams, but today’s reality. Welcome to the transformative world of AI-powered research tools!

This blog post will dive deeper into these tools, providing a detailed review of how AI is revolutionizing academic research. We’ll look at the tools that can make your literature review process less tedious, your search for relevant papers more precise, and your overall research process more efficient and fruitful.

I know that I wish these were around during my time in academia. It can be quite confronting when trying to work out what ones you should and shouldn’t use. A new one seems to be coming out every day!

Here is everything you need to know about AI for academic research and the ones I have personally trialed on my YouTube channel.

My Top AI Tools for Researchers and Academics – Tested and Reviewed!

There are many different tools now available on the market but there are only a handful that are specifically designed with researchers and academics as their primary user.

These are my recommendations that’ll cover almost everything that you’ll want to do:

Want to find out all of the tools that you could use?

Here they are, below:

AI literature search and mapping – best AI tools for a literature review – elicit and more

Harnessing AI tools for literature reviews and mapping brings a new level of efficiency and precision to academic research. No longer do you have to spend hours looking in obscure research databases to find what you need!

AI-powered tools like Semantic Scholar and elicit.org use sophisticated search engines to quickly identify relevant papers.

They can mine key information from countless PDFs, drastically reducing research time. You can even search with semantic questions, rather than having to deal with key words etc.

With AI as your research assistant, you can navigate the vast sea of scientific research with ease, uncovering citations and focusing on academic writing. It’s a revolutionary way to take on literature reviews.

• Elicit –  https://elicit.org
• Litmaps –  https://www.litmaps.com
• Research rabbit – https://www.researchrabbit.ai/
• Connected Papers –  https://www.connectedpapers.com/
• Supersymmetry.ai: https://www.supersymmetry.ai
• Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org
• Laser AI –  https://laser.ai/
• Inciteful –  https://inciteful.xyz/
• Scite –  https://scite.ai/
• System –  https://www.system.com

If you like AI tools you may want to check out this article:

• How to get ChatGPT to write an essay [The prompts you need]

AI-powered research tools and AI for academic research

AI research tools, like Concensus, offer immense benefits in scientific research. Here are the general AI-powered tools for academic research. 

These AI-powered tools can efficiently summarize PDFs, extract key information, and perform AI-powered searches, and much more. Some are even working towards adding your own data base of files to ask questions from. 

Tools like scite even analyze citations in depth, while AI models like ChatGPT elicit new perspectives.

The result? The research process, previously a grueling endeavor, becomes significantly streamlined, offering you time for deeper exploration and understanding. Say goodbye to traditional struggles, and hello to your new AI research assistant!

• Consensus –  https://consensus.app/
• Iris AI –  https://iris.ai/
• Research Buddy –  https://researchbuddy.app/
• Mirror Think – https://mirrorthink.ai

AI for reading peer-reviewed papers easily

Using AI tools like Explain paper and Humata can significantly enhance your engagement with peer-reviewed papers. I always used to skip over the details of the papers because I had reached saturation point with the information coming in. 

These AI-powered research tools provide succinct summaries, saving you from sifting through extensive PDFs – no more boring nights trying to figure out which papers are the most important ones for you to read!

They not only facilitate efficient literature reviews by presenting key information, but also find overlooked insights.

With AI, deciphering complex citations and accelerating research has never been easier.

• Aetherbrain – https://aetherbrain.ai
• Explain Paper – https://www.explainpaper.com
• Chat PDF – https://www.chatpdf.com
• Humata – https://www.humata.ai/
• Lateral AI –  https://www.lateral.io/
• Paper Brain –  https://www.paperbrain.study/
• Scholarcy – https://www.scholarcy.com/
• SciSpace Copilot –  https://typeset.io/
• Unriddle – https://www.unriddle.ai/
• Sharly.ai – https://www.sharly.ai/
• Open Read –  https://www.openread.academy

AI for scientific writing and research papers

In the ever-evolving realm of academic research, AI tools are increasingly taking center stage.

Enter Paper Wizard, Jenny.AI, and Wisio – these groundbreaking platforms are set to revolutionize the way we approach scientific writing.

Together, these AI tools are pioneering a new era of efficient, streamlined scientific writing.

• Jenny.AI – https://jenni.ai/ (20% off with code ANDY20)
• Yomu – https://www.yomu.ai
• Wisio – https://www.wisio.app

AI academic editing tools

In the realm of scientific writing and editing, artificial intelligence (AI) tools are making a world of difference, offering precision and efficiency like never before. Consider tools such as Paper Pal, Writefull, and Trinka.

Together, these tools usher in a new era of scientific writing, where AI is your dedicated partner in the quest for impeccable composition.

• PaperPal –  https://paperpal.com/
• Writefull –  https://www.writefull.com/
• Trinka –  https://www.trinka.ai/

AI tools for grant writing

In the challenging realm of science grant writing, two innovative AI tools are making waves: Granted AI and Grantable.

These platforms are game-changers, leveraging the power of artificial intelligence to streamline and enhance the grant application process.

Granted AI, an intelligent tool, uses AI algorithms to simplify the process of finding, applying, and managing grants. Meanwhile, Grantable offers a platform that automates and organizes grant application processes, making it easier than ever to secure funding.

Together, these tools are transforming the way we approach grant writing, using the power of AI to turn a complex, often arduous task into a more manageable, efficient, and successful endeavor.

• Granted AI – https://grantedai.com/
• Grantable – https://grantable.co/

Best free AI research tools

There are many different tools online that are emerging for researchers to be able to streamline their research processes. There’s no need for convience to come at a massive cost and break the bank.

The best free ones at time of writing are:

• Elicit – https://elicit.org
• Connected Papers – https://www.connectedpapers.com/
• Litmaps – https://www.litmaps.com ( 10% off Pro subscription using the code “STAPLETON” )
• Consensus – https://consensus.app/

Wrapping up

The integration of artificial intelligence in the world of academic research is nothing short of revolutionary.

With the array of AI tools we’ve explored today – from research and mapping, literature review, peer-reviewed papers reading, scientific writing, to academic editing and grant writing – the landscape of research is significantly transformed.

The advantages that AI-powered research tools bring to the table – efficiency, precision, time saving, and a more streamlined process – cannot be overstated.

These AI research tools aren’t just about convenience; they are transforming the way we conduct and comprehend research.

They liberate researchers from the clutches of tedium and overwhelm, allowing for more space for deep exploration, innovative thinking, and in-depth comprehension.

Whether you’re an experienced academic researcher or a student just starting out, these tools provide indispensable aid in your research journey.

And with a suite of free AI tools also available, there is no reason to not explore and embrace this AI revolution in academic research.

We are on the precipice of a new era of academic research, one where AI and human ingenuity work in tandem for richer, more profound scientific exploration. The future of research is here, and it is smart, efficient, and AI-powered.

Before we get too excited however, let us remember that AI tools are meant to be our assistants, not our masters. As we engage with these advanced technologies, let’s not lose sight of the human intellect, intuition, and imagination that form the heart of all meaningful research. Happy researching!

Thank you to Ivan Aguilar – Ph.D. Student at SFU (Simon Fraser University), for starting this list for me!

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

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Open Access

Ten simple rules for writing a paper about scientific software

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliations Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

• Joseph D. Romano, 
• Jason H. Moore

Published: November 12, 2020

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008390
• Reader Comments

Papers describing software are an important part of computational fields of scientific research. These “software papers” are unique in a number of ways, and they require special consideration to improve their impact on the scientific community and their efficacy at conveying important information. Here, we discuss 10 specific rules for writing software papers, covering some of the different scenarios and publication types that might be encountered, and important questions from which all computational researchers would benefit by asking along the way.

Author summary

Computational researchers have a responsibility to ensure that the software they write stands up to the same scientific scrutiny as traditional research studies. These 10 simple rules make doing so easier by enhancing usability, reproducibility, transparency, and other crucial characteristics that aren’t taught in most computer science or research methods curricula.

Citation: Romano JD, Moore JH (2020) Ten simple rules for writing a paper about scientific software. PLoS Comput Biol 16(11): e1008390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008390

Editor: Scott Markel, Dassault Systemes BIOVIA, UNITED STATES

Copyright: © 2020 Romano, Moore. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: This work is funded with support from NIH grants R01LM010098, R01LM012601, R01AI116794, UL1TR001878, UC4DK112217 (PI: Jason Moore), and P30ES013508 (PI: Trevor Penning). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

In recent decades, scientific software has become a critical feature of virtually all research workflows [ 1 ]. Computational researchers and informaticians, therefore, have a responsibility to release and disseminate software in the same scientifically rigorous manner as other research protocols, datasets, and empirical studies released into the scientific community. Writing (and publishing) a peer-reviewed paper about a newly developed scientific software is arguably one of the best ways to do this—“software papers” can reach a massive number of potential users (even acting as advertisement for the software), are a great way to show that the software stands up to scientific scrutiny, and allow users to easily reuse and cite the software in their own research.

However, software papers are fundamentally different from other “traditional” research articles. The process of designing and implementing software is different from designing and carrying out bench experiments, clinical studies, or raw data analyses [ 2 ]. There are also differences in the “final product” of the research: Software studies, obviously, yield a piece of software to be directly reused, whereas other study paradigms provide new protocols, specific findings, and follow-up questions or hypotheses.

There are basically 2 types of software papers: (1) stand-alone papers that solely describe the software, usually in a shorter format than an article written about a traditional research study; and (2) a (more traditional) article describing an original research question that includes development of a piece of new software as one of its critical components. Examples of the former include the original papers describing Biopython [ 3 ], scikit-learn [ 4 ], and SAMtools [ 5 ]. The latter includes the papers that introduced Gene Set Enrichment Analysis [ 6 ], the Connectivity Map tools [ 7 ], and VIPER [ 8 ]. Although these options produce 2 very different styles of paper, the 10 simple rules presented below largely apply to both of them.

Rule 1: Read the other “Ten Simple Rules” papers on coding

In order to have a good software paper, you first need to have good software. All of the other rules for writing great scientific software apply here, especially those that are already covered in other “Ten Simple Rules” articles. All impactful scientific software should aim to be robust [ 9 ], well documented [ 10 ], easy to use [ 11 ], and maintained under version control [ 12 ]. The advantages of making your software open source (with transparent licensing terms) and hosted on public repositories are widely acknowledged [ 13 ] and should be practiced regularly, unless there is a compelling reason not to. Evaluations, use cases, and demonstrative examples should make use of high-quality data that is ideally already well characterized [ 14 , 15 ].

Rule 2: Know the most appropriate publication venues and submission types

Journals and conference proceedings that focus on computational areas of research frequently have article types that are dedicated specifically to descriptions of new software or databases, and these can be a great venue for disseminating information quickly, concisely, and to an audience with an assumed level of technical proficiency. It’s good to think early and reconsider often when finding a specific journal or conference. Make sure to pay special attention to any nonstandard requirements that journals impose—some require evaluations to use real (i.e., nonsynthetic) data [ 16 ], others have special reporting or data/software deposition requirements [ 17 ], and you should always consider whether your software (and desired paper style) match the mission statement and/or goals of the journal or meeting. Discussions with mentors, collaborators, and other colleagues can be hugely beneficial in this context; their past successes and failures can end up saving you from submitting to an unsuitable journal (and all of the headaches that come with it). Some examples of popular submission types and journals for software papers include Bioinformatics (submission type: “original papers” or “application notes”), Nucleic Acid Research’s yearly “Database issue” and “Web Server issue,” and PLOS Computational Biology’s “software articles.”

Rule 3: Publish for users, not developers

In spite of Rule 2, you should always consider submission to noncomputational venues. As computational researchers, we often work in highly interdisciplinary areas, writing software that makes research in other fields easier, more efficient, and more scientifically robust. Scientists working in these fields are often extremely interested in hearing about new software tools that will help them on a daily basis, but they may not frequently search computationally focused journals or conference proceedings. Especially if the software is meant to be easily accessible to bench scientists or other noncomputational stakeholders, describing your software in a domain-specific journal is an excellent way to reach a wider audience. Furthermore, a paper describing an innovative new software tool in one of these journals has a great chance of standing out in comparison to other articles, especially when the field has highlighted a need for new software approaches to long-standing challenges.

However, a few things need to be kept in mind, especially when publishing in a noncomputational journal or conference. If software papers are uncommon in your field, there may not be an ideally suitable publication/article type, and you may need to be creative in how you organize your presentation of the software and your evaluation of its performance. Specifically, think of how your software can address a particular limitation or research question of interest to the field, and show an example demonstrating that it can do so. This can become a primary focus of the paper, or it can be one of several shorter “case studies” that show off useful functionality. Think about the story you want to tell, and what your target audience would find the most useful. Similarly, reviewers might be unfamiliar with how to assess and critique software papers. When in doubt, it never hurts to contact a journal editor or program committee member for guidance—they might even be able to direct the article to a set of reviewers they know have the needed technical expertise. If the publication venue asks authors for reviewer suggestions, you should be able to come up with a similar set yourself. You should also keep your readers in mind: If most of your intended audience have limited computational experience, you should actively cut down on jargon and technical details. These details can be added as supplemental data, published separately as a nontraditional article (e.g., via Zenodo, F1000, or similar), or even be moved entirely to online documentation (see Rule 6).

Good illustrative examples of software papers published in noncomputational journals are plentiful. Many older software papers were published in domain-specific journals, since most of the interdisciplinary fields that eventually led to computationally focused journals were still emerging. This can be seen, for example, in computational phylogenetics and cladistics, a field that began as early as the 1970s [ 18 , 19 ]. More modern examples of highly impactful software papers in domain-specific journals are also plentiful, like those introducing PLINK [ 20 ] and Circos [ 21 ].

Rule 4: Create a long-term software management plan

In academia, affiliations, funding sources, and technology infrastructures change frequently. Researchers therefore assume a level of responsibility for keeping the products of our research available to the rest of the scientific community when things do change. When you release a new piece of software or body of code, you should establish guidelines to help ensure its persistence—otherwise, your papers, and those of others that rely on the software, will be negatively impacted. These guidelines form what can be thought of as a “software management plan” [ 22 , 23 ]. To create one, it can be helpful to ask yourself and your coauthors the following questions:

• Who is responsible for maintaining the software in the future, should affiliations change? The first author on the paper, the lab’s principal investigator (PI), or someone else?
• What is the cost (if any) of keeping the software and any related resources—relevant databases, web apps, application programming interfaces (APIs), etc.—online? What is the funding source? How will it be funded if this source is exhausted?
• Who owns the intellectual property (IP) behind the software? This is often the institution or company that employs the paper’s PI, but it may be different, and it may affect how the software is maintained in the long term. Furthermore, it is crucial to know how ownership of the IP will affect licensing [ 24 ]. Generally, it’s good practice to adopt the most permissive license that doesn’t violate ownership or usage/privacy policies.
• Will updates and bug fixes be provided? If the updates are major, will follow-up papers be published (see Rule 9)? Are any regular maintenance activities necessary, and if so, who will perform them?
• What will happen to the software if data or other resources it relies upon are no longer available?
• When and how will you archive the software? Online code repositories (e.g., via GitHub) make doing so easy, and tools like Zenodo and FigShare let you tie permanent DOIs to specific archives (see Rule 5).

Generally, software management plans aren’t outlined in the actual body of software papers, but an idea of how the lifecycle of the software will be handled—along with general policies and strategies for maintaining the software—are often included in online code repositories, such as in “Contributing” guides or the software’s README (e.g., [ 25 – 27 ]). General tips and guides on developing software management plans are in ample supply online [ 22 , 23 ].

Rule 5: Safeguard against “link rot”

As papers age, it’s unfortunately quite common for hyperlinks to permanently break—the resource they point to has moved, has been taken offline, or affected by some other internet-related issue. This is known as “link rot,” and it is not just contained to academic articles—link rot can affect blogs, social media posts, web pages, and other digital resources [ 28 ]. However, it is especially prevalent in scientific articles—a 2013 study by Hennessey and Ge found that the median uniform resource locator (URL) lifespan is 9.3 years, with some falling far shorter than that mark [ 29 ]. While blogs, README documents, and source code can be edited to point to new links, peer-reviewed papers are static—unless you issue a correction or erratum, the URL you use at the time of publication is the URL that will be in that paper permanently.

Several relatively easy steps can be taken to prevent link rot in papers about scientific software. Institutional affiliations and website structure can change (as mentioned in Rule 4), so it is best to host web apps, APIs, software descriptions, example code, and other digital resources either on a dedicated domain, an independently hosted lab website, or on a free web hosting resource (e.g., using GitHub Pages). However, be familiar with how the host handles persistent links. For example, links on GitHub Pages sites can break if a repository is transferred to a new owner. When digital resources do need to move to a new URL, you should make an effort to set up URL redirection from the old location to the new location, which can usually be arranged with web server administrators. You should also set up persistent versioned releases of software and assign separate DOIs to point to the current software release at the time of the paper’s publication. Zenodo (for software releases tagged on GitHub) and FigShare (for data files, scripts, and other digital resources) are free services that track permanently archived research materials and assign DOIs that basically “solve” link rot when used effectively. Also, having a well-documented system for assigning meaningful URLs to individual resources can help to diagnose the cause if links do break. For example, “http://<domain>/protein/BRCA1” is likely far better than “http://<domain>/540/65df7.php?id=18427,” both from a usability and a maintenance perspective.

Rule 6: Make a clear distinction between code documentation and research results

Whenever software is intended for reuse, high-quality documentation is crucial. However, peer-reviewed papers are arguably not where documentation should be presented. The paper should describe the software (including the design process, technical details, and algorithmic innovations) and any accompanying analyses. Any time you include code in the paper, you’re making a commitment to support the syntax and semantics in the code. Since it’ll be permanently visible to scientific users, changes that break the example code will likely lead to confusion and potentially result in alienating the users. If it’s especially important to show usage examples or other instructions on how to use the software, and they occupy more than a small handful of sentences, they should either (1) be moved to an appendix or supplemental materials document; or (2) be placed in the code’s documentation. If you have dedicated documentation pages online, it’s a great idea to provide a link to those pages in the body of the paper. To ensure consistency, the documentation should also be version controlled, and the link in the paper should point to the version of the documentation that is current at the time of writing. As a side note, sample input/output and example code that support results presented in the paper can also be placed in the software’s version control system and even integrated into the software’s test suite as acceptance tests [ 30 ].

Rule 7: Be current with modern tooling and best coding practices

Many of the choices you make in the development of your software itself can have a profound effect on the longevity and scientific impact of the paper that describes it. If the software solves an important unmet need, yet is challenging to install, written in an obsolete programming language, and filled with bugs, it probably will not attain widespread use. Similarly, the paper would stand a high likelihood of falling by the wayside, if it even passes peer review. Fortunately, a relatively small amount of advance planning during the early stages of development can help avoid this particular issue. We find that the following guidelines are helpful here:

• Use a well-maintained programming language that runs on most modern systems.
• Publish your software on at least 1 packaging index so that users can install it with a single command. Using a continuous integration (CI) service can automate this process and reduce the likelihood of human error [ 31 ].
• Similarly, if possible, distribute your software both as raw source code and as a packaged or compiled version.
• As mentioned before, provide detailed documentation and instructions for use.
• If possible, provide ways for users to contribute to future development, especially in terms of bug fixes and requested features.

Doing so is also important for more fundamentally pragmatic reasons: A good way to encourage widespread use of software is to make it easy to install and use and to give it a fresh, modern look. Although this is not directly related to the scientific quality of the software or the paper, dissemination of research and research tools is an important part of the scientific process and should always be given special thought.

Rule 8: Maintain consistency between code, documentation, websites, and papers

By its very nature, any software paper needs to manage references to (and between) an ecosystem of digital resources describing the software, including websites, source code repositories, documentation, example code, blog articles, and other media types, all of which refer to the same piece of software. Make sure to maintain consistency across this ecosystem. Use the same spelling, punctuation, and capitalization in any names you make up for your software. If you create a logo for the software, use it in multiple places. Make heavy use of links between different sites and resources so readers can find what they are looking for quickly and easily. An easy trick for ensuring version consistency is to include version numbers directly in URLs, where appropriate. For example, documentation pages might be given the URL “http://<domain>/version1/doc.” If the software is part of a larger body of research that has produced other pieces software, it might be a good idea to establish a naming system to indicate the relationship, while ensuring that each can be easily referred to without ambiguity. Don’t force acronyms in your naming either—keep acronyms simple or avoid them entirely.

Rule 9: Plan for follow-up publications and update the software accordingly

More often than not, software development does not end after its first major release—rather, developers add new features and respond to bugs or other performance issues. This definitely applies to scientific software, too, which stems largely from the fact that good research is usually iterative [ 13 ] and conducted in stages that are either planned from the outset or guided by the successes and failures of earlier steps. Writing several papers along the way is more than a ploy to inflate citation metrics or boost a curriculum vitae (CV); it is a demonstration of rigorously following the scientific process, and it allows you to rapidly disseminate new findings to the community.

However, it is also important to know when it’s appropriate to write a follow-up paper. Things like bug fixes or minor usability enhancements are better suited for blog posts, version release notes, or message board/issue tracker threads. Discuss whether a new update constitutes a new scientific advancement and if that advancement solves a need that your user base currently faces. Generally, we aim to publish a new paper for every new major feature that is associated with a specific outstanding research question. For example, an ongoing project within our research group is the development of the Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool (TPOT)—an automated machine learning tool that uses genetic programming to automatically find machine learning pipelines that perform well on a given dataset [ 32 ]. In addition to the original publication describing TPOT, we have written follow-up papers for several major additions to the software, including new ways to specify pipeline templates [ 33 ] and support for deep learning [ 34 ].

Rule 10: Prioritize visibility and availability

There is a frustrating scenario that plays out often when performing computational research: You find a paper describing a piece of free, publicly available software that perfectly solves a problem you have been struggling with for several weeks. The paper is a bit old, but the methods seem elegant and robust. However, after finally tracking down a copy of the software, you find that there is no way to make it run on any modern operating system. You spend a few hours trying to track down its (apparently nonexistent) documentation, and eventually give up, deciding that it is either impossible to get the software running or that it will simply take less time to implement it yourself. Problems like these can’t be entirely avoided—software ages, programming languages eventually fall out of favor, and dependencies change in ways that you as a user cannot fully control. However, as a developer, you can take steps to effectively prolong your software’s life, and some of these steps can be implemented directly in the paper that describes the software.

First, redundancy does not hurt. If you have a main informational website for the software, include a link in the paper, as well as on the source repository, in the documentation, and on lab and institutional websites. Make use of social media to promote your work and encourage coauthors to do the same [ 35 ]. A popular metric for determining the social impact of an article is the Altmetric Attention Score [ 36 ], which uses not only citation count but also things like social media mentions, news coverage, and representation in popular science publications. “Badge icons” (sometimes known as “shields”) used on websites, code repositories, and package indexes let you provide rich links to different parts of your software ecosystem (including the paper itself via DOIs) that are dynamic, informationally dense, and visually appealing. Finally, both your software paper and associated media related to the software can be optimized for search engines, which can dramatically increase their scientific impact [ 37 ].

Many of these apply in reverse, too. Once your paper is published (and prior to that, if you release a preprint), your websites and code repositories should point back to the paper, using its DOI when possible. It’s also helpful to explicitly instruct users how to cite your work and provide preformatted citations in several popular styles and/or B ib TEX/EndNote/etc. files that can be exported directly to citation management software.

Software papers are an important component of the scientific research ecosystem, benefiting users in many domains and with widely varying levels of computational expertise. Furthermore, academic publications (and their citations) currently provide the primary means by which scientific software developers and maintainers gain recognition for their work (fortunately, efforts are currently under way to change this—for example, [ 38 , 39 ] show how code contributions can be used as directly citable scholarly works). Following these 10 simple rules will help to ensure your software papers are easy to use, scientifically rigorous, and resistant to future changes in technology.

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• 25. Contribute to NumPy—NumPy; 2020. Available from: https://numpy.org/contribute/ .
• 26. Contribution guide—Penn Machine Learning Benchmarks; 2020. Available from: https://epistasislab.github.io/penn-ml-benchmarks/contributing.html .
• 27. Developer’s Guide—Scikit-Learn documentation; 2020. Available from: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/developers/index.html .
• 29. Hennessey J, Ge SX. A cross disciplinary study of link decay and the effectiveness of mitigation techniques. In: BMC bioinformatics. vol. 14. Springer; 2013. p. S5.
• 30. Haugset B, Hanssen GK. Automated acceptance testing: A literature review and an industrial case study. In: Agile 2008 Conference. IEEE; 2008. p. 27–38.
• 31. Hilton M, Tunnell T, Huang K, Marinov D, Dig D. Usage, costs, and benefits of continuous integration in open-source projects. In: 2016 31st IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). IEEE; 2016. p. 426–437.
• 32. Olson RS, Moore JH. TPOT: A tree-based pipeline optimization tool for automating machine learning. In: Automated machine learning. Springer, Cham; 2019. p. 151–160.
• 34. Romano JD, Le TT, Fu W, Moore JH. Is deep learning necessary for simple classification tasks? arXiv preprint arXiv:200606730. 2020.

Our approach

• Responsibility
• Infrastructure
• Try Meta AI

RECOMMENDED READS

• 5 Steps to Getting Started with Llama 2
• The Llama Ecosystem: Past, Present, and Future
• Introducing Code Llama, a state-of-the-art large language model for coding
• Meta and Microsoft Introduce the Next Generation of Llama
• Today, we’re introducing Meta Llama 3, the next generation of our state-of-the-art open source large language model.
• Llama 3 models will soon be available on AWS, Databricks, Google Cloud, Hugging Face, Kaggle, IBM WatsonX, Microsoft Azure, NVIDIA NIM, and Snowflake, and with support from hardware platforms offered by AMD, AWS, Dell, Intel, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm.
• We’re dedicated to developing Llama 3 in a responsible way, and we’re offering various resources to help others use it responsibly as well. This includes introducing new trust and safety tools with Llama Guard 2, Code Shield, and CyberSec Eval 2.
• In the coming months, we expect to introduce new capabilities, longer context windows, additional model sizes, and enhanced performance, and we’ll share the Llama 3 research paper.
• Meta AI, built with Llama 3 technology, is now one of the world’s leading AI assistants that can boost your intelligence and lighten your load—helping you learn, get things done, create content, and connect to make the most out of every moment. You can try Meta AI here .

Today, we’re excited to share the first two models of the next generation of Llama, Meta Llama 3, available for broad use. This release features pretrained and instruction-fine-tuned language models with 8B and 70B parameters that can support a broad range of use cases. This next generation of Llama demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of industry benchmarks and offers new capabilities, including improved reasoning. We believe these are the best open source models of their class, period. In support of our longstanding open approach, we’re putting Llama 3 in the hands of the community. We want to kickstart the next wave of innovation in AI across the stack—from applications to developer tools to evals to inference optimizations and more. We can’t wait to see what you build and look forward to your feedback.

Our goals for Llama 3

With Llama 3, we set out to build the best open models that are on par with the best proprietary models available today. We wanted to address developer feedback to increase the overall helpfulness of Llama 3 and are doing so while continuing to play a leading role on responsible use and deployment of LLMs. We are embracing the open source ethos of releasing early and often to enable the community to get access to these models while they are still in development. The text-based models we are releasing today are the first in the Llama 3 collection of models. Our goal in the near future is to make Llama 3 multilingual and multimodal, have longer context, and continue to improve overall performance across core LLM capabilities such as reasoning and coding.

State-of-the-art performance

Our new 8B and 70B parameter Llama 3 models are a major leap over Llama 2 and establish a new state-of-the-art for LLM models at those scales. Thanks to improvements in pretraining and post-training, our pretrained and instruction-fine-tuned models are the best models existing today at the 8B and 70B parameter scale. Improvements in our post-training procedures substantially reduced false refusal rates, improved alignment, and increased diversity in model responses. We also saw greatly improved capabilities like reasoning, code generation, and instruction following making Llama 3 more steerable.

*Please see evaluation details for setting and parameters with which these evaluations are calculated.

In the development of Llama 3, we looked at model performance on standard benchmarks and also sought to optimize for performance for real-world scenarios. To this end, we developed a new high-quality human evaluation set. This evaluation set contains 1,800 prompts that cover 12 key use cases: asking for advice, brainstorming, classification, closed question answering, coding, creative writing, extraction, inhabiting a character/persona, open question answering, reasoning, rewriting, and summarization. To prevent accidental overfitting of our models on this evaluation set, even our own modeling teams do not have access to it. The chart below shows aggregated results of our human evaluations across of these categories and prompts against Claude Sonnet, Mistral Medium, and GPT-3.5.

Preference rankings by human annotators based on this evaluation set highlight the strong performance of our 70B instruction-following model compared to competing models of comparable size in real-world scenarios.

Our pretrained model also establishes a new state-of-the-art for LLM models at those scales.

To develop a great language model, we believe it’s important to innovate, scale, and optimize for simplicity. We adopted this design philosophy throughout the Llama 3 project with a focus on four key ingredients: the model architecture, the pretraining data, scaling up pretraining, and instruction fine-tuning.

Model architecture

In line with our design philosophy, we opted for a relatively standard decoder-only transformer architecture in Llama 3. Compared to Llama 2, we made several key improvements. Llama 3 uses a tokenizer with a vocabulary of 128K tokens that encodes language much more efficiently, which leads to substantially improved model performance. To improve the inference efficiency of Llama 3 models, we’ve adopted grouped query attention (GQA) across both the 8B and 70B sizes. We trained the models on sequences of 8,192 tokens, using a mask to ensure self-attention does not cross document boundaries.

Training data

To train the best language model, the curation of a large, high-quality training dataset is paramount. In line with our design principles, we invested heavily in pretraining data. Llama 3 is pretrained on over 15T tokens that were all collected from publicly available sources. Our training dataset is seven times larger than that used for Llama 2, and it includes four times more code. To prepare for upcoming multilingual use cases, over 5% of the Llama 3 pretraining dataset consists of high-quality non-English data that covers over 30 languages. However, we do not expect the same level of performance in these languages as in English.

To ensure Llama 3 is trained on data of the highest quality, we developed a series of data-filtering pipelines. These pipelines include using heuristic filters, NSFW filters, semantic deduplication approaches, and text classifiers to predict data quality. We found that previous generations of Llama are surprisingly good at identifying high-quality data, hence we used Llama 2 to generate the training data for the text-quality classifiers that are powering Llama 3.

We also performed extensive experiments to evaluate the best ways of mixing data from different sources in our final pretraining dataset. These experiments enabled us to select a data mix that ensures that Llama 3 performs well across use cases including trivia questions, STEM, coding, historical knowledge, etc.

Scaling up pretraining

To effectively leverage our pretraining data in Llama 3 models, we put substantial effort into scaling up pretraining. Specifically, we have developed a series of detailed scaling laws for downstream benchmark evaluations. These scaling laws enable us to select an optimal data mix and to make informed decisions on how to best use our training compute. Importantly, scaling laws allow us to predict the performance of our largest models on key tasks (for example, code generation as evaluated on the HumanEval benchmark—see above) before we actually train the models. This helps us ensure strong performance of our final models across a variety of use cases and capabilities.

We made several new observations on scaling behavior during the development of Llama 3. For example, while the Chinchilla-optimal amount of training compute for an 8B parameter model corresponds to ~200B tokens, we found that model performance continues to improve even after the model is trained on two orders of magnitude more data. Both our 8B and 70B parameter models continued to improve log-linearly after we trained them on up to 15T tokens. Larger models can match the performance of these smaller models with less training compute, but smaller models are generally preferred because they are much more efficient during inference.

To train our largest Llama 3 models, we combined three types of parallelization: data parallelization, model parallelization, and pipeline parallelization. Our most efficient implementation achieves a compute utilization of over 400 TFLOPS per GPU when trained on 16K GPUs simultaneously. We performed training runs on two custom-built 24K GPU clusters . To maximize GPU uptime, we developed an advanced new training stack that automates error detection, handling, and maintenance. We also greatly improved our hardware reliability and detection mechanisms for silent data corruption, and we developed new scalable storage systems that reduce overheads of checkpointing and rollback. Those improvements resulted in an overall effective training time of more than 95%. Combined, these improvements increased the efficiency of Llama 3 training by ~three times compared to Llama 2.

Instruction fine-tuning

To fully unlock the potential of our pretrained models in chat use cases, we innovated on our approach to instruction-tuning as well. Our approach to post-training is a combination of supervised fine-tuning (SFT), rejection sampling, proximal policy optimization (PPO), and direct preference optimization (DPO). The quality of the prompts that are used in SFT and the preference rankings that are used in PPO and DPO has an outsized influence on the performance of aligned models. Some of our biggest improvements in model quality came from carefully curating this data and performing multiple rounds of quality assurance on annotations provided by human annotators.

Learning from preference rankings via PPO and DPO also greatly improved the performance of Llama 3 on reasoning and coding tasks. We found that if you ask a model a reasoning question that it struggles to answer, the model will sometimes produce the right reasoning trace: The model knows how to produce the right answer, but it does not know how to select it. Training on preference rankings enables the model to learn how to select it.

Building with Llama 3

Our vision is to enable developers to customize Llama 3 to support relevant use cases and to make it easier to adopt best practices and improve the open ecosystem. With this release, we’re providing new trust and safety tools including updated components with both Llama Guard 2 and Cybersec Eval 2, and the introduction of Code Shield—an inference time guardrail for filtering insecure code produced by LLMs.

We’ve also co-developed Llama 3 with torchtune , the new PyTorch-native library for easily authoring, fine-tuning, and experimenting with LLMs. torchtune provides memory efficient and hackable training recipes written entirely in PyTorch. The library is integrated with popular platforms such as Hugging Face, Weights & Biases, and EleutherAI and even supports Executorch for enabling efficient inference to be run on a wide variety of mobile and edge devices. For everything from prompt engineering to using Llama 3 with LangChain we have a comprehensive getting started guide and takes you from downloading Llama 3 all the way to deployment at scale within your generative AI application.

A system-level approach to responsibility

We have designed Llama 3 models to be maximally helpful while ensuring an industry leading approach to responsibly deploying them. To achieve this, we have adopted a new, system-level approach to the responsible development and deployment of Llama. We envision Llama models as part of a broader system that puts the developer in the driver’s seat. Llama models will serve as a foundational piece of a system that developers design with their unique end goals in mind.

Instruction fine-tuning also plays a major role in ensuring the safety of our models. Our instruction-fine-tuned models have been red-teamed (tested) for safety through internal and external efforts. ​​Our red teaming approach leverages human experts and automation methods to generate adversarial prompts that try to elicit problematic responses. For instance, we apply comprehensive testing to assess risks of misuse related to Chemical, Biological, Cyber Security, and other risk areas. All of these efforts are iterative and used to inform safety fine-tuning of the models being released. You can read more about our efforts in the model card .

Llama Guard models are meant to be a foundation for prompt and response safety and can easily be fine-tuned to create a new taxonomy depending on application needs. As a starting point, the new Llama Guard 2 uses the recently announced MLCommons taxonomy, in an effort to support the emergence of industry standards in this important area. Additionally, CyberSecEval 2 expands on its predecessor by adding measures of an LLM’s propensity to allow for abuse of its code interpreter, offensive cybersecurity capabilities, and susceptibility to prompt injection attacks (learn more in our technical paper ). Finally, we’re introducing Code Shield which adds support for inference-time filtering of insecure code produced by LLMs. This offers mitigation of risks around insecure code suggestions, code interpreter abuse prevention, and secure command execution.

With the speed at which the generative AI space is moving, we believe an open approach is an important way to bring the ecosystem together and mitigate these potential harms. As part of that, we’re updating our Responsible Use Guide (RUG) that provides a comprehensive guide to responsible development with LLMs. As we outlined in the RUG, we recommend that all inputs and outputs be checked and filtered in accordance with content guidelines appropriate to the application. Additionally, many cloud service providers offer content moderation APIs and other tools for responsible deployment, and we encourage developers to also consider using these options.

Deploying Llama 3 at scale

Llama 3 will soon be available on all major platforms including cloud providers, model API providers, and much more. Llama 3 will be everywhere .

Our benchmarks show the tokenizer offers improved token efficiency, yielding up to 15% fewer tokens compared to Llama 2. Also, Group Query Attention (GQA) now has been added to Llama 3 8B as well. As a result, we observed that despite the model having 1B more parameters compared to Llama 2 7B, the improved tokenizer efficiency and GQA contribute to maintaining the inference efficiency on par with Llama 2 7B.

For examples of how to leverage all of these capabilities, check out Llama Recipes which contains all of our open source code that can be leveraged for everything from fine-tuning to deployment to model evaluation.

What’s next for Llama 3?

The Llama 3 8B and 70B models mark the beginning of what we plan to release for Llama 3. And there’s a lot more to come.

Our largest models are over 400B parameters and, while these models are still training, our team is excited about how they’re trending. Over the coming months, we’ll release multiple models with new capabilities including multimodality, the ability to converse in multiple languages, a much longer context window, and stronger overall capabilities. We will also publish a detailed research paper once we are done training Llama 3.

To give you a sneak preview for where these models are today as they continue training, we thought we could share some snapshots of how our largest LLM model is trending. Please note that this data is based on an early checkpoint of Llama 3 that is still training and these capabilities are not supported as part of the models released today.

We’re committed to the continued growth and development of an open AI ecosystem for releasing our models responsibly. We have long believed that openness leads to better, safer products, faster innovation, and a healthier overall market. This is good for Meta, and it is good for society. We’re taking a community-first approach with Llama 3, and starting today, these models are available on the leading cloud, hosting, and hardware platforms with many more to come.

Try Meta Llama 3 today

We’ve integrated our latest models into Meta AI, which we believe is the world’s leading AI assistant. It’s now built with Llama 3 technology and it’s available in more countries across our apps.

You can use Meta AI on Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Messenger, and the web to get things done, learn, create, and connect with the things that matter to you. You can read more about the Meta AI experience here .

Visit the Llama 3 website to download the models and reference the Getting Started Guide for the latest list of all available platforms.

You’ll also soon be able to test multimodal Meta AI on our Ray-Ban Meta smart glasses.

As always, we look forward to seeing all the amazing products and experiences you will build with Meta Llama 3.

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Training videos   |   Faqs

How to Reuse a Method from a Previous Paper?

In this blog, we will look at how to replicate someone’s methodology in your paper. We will also look at different ways to use a method from another paper in your new paper.

1. Using a standard method from the literature

When you are using a standard method that is well described in literature, the standard practice is to reference the paper rather than repeating the entire procedure. Now the problem is that your methods section will be too short since you have referenced the other paper and you don’t have much to put down in the methods section of your paper.

So what you can do is to provide a brief summary of the procedure in your own words. For example, you can say something like this, “The details of the procedure have been reported previously in”, and reference the previous paper. And then, you can follow it up with a brief summary of the method from the previous paper.

✔ Referencing the original paper and providing a brief summary of the method The details of the procedure have been reported previously in Elan et al .[1]. In summary, the method uses a specialized apparatus that employs a graduated cylinderfor measuring the volume of the solution accurately. _   Referencing original work _   Method summary

2. Extending a method from the literature

If you are extending a previous method, then you can do something like this. You can say that, “Some minor modifications were made to the method described in” and reference the previous paper.  And then, you can follow it up with the list of refinements you made to the previous method in order to adapt it to your work.

✔ Referencing the original paper and explaining the list of refinements made to the original method Some minor modifications were made to the method described in Elan et al. [1]. The refinements include (1) an increase in the drying time to 2 hours; (2) grounding the sample to a fine powder instead of keeping it coarse; and (3) the use of a 1mm sieve instead of 2mm sieve.   _   Referencing original work _   Refinements made to the method

3. Helpful academic phrases

We have included some academic phrases below that will help you write this section. We have selected a few examples from Ref-n-write’s academic phrasebank .

• Reusing methods
• Adapting methods

Reusing or repeating methods from previously published papers can be a bit tricky. We have provided some ideas in the blog explaining how to do this effectively. If you have any questions, please drop a comment below, and we will answer as soon as possible. For further reading, please refer to our blog on how to write the materials and methods section of a research paper?  and common research methodology mistakes.

We also recommend you to refer to our other blogs on  academic writing tools ,   academic writing resources and  academic writing phrases , which are relevant to the topic discussed in this blog. 

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Sometimes ExtraEssay fails to meet customers’ deadlines.

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GradeMiners is more expensive than most essay writing sites in the industry.

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8. EssayTerritory — Best New Essay Writing Company

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Expensive extras.

I recently tried out EssayTerritory, a new but promising college paper writing service. It was easy to find an essay writer that matched my specific needs, and the platform has a roster of over 800 active paper writers. They’ve already completed more than 1300 orders, which is impressive for a newcomer.

What stands out most about EssayTerritory is their 98% satisfaction rate. It seems they really know how to please their customers, as about 85% of users return for more academic papers. They offer a plagiarism-free guarantee like many top essay writing services, and they’ll give you a full refund if they miss your deadline or if your work contains plagiarism.

You can order various assignments from them—essays, research papers, case studies, term papers, dissertations, and even help with presentations or speeches if that’s what you need. They also provide proofreading and editing services.

Privacy and confidentiality are top priorities for them. They ensure that every “write my essay” request is kept anonymous and your personal details are secure. They have robust measures in place to prevent any data leaks. This level of security gave me a lot of confidence in using their essay writer service.

FAQs About Best Paper Writing Services

Should i trust essay writing service reviews.

Trusting essay writing service reviews can be tricky. Unfortunately, some companies that offer a custom essay writing service also operate fake review sites to maintain a positive online reputation. This means you need to be cautious about where you look for reviews.

For more reliable information, it’s better to use independent review platforms like SiteJabber and Reviews.io. These sites are generally more trustworthy because they’re not directly affiliated with any essay writing services.

However, even with these platforms, it’s wise to approach reviews with a critical eye. Some dedicated essay writing review sites might have biases or hidden motives, so take their recommendations with skepticism and always cross-reference multiple sources if possible.

How long does it take to have my essay written for me?

Essay writers generally focus on producing high-quality work, and the time it takes to write an essay largely depends on its length. For a standard 275-word essay, the average turnaround is about 3 hours. Most essay writing services strive to meet these deadlines consistently.

If you’re in a rush and your deadline is just a few hours away, you can opt for a premium service. This usually involves having several top-rated writers collaborate to deliver your essay in about half the standard time.

It’s worth noting that the best college paper writing services might experience delays during peak times when demand is high. Typically, they recommend giving writers at least six hours to complete an essay. If you’re willing to pay extra, your order can be prioritized to ensure a faster delivery.

For more complex assignments like thesis papers or extensive research projects, the process can take up to five days. Writers often submit a partial draft by the second day for client feedback, allowing any revisions to be included in the final submission by day five.

Will my essay be written by a professional essay writer?

Picking a reliable essay writing website is crucial for ensuring the safety, confidentiality, and quality of the service.

When hiring writers, most companies put them through a rigorous vetting process. They typically require that writers have native or near-native proficiency in the language they’ll be writing in, along with a relevant degree from an accredited university.

Once hired, these writers undergo further training on the platform to polish their linguistic and formatting skills. They only start working on actual assignments once their writing meets the company’s professional standards.

The best writing services take extra steps to maintain high-quality standards. For example, every piece of work is checked by a moderator before it goes to the client. Writers are also provided with ongoing opportunities to enhance their skills within the company’s supportive environment.

The person who is labeled as a premium paper writer often has more experience and higher qualifications, like a Ph.D., and at least two years of writing experience. While their services cost a bit more, the quality they deliver usually makes the investment worthwhile.

Is using a paper writing service confidential and safe?

The internet is a vast resource where people often share their knowledge, which is a huge help, especially for college students working on their homework. It’s also completely legal and secure to purchase essays and custom papers online if you need them. However, it’s crucial to choose a reputable provider to avoid issues like plagiarism or low-quality work, which could waste your time, money, and effort.

I’ve found that doing your homework on these services is essential. Make sure to look at the company’s refund policy in case you’re not satisfied with their work, and confirm that they’ll keep your school’s name confidential. It’s also a good idea to check reviews of their past work to see if it’s well-written and structurally sound.

From my experience, as long as you do this research beforehand, buying essays online can be a safe option that keeps your details private. Just be vigilant to avoid scams.

What if I’m not satisfied with my paper?

Most top-rated essay writing companies strive to deliver excellent quality, because they want their customers to come back. They have skilled writers who are well-versed in various academic tasks, including essays, lab reports, and research papers. They work hard to produce top-quality work.

If there are any issues with the finished product, these services usually offer free revisions until you’re satisfied with the quality. Client satisfaction is a high priority for these companies, driven by stiff market competition. The goal is to deliver a flawless paper that helps you achieve a high grade.

What are the main drawbacks of using essay writing services?

For many students, using essay writing services is considered a luxury, primarily because the reputable ones that offer great reviews, unlimited revisions, and maintain confidentiality tend to be more expensive. Opting for cheap essay writing services often means risking quality and reliability, especially when it comes to meeting deadlines.

Plagiarism is another serious issue. Both intentional and unintentional plagiarism can occur, particularly with services that don’t carefully vet their writers. Sometimes, clients don’t discover the plagiarism until it’s too late to rewrite the paper and meet their deadline.

Moreover, if an essay writing company lacks a quality control team, the work submitted by writers might be subpar, filled with typos and grammatical errors. Some writers might also resist feedback, making it hard to get the necessary revisions to ensure the essay meets your standards.

Who will write my work and what determines the price?

Your assignment will be handled by writers with diverse backgrounds. Some are full-time professionals dedicated solely to writing, while others are former academics who’ve embraced the flexibility of working from home. There are also those who write as a side job.

Regarding pricing, we’ve discussed the main factors in our article: the length of the assignment, its complexity, and the deadline. Another element influencing cost is the location of the company. Businesses based in regions like Eastern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia often have lower rates because the cost of living is lower there, making the dollar stretch further.

Comparison of the Top Paper Writing Services

#1. paperhelp 🏅.

Academic papers written from scratch by writers with Ph.D. and Master’s degrees;

No need to provide any personal information;

Reasonable price, great quality, plagiarism-free papers.

#2. BBQPapers 🥈

Premium quality, best writers in the industry;

On-time delivery guarantee, even on rush orders;

Free revisions.

#3. EssayPro 🥉

Good quality at a reasonable price (ENL writers);

Free plagiarism report;

Good reputation.

Best Essay Services: Conclusion

Working with a professional essay writing service is important not only for the quality of the work you’ll receive but also for the security of your personal details. Many students turn to these services when they’re pressed for time and need to complete their academic tasks—there’s nothing wrong with this approach.

Today, numerous legitimate essay writing services uphold high standards of academic integrity and deliver plagiarism-free papers. These paper writing websites are generally affordable for most students, although there are some exceptions.

Before placing an order, it’s important to do your homework. Check the company’s reviews, find out if it offers a refund policy, and look into its track record on past projects. A reliable service will prioritize your confidentiality, which is a vital consideration.

The news and editorial staff of the Santa Cruz Sentinel had no role in this post’s preparation. This is a paid advertisement and does not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Santa Cruz Sentinel, its employees, or subsidiaries.

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