expository essay topics esl

61 General Expository Essay Topic Ideas to Practice Academic Writing

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Expository essays discuss topics by using facts rather than opinions, requiring students to evaluate and investigate while setting forth their arguments clearly and concisely. Teachers often include expository essays as part of assessments , especially in college-level courses, so students can help themselves succeed by practicing writing these types of essays. When teachers are integrating writing throughout the curriculum, students can use expository essays to demonstrate what they've learned in other courses.

Sample Expository Essay Topics From Students

Tenth-graders wrote the following general expository essay topics. Students can practice writing these topics or use the list to come up with topics of their own. The important thing to remember is that these expository essays are based on facts rather than the writer's beliefs or feelings.

• Explain why you admire a particular person.
• Explain why someone you know should be regarded as a leader.
• Explain why parents are sometimes strict.
• If you had to be an animal, which would you be and why?
• Explain why you especially enjoy a particular teacher.
• Explain why some cities have curfews for teens.
• Explain why some students are forced to leave school once they are sixteen.
• Explain how moving from place to place affects teens.
• Explain why getting a driver's license is an important event in the lives of many teenagers.
• Describe the major stressors in teens' lives.
• Explain why you like or don't like working in a team.
• Describe some nonmaterial things that make you happy.
• Explain why some teens commit suicide.
• Explain how music affects your life.
• Explain the impact of different music genres on society.
• Explain why students listen to a particular type of music.
• Explain why some teens skip school.
• Explain the likely consequences of skipping school.
• Describe the likely consequences of doing poorly in school.
• Explain why teens do drugs.
• Describe the likely consequences of selling drugs.
• Describe the likely consequences of taking drugs.
• Explain why teens smoke cigarettes .
• Explain the likely consequences of being kicked out of school.
• Explain the likely consequences of skipping classes.
• Explain the likely consequences of brothers and sisters constantly fighting.
• Explain why teens wear makeup.
• Explain the consequences of having alcohol on the school campus.
• Explain the likely consequences of being sexually active without using protection.
• Explain why some teens' parents do not like to be alone with their child's boyfriend or girlfriend.
• Explain the likely consequences of increasing the time between classes from five to 15 minutes.
• Explain why some teens join gangs.
• Explain the difficulties some teens have once they are in gangs.
• Explain how life for a teenager changes once she has a baby.
• Describe what you feel a boy should do if he finds out his girlfriend is pregnant.
• Explain why you should or should not laugh at embarrassing moments.
• Describe the effects of marijuana.
• Explain the likely consequences of teens becoming sexually active.
• Explain why it is helpful to organize your materials and activities.
• Explain why your schoolwork is important.
• Describe the ways you help out at home.
• Explain the likely consequences of abolishing capital punishment.
• Explain the consequences of adopting a pass/fail grading system.
• Explain the likely consequences of enforcing an 11:00 p.m. curfew.
• Explain the likely consequences of ending forced busing.
• Explain why some teenagers dislike saying the pledge to the flag.
• Explain why some schools don't have open lunch policies.
• Explain why most teenagers are materialistic.
• Explain why some teens get jobs.
• Explain the consequences of having a job while in high school.
• Explain the likely consequences of dropping out of school.
• Describe some productive ways students can spend their leisure time.
• Explain why dealing with their parents' divorce can be difficult for many teens.
• Explain why teens love their parents even when family situations are difficult.
• Describe the things that bring you the greatest happiness.
• Describe three things you would like to change the world and explain why you would change them.
• Explain why you prefer living in an apartment (or house).
• Describe the likely consequences of requiring a childbearing license.
• Describe three objects that symbolize our culture and explain why you selected them.
• Explain why you are interested in a particular career.
• Explain the likely consequences of requiring students to wear school uniforms.
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• What Is Expository Writing?

30 Writing Topics and Writing Prompts For ESL Students

When learning a new language like English, developing writing skills is essential. Many beginner ESL students find it difficult to write essays, especially if they have to come up with the essay topic themselves.

Providing ESL students with writing topics and writing prompts can help students to focus and start writing. As a teacher, it can be quite challenging to come up with many ESL writing topics, so we have put together this list of ESL writing topics and writing prompts to help you out.

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List Of ESL Writing Topics

Here is a list of ESL writing topics and writing prompts your students can write about.

• Describe your dream house. Where is it? And What’s inside?
• Talk about the best vacation you ever took.
• What do you like to do in your spare time?
• Write about three things you want to achieve this year.
• What’s your earliest memory as a child?
• What would you do if you had a million dollars?
• What are you good at? What would you like to be good at in the future?
• Write about the members of your family. What are they like? What do they do?
• Write about how to cook your favorite food, step by step.
• If you could meet anyone from history, who would you want to meet, and why?
• Describe everything you did last weekend in as much detail as possible.
• Write about something funny that happened to you this week.
• What were the last three things you bought? Where did you buy them from?
• Describe how you get ready for school every day.
• Describe a famous person in as much detail as possible.
• What is your favorite movie, and why?
• What three things would you take to a desert island, and why?
• Write about your happiest memory.
• What makes a good friend?
• If you could change anything about the world, what would it be?
• If you could travel back in time, when and where would you go?
• What’s your favorite game to play?
• What is something you have done that you regret?
• Describe what the world will be like in1000 years.
• Write an essay about what you did this week.
• Write about one of your memorable birthday celebrations.
• Write about your exercise routine.
• If you had three wishes, what would you wish for?
• Describe a person you look up to.
• What’s your opinion about social media?

Tips For Teaching ESL Writing

Error correction.

Writing in a foreign language is hard, especially for beginner ESL students. Students will likely make many mistakes in the beginning.

Although it is necessary to highlight and correct students’ errors, it can be quite demotivating for a student to only hear all the things they got wrong.

To ensure students stay motivated, be sure to praise them and tell them all the things they did well, as well as point out any grammatical mistakes.

After correcting errors, give students an opportunity to re-write their essays and correct their mistakes. Once students have completed their final draft, be sure to let them know what you liked about their essay, and you can even share this praise with other students, teachers, and even the student’s parents.

To master writing in English, students will need to write a lot of essays over time, and if students stay motivated, they are much more likely to succeed.

Ask About Students’ Interests

Another great way to keep students motivated while writing ESL essays is to encourage them to write about things that interest them.

A great way to encourage this is to ask about things students are interested in and then tailor the writing topic to them.

Students are much more likely to actively engage in a writing assignment if it is something they are interested in and passionate about.

Provide Enough Writing Prompts

ESL students often find it difficult to write long answers to essay questions. Ask an ESL student to write about their favorite restaurant, and they’ll likely give you a one-sentence answer.

To help students write longer essays, be sure to give them enough writing prompts to cover the different aspects they should cover in their writing.

For example, if students are to write about their favorite restaurant then you could give them several writing prompts such as ‘where is the restaurant’, ‘what kind of food do they serve’, ‘how much is a typical meal’, ‘what do you usually order’, etc.

Giving beginner ESL students plenty of writing prompts will help them to flesh out their essays and write longer answers.

Structure The Essay

To help ESL students become better at writing in English, teach them a particular structure you would like them to follow when writing their essays.

A typical writing structure with beginner ESL students would include an introduction, the main body of the text, and then a conclusion.

Providing students with an easy-to-follow structure will help them to plan out their essays and develop their writing skills over time.

Thanks for reading. I hope you found some useful ESL writing topics and writing prompts you can use in your next writing class. 

Before you go, don’t forget to check out our FREE resources for teaching English, including  Activity Videos ,  Board Games ,  Flashcards ,  PowerPoint Games , and  Lesson Plans .

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40 ESL Essay Writing Topics + Prompts

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Writing ESL essay writing is hard for most students and many will struggle at first before learning to write well.

However, writing skills are a crucial part of learning a new language . 

In this piece, we’ll share some ESL writing prompts and ESL essay topics for five different kinds of essays. They should help your students develop their grammar and vocabulary skills  while teaching them how to write coherently.

(While they work for all kinds of students, we’ve found these topics are especially handy for  teaching English to kids .) 

Writing practice should never be boring! When you’re done this article, check out the 10 most engaging writing activities here .

Descriptive ESL Writing Topics

• Describe your favorite place in as much detail as possible.
• Describe your favorite fictional character in as much detail as possible.
• Describe a famous person – e.g. a singer or athlete – that you admire. Focus on both their appearance and personality traits.
• Describe a family member or your best friend  as detailed as possible. Discuss how they look and their personality.  
• Choose a  hobby or favorite activity  and describe why and how you do it. 
• Describe your most memorable holiday or vacation spot in as much detail as possible.
• Describe a photo or work of art in as much detail as possible.
• Pick your favorite food . Describe what you taste, smell, and sense while eating or drinking it. 

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Explanatory ESL Essay Topics

• Give directions for getting from one point to another . For example, how to get from your home to your school. Describe the landmarks someone might see along the way.
• Explain how to cook your favorite meal . Provide a recipe and the step-by-step instructions.
• Explain your favorite computer game . What should a player do to win? What are some playing tips?
• Explain what you would do if your friends show up at your house unexpectedly . Say how you would entertain them. 
• Explain how to make a bed . This task is seemingly simple but allows you to write about everyday habits you might never think through in detail. 
• Explain how to make a paper airplane . Again, this task has many precise, technical details that that should be included in the essay. 
• Explain how to brush your teeth . Try to make your essay about a seemingly mundane task more interesting. 
• Explain how to pack a suitcase when going on a holiday. List out all the objects and pieces of clothing you would bring. 

ESL Essays Topics to Practice Verb Tenses

• Talk about a time in the past when you had to make a difficult decision . Explain what you did and why.
• Describe your dream place to live . Why would you want to live there? What would you do?
• Write about three specific goals  you want to achieve this year. Explain how you are going to achieve them.
• Write about something you regret having done . Point out what could have happened if you had not made that decision.
• Describe the world 100 years from now . Describe how people live, and new inventions and also the things that will not change.
• Talk about your earliest memory . What happened? How well do you remember the events?
• Write a short essay about how you prepared for class . Now “translate” that essay into future tense. In other words, the essay should say how you plan to prepare for class.  

Argumentative ESL Essay Topics

• Are smartphones good or bad? Give some arguments to support your position.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of public schools and private schools ?
• What is your favorite book or movie ? Convince others, through your essay, to read or watch it. 
• Is it the case that the more people that have cars, the better? What are some advantages and disadvantages of public transit ? 
• Should money be spent on space exploration ? Give arguments to support your opinion.
• You’re the mayor of your town or city. Explain in an essay your recent decision to ban smoking . Then, from another person’s perspective, write a letter to the mayor protesting this new law. 
• Reading books vs. watching movies . Which do you prefer and why?
• What are the pros and cons of e-readers compared to paper books?

Hypothetical ESL Essay Topics

• What would you do if you were late for an important class?
• What would you do if your car got a flat tire on the highway?
• If you had the power to change one thing about your past, what would it be?
• If you had the power to alter  one major historical event , what would it be?
• If you could take any superhero’s powers , who would be your choice?
• How would you feel if, one day, you woke up 300 years in the past ?
• What would you do if you won the lottery ? Would your life change day-to-day?

Some General ESL Essay Tips

When checking ESL essays, pay attention to the following key points:

• Grammar. The ESL essay should be grammatically correct.
• Vocabulary. The more new vocabulary the essay contains, the more points it will get.
• Text flow. The text of the essay should flow logically and naturally. Pay attention to the use of connecting words and phrases. These include first of all , secondly , moreover , in addition , besides , finally , on the one hand, on the other hand , and as a result .
• Sticking to the topic. Some essay writers tend to deviate from ESL essay topics. However, a perfect ESL essay should stay as close to the point as possible.

A good essay typically has the following parts:

• An introduction . Here, the author gives some general information about the topic or lays out their argument. An effective intro entices readers to read further. 
• The body . In an argumentative essay, the body could be 2 to 3 paragraphs. Each should introduce their arguments and support them with examples. In other types of essays, the content may vary. For example, the body may include descriptions, explanations, or personal stories.
• Conclusion . The author should logically conclude or summarize their thoughts and arguments.

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How to Write an Expository Essay: Definition, Outline, Writing Tips, and Examples

In the realm of academic writing, this type of essay stands as a beacon of clarity, demanding writers to illuminate a subject with precision and objectivity. Whether you're a seasoned essayist or a student embarking on your first exploration of this genre, mastering the art of expository writing is a valuable skill that transcends disciplines. This form of essay invites you to delve into expository essay topics, dissect their intricacies, and present your findings in a straightforward manner. 

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the terrain of expository writing, unraveling the techniques and strategies that transform a mere composition into a beacon of insight. From understanding the fundamental principles to honing your ability to craft a compelling thesis, join us on a journey that promises to demystify the process of writing, empowering you to articulate ideas with clarity and purpose. Or, you can get our essay writing help and take care of other important tasks set for today.

What Is an Expository Essay

An expository essay is a form of academic writing that aims to elucidate, clarify, and present a balanced analysis of a particular topic or idea. Unlike other essay types that may delve into personal opinions or narratives, the expository essay emphasizes objectivity and factual accuracy. The primary objective is to provide a clear and comprehensive explanation of the chosen subject, exploring its various facets, presenting evidence, and ensuring a logical progression of ideas. 

According to an expository essay definition, this genre requires the writer to delve into research, organize information systematically, and deliver a coherent and informative piece that educates the reader on the chosen topic. Whether investigating a scientific concept, historical event, or literary work, it serves as a vehicle for conveying knowledge in a concise, lucid manner.

Expository Essay Examples

An expository essay example serves as a valuable tool for students, offering a concrete illustration of the structure, style, and depth expected in this genre of writing. By studying examples, students gain insights into effective thesis formulation, organizing ideas within paragraphs, and integrating supporting evidence to bolster arguments. 

Additionally, examples showcase how to balance factual accuracy and engaging prose, providing a model for clear and concise communication. Students can draw inspiration from the content and presentation of well-crafted expository essays, honing their own skills in research, analysis, and effective expression. By the way, we have an interesting autobiography example , so check it out!

Example 1: “The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence”

This expository essay explores the multifaceted evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), examining its historical roots, contemporary applications across various industries, and the consequential societal impact. It provides a comprehensive overview of AI's journey from philosophical debates and early computational developments to its current role as a transformative force in healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and entertainment. Additionally, the essay addresses ethical considerations surrounding the widespread adoption of AI, including concerns related to job displacement, privacy, and responsible development. Ultimately, it navigates the complex landscape of artificial intelligence, shedding light on its remarkable advancements and its challenges to our ever-changing society.

Example 2: “The Benefits of Outdoor Education for Children”

This essay highlights the advantages of outdoor education for children, emphasizing its positive impacts on their physical, mental, and social development. It argues that outdoor activities like hiking, camping, and team sports not only promote physical health by encouraging movement and reducing sedentary behavior but also contribute to mental well-being by providing a respite from everyday stressors and fostering a connection with nature. Furthermore, it suggests that exposure to outdoor environments cultivates environmental awareness and a sense of stewardship among children.

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Types of Expository Essay

Expository essays come in several distinct types, each serving a unique purpose and requiring specific approaches to convey information effectively. One common categorization includes:

• Descriptive Expository Essay. This type focuses on painting a vivid picture of a subject, using sensory details to engage the reader's imagination. It aims to create a clear and sensory-rich portrayal of a person, place, object, or experience.
• Process Expository Essay. Here, the writer breaks down a complex process or procedure into manageable steps, providing a detailed and sequential explanation. This type of essay is instructional, guiding readers through a series of actions to achieve a specific outcome.
• Comparison and Contrast Expository Essay. This form involves analyzing similarities and differences between two or more subjects, offering insights into their shared characteristics or divergent qualities. It requires a careful examination of the chosen elements to highlight their relationships.
• Cause and Effect Expository Essay. Focused on exploring the reasons behind an occurrence and its subsequent consequences, this type delves into the cause-and-effect relationships within a given topic. Writers elucidate the connections between actions and outcomes, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
• Problem and Solution Expository Essay. Addressing real-world issues, this essay type identifies a specific problem, analyzes its root causes, and proposes viable solutions. It encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills, compelling readers to consider alternative approaches to challenges.
• Definition Expository Essay. This essay seeks to clarify and explain the meaning of a particular term, concept, or idea. Writers provide a comprehensive definition, often including examples and illustrations to ensure readers grasp the essence of the subject.
• Cause and Effect Expository Essay. This type of essay examines the reasons behind a particular phenomenon or event and explores its subsequent effects. It aims to establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship, allowing readers to comprehend the interconnected elements of the topic.

Understanding these diverse types of essays empowers writers to choose the most suitable approach for effectively conveying information and achieving their communicative goals. Our experts can rewrite essay that you already did according to any of the above-mentioned types.

Expository Essay Topics

Selecting compelling expository essay topics requires thoughtful consideration of both personal interest and the potential engagement of the intended audience. Start by identifying subjects that genuinely captivate your curiosity or align with your expertise, as this enthusiasm will naturally infuse vigor into your writing. Additionally, assess the topic's relevance in the broader context, ensuring it addresses contemporary issues or timeless themes. 

Consider the audience's interests, aiming for subjects that resonate with their experiences or evoke a sense of shared relevance. Striking a balance between uniqueness and accessibility is key—opt for topics that allow you to offer fresh perspectives while ensuring there is ample research material available. Ultimately, the best topics seamlessly blend your passion, the audience's interests, and the broader significance of the chosen subject, ensuring a captivating and informative exploration for both writer and reader alike. Here are expository essay ideas from our writers for your inspiration:

• The influence of art on human emotions.
• Exploring the life cycle of a star.
• Tips for sustainable living in urban areas.
• The impact of social media on political awareness.
• How to cultivate a positive mindset in challenging times.
• The history and cultural significance of tattoos.
• The process of recycling electronic waste.
• Benefits of incorporating meditation into daily routines.
• The role of laughter in maintaining mental health.
• Understanding the psychology of decision-making.
• The impact of fashion on individual expression.
• Tips for effective conflict resolution in relationships.
• The science behind the sense of taste.
• The significance of biodiversity in ecosystems.
• Exploring the history of traditional folk music.
• How to foster a sense of community in a neighborhood.
• The benefits of learning a musical instrument.
• The evolution of communication technologies.
• The process of seed germination in plants.
• Tips for creating a productive home office space.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on job markets.
• Understanding the concept of emotional intelligence.
• The benefits of practicing gratitude daily.
• The history and cultural importance of tea.
• How to develop effective public speaking skills.
• Exploring the world of virtual reality technology.
• The significance of water purification methods.
• Tips for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
• The process of making sustainable food choices.
• The role of literature in shaping societal norms.

Expository Essay Outline

An outline for expository essay is a structured plan that serves as a roadmap for organizing the main ideas and supporting details of the essay in a logical and coherent manner. While the specific structure may vary based on the assignment or preferences, a typical outline generally includes the following components, beginning with how to start an expository essay:

Expository Essay Introduction

• Hook or attention-grabbing statement.
• Background information on the topic.
• Clear thesis statement that presents the main idea.

Body Paragraphs (usually three or more)

• Topic sentence for each paragraph, presenting a main point or supporting idea.
• Supporting evidence, facts, or examples to illustrate and explain the topic sentence.
• Analysis or interpretation of the evidence to connect it back to the thesis.

Expository Essay Conclusion

• Restatement of the thesis in different words.
• Summary of the main points discussed in the body paragraphs.
• Concluding thoughts or insights, possibly suggesting implications or future considerations.

Transitions

• Smooth transitions between paragraphs to ensure a cohesive flow of ideas.
• Clear connections between sentences and paragraphs to guide the reader through the essay.

Revising and Editing

• Space for notes on areas that may need revision or improvement.
• Consideration of clarity, coherence, and overall effectiveness.

By creating an expository essay outline, a college essay writer can organize their thoughts, ensure a logical progression of ideas, and maintain a clear and concise structure. This framework helps writers stay focused on the main purpose of the essay – to inform, explain, or analyze a particular subject – while providing a roadmap for readers to follow and comprehend the information presented.

How to Write an Expository Essay Step by Step

Writing an expository essay involves a systematic process that ensures clarity, coherence, and effectiveness in conveying information. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you craft an expository essay:

Choose a Topic

• Select a topic that interests you and aligns with the purpose of an expository essay – to inform, explain, or analyze a subject.

Conduct Research

• Gather relevant and credible information to support your chosen topic. 
• Utilize reputable sources such as academic journals, books, and reliable websites.

Create an Outline

• Develop a clear and organized outline that includes the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
• Each section should have a specific purpose and contribute to the overall coherence of the essay.

Write the Introduction

• Start with an attention-grabbing hook that relates to your topic. 
• Provide background information and context, leading to a concise and focused thesis statement that outlines the main idea.

Develop Body Paragraphs

• Each body paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main point. 
• Support the topic sentence with evidence, facts, or examples. 
• Ensure a logical flow between paragraphs, using transitions to guide the reader.

Provide Evidence

• Support your points with credible evidence and examples. 
• Ensure that each piece of evidence directly relates to the topic sentence and supports the overall thesis of the essay.

Analyze and Interpret

• After presenting evidence, analyze and interpret it. 
• Explain the significance of the evidence and how it relates to your thesis. 
• This step helps to ensure that your audience understands the relevance of the information presented.

Write the Conclusion

• Summarize the main points discussed in the body paragraphs without introducing new information. 
• Restate the thesis in different words and offer concluding insights or implications related to the topic.

Revise and Edit

• Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency. 
• Check for grammatical errors and awkward phrasing, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas. 
• Consider feedback from others or take a break before revising to gain a fresh perspective.
• Carefully proofread your essay to catch any remaining errors, typos, or issues. 
• Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and argumentative essay format .

By following these steps, you can systematically approach the writing process and create a well-organized and informative expository essay. Remember to stay focused on the purpose of informing, explaining, or analyzing the chosen topic throughout the entire writing process.

Final Thoughts

Learning how to write an expository essay offers students several important advantages. First off, it helps them express their thoughts clearly and organize ideas effectively, skills that are useful not only in academics but also in various professional situations where clear communication is key. 

Moreover, writing expository essays improves critical thinking as students practice analyzing information, connecting ideas, and presenting well-supported arguments. This skill is valuable in everyday decision-making and problem-solving scenarios. 

Additionally, the process of crafting such essays enhances research abilities, teaching students how to find, evaluate, and use information effectively. Overall, mastering expository writing equips students with practical, transferable skills that can positively impact their academic and professional pursuits. You can use our research paper service to cope with assignments better and faster.

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What are the Different Types of Expository Essays?

What is the most important part of the expository essay structure, what is the main idea in expository writing, related articles.

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How to Write an Expository Essay | Structure, Tips & Examples

Published on July 14, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

“Expository” means “intended to explain or describe something.” An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a particular topic, process, or set of ideas. It doesn’t set out to prove a point, just to give a balanced view of its subject matter.

Expository essays are usually short assignments intended to test your composition skills or your understanding of a subject. They tend to involve less research and original arguments than argumentative essays .

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Table of contents

When should you write an expository essay, how to approach an expository essay, introducing your essay, writing the body paragraphs, concluding your essay, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about expository essays.

In school and university, you might have to write expository essays as in-class exercises, exam questions, or coursework assignments.

Sometimes it won’t be directly stated that the assignment is an expository essay, but there are certain keywords that imply expository writing is required. Consider the prompts below.

The word “explain” here is the clue: An essay responding to this prompt should provide an explanation of this historical process—not necessarily an original argument about it.

Sometimes you’ll be asked to define a particular term or concept. This means more than just copying down the dictionary definition; you’ll be expected to explore different ideas surrounding the term, as this prompt emphasizes.

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An expository essay should take an objective approach: It isn’t about your personal opinions or experiences. Instead, your goal is to provide an informative and balanced explanation of your topic. Avoid using the first or second person (“I” or “you”).

The structure of your expository essay will vary according to the scope of your assignment and the demands of your topic. It’s worthwhile to plan out your structure before you start, using an essay outline .

A common structure for a short expository essay consists of five paragraphs: An introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Like all essays, an expository essay begins with an introduction . This serves to hook the reader’s interest, briefly introduce your topic, and provide a thesis statement summarizing what you’re going to say about it.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

The body of your essay is where you cover your topic in depth. It often consists of three paragraphs, but may be more for a longer essay. This is where you present the details of the process, idea or topic you’re explaining.

It’s important to make sure each paragraph covers its own clearly defined topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Different topics (all related to the overall subject matter of the essay) should be presented in a logical order, with clear transitions between paragraphs.

Hover over different parts of the example paragraph below to see how a body paragraph is constructed.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

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The conclusion of an expository essay serves to summarize the topic under discussion. It should not present any new information or evidence, but should instead focus on reinforcing the points made so far. Essentially, your conclusion is there to round off the essay in an engaging way.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a conclusion works.

The invention of the printing press was important not only in terms of its immediate cultural and economic effects, but also in terms of its major impact on politics and religion across Europe. In the century following the invention of the printing press, the relatively stationary intellectual atmosphere of the Middle Ages gave way to the social upheavals of the Reformation and the Renaissance. A single technological innovation had contributed to the total reshaping of the continent.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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An expository essay is a broad form that varies in length according to the scope of the assignment.

Expository essays are often assigned as a writing exercise or as part of an exam, in which case a five-paragraph essay of around 800 words may be appropriate.

You’ll usually be given guidelines regarding length; if you’re not sure, ask.

An expository essay is a common assignment in high-school and university composition classes. It might be assigned as coursework, in class, or as part of an exam.

Sometimes you might not be told explicitly to write an expository essay. Look out for prompts containing keywords like “explain” and “define.” An expository essay is usually the right response to these prompts.

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

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Expository Essay Guide

Expository Essay Topics

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

Expository Essay Topics Recommended by Experts

By: Donna C.

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Apr 7, 2020

“Expository” comes from the word explanatory. It means explaining everything in depth, increasing the reader’s understanding, and effectively conveying the writer’s message.

Expository writing is not subjective like a persuasive essay. It doesn't just state opinions and beliefs but rather uses authentic facts to support your argument objectively.

For a good essay, you need a great essay topic. Therefore, continue reading this blog and get a complete list of the best expository essay topics.

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Expository Essay Topics for Students

Before writing an essay, you need to have an interesting topic, and an expository essay is no different.

Some professors assign the same topic for the expository essay to the entire class. However, if you have the liberty to choose a topic, this is the right place for you.

We have gathered a list of good expository essay topics for students of all levels.

Expository Essay Topics for University Students

• Is it important to read the book before watching the movie?
• Explain the likely consequences of skipping classes.
• Express your understanding of morality.
• Explain why teens smoke cigarettes.
• The causes of terrorism in modern times.How to be a smart consumer.
• What qualities make someone popular?
• Why is diversity in a workplace important?
• How do the stages of personality develop in childhood?
• Cost of living on the moon.

Expository Essay Topics for College Students

• Should people work on artificial intelligence?
• Why are college papers so tough?
• What are some useful ways that students can utilize their free time?
• Can youngsters learn something useful from playing video games?
• Is there a way to decrease the influence of social media on our lives?
• Does our emotional state affect our memory?
• How can you improve your life in a year?
• Do you ever plan on changing the world? And how?
• What are some ways to find out if someone is lying? How can you spot a liar?
• How can one be a wise consumer?

Expository Essay Topics for High School

• Why is it necessary to create the expository essay outline?
• What is the role of the family in our lives? How important is family?
• Does science help improve the human lifespan?
• How to write your paper like professionals?
• What are the benefits of working out?
• What stages do you go through before making a decision?
• Is a good essay prompt a sign of a successful essay?
• What are some benefits of knowing multiple foreign languages?
• What are the different types of essays?
• Why are teenagers fascinated by alcohol and drugs?

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Expository Essay Topics for Middle School

• Does another person’s point of view matter?
• The person I admire and why?
• What are the effects of global warming?
• What do you want to become and why?
• How can we save the planet?
• Should there be uniforms in schools?
• What is your favorite sport, and what do you enjoy most about it?
• How does essay writing service work?
• Describe your first memory, and what makes it memorable?
• What is your favorite subject at school?

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 6

• Explain why teens wear makeup.
• What makes a good friend?
• How might your upbringing affect your personality?
• Global warming and its solutions.
• What's the worst way to study for finals?
• Write a report about your trip to the museum.
• How does pop music influence our way of living?
• Explain how modern advertising is a danger to our society.
• How do you plan to change your school?
• Which strong points do you have?

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 7

• How to become a leader?
• Explain why you admire a particular person.
• Types of eating disorders.
• How can you stop racism?
• How to study?
• What is your favorite cartoon?
• What poem had a profound effect on you and why?
• Steps to saving the planet.
• How does a coffee house help run away from school?
• How real is fusion power?

Funny Expository Essay Topics

• How can you make a gloomy person smile?
• What can you do to kill time at work?
• How to stop being a hoarder?
• How to stop being an impulse shopper?
• How can one stop binge-watching random shows?
• What is the most ineffective way to prepare for a big test?
• The worst profession there is, and why do people choose it?
• Is China the cause of overpopulation in the world?
• What are some weird superstitions that someone you know has?
• The most ridiculous fashion trends of all time.

Interesting Expository Essay Topics

• An author(s) who changed the way people think.
• Do geeks become successful adults?
• What is an interesting website idea, and how to make it?
• How can the internet be used for combating unemployment?
• Will space travel ever become commercialized?
• What are some pros and cons of having a part-time job in high school?
• Why do writers create the thesis statement?
• What is the best treatment for mental health illnesses like anxiety, depression, etc.?
• Can people get over their fear of heights?
• Is art effective in curing psychological issues?

Expository Essay Topics About Education

• Explain why it is important to learn to read.
• Why do some students drop out of school?
• What do you think are the benefits of studying math?
• Why do great topics make the essay perfect?
• How does one get a college scholarship?
• What is the history of your college?
• How to write a compare and contrast essay?
• Is there a need for higher education to be free for every child?
• The role of education in national development.
• How do you choose great topic ideas for an essay?

Expository Essay Topics on Social Issues

• Hobbies for teenagers to avoid.
• Are teenagers materialistic?
• Why do teens run away from home?
• Why is depression on the rise in America?
• Why do some teens get jobs while others don’t?
• Poverty and social life.
• Does Instagram change the way we perceive our lives?
• What phenomena can be considered social issues?
• Forced migration.
• Why do parents lie?

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Controversial Expository Essay Topics

• Are females better students than males?
• Why are siblings constantly fighting?
• Why do students decide to join gangs?
• Will banning free soda refills help to fight obesity?
• Live under the poverty line.
• Killing animals for their fur
• Psychological causes of racism
• Explain why parents are sometimes strict.
• People are supporting other country’s leaders.
• What symbolizes your culture?

Expository Essay Topics Consumer Culture

• The positive and negative effects of consumer culture.
• Understanding the modern consumer culture.
• Consumer culture in China and the middle class.
• Consumer culture is central to understanding contemporary identities.
• Consumerism in consumer culture.Advertising and consumer culture.
• Explain consumer culture.
• Consumption, and consumption’s role in our everyday life.
• Urban consumer culture.
• The Chinese consumer culture.

Expository Essay Topics 2022

• Why is it so important to have friends while you are at school?
• Describe the relationship between dogs and people.
• Pros and cons of getting financial aid.The many benefits of exercising regularly.
• What is your brightest dream about the future?
• Define the latest developments in human brain study.
• Which religion will you introduce to your children?
• Describe the ways you help out at home.
• Which voting system is the fairest?
• Why is writing an expository essay difficult?

Expository Essay Topics on Health

• How does advertising influence healthy food choices?
• Explain how doctors train to become qualified.
• What makes a good psychotherapist?
• What is life?
• Discuss the importance of mental health.
• Fibromyalgia: is it a disease?
• Does music affect our state of health?
• Does expressing your emotions help?
• What are some effective ways to stay healthy?
• Does mental health matter?

Need more topics for your essay?

Use our essay topic generator and get unique ideas for your essay!

These were some sample expository essay topics that can help you get an idea of a good topic.

However, do you still need help in the topic-selection phase? Don’t worry; just contact 5StarEssays.com and get professional writers’ help. All your ‘write my essay’ requests answered by expert essay writers.

So, contact us now and get the well-written essay on time.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 5 types of expository writing.

Here are the 5 types of expository writing.

• Descriptive essay
• Comparison essay
• Problem solution essay
• Process essay
• Cause and effect essay

What is an example of an expository essay?

Expository writing is the most popular type of academic and non-academic writing. Common examples are:

• Newspapers articles
• Assembly instructions
• How to manuals

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• 5+ Expository Essay Examples to Help you Get Started

• How to Write an Expository Essay Outline - Complementary Template Added

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50+ Stellar ESL Writing Prompts to Inspire Your Students (Plus Resources to Find More Prompts)

Ever find yourself staring at a blank page with no good ideas of how to fill it?

We all do, even the most experienced writers.

But for many ESL students, the dreaded blank page isn’t just intimidating—it’s immobilizing.

After all, they’re working in a second language that might not even share the same writing system as their own.

Today, we’re going to look at more than 50 different writing prompts and how you can use them to give students a boost in the right direction.

Then we’ll cover the web’s top resources to find more great writing prompts.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Process Writing

Process writing is a good place to start with your beginner students.

Simple process writing can be nothing more than a numbered list of steps written in the simple present with imperative grammar.

You can also use these prompts for intermediate and advanced students by asking them to write full paragraphs using smooth transitions.

Process Writing Prompts

• What’s your favorite food from your home country? How do you make it?
• How did you travel from your home country to the U.S.?
• What’s the best way to study for an exam?
• How does a person learn to read? What are the necessary steps?
• What’s something you’re good at? How did you learn to do it?
• How do you get ready every morning? Discuss each step of your morning routine.
• How does a person get a job? What steps must they take?
• How do you get a driver’s license? What steps must you follow?
• How does an acorn grow into a tree? What are the stages of its life?
• What are the stages of the water cycle?

How to set your students up for success

When brainstorming ideas, ask your students to list the steps of how they came up with the content to write about. If you want to challenge intermediate and advanced students, have them write paragraphs describing the brainstorming process rather than writing a numbered list.

For certain topics, students may need time for additional research, like when writing about science.

Also, be aware of any vocabulary that may be specific to the process students are describing. For example, if they’re describing a food from their home country, students may need to define a particular ingredient (e.g. kimchi, herbs de provence ) that may not have a good English equivalent.

Opinion Writing

Opinions are everywhere. From social media posts to commentary on news programs, we’re constantly exposed to other opinions and ideas. For this reason, it’s important for students to be able to both express their own opinions and evaluate the opinions of others.

And what better way to express one’s opinions than with a written argument? Here are some prompts to help your students vocalize their opinions.

Opinion Writing Prompts

• Should people under the age of 21 be allowed to drink alcohol? Please explain.
• Should college students be allowed to choose their own courses or study from a set list of required courses? Please explain.
• Is it better for young adults to live at home with their parents or to live on their own? Please explain.
• Should your country require young adults to serve in the military? Why or why not?
• Should professional athletes be allowed to compete in the Olympics? Why or why not?
• Should people be allowed to smoke in restaurants? Please explain your opinion.
• Should parents be allowed to arrange marriages for their children? Why or why not?
• Should students be required to take physical education? Why or why not?
• Should teenagers be allowed to make decisions about their sexual health without the consent of their parents? Please explain your opinion.
• Should students be required to clean their schools? Please explain.

Before starting the assignment, review modal verbs with your class . Explain to your students that the verb, “should,” is a signal word for opinion writing and is commonly used when expressing one’s thoughts, opinions and ideas.

Graphic organizers are a great way to help students think through what they believe about a given topic and get those thoughts in the right order for writing. Curriculum developer, Scholastic, has some great organizers you can print and give to your students to help them gather their thoughts before they write.

Good opinion writing takes both sides of an argument into consideration. While students should devote the majority of their essay to supporting the facts they agree with, they also need to dedicate a section to addressing the opposition’s argument and explaining why it’s wrong. This is called the rebuttal and should come just before the conclusion in an opinion piece.

Narrative Writing

Narrative writing tells a story.

It has a beginning, a middle and an end, and aims to engross the reader and make them feel as if they’re experiencing the story firsthand. Moreover, narrative writing covers a sequence of events, telling the reader how these events relate to one another.

Narrative Writing Prompts

• Think about a time in your life when you were disappointed. What caused this, and how did you get over it?
• Did you have a pet as a child? If so, tell the story of how you got it.
• Who’s your hero? What did they do to gain your respect and admiration?
• What was an important event in your childhood? Write about what happened and how it has affected you.
• Tell about a time you were embarrassed.
• How did you meet your significant other? Tell the story of that first meeting. (For younger students, you can ask the question, “How did your parents meet each other?”)
• When did you first think about traveling overseas to study English?
• What would the perfect day look like? Discuss how you would spend it from when you woke until you went to sleep. (Note: Your students need to use the conditional form for this narrative. Take time to review it with them before assigning this prompt.)
• Describe the life of a dollar bill, from when it comes off the printing press until it retires.
• Describe the life of someone famous in your culture. Where did they come from? How did they become famous?

Absolutely essential for narrative writing, transitions ensure the sequence of events flows smoothly. Before beginning the writing exercise, take a few minutes to review transition words and phrases with your students. You can even  give them a copy of this list  to help them get started.

Another important part of narrative writing is action words. Great for boosting the imagination, action words help the reader visualize the story while reading. Encourage your students to add extra color to their stories by having them brainstorm a list of action words at the beginning of the lesson.

Lastly, make sure that your students use proper verb tenses throughout their writing. Regardless of whether the story is being told in past or present tense, students must learn to keep the verb tense is consistent throughout the story without switching from past to present, or vice versa, unless talking about two different points in time.

Descriptive Writing

Descriptive writing is all about writing the details, and mixing them in with sensory words and literary devices . While there’s definitely a stylistic component to descriptive writing, anyone with a good-sized vocabulary and a little bit of practice can write a vivid story.

Descriptive Writing Prompts

• Go to a coffee shop or restaurant and watch the people. Describe what you see.
• Write a travel brochure for your favorite vacation spot. Describe in detail why others should visit this location.
• Describe a classroom in your home country. How’s it different from our classroom?
• Think about a time you were scared. Describe where you were and what frightened you.
• Think of a scene in your favorite movie. Describe what happened without referencing characters in the movie.
• What’s something that is very valuable to you? Describe that object.
• Close your eyes. Tune in to what you can hear, smell and feel. Now open your eyes and write about what you observed.
• (First, have your students close their eyes, then play them a clip from a movie scene)  What did you picture as you listened to the scene?
• Describe your favorite Halloween candy, making note of how it tastes and smells.
• Describe your dream car.

The best way to help your students master descriptive writing is to get them accustomed to using sensory words —the words that describe how something looks, sounds, smells, feels and tastes.

If your students are describing a person, have them start at their head and move down to their feet, or vice versa. If they’re describing a room, have them start at the door and work their way around the room clockwise. That way, their descriptions are organized and structured, making it easier for the reader to form a clear picture of the imagery in their mind as they read.

Creative Writing

Everyone loves a good story, but not all people feel confident writing one of their own.

With a solid setting, character and conflict, anyone can come up with a gripping and exciting story—even your students.

Here are some writing prompts to get your students expressing themselves with stories.

Creative Writing Prompts

• A young boy sees what appears to be a UFO land outside his home late one Tuesday night. What happens next?
• Use the following scene for inspiration: The boat rocks as each towering wave tosses it into the air and then lets it plunge. You hang over the edge of the boat waiting for the current wave of nausea to pass. Suddenly you hear at least a dozen sets of boots running along the deck…
• The year is 1880, and a young girl whose bonnet hangs down her back from its strings sighs in relief. She’s in a ghost town. How did she get there? Tell the story of her past.
• This morning is just like any other school morning, except one thing: No one else is at school. The doors are opened and unlocked, but you’re completely alone. Write the story of what happened.
• Start a story with the following phrase: It was the worst mistake he’d ever made.
• Use the following scene for inspiration: She’d never seen an animal like this before, but it seems to be friendly. Just then a news alert comes over the radio…
• Start a story with the following phrase: He could see eyes in the shadows.
• Use the following scene as inspiration: They said I was free to leave, but sitting in a helicopter with the city beneath me, where could I really go?
• Choose a favorite character from a book or movie. Then put this character in a setting from a different movie or book—for example, Harry Potter finds himself on the Millennium Falcon with Chewbacca. Then, tell the story of what happens next.
• Have each person in class write down a setting, one character and one object on three separate slips of paper. Collect each category separately, shuffle them and redistribute the papers to your students. Each person must write a story incorporating the setting, character and object they received.

For a story to be successful, it needs three important elements: setting, character and conflict .

Take a few moments to talk about each of these elements with your students before they begin the activity. Have them think about these elements and how they’ll be presented in their own stories by asking the following questions:

• Where will the story take place?
• Who’s the main character of the story?
• What conflict will that person face?
• How will they overcome what is stopping them?

Once they can answer these essential questions, they’re ready to begin writing.

If you’re teaching beginner or intermediate students, separate the language from the story elements by having them write a story they already know. They can write a story of their favorite movie, rather than come up with a plot of their own.

Also, if your students are struggling to come up with their own stories, use comic books for inspiration . Writing comics is also a great way to give students writing practice without requiring imagination to go along with it.

Resources for Finding More Inspiring ESL Writing Prompts

Writer’s Digest

The  Writer’s Digest  website and magazine is full of tips and tricks for writing, interviews with authors, and insight into what it’s like to be in the writing business. The prompts section contains mostly fiction and creative writing prompts, and is updated every week with a new prompt.

Reddit is a huge community of people who love to share things they find around the Internet, and have conversations. The Writing Prompts section has some really creative ideas, and you can even see what other people have written in the comments.

Tumblr is a great place to find ideas. It’s a place where people can blog about whatever they want, but it’s more visual than most other blogs. (That means it focuses more on pictures.) The “Writing Prompts” Tumblr uses pictures to share prompts, both creative and nonfiction. There’s even one prompt for a song!

Lindsay Ann Learning

The prompts on this website are meant for school children, but they are excellent writing starters for any age. The page focuses on journal writing, so these prompts are mostly for nonfiction writing.

Language Is a Virus

The Writing Prompts Generator on this site has a huge number of ideas for fiction and nonfiction writing, which you can see one at a time. This website also has some fun  word games  to get you thinking and being creative.

This website has over 300 prompts for you to try. Just reading through the prompts will give you some new words to learn! Most of these prompts are for creative writing, but there are a small number of nonfiction thoughts in there too.

Writing Forward

This list of creative writing prompts has 25 story starters. Just pick a first sentence and see where the story takes you! There are also some questions and ideas to explore. When you’re done here, head over to the  Grammar section  for some tips from the pros.

Writing Prompts by 21×20 Media

Want to get your prompts in a phone-friendly format? Try the Writing Prompts app from 21×20 Media. It’s not free, but at just $1.99 you get hundreds of prompts organized by type. Look through pictures, place and character ideas, and much, much more.

Wrighting Words

You’ll find almost 500 creative writing prompts on Wrighting Words. The long list has everything from interesting story starters to fun with vocabulary words. There are even some titles and dialogue ideas. You’re sure to find something to inspire you here.

Pinterest has many great collections of writing ideas and exercises. You can really browse the entire website for ideas and inspiration. For some more focused writing, check out the Writing Picture Prompts board linked to above, which has nearly 400 picture prompts meant to inspire you.

Think Written

How about a prompt for each day of the year? Think Written has that. The list here focuses on words and themes, so you can write fiction or nonfiction—it’s up to you. For a real challenge, try following the list, doing one prompt every day. How far down the list can you make it?

Visual Prompts

If you prefer to see your prompts and not just read them, you will love the Visual Prompts website. Each prompt is written over a picture that can help you imagine what you’re writing about. There’s also a nice mix of creative and nonfiction prompts here.

The Write Prompts

The Write Prompts has almost 2,000 prompts, but you might find the word prompts the most useful. Each prompt comes with a list of vocabulary words that you have to use in your story. Can you string the words along and make an interesting story or essay?

Seventh Sanctum

The Seventh Sanctum is a collection of writing generators—websites that create prompts for you. There is a nearly  infinite  (never-ending) number of possible prompts! You can also try any of the other generators, like the  setting  (place) one , or the one that asks creative  “What if…?” questions . There is so much to play with here!

Buzzfeed is mostly known for its funny picture articles , but this article has an excellent list of prompts for all kinds of writing. These prompts can be used in a school, but they can also be used by adults. Some of these will get you feeling creative, and some will make you think. Have fun with both!

The Journal

The Journal is another website for nonfiction and blog writing ideas. There is even more here too—get ideas for writing your opinions about topics, your memoirs (writings about yourself), and free-writing, which is when you don’t stop writing for 10 or 15 minutes.

Education World

Education World is a website for teachers, so these prompts are meant for the classroom. This means that they will make you think, and each prompt has a helpful tip box with some ideas for what you can write on the topic.

These are just some of the ways to get your students thinking about how to fill the page with their thoughts and ideas. A list of writing prompts and a helpful teacher can go a long way in preventing writers’ block and helping students look at every empty page as an opportunity to express themselves.

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Chapter 9-1: The Compare & Contrast Essay

Introduction

In a compare and contrast essay, the writer studies two different subjects and analyzes their similarities, differences, or both.

Example topics:

Discuss the similarities of Instagram and Facebook (compare essay)

Describe the differences between owning a cat and owning a dog (contrast essay)

Examine both the similarities and differences between Canada's and your home country's healthcare system (compare and contrast essay)

A compare and contrast essay has two potential structures: point-by-point and block.

Either of these structures can be used with the five-paragraph approach for an essay:

an introductory paragraph

three evidentiary body paragraphs

a conclusion

Point-by-point

Discusses individual points, alternating between subjects

Point 1: Subject 1 > Subject 2

Point 2: Subject 1 > Subject 2

Point 3: Subject 1 > Subject 2

Discusses the subjects, first one and then the other

Subject 1: Point 1, 2, and 3

Transition Paragraph

Subject 2: Point 1, 2, and 3

Point-by-point Method Example Structure:

1. Intelligence: Dogs vs. cats

2. Financial cost of upkeep: Dogs vs. cats

3. Behavior when the owner is away: Dogs vs. cats

Block Method Example Structure:

1. Dogs: their intelligence, financial cost of upkeep, and behaviour when the owner is away

2. Transition: "While dogs have some advantages over cats, felines also have positive traits."

3. Cats: their intelligence, financial cost of upkeep, and behaviour when the owner is away

Useful Words and Phrases

In the same way

In the same manner

both... and...

not only... but also...

neither... nor...

Both _________________ and _________________ are ___________________.

Just as ____________________ is _________________, _____________________ is also _____________________.

____________________ and __________________ have several things in common.

In contrast

By contrast

On the contrary

Even though

On the other hand

different from

While _______________ is _______________, __________________ is ___________________.

The main difference between ___________________ and __________________ is __________________.

Compare and Contrast

While the similarities between _____________________ and _____________________, the differences are _________________________.

Both _________________ and _________________ are ___________________, but they _________________________.

At first glance, __________________ and __________________ don't have anything common, but __________________.

Essay Outline

This outline of a point-by-point compare and contrast essay should help you with the content of your essay.

Teacher’s Name

Course Title

Title: Choose something informative that will let readers know what you plan to compare and/or contrast

Your introduction paragraph will present the two subjects that you plan to compare and/or contrast. You should include a sentence that summarizes whether you will find them similar, different, or both. An interesting compare/contrast essay will contrast things that may seem similar or compare items that at first seem quite different.

Point 1: In this paragraph, address the first point that you will use to compare/contrast between your two subjects. You may write about one for a few sentences, then the next for a few sentences. Or you may choose to combine both subjects into cohesive sentences.

Point 2: Examine the second point of the two subjects in this paragraph. If you're comparing and contrasting, this may be the point where you switch. For example, if you compared similarities in the first point, you could contrast the differences in the second point.

Point 3: The third paragraph will have the final point to compare or contrast the subjects. Many essays end with the biggest or most important difference or similarity.

Summarize your conclusions with your ending paragraph. Are the items more similar than they seem? Are they more different? Or do they have some similarities as well as some differences?

Sample Essay

NOTE: this is a sample essay designed to fit on one page. The number of words that you are required to write, the number of ideas that you are required to express, and the formatting rules you are required to follow may be different for your own assignment. Refer to your assignment instructions for this information.

The MLA format for essays has the following rules:

Font: 12pt Times New Roman

Margins: One-inch margins in all sides

Heading: Left-justified at the beginning of the essay and includes:

Teacher's name

Course title

Paragraphs: Double spaced with indentation on first line

In-text citation and paraphrasing format

“Works Cited” format

Exercises & Resources

The resources linked below can help you brainstorm topics for your essay. Comparing or contrasting subjects in a table or worksheet can be helpful before you write your complete essay. These can help you make an outline and decide whether to use point-by-point or block structure, as well.

Maintaining this website requires alerts and feedback from the students that use it when they see a problem or have a suggestion.

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100 top-notch expository essay topics.

What is an expository essay? An expository essay is one of the four major types of writing assignments and requires students to teach or explain information in an objective way. To achieve this, students should write in the third person and inform, compare and contrast, or show cause and effect. Ample evidence and examples must be attained and the student must present the information in an orderly and effective manner. Did we define expository essay adequately? Keep reading to learn five simple steps to help guide you through the writing process. We’ve also included a list of 100 essay topics to help you get started.

How to Write an Expository Essay: 5 Steps

• Consider different expository paper topics. Make sure the topic you choose is one you are interested in and is manageable. Don’t burden yourself with a lofty topic that will be difficult to research. Take a look at these 200 speech ideas .
• Research facts and details. Search online for all pertinent facts and details. The information should come from reliable sources but you can find a lot of background content to help you get familiar with your topic.
• Create an expository essay outline. Group and organize your ideas and discussion points and put them in an outline. The outline will help you stay on track as you write each draft. It’s much easier to evaluate your content and rearrange it in an outline than in a completed draft.
• Write the first draft quickly. Writing the first draft quickly is a great way of getting all of your ideas down on the page efficiently and effectively. Don’t stop to make corrections to your writing; just allow your thoughts to flow.
• Reorganize arguments in a revised draft. Set your paper aside for at least a few hours (or days if you have the time) before making your revisions. This exercise allows you to evaluate your work from a fresh perspective.

Expository Writing Topics for Middle School Students

These expository essay topics for middle school are great starting points for anyone just learning how to write this kind of assignment:

• Describe the four primary colors to somebody who is blind.
• Describe the saying “A stitch in time saves nine.”
• Describe what it means to be an active listener.
• Describe the habits of a good middle school student.
• Describe what it means to provide good customer service.
• Explain the types of foods pescatarians are allowed to eat.
• Explain the qualities of a good physical education teacher.
• Explain what it means to be a professional star athlete.
• Explain the qualities of a good sitcom.
• Explain what makes for an interesting game show.

Expository Essay Topics for High School

These expository paragraph topics are a bit harder than the ones above and should only be attempted once a student understands the fundamentals:

• Explain what one needs to do to get into college.
• Explain the reason for having an active military.
• Explain what it means to have a white or blue-collar job.
• Explain the importance of trade schools.
• Explain what is meant when someone says “That’s a job well-done.”
• Describe the financial impact Covid-19 has had in the U.S.
• Describe what it takes for a pandemic to spread.
• Describe the five important qualities of a leader.
• Describe the functions of the United Nations.
• Describe the impact Brexit will have on England’s economy.

Expository Essay Topics for College

As students advance academically, the assignments they receive will be more difficult. These expository essay topics college are challenging but manageable:

• Describe your college or university’s campus history.
• Explain the academic requirements of a rare discipline.
• Describe how to make the perfect omelet.
• Explain the steps for changing a tire in less than five minutes.
• Explain how one can stay healthy eating only junk food.
• Explain how to lose weight safely in less than 30 days.
• Describe a memorial commemorating U.S. soldiers.
• Explain the election process in your state.
• Describe how local ordinances are passed in your community.
• Explain the judicial process for non-violent crimes.

Expository Speech Topics for a Debate Assignment

These are all good expository speech topics for an assignment that must be presented before an audience:

• Explain the consequences of committing a crime when you are under the age of 18.
• Describe what it means to be on academic probation.
• Explain the process of taking a plea deal.
• Describe the negative effects of drug addiction.
• Explain the legal ramifications of committing a white-collar crime.
• Describe what it takes to be a successful comedian.
• Describe the process for become a police officer in your state.
• Explain how one can go about organizing a peaceful protest.
• Describe the history of affirmative action in the United States.
• Describe the welfare system in the United States.

Funny Expository Speech Topics

Here are some funny expository essay topics to help liven the mood while still generating enough interest to keep readers hooked:

• Explain the most effective way to make a clown laugh.
• Describe how to get Buckingham Palace’s guards to move.
• Describe the best methods of cheating on an exam.
• Describe how one can get away from doing his or her homework.
• Explain the best way to get out of trouble for skipping school.
• Explain the best method for getting out of being grounded.
• Describe how you can get away with watching pornography.
• Explain why it is necessary to have parental restrictions.
• Describe how one can go about treating a mosquito bite.
• Explain the process for selecting a player in the NFL draft.

Easy Expository Essay Topics

Looking for something simple to write about? This set of topics for expository writing shouldn’t take very long to explore in a short assignment:

• Explain the best methods for getting into shape fast.
• Describe how professional athletes train during the offseason.
• Explain how to score a soccer goal from midfield.
• Explain the best defense for breaking a home curfew.
• Explain the best method to avoid spreading Covid-19.
• Describe the process for impeaching the President.
• Describe how to save money on food each month.
• Explain the best way to convince others to spend money on you.
• Explain the best way to get rid of an annoying mosquito.
• Describe the best dating apps to use for an immediate date.

Controversial College Expository Essay Topics

If you are somebody that likes to explore controversial ideas, then these topics for expository essay might be just right:

• Explain the effectiveness of capital punishment.
• Describe the process of appeals in the U.S. court system.
• Explain the psychological effects on women who undergo abortions.
• Describe why only women should have a choice regarding their unborn children.
• Explain the process of physician-assisted suicide.
• Describe why mental patients should not be tried as adults.
• Explain why it is necessary to arm our school teachers.
• Describe why one must retain the right to own firearms.
• Explain why students are driven to go to a four-year university.
• Explain fraternity or sorority rituals for initiation.

Current Topics for an Expository Essay

These topics for expository essays represent the latest issues being discussed today. They may be a bit challenging because there may be a lack of resources, so choose wisely:

• Explain the relationships between North Korea and South Korea.
• Describe the necessary steps for creating a COVID-19 vaccine.
• Explain the reasons for banning smoking in all public areas.
• Describe what is meant by martial law in the United States.
• Explain why the United States is removing Confederate Statues.
• Describe why Missouri is replacing its state flag.
• Explain why NASCAR decided to ban all Confederate flags.
• Explain how the use of plastics is dangerous to the environment.
• Describe how urbanization as led to higher pollution rates.
• Explain why public education should be available at no cost.

Informative Expository Speech Topics

These ideas are all great for an expository essay that aims to objectively inform the reader about a specific subject in today’s news:

• Explain why it is important to earn a university degree.
• Describe how the internet wastes people’s time.
• Explain why it is necessary to learn how to use the internet.
• Describe how the internet works to improve communication.
• Describe how the web puts people’s privacy in danger.
• Explain why high school couples break up before college.
• Describe the process of getting a date to the prom.
• Explain special needs children impact family life.
• Describe how obsessive-compulsive disorder is harmless.
• Explain how therapists apply treatment to their patients.

Good Expository Essay Topics

We end our list of expository topics with some fresh ideas taken from online conversations and articles. These may be current only for a little while, so be sure to keep checking for more:

• Explain how the use of 3D printing technology helps medicine.
• Describe how DNA can be used to store important data.
• Explain how flu vaccines work during winter months.
• Describe the purpose of the Salvation Army.
• Explain why teenagers decide to run away from their homes.
• Explain why the orphanage system in the U.S. needs reform.
• Describe the challenges of growing up with only one parent.
• Explain how your university or college has changed in the last 20 years.
• Describe why free public education is essential in your community.
• Describe the rules of your favorite team sport.

For more sample expository essay topics, check with our expert academic writers and editors. They can create custom expository essay topics to fit any assignment and for any level. Just give us the details and we will handle the rest.

Expository Essay

Expository Essay Topics

Interesting Expository Essay Topics For Your Next Paper

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If you are going to write an expository essay, you have to spend your valuable time hitting books. Writing an  expository essay  is quite a different task as compared to other types of essays.

College students usually get to write an expository essay as a college paper. For that reason, it is important to know some ‘A’ worthy expository essay prompts for your essay. A good topic allows you to express your point of view.

Here we have listed some fantastic expository writing prompts for you. Read them and choose one of them for your college paper.

• 1. Expository Essay Topics
• 2. Expository Essay Writing Tips

To write a good essay, you need to start with an outstanding topic. And for that, you must spend some time exploring expository essay ideas.

Check out the list of essay topics given below for creating a good expository essay.

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 5

• The Life of Bees and Their Importance to Nature
• How to Stay Safe While Exploring the Internet
• Exploring the Wonders of the Rainforest
• The Journey of a Water Droplet in the Water Cycle
• My Favorite Season and Why I Love It
• The Role of Martin Luther King Jr. in Civil Rights
• How Do Plants Grow From Seeds?
• The Intriguing World of Dinosaurs
• The Story of Ancient Egypt and Its Pyramids
• The Adventures of a Fictional Character I Love

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 6

• Understanding the Solar System and Its Planets
• The Influence of Technology on Our Daily Lives
• The Impact of Global Warming on Polar Ice
• How to Develop Healthy Study Habits
• The Effects of Bullying on School Communities
• The Life Cycle of Stars and Their Evolution
• The Art of Ancient Greece and Its Legacy
• The Role of Government in Shaping Society
• The Journey of a River from Source to Sea
• The Impact of Role Models on Young People

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 7

• The Consequences of Deforestation on the Environment
• The Scientific Method: A Path to Discovery
• How the Industrial Revolution Transformed Society
• Cybersecurity: Protecting Personal Information Online
• The Human Respiratory System and Its Functions
• The Importance of Voting in a Democracy
• The Formation and Impact of Earthquakes
• The Power of Literature to Shape Perspectives
• Genetic Inheritance and Family Traits
• Social Media's Influence on Communication and Relationships

 Expository Essay Topics for Grade 8

• The Industrialization of the 19th Century and Its Consequences
• The Advancements in Artificial Intelligence and Their Applications
• Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
• The Impact of Cell Phones on Modern Society
• The American Civil War: Causes and Outcomes
• The Earth's Climate System and the Greenhouse Effect
• The Influence of Art Movements on Modern Art
• The Role of Government in Healthcare Access
• The Water Cycle and Its Crucial Role in Nature
• The Effects of Peer Pressure on Teenagers

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 9

• The Evolution of Language and Communication
• The Digital Revolution: Its Impact on Work and Society
• Exploring Renewable Energy Sources and Their Future
• The Origins of World Religions and Their Beliefs
• The Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Cloning
• The Impact of Literature on Societal Values and Norms
• The History and Consequences of World Wars
• Environmental Conservation and the Role of Youth
• Social Media's Influence on Political Discourse
• The Effects of Stress on Mental and Physical Health

Expository Essay Topics for Middle School

• How was your first day at school?
• Describe your favorite vacation place
• Describe your first work experience and what knowledge you gained during it
• Explain how growing up with a sibling influenced your personality
• Describe living a life with a pet
• Define the meaning of true friendship
• Describe your favorite hobby
• Explain how your favorite teacher helped you become a better person.
• Who was your first teacher?
• What is your favorite school subject?

Expository Essay Topics for High School Students

• What is an acceptable level of sadness?
• Can dogs smell fear?
• Is it important to read the book before watching the movie?
• Do aliens exist?
• Do people really change with time?
• How big is the universe?
• How can we develop our imagination?
• How can one measure happiness?
• Consequences of having a job while in high school
• Describe your first day at school

Expository Essay Topics for College Students

• The positive and negative effects of the Internet
• Steps to saving the planet
• List of things to make people happy
• How to deal with financial problems?
• How to admire a particular person?
• Describe the advancement in communication over the last 20 years
• Describe the benefits of social media
• What book would you like to read, and why?
• How to deal with bullying in school?
• Is expressing your emotions helpful?

Expository Essay About Music

• Explain the effects of music on your life
• What’s your favorite music album, and why?
• What music genre do you like?
• Would you like to be a musician?
• Which music genre is better: jazz or pop?
• How to become a musician?
• How to launch a music album
• What effect does music have on people's minds?
• Why do youngsters like rock music more than any other music genre
• Why do people listen to sad songs in depressing situations?

Easy Expository Essay Topic

• Difference between psychology and psychiatry?
• Is bibliophobia considered as a mental disorder?
• Differences between the right and left halves of the brain
• Define the significance of technical progress in US history
• Effect of newspaper invention
• Describe the period of the Great Depression in the United States
• Describe the change of communication in the Era of Technology
• How are humans searching for extraterrestrial life?
• Are heroic people mentally healthy?
• Discuss the stages of personality development

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Interesting Expository Essay Topic

• Why do people need to continue space exploration?
• Discuss the importance of mental health
• Explain the consequences of World War II
• How social media is affecting the course of studies
• Latest developments in the study of the human brain
• How to avoid depression?
• Why is the basic knowledge of IT important nowadays?
• Discuss how to cure a cold fast
• A recent study of black holes
• Effects of the french revolution

Good Expository Essay Topic

• Latest developments in the study to cure cancer
• Why is there a startling increase in people with allergies?
• Define the precursors of the Civil War
• Discuss the dangers of military activities in Eastern Asia
• Can one treat mental disorders oneself?
• Factors that contribute to depression
• Reasons people must use solar energy
• Discuss the long-term effects of global warming
• The role of astronomy in ancient Greece
• Describe the invention of the first newspaper
• Analyze the effects of Queen Victoria’s reign

Best Expository Essay Topic

• What is your dream about the future?
• Describe your first memory.
• What would you do if you could live forever?
• Describe what it is like to live with a pet
• Define the meaning of life to you
• Describe the hobby you enjoy doing.
• Describe the next great invention
• Why do people forget things?
• How is electronic music made?
• What are the types of schizophrenia?

Controversial Expository Essay

• Importance of negotiations during military operations
• Explain why some countries implement Communism
• Art practices in treating mental disorders
• Nationwide prohibition of the 1920s: causes and effects
• Discuss the key aspects of the political activity of John’s Kennedy.
• What makes a good psychotherapist?
• How does the IQ score reflect the mental capacity of a person?
• Psychological causes of racism
• The crusaders: villains or heroes?

Expository Essay About Education

• Is Homework important? Explain Why?
• Why is teaching considered a noble profession?
• Benefits of learning foreign languages
• Online schooling vs. traditional schooling
• Higher education and its impacts on future career
• What impact education has on people's mind
• How literate people are different from illiterate people
• Why is a higher degree important for getting good jobs?
• How to write a compare and contrast essay?
• How to choose a topic for a cause and effect essay?

Expository Essay Topics on Social Issues

• Why do children lie?
• Difference between fat and overweight
• Why do people commit suicide?
• Causes of global warming
• What is wrong with our species
• How to take care of yourself?
• Are we money hungry?
• How to talk to mentally exhausted people?
• What is the connection between being hungry and being lonely?
• Cost of living on the moon
• Hobbies for teenagers to avoid
• What do you think about double standards?
• Gender inequality at work
• Reasons for the rise in teenage pregnancy rate
• Consequences of dropping out of college
• Tolerance in a workplace is crucial; why?

Funny Expository Essay Topics

• Effects of not voting in the elections
• Discuss memory work in a human brain
• Does technology affect relationships?

Cause and Effect Expository Essay Topics

• The Causes and Effects of Air Pollution
• How Bullying Affects the Well-being of Students
• The Impact of Fast Food Consumption on Health
• The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation
• The Effects of Video Games on Children's Behavior
• The Influence of Parental Divorce on Children
• The Causes and Effects of the American Revolution
• How Social Media Impacts Personal Relationships
• The Consequences of Inadequate Sleep on Academic Performance
• The Effects of Peer Pressure on Decision-Making

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Expository Essay Writing Tips

Once you have the topic idea, the next step is to write the essay. Here are some amazing tips that can help you improve your writing style and write a flawless essay:

• The first thing that you need to do is to define the structure of your essay.
• Come up with an informative hypothesis
• Find evidence from credible sources to support your main idea
• Present strong arguments to back up your hypothesis
• Read  expository essay examples ; they will help you organize your information.
• Demonstrate a selected paper topic in a way that makes sense and logic.
• The essay starts with an effective introduction, providing an informative thesis statement.
• Provide substantial evidence to describe and illustrate your topic
• End with an instructive conclusion.
• Organize it accurately and write it in proper order
• Proofread, Revise, and edit. Enlist other’s help to make your essay flawless.

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143 Exemplary Expository Essay Topics

May 1, 2023 //  by  Lauren Du Plessis

Expository essays empower students to become experts on a topic, fostering in-depth understanding and analytical prowess. This carefully-curated collection of 143 topics covers a broad range of subjects, from cultural traditions to the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. Students will be challenged to examine the complexities of our ever-changing world while learning how to break down complex ideas, communicate clearly, and establish credibility in their chosen field.

Expository Essay Topics About Education and Learning

1. Compare and contrast traditional classrooms with online learning environments: Which is more effective?

2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of standardized testing in education?

3. How do extracurricular activities contribute to a student’s overall development?

4. Describe the importance of critical thinking in the learning process.

Expository Essay Topics About Science and Technology

5. Assess the ethical implications of artificial intelligence: How can we ensure responsible development?

6. How is climate change affecting ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide?

7. Can renewable energy sources significantly reduce carbon emissions? Explore their potential.

8. What impact does modern technology have on mental health, and how can we mitigate its negative effects?

Expository Essay Topics About Health and Wellness

9. How does nutrition influence overall health and well-being? Explain the role of a balanced diet.

10. What are the most effective strategies for managing stress in daily life?

11. Can regular exercise improve mental health? Describe the connection between physical activity and mental wellness.

12. Explore the impact of sleep on cognitive function and overall health.

Expository Essay Topics About Personal Growth and Development

13. How can individuals cultivate resilience in the face of adversity?

14. What are the key components of effective communication, and why are they important?

15. Describe the role of self-reflection in personal growth and self-improvement.

16. Can volunteering and community involvement contribute to personal development? Explain the potential benefits.

17. What is the importance of setting personal goals, and how can they help in achieving success?

Expository Essay Topics About Hobbies and Interests

18. How do hobbies contribute to personal growth and well-being?

19. Describe the benefits of engaging in creative activities, such as painting, writing, or playing a musical instrument.

20. Can pursuing an interest in sports lead to personal development and life skills? Explore the potential advantages.

21. What impact does travel have on an individual’s perspective and worldview?

Expository Essay Topics About Career and Work

22. How can effective time management skills contribute to career success?

23. What are the key components of strong leadership in the workplace?

24. Describe the role of teamwork and collaboration in achieving professional goals.

25. Can embracing a growth mindset lead to career advancement and personal fulfillment?

Expository Essay Topics About Relationships and Family

26. How do healthy communication practices contribute to strong relationships?

27. What role does forgiveness play in maintaining long-lasting friendships and partnerships?

28. Describe the impact of family dynamics on an individual’s emotional well-being and personal growth.

29. Can open-mindedness and acceptance lead to more fulfilling and harmonious relationships?

Expository Essay Topics About Environmental Issues

30. How do human activities contribute to environmental degradation, and what can we do to mitigate the impact?

31. How do human activities contribute to environmental degradation, and what can we do to mitigate the impact?

32. What role does recycling play in reducing waste and preserving natural resources?

33. Explain the effects of deforestation on the ecosystem and potential solutions for reversing the damage.

34. How can sustainable agricultural practices help address the global food crisis and reduce environmental impacts?

35. Describe the importance of water conservation and methods individuals can use to contribute to this effort.

36. Explore the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events.

37. Can renewable energy sources effectively reduce our dependence on fossil fuels? Explain the benefits and challenges.

38. How do urbanization and industrialization contribute to air pollution, and what strategies can be implemented to combat this issue?

39. Describe the impact of plastic pollution on marine life and what measures can be taken to mitigate the problem.

40. Explain the role of government regulations in preserving and protecting the environment.

Expository Essay Topics About Technology

41. How has the Internet revolutionized communication, and what are the potential drawbacks of this development?

42. Can artificial intelligence and automation lead to widespread job displacement? Discuss the potential consequences.

43. Describe the role of social media in shaping public opinion and its impact on society.

44. How have technological advancements contributed to the rise of remote work, and what are the potential benefits and challenges?

45. Explore the potential risks and rewards associated with the increasing use of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies.

46. What role does cybersecurity play in protecting personal and sensitive information in the digital age?

47. Describe the impact of smartphone addiction on mental health and well-being.

48. Can technology help bridge the educational gap in underprivileged communities? Discuss potential strategies and solutions.

49. Explain the importance of digital literacy in today’s technology-driven society.

50. How has technology transformed the way we consume and share news, and what are the potential implications for journalism?

51. How does a healthy diet contribute to overall well-being, and what are the key components of a balanced diet?

52. Describe the benefits of regular exercise on physical and mental health.

53. What role does stress play in our lives, and how can we effectively manage it to maintain a healthy lifestyle?

54. How can mindfulness and meditation practices improve mental health and well-being?

55. Explore the relationship between sleep and overall health, and discuss the importance of establishing healthy sleep habits.

56. Discuss the impact of addiction on individuals, families, and society, and explain potential strategies for prevention and recovery.

57. Describe the benefits and potential drawbacks of various alternative medicine practices.

58. Can preventative healthcare measures reduce the burden on the healthcare system? Discuss potential strategies and benefits.

59. Explain the role of mental health in maintaining a balanced life and the importance of addressing mental health issues.

60. How do socioeconomic factors influence access to healthcare and overall health outcomes?

Expository Essay Topics About Education

61. How do different learning styles impact a student’s academic success, and what strategies can educators use to address these differences?

62. Describe the benefits and challenges of integrating technology into the classroom.

63. What role does parental involvement play in a child’s academic success, and how can parents effectively support their children’s education?

64. How can educators promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills in the classroom?

65. Explore the impact of standardized testing on students, educators, and the education system.

66. Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing school uniforms in public schools.

67. Describe the role of extracurricular activities in a well-rounded education and their impact on student success.

68. Can early childhood education programs help close the achievement gap? Discuss potential strategies and benefits.

69. Explain the importance of teaching financial literacy in schools and how it can contribute to long-term financial success.

70. How do cultural and socioeconomic factors influence educational attainment, and what can be done to address these disparities?

Expository Essay Topics About Society and Culture

71. How do cultural norms and values shape our understanding of gender roles, and what are the potential consequences of these expectations?

72. Describe the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships and communication.

73. What role does popular culture play in shaping societal values and attitudes, and how can it be used as a tool for positive change?

74. How can community engagement and volunteerism contribute to a more inclusive and equitable society?

75. Explore the factors that contribute to the development and persistence of stereotypes and prejudice, and discuss potential strategies for combating these issues.

76. Discuss the importance of promoting diversity and inclusion in various aspects of society, such as the workplace, education, and media.

77. Describe the role of religion in shaping societal values and norms, and discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of religious influence.

78. Can art and creative expression serve as a catalyst for social change? Discuss the potential benefits and challenges.

79. Explain the importance of understanding and appreciating cultural differences in an increasingly globalized world.

80. How do historical events and societal changes influence the evolution of language and communication?

81. How does social media impact relationships and communication?

82. Can cultural traditions shape a person’s identity? Explore the role of traditions in society.

83. What influence do historical figures have on modern society?

84. Explain the effects of globalization on local cultures and communities.

Expository Essay Topics About Environment and Sustainability

85. How do human activities contribute to climate change, and what can be done to mitigate their impact?

86. Describe the importance of preserving biodiversity and the potential consequences of species extinction.

87. What role do renewable energy sources play in promoting a sustainable future, and what are the challenges to their widespread adoption?

88. How can individuals and communities reduce their environmental footprint and promote sustainable living practices?

89. Explore the impact of deforestation on ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate change, and discuss potential strategies for conservation and reforestation.

90. Discuss the importance of responsible waste management and recycling in reducing pollution and conserving natural resources.

91. Describe the challenges and potential solutions to addressing water scarcity and ensuring access to clean water for all.

92. Can urban planning and green infrastructure contribute to more sustainable cities? Discuss potential strategies and benefits.

93. Explain the role of international cooperation in addressing global environmental challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss.

94. How do environmental issues intersect with social and economic factors, and how can these connections be addressed in the pursuit of sustainability?

Expository Essay Topics About Technology and Innovation

95. How have the internet and digital technology transformed our lives, and what are the potential risks and benefits of this shift?

96. Describe the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in shaping the future of work, and discuss potential implications for job markets and industries.

97. What are the ethical considerations surrounding emerging technologies, such as genetic engineering and biotechnology?

98. How can technology be used to address pressing global challenges, such as poverty, hunger, and disease?

99. Explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of integrating virtual and augmented reality technologies into various aspects of society, such as education, entertainment, and healthcare.

100. Discuss the importance of digital literacy and cybersecurity in an increasingly connected world, and explain potential strategies for promoting these skills.

101. Describe the potential benefits and challenges of autonomous vehicles, and discuss their potential impact on transportation and urban planning.

102. Can technology help bridge the digital divide and promote more equitable access to information and resources? Discuss potential strategies and benefits.

103. Explain the role of technological innovation in driving economic growth and development, and discuss potential barriers to progress.

104. How do advances in technology influence societal norms and values, and what are the potential consequences of rapid technological change?

Expository Essay Topics About Personal Finance and Economics

105. how does inflation impact the economy and the average individual.

106. Explore the pros and cons of credit cards and their influence on personal finance.

107. What are the advantages and disadvantages of investing in cryptocurrencies?

108. Explain the concept of compound interest and its role in personal wealth growth.

109. How can financial literacy be promoted in schools to prepare students for future financial decisions?

110. Discuss the impact of globalization on national economies and job markets.

111. Explain the importance of having an emergency fund and how to build one effectively.

112. What is the role of the Federal Reserve in maintaining economic stability in the United States?

113. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of various types of investment vehicles, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.

114. How can individuals create and maintain a budget to achieve financial stability and reach their financial goals?

Expository Essay Topics About Government and Politics

115. Discuss the role of the Electoral College in the United States presidential election process.

116. How does the system of checks and balances work within the U.S. government?

117. What are the main differences between a parliamentary and a presidential system of government?

118. Explore the impact of political advertising and its influence on public opinion.

119. Discuss the significance of the separation of powers in maintaining a democratic system.

120. How do political parties shape policy-making and decision-making processes in a country?

121. What are the effects of gerrymandering on the democratic process and representation in government?

122. Explain the role of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security.

123. Discuss the importance of an independent judiciary in preserving the rule of law.

124. Analyze the impact of social media on political campaigns and public engagement in the political process.

Expository Essay Topics About Social and Cultural Changes

125. Discuss the influence of technology on privacy, surveillance, and personal freedom in the digital age.

126. Discuss the role of multiculturalism in shaping modern societies and its influence on cultural identity.

127. Examine the effects of globalization on cultural preservation and the exchange of ideas.

128. Analyze the impact of the #MeToo movement on the awareness and prevention of sexual harassment and assault.

129. Explore the role of art and popular culture in reflecting and shaping societal values and norms.

130. Discuss the impact of gentrification on urban communities and local economies.

131. How have evolving gender roles and expectations influenced family dynamics and career choices?

132. Analyze the role of mass media in shaping public opinion and perpetuating stereotypes.

133. Explore the effects of immigration on the cultural diversity and economic growth of a country.

Expository Essay Topics About Science and Space Exploration

134. Examine the history and future prospects of human missions to Mars and the potential for colonization.

135. Describe the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life and the potential implications of such a discovery.

136. Discuss the impact of space exploration on technological advancements and scientific knowledge.

137. Explore the ethical considerations and potential consequences of genetic engineering and cloning.

138. Analyze the role of renewable energy sources in combating climate change and ensuring a sustainable future.

139. Examine the potential benefits and drawbacks of artificial intelligence and its impact on various industries.

140. Describe the current state of research in the field of stem cell therapy and its potential applications.

141. Discuss the challenges and achievements of space tourism and its influence on the future of space travel.

142. Explore the effects of deforestation on biodiversity and the environment, and propose potential solutions.

143. Analyze the role of nanotechnology in medicine, electronics, and other fields.

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110 Great and Easy Expository Essay Topics

Are you looking for expository essay topics? If so, you are likely a student who just got a writing assignment from your teacher and who’s hoping to make sense of instructions. It’s not a problem, we are going to do everything in our power to help you. First, let’s find out  what is an expository paper ? It entails a piece of writing focused on exploring and explaining some idea, as well as on building an argument about it. In short, you should strive to prove a specific point of view by investigating and analyzing an idea, sharing results with your readers. This type of writing combines several others at once, and in many ways, it makes your job easier because you’ve likely already had some experience with them.

But how to pick an expository essay topic? In general, such tasks are important because they sharpen your critical thinking and help learn how to analyze something from a deeper angle than you might be used to. Topic plays an extremely important role here as it determines how interesting your research is going to be for you and your readers both. We’ll help you choose correctly based on your personal interests.

Tips for Settling On the Best Expository Writing Topics

High school, college, and university often give their students a choice between topics. Some professors insist on you selecting it from their list, but in most cases, you’ll be given a free reign. That’s where you have to be careful because a wrong choice could turn essay writing into torment and result in a bad grade. For avoiding this situation, follow these tips.

• Turn choosing into game.  You must know that personal interest is vital as you’re picking ideas for expository essays. Before you start looking for titles, think about yourself. Are there things you wouldn’t mind exploring? Perhaps you could turn favorite hobby into your essay subject. Books, movies, historical events — anything would do. In case you still cannot decide, play a game. Choose a place, go there, give yourself an hour, and observe everything you’re seeing. Birds, passing people and animals, monuments you can catch a glimpse of, excerpts from TV programs you can hear — consider everything, and by the end of the hour, settle on an object, even if it has to be the first thing you see. This is a funny way of deciding what to write about.
• Brainstorm some more.  When having some rough examples of expository essay topics in mind, start brainstorming. You could do it by yourself or discuss it with friends and family. Break an idea into parts: expand on each one, twist them and turn them until something solid emerges. Maybe you could even talk with classmates about it since they also have the same task — common efforts help with individual solutions!
• Pick sources in advance.  You will need to find sources before deciding on expository essay topics for college. Pick only credible ones: they should be relatively new and peer-reviewed. Read through them at least partly. Do they support the point you’ve chosen? If they contradict it, maybe you’ll need to re-think your strategy. Or perhaps you’ll see a totally new angle to explore — that’s why sources should be selected as soon as possible.
• Try writing a rough outline.  When you think there is a topic ready, make a quick outline about the points it’ll have. If your ideas end before the word count, then you should select another subject. Such simple test will show whether you’re prepared for writing a whole essay on topic you liked.

110 Expository Essay Ideas For Your Writing

If games and brainstorming didn’t help and you’re still looking for a topic, we can offer you another solution. How about a free list with 110 different ideas to choose from? Take one directly from there and focus on it. At the same time, you could find inspiration in this list, twisting or combining some examples for your project. It was developed just for you, so use it as you see fit!

Expository Essay Topics For College Students

College expository essay topics correspond to a specific level of difficulty. Here they are.

• How Should One Prepare for Giving an Effective Speech
• Which Population Group Has Highest Suicide Rates and Why?
• Why Do Some Become Addicted to Alcohol?
• Is Walking Outside Late at Night Dangerous in America?
• What Makes Spouses Want to Get a Divorce?
• Becoming Financially Successful: How Could This Be Done?
• Correlation between Having a Pet and Levels of Happiness
• How Does College Major Determine Requirements For Applications?
• Pick a Famous Person: What Made Them Interested In Their Subject?
• What Part of Population Generally Proceeds to Have Master’s Degree?

Expository Essay Prompts For High School

Expository essay topics for high school tend to be easier, so if this is what you need, take a look.

• How Do Teenagers Select Their Role Models?
• Why Do We Find Art as a Way to Express Our Darker Thoughts?
• What Intrigues Us in the Idea of Having Super Powers?
• Characteristics That Individuals Should Have If They Want to Become Leaders
• How Do Bullies Pick Their Victims?
• Why Are Students Interested in Participating in Sorority?
• Getting Education Without Becoming Heavily Indented: Is This Possible?
• Is There a Way to Do Homework More Exciting?
• Rebuilding Relationships with Lost Friends: How Could This Be Done?
• Common Mistakes People Do When They Start Dating

Ethical Issue Topics for Expository Essay

Ethical norms are an important part of our lives. Expository paragraph topics below will guide you through these explorations.

• Is There a Universal Idea of Morality?
• Is Reporting a Friend for a Mistake the Same as Betraying Them?
• Early Pregnancy: How Could This Problem Be Solved?
• Does the Concept of Honor Mean Anything These Days?
• How Do Children Decide Whether They Should Stay with Mom or Dad During Divorce?
• People Who Consider Themselves Ethical Should Not Eat Meat
• Why Is Artificial Meat So Expensive?
• Should Humans Be Allowed to Live in Constant Physical Pain If They Want to Die?
• What Conditions Justify Torture, If Any?
• Is Homelessness Responsibly of the Entire Society?

Expository Topics for Essay on Health

Everyone is worried about the same question now: am I healthy? If you’re, too, it might be a hint that you should explore related expository writing ideas.

• Does Life Become Easier If We Read Books?
• Are Humans With Higher IQ More Mentally Unstable?
• Is It Possible to Eat Healthily in Modern World Conditions?
• How Does the Fact of Coronavirus Affect Mental Health?
• Describe the State of Cure for Cancer
• What Makes Music Soothing for So Many People?
• How Long Could Humans Live If They Stayed Healthy?
• What Causes Stereotypes About ADHD?
• How Bad Representation in Fiction Affects People’s Medical Expectations
• Do Poor People Have a Chance to Be Healthy?

Expository Ideas on Science and Technology

These good expository essay topics about technological progress and science could be an interesting way of exploring our world and its development.

• Role That Hawking Played in Development of Our World
• Could We Live on Mars in 100 Years?
• What Do Scientists Think About Time Travel?
• Did Stalking Become Easier With New Technologies?
• Cell Phones as Ways of Tracking People
• What Are Three Major Inventions That Defined Technological Progress?
• Explanation of Electronic Music: How Is It Created?
• Principles of Climate Change: What Causes It?
• Is Wearing Electric Clothes Safe?
• Discuss How 3D Bioprinter Works and Explain Why It Is Meaningful

History Expository Ideas

Do you have passion for the past? Pick a topic for expository essay from this category.

• Lengthy Rule of Queen Victoria: What Did This Lead To?
• Historical Impacts of WW2 That Are Still Felt Today
• How Does Weapon Production Affect Wars?
• What Aspects of Ancient Greece Were Transferred to Our Modernity?
• Explain Traditions of Ancient Samurai
• Trace Origins and Impacts of French Revolution
• Explain How Hitler Managed to Earn Devotion of So Many People
• Elaborate On Connection Between WW1 and WW2
• Did Astronomy Help Us Understand Space Better Through Years?
• Explain Role of America in Modern Wars

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Poetry and Literature

Book lovers and those who enjoy art in general might appreciate these topics for expository essay. Write on one of these topics or modify it for your liking.

• How Are Mental Health Issues Portrayed in Literature?
• How Life in Abuse Affected Harry Potter’s Behavior
• Are Events in King’s ‘Misery’ Close to What Happens in Reality?
• Analyze Your Favorite Poem and Explain Its Meaning
• Which Character Deserves Most Sympathy in Frankenstein?
• Second Life of Bella Swan: How Turning Into Vampire Changed Her
• Snow Family in Games of Thrones: What Were They Fighting For?
• Do Secondary Characters Receive Enough Development in Stories?
• Is Ron Weasley an Underestimated Character?
• Explain ‘Death of the Author’ Concept

Expository Essay on Social Topics

Our life is a constant challenge. Social problems are everywhere, and some sample expository essay topics could give you a chance to investigate them.

• What Motivates People to Avoid Participating in Elections?
• Did Modern Parents Become Too Lax When Raising Their Children?
• Why Are Presidents Who Start Wars Not Automatically Removed From Power?
• Is Making People Wear Uniforms Problematic?
• Do Most People Suffer From Internet Addiction?
• Why Is the Issue of Teenage Drinking So Prevalent?
• Could People Without Degree Still Find a Good Job?
• How Does Drug Addiction Influence People’s Morality?
• What Is an Acceptable Age for Being Pregnant?
• Why Do Rich People Often Get Away with Crimes?

Education Expository Essay Prompts

Having to study is a necessity for many of us, and these topics for an expository essay reflect this trend.

• Does Level of Education Show One’s Intelligence?
• What Distinguishes Public Schools From Private Ones?
• Which Subjects Are Essential for Our Education?
• Which Subjects Could Be Removed From the Curriculum?
• Should Scholarships Be Given to More People?
• How Can a Student Check Real Value of College They Are Applying To?
• What Causes Some Children to Drop Out of School?
• Why Is Sport So Relevant in Modern Education?
• Why Is Tuition So High in the US?
• What Causes Some Adults to Return to College?

Religion and Philosophy

Religious experience and philosophical insights could be great topics for expository writing.

• A Perfect World: Could It Exist in Reality & Under Which Circumstances Could This Happen?
• What Other Figures Is Jesus Based On?
• Could One Religion Be Created to Unite the World?
• Describe Your Life Philosophy with Details and Examples
• Does Islam Really Promote Violence?
• What Bible Predictions Came True & How Credible These Instances Are?
• How Are 7 Deadly Sins Interpreted in Philosophy?
• Does Such Thing as Absolute Goodness Exist?
• What Causes Existential Crisis in People?
• Notions Underlying Aristotle’s Republic: Elaborate On Them

Expository Essay Topics for Personal Experience

In most cases, personal topics lead to the most successful results. Consider these expository essay prompts and share something you have lived through.

• Explain What Your Favorite Subject Is and What Makes It So
• Discuss the Day That Divided Your Life into ‘Before’ and ‘After’
• What Do You Dream About? Present This Dream with Vivid Details
• How Did Life With Your Family Affect the Person You Are Today?
• What Is the Worst Memory You Have?
• How Often Do You Have Bad Dreams & How Do You Cope with Them?
• What Does Family Support Mean to You?
• Event That Makes You Cringe When You Remember It
• Understanding You Are In Love for the First Time: How Did That Feel?
• What Is the First Memory You Can Recall with Absolute Clarity?

Look at Writing from a New Perspective and Improve Your Grades

If you learn how to choose your expository topics properly, you will make essay writing much more fun. Love the topic you’re exploring, and your chances at getting higher marks will grow as well. Make choosing process into a game, engage others into brainstorming, look at the lists like ours, and you’re guaranteed to come up with a catchy topic. If it’s writing that concerns you, you could seek help with it, too. Drop us a line, attach file with instructions, and set a deadline. We’ll submit a fully prepared essay by this date, and you’ll be able to send it in right away!

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Published on: Apr 30, 2020

Last updated on: Feb 24, 2024

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An expository essay is a genre that investigates a topic in detail. This paper examines, evaluates, and expounds on an idea, concept, event, object, or subject. Writing this essay type is an important component of academic assignments.

If you are a high school or a college student, writing an expository essay will be mandatory for you. The first thing to make your essay impressive is to choose an amazing title. After that, it is the writer’s first attempt to motivate the audience to read the entire document.

In case you are assigned to write an essay and are looking for some amazing themes. Continue reading this blog to get sample expository essay topics.

How to Choose an Expository Essay Topic?

The importance of an interesting essay topic can not be overlooked. While reading an essay, it is the first thing that a reader comes across. With this, they would decide whether to continue reading or not.

Deciding on the topic for your writing piece can be challenging. Students often find themselves with writer’s block and cannot think of creative ideas for their essays.

Follow the steps given below to come up with an engaging expository essay topic.

• Brainstorm ideas and make a list -  Brainstorming is a great way to come up with a topic. Make a list of all the ideas that interest you and your audience. At this point, you do not have to gather only good ideas.
• Evaluate the topic -  After preparing a list of ideas, analyze which topic is appropriate. For writing an expository essay, make sure that the topic you choose can be explained in detail.
• Narrow down the topic’s focus -  Once you have chosen a topic, focus on specific aspects. Broad topics will make it difficult for the writer to explain and support the argument.
• Check for sources -  The last but most important step is to check for credible sources of information for your selected topic. Here, the writer needs strong supporting evidence to explain the topic in detail.

Expository Essay Topics for Students

Have a look at the following list of topics for expository essays to get a better idea.

Expository Essay Topics for Middle School

• Explain your first experience in the school?
• Describe your perfect place for vacations.
• Explain your experience of studying online.
• Describe the consequences of Covid-19 on studies.
• Explain what influences families have on the personality of an individual?
• Describe what productive hobbies a middle school student should have?
• Describe the qualities of a good instructor.
• Explain how role models can help you become a better person?
• Describe the advantages of having a pet in the house.
• Describe the meaning of true love.

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 7

• Explain why wearing uniforms can be beneficial for students?
• Talk about the things you want to change in the world, and why?
• Explain why some girls like wearing makeup in school?
• Describe how important it is for the children to spend time with their parents?
• Explain the impact of smoking cigarettes on teen’s health.
• Describe how a person can stay fit and healthy.
• Explain how important it is to have a balanced diet?
• Distant learning vs. traditional learning? Which is better?
• Explain why students should not be given homework?
• Explain how the education quality in public and private schools differs?

Expository Essay Topics for Grade 8

• Explain the theme of your favorite book.
• Explain how a seed becomes a plant?
• Explain why we should not consume processed foods?
• Explain the effects of social media platforms on our lives.
• Describe the effects of pollution on marine life.
• Explain how to keep oral hygiene?
• Why is being immortal a good thing?
• Using strong evidence, explain how to identify if someone is lying?
• Explain the things and habits that affect your memory?
• Describe the consequences of getting bad grades on academics.

Expository Essay Topics for High School

• Explain gunpowder invention.
• Describe the French Revolution.
• Discuss the causes and effects of the Vietnam War.
• How Jazz music affects our brain?
• Explain what characteristics make a person famous?
• Explain a particular psychological disorder.
• How different is it to connect with people online and in person?
• Explain how science helps people live a better life?
• Explain the pros and cons of artificial intelligence.
• Explain the invention of an object of your choice.

Expository Essay Topics for College

• Pick a planet and explain what it would be like to live there?
• Explain what you want to invent for the world?
• Explain how a particular lifestyle or dieting pattern affects the environment?
• Explain life in 25 years and the technological advancements that will take over.
• Explain why teachers should be available for students after school hours as well?
• Explain why there should be some restrictions on the use of social media for teenagers?
• Describe why an employee should be a good team player?
• Describe the consequences of selling drugs on campus.
• Explain why constant fighting between siblings can be alarming?
• Explain why the gang culture is spreading drastically?

Expository Essay Topics on Social Issues

• Describe the importance of learning social values.
• Describe how gun control laws can influence people’s lives?
• How do the needs of people change with time?
• Explain how to help the homeless and prevent homelessness?
• Describe a social work you took part in, and how did it make a difference?
• Explain how obesity socially affects people and their thinking?
• Explain one social issue that largely prevails in your country.
• Describe how people’s attitudes towards mental illnesses have changed during a decade?
• Have parenting roles changed over time? Explain how?
• Explain what can be the possible ways to control pollution.

Expository Essay Topics on Health

• Describe how dieting for weight loss can be dangerous for health?
• Explain why late-night munching is harmful?
• What are the causes and effects of obesity?
• How is fast food harmful to mental health?
• Explain how eating disorders result in disturbed sleeping patterns?
• Explain how AIDS and poverty are related?
• Explain how a healthy body impacts an IQ level of a person?
• How important is the environment for the stability of mental health?
• Explain what diet a student should have?
• What are the causes and effects of malnutrition?

Expository Essay Topics about Education

• Discuss the causes and effects of teaching techniques on learning.
• What are the causes and effects of teaching sex education in schools?
• Explain how can our education systems are modified?
• What is the significance of homeschooling?
• Explain why students should be given the liberty to choose their subjects in school?
• Should college scholarships be granted based on sports performances?
• Explain why higher education is important for a successful career?
• Explain how can the quality of education can be improved??
• Explain why students should be taught foreign languages in schools?
• Describe the qualities of a good teacher.

Expository essay writing can be challenging if your knowledge about the topic is limited. It is important to know that while writing such college papers, a writer has to share his point of view. Only stating the facts will be monotonous for the readers.

Also, keep in mind to follow a defined structure for the content. Moreover, the traditional essay outline of an introduction, body, and conclusion should be included in the document.

The introduction paragraph should be well written and provides a defined thesis statement. Then comes the body paragraphs that present all the explanations and descriptions of the topic. However, make sure to keep the body of your essay informative and organized.

Conclude your essay with strong closing lines to leave a lasting impression on the readers.

If the expository writings give you a hard time, get help from the professionals. They will help you by providing great comparison and contrast along expository essay ideas to score well.

CollegeEssay.org is a custom essay service that provides reliable essay help for your college essay and paper.

Furthermore, our essay writer will help you come up with great topic ideas and provide you with written assignments.

Simply place an order to get assistance at the most affordable price.

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Enhancing ESL students’ academic achievement in expository essay writing using digital graphic organisers: A mixed-methods research

Godswill u. chigbu.

a Department of English and Communication, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China

Ngozi U. Emelogu

b Department of Arts Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nigeria

Cajetan I. Egbe

Ngozi g. okoyeukwu, kingsley o. eze, chidinma k. nwafor, chioma p. patrick, okon e. okon, philomina a. agbo, frederick a. okwo.

Students in Nigerian English language classrooms encounter difficulty in writing. However, the utilisation of metacognitive strategies has the potential to aid students in organising their thoughts during writing for better achievement. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of digital graphic organisers on secondary school students’ achievement in expository essay writing and the students’ perceptions of writing challenges and the impact of the strategy. The study adopted a mixed-methods research design consisting of a within-group experimental design and focus group interview. Five research questions and one hypothesis are formulated to guide the study. An intact class size of 38 students is the subject of the study, while an expository essay writing achievement test and a focus group interview were used for data collection. Percentage, mean and standard deviation, and thematic analysis were used in answering the research questions, while a paired sample t -test was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance. The study found a statistically significant difference between students' mean achievement scores before and after exposure to digital graphic organiser charts when writing expository essays.

1. Introduction

The continuous mass failure in the English language in the senior secondary school certificate examinations conducted by WAEC and NECO has become worrisome. According to the WAEC Chief Examiners' reports [ 1 , 2 ], this failure has always been mainly attributed to poor writing skills. This causal factor is relatable because writing has been described as the most complex and sophisticated language skill [ 3 ]. Hence, it is a highly valued literacy skill in the classroom and beyond. Moreover, unfortunately, many learners struggle to write effectively [ 4 ], including Nigerian students who encounter difficulty in writing. The teaching and learning of English centres on ensuring that students become competent in the four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Among these four language skills in the English language, writing or essay writing occupies a prominent position. Essay writing is an essential skill all students need in their academic lives. It provides an avenue to demonstrate one’s understanding and knowledge of a topic. Through essay writing, students narrate unique experiences and describe people, events, places, and processes. They also develop and defend logical arguments or provide expository information on diverse concepts and issues. Writing an essay involves using cognitive abilities to understand any subject matter [ 5 ]. The involvement of cognitive abilities develops students’ higher-order thinking skills.

As former secondary school English language teachers and WAEC examiners, we observed that students need help to compose well-structured essays during class writing exercises and examinations. Their essays are either characterised by vague ideas about the essay topic, incoherence, especially at the sentence and paragraph level or being markedly shorter than the expected number of words, which is clear evidence of a lack of ideas and how to develop them. The non-employment of teaching strategies by most Nigerian teachers may worsen these scenarios. They rely primarily on the traditional method, which is lecturing. However, research has somewhat demonstrated that metacognitive strategies might improve students’ writing abilities. Based on this perspective, the study would examine how the employment of digital graphic organisers, a metacognitive strategy, could impact on senior secondary school students’ academic achievement in an expository essay. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions.

• 1. What percentage of students recorded positive gains after exposure to the digital graphic organisers?
• 2. What percentage of the students moved from low to higher writing skills due to the use of digital graphic organisers?
• 3. What is the effect of digital graphic organisers on the mean achievement scores of students in expository essay writing?
• 4. What are the perceived difficulties students encounter while writing expository essays?
• 5. What are the perceived effects of using digital graphic organisers in writing expository essays?

1.1. Graphic organisers

Graphic organisers have a very significant impact on the English language classroom. Since the introduction of the theory of multiple intelligences by Gardner [ [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ], classroom instructors are considering integrating multimodal strategies to facilitate learners’ comprehension. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences states that learners assimilate and internalise new information in an instructional context where more than one mode of learning is employed. According to the theory, "students possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways" [ [ 6 ], p. 11]. This argument advances the essence of multimodality in every aspect of the instructional process, from the instructional content to the mode of delivery and assessment. In the theory of multiple intelligences, Gardner proposed eight types of intelligence: bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical-rhythmic, naturalist, verbal-linguistic, and visual-spatial intelligence. The graphic organisers characteristically fit into this theory because they are spatial and visual modes of learning [ 11 ]. Hence, it engages the visual-spatial intelligence of the learners. Besides, McKnight [ 11 ] posited that graphic organisers are essential and effective teaching tools for generating and organising ideas and content and aiding learners' comprehension. Employing graphic organisers for instructional purposes falls under strategy-based instruction. Its essence and effectiveness lie in how it enables students to see practically the relationships, links, and connections between terms, ideas, facts, and information.

Graphic organisers are grounded in metacognition and core cognitive theories such as cognitive constructivism and schema theory. Graphic organisers are metacognitive strategies. Metacognitive strategies enable students to organise, regulate, and evaluate their learning. According to Flavell [ 12 ], a metacognitive strategy is an effective strategy that reveals knowledge of cognition processes. Inclusive Schools Network [ 13 ] defined metacognitive strategies as "designed methods employed to help students understand the way they learn or make them "think" about their "thinking." There are different types of these strategies, namely regulation checklists, thinking aloud, mnemonic aids, self-questioning, and graphic organisers, to mention only these. A graphic organiser, one of the metacognitive strategies, can be created manually, by drawing or digitally using software [ 14 ]. Beyond being a metacognitive strategy, the basis and activities of graphic organisers are anchored in cognitive theories. Scholars of cognitive theories, for instance Refs. [ 15 , 16 ], have proposed that learning occurs based on organised and predictable mental structure and thought processes. Cognitive theories propose that graphic organisers are powerful tools that enable instructors to interact with learners’ schemas. This interaction enhances the learners’ information retrieval and retention. Anderson [ 15 ] defined schemata as a mental mode that generously represents an individual’s knowledge of the world and lived experience and serves as the basis for interaction, response, and analysis of similar cognitive experiences. Slavin [ 17 ] explained that with schemata, learners could input, store, and retrieve codes or information hierarchically. It also offers the structure for constructing and representing a complex idea and a reason for how experience impacts the acquisition of new knowledge.

Graphic organisers provide templates of what learners know and how they know them. Di Cecco and Gleason [ 18 ] noted that GO charts are visual and spatial representations of information that arrange logical relationships between facts, concepts, or ideas. GO charts are employed to help students visualise and organise ideas. Without them, students’ ideas may become cluttered and difficult to capture coherently in a draft. In addition, GO charts allow for the complete utilisation of brain skill regions, aid in overcoming information overload, and allow the collection of knowledge and resources in one location [ 8 ].

Furthermore, they boost creativity by allowing people to think more freely and helping them perceive information more thoroughly. Also, they clarify concepts via relationships and structure, which assist humans in problem-solving, decision-making, and action; while enhancing memory and understanding [ 19 ]. The good things about this strategy are mainly well established in native speakers’ English classrooms. However, how effective it could be in an ESL classroom needs attention.

Although, these arguments, so far, have favoured the graphic organisers. However, there are also criticisms that contend against graphic organisers in relation to the theory of multiple intelligences because there is no adequate empirical data supporting the claims. The criticisms are that optimal performance is because of the complex skills acquired and developed through nurtured abilities and conscious exercises against any supposed unique and innate abilities [ 20 , 21 ]. Nevertheless, as much as these criticisms exist, a well-documented body of empirical literature [ [22] , [23] , [24] ] has demonstrated that graphic organisers facilitate good writing performance, idea generation, and reading comprehension. Different kinds of graphic organisers include flowcharts, Venn diagrams, concept maps, story maps, templates, cognitive maps, and visual displays. Different definitions have been provided for graphic organisers. According to Stull and Mayer [ 25 ], a graphic organiser consists of spatial arrangements of words or a group of words intended to represent the conceptual organisation of the text.

1.2. Digital graphic organiser

Graphic organisers are classified into paper-based and computer-based types [ 26 ]. Paper-based graphic organisers are organisers produced using papers and drawings on paper. On the other hand, computer-based organisers may be distinguished into full computer-based graphic organisers and semi-computer-based graphic organisers. While the former refers to computer-based graphic organisers produced as computer applications or software, the latter is about graphic organisers with some of the same flexibility as the full computer-based graphic organisers. This study focuses on the latter, digitally created graphic organisers (or DGOs). It is also called a web graphic organiser [ 27 ].

Moreover, " digital " qualifies graphic organisers in this context in two ways. Firstly, it defines the medium of design and production of these graphic organisers, which are through software such as Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and CorelDraw; specially built web or mobile apps; or even editable templates downloaded from online sources. Secondly, it is digital because of the editable and reusable features of the charts when they are created or downloaded through digital platforms. Digital graphic organisers allow students to adapt, customise, or personalise their work and reduce paper waste [ 28 ]. The word " digital " here is italicised to capture that it is not entirely technological. It is not an app or software, but it requires teachers and students to create an organiser chart using Microsoft Word or Google Docs. Moreover, students can practise prewriting and writing using the soft copy at home, in the language skill computer lab, or in an ICT-supported classroom. Teachers and students can also print it out for use in the classroom. The emphasis on digital here is on creating graphic organiser charts. This process may give the students the perception that they are managing, controlling, or creating what they learn. For Brown [ 29 ], the idea of digital in his study was about using a smartboard to project the graphic organisers while the students perform writing tasks in the classroom. This process may appear slim, but it is very significant and shows improvement since, in the Nigerian context, material-based instructional strategies are always improvised using handcrafts involving painting and drawing.

There are different formats or types of digital graphic organisers, including cause-and-effect charts, compare-and-contrast charts, sequencing charts, persuasion charts, etc. (see Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 , Fig. 4 ). The cause-and-effect charts help students visualise the connection between a particular cause and its effect or the interrelationship between a problem and its primary causes, effects, and solutions. The compare-and-contrast organisers visually depict the similarities and differences between ideas or concepts. With this chart, the main ideas can be represented with supporting or opposing ideas. The ideas can further be compared or contrasted against one another. The sequence chart illustrates events. The chart can be used to outline actions from beginning to end. The actions can be represented top-down or left-to-right, connected by arrows. The persuasion chart allows students not only to identify evidence in support of their argument but also to acknowledge opposing opinions. (See Ref. [ 11 ] for more samples of graphic organisers for teaching writing and other language skills). The students for this study will be exposed to different chart formats and guided on how to use them to write an excellent expository essay.

Persuasion chart. Source: authors.

Comparing/contrasting Chart. Source: authors.

Sequencing chart. Source: authors.

Cause and Effect Chart. Source: authors.

1.3. Expository essay

Acquiring good writing skills through expository essays is of immense benefit to students. This is because, through expository essay writing, students learn to think critically and write analytically using factual, logical, and statistical evidence. According to The On-Campus Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue [ [ 30 ], Para. 1], "the expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea clearly and concisely." It is characteristically unbiased and impersonal in an academic tone and with factual information. In addition, the ability to write an expository essay engenders a problem-solving skill because this genre requires students to analyse a topic critically through "comparison and contrast, definition, example, and the analysis of cause and effect" [ [ 30 ], Para. 1]. This approach to writing an expository essay aligns with the different formats or types of digital graphic organisers, such as cause-and-effect charts, compare-and-contrast charts, sequencing charts, and persuasion charts detailed above.

The writing skill acquired at the secondary school level enables students to cope with term papers and projects, which form the bulk of academic work at higher institutions. Moreover, at the place of work, expository essay skills enable individuals to produce numerous reports and business proposals. Consequently, Wise [ 31 ] remarked that expository essay writing teaches students how to use language to inform and educate others, which are necessary skills for making positive changes in one’s life and the world. Therefore, expository essay writing needs to be constantly taught in an ESL classroom using exciting and practical strategies to enable learners to acquire the required writing skills. This is also because it is one of the genres of writing in which students are assessed in external examinations such as the West Africa Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) and the National Examination Council (NECO).

Students' essay scores are likely to predict their achievement in other subjects. Research [ 32 , 33 ] suggest that students’ ability to write good essays correlates with success in various academic subjects. Research reports on students’ writing in Nigeria have consistently revealed that students are predominantly deficient in essay writing. Teachers are unsatisfied with the quality of the essays students produce [ 34 ]. Writing good essays is hard for most students and may be more difficult for students in the ESL classroom.

Consequently, it becomes crucial that every student learns to produce good essays. However, writing essays is challenging and demanding [ 35 ]. These students face difficulties in this language skill related to spelling, sentence formation, word choice, capitalisation, and punctuation. They also lack domain-specific vocabulary and writing style [ 36 ]. Their difficulties differ from that of Native English students [ 37 ]. Furthermore, students struggle with the cognitive processes of planning and organising their ideas and thoughts for the essay topic [ 38 ]. These peculiarities are resolvable if metacognitive strategies, such as graphic organisers, could be incorporated into the learning process [ 39 ]. In a learning activity such as writing, students should be able to self-regulate the process, use prior knowledge intentionally, and, at best, think about their thoughts.

DGO charts may be essential in expository essay writing. This is because they are “thinking technologies”. In an ESL classroom, student's writing and thinking abilities are examined through essay writing tests. Students who do not have strong writing skills will not be able to pass external examinations (WASSCE and NECO) since Paper 1, which tests writing ability, carries the most points (50%). Narrative, expository, descriptive, debate/argumentative essays, speeches, and articles are among the essay categories that students are assessed on. From the authors’ observations, students struggle to organise ideas when writing essays. For instance, in most narrative essays, the actions may end up not being well sequenced; in their expository essays, the effect or solution to a problem may be omitted. Such problems may be resolved if DGO charts are used as a thinking guide in the writing process.

Furthermore, students are faced with the cognitive demand to analyse a topic critically, and DGO charts enable students to develop the cognitive and metacognitive skills to do the analysis required in the mastery of essay writing skills. Klimova [ 40 ] posited that writing enhances students' cognitive and meta-cognitive skills, and the use of visual aids will trigger the critical thinking of students, which will indirectly contribute to their cognitive and metacognitive development. Cognitively, students can think out ideas and analyse and synthesise them. At the same time, with metacognition, they will structure these ideas logically and monitor and evaluate them as they develop them in paragraphs. DGO charts enhance the thinking abilities of students when brainstorming, generating ideas, linking those ideas, and sequencing events. Utilising DGOs may increase concentration on essential ideas.

1.4. Review of related literature on the usage of graphic organisers

Some empirical studies have been done using graphic organisers. Studies [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] ] have proposed that graphic organisers affect students’ writing achievement and even performances in disciplines other than language. Odewumi and Gambari [ 7 ] investigated the efficacy of graphic organisers on junior secondary school students' cognitive writing development skills. Their research revealed that students taught using graphic organisers outperformed those taught using conventional methods. Kansizoğlu [ 8 ], adopting a meta-analytical approach, examined 70 experimental/quasi-experimental studies on the effect of graphic organisers on language learning and instruction conducted between 2000 and 2016. The results obtained from the study were interpreted based on the random effects model. It was found that graphic organisers have a more significant effect on academic achievement than traditional teaching. More so, graphic organisers have made teaching writing skills easier. Finally, Tayib [ 45 ] examined how graphic organisers affect students' writing abilities and attitudes regarding this vital language skill. The participants in the study were 24 males who were enrolled in the preparation programme during the academic year 2012–2013 at Umm Alqura University in Saudi Arabia. The participants' writing scores were compared and examined quantitatively before and after the graphic organisers' intervention to discover whether there was any evidence of variations between the mean scores. In addition, the survey results on writing attitudes were qualitatively evaluated to see whether any changes had occurred in students' attitudes. The study's findings suggest that graphic organisers may enhance students' writing abilities and influence their attitudes regarding writing skills.

Some studies have been done on using graphic organisers in prose and narrative writing. For example, Uba et al. [ 9 ] assessed the use of graphic organisers in understanding the prose genre, aiming to emphasise their usage in Nigerian classrooms. The study aimed to determine whether secondary school students in Nigeria studying prose literature-in-English and are taught with graphic organisers do better on prose and comprehension tests. Four senior secondary schools with a sample of 100 students were purposefully chosen for the study. The selected schools were divided into graphics-based schools (GBS) and non-graphic-based schools (NGBS). The students of GBS were taught using eight visual organisers, whereas the NGBS was used as a control. The investigation, which was analysed using descriptive statistics and an independent sample t -test, disclosed that graphic organisers could allow learners to control the learning process in prose literature classes. It concluded that these organisers might ensure students’ understanding and achievement. As a result, the authors suggested that graphic organisers be used in the classroom instructional processes across subjects in Nigerian secondary schools.

Moreover, Sharrock [ 46 ] investigated the effect of a concept map, a graphic organiser, on students’ writing. The six-week study involved one third-grade class that was observed on two occasions. First, they gave a narrative essay test without a graphic organiser, and second, another with graphic organisers. The scores of the two observations were analysed using a paired sample t -test. The study revealed that students demonstrated more growth when they utilised the graphic organiser as part of the writing process than when they did without the graphic organiser in the first test.

Research has been done on improving the specifics of writing components using graphic organisers. Styati and Irawati's [ 10 ]study showed that utilising graphic organisers improved the students in terms of content, organisation, grammar, and mechanics. Unzueta and Barbett [ 47 ] reported that students who used computer graphic organisers to write persuasive essays recorded increased word count and supporting details in the composition. Beyond these studies, also [ 48 , 49 ], have also proven that graphic organisers are effective for organising written discourse. Although several studies attest to this, most only used paper-graphic-organisers. Therefore, the “ digital” graphic organisers might work differently than paper organisers. With this, it becomes essential to investigate the effect of digital graphic organisers on the expository essay writing process in the Nigerian English language classroom.

1.5. Theoretical framework

This study is anchored on "Dual Coding Theory," developed by Paivio [ 50 ]; "Schema Theory," introduced by Bartlett [ 51 ] and further developed by Anderson [ 15 ]; and "Cognitive Load Theory," developed by Sweller [ 52 ]. The choice of these theories is informed by the research done by the Institute for the Advancement of Research in Education (IARE) [ 53 ], which found that three cognitive learning theories, namely "Dual Coding Theory," "Schema Theory," and "Cognitive Load Theory," support the use of graphic organisers in the learning process. Dual coding theory proposes that humans code information in both verbal and nonverbal ways. According to schema theory, schemas or information networks are inside the memory. Learners can use graphic organisers to link new material to the current knowledge stored in the schemas.

Conversely, cognitive load theory accepts that working memory (short-term memory) has a maximum capacity to handle information; thus, when the load is surpassed, learning does not occur. When used correctly, DGO charts minimise cognitive strain and allow access to additional resources, allowing new content to be learned [ 53 ]. Similarly, Ellis [ 54 ] argued that visual organisers minimise the need for significant information processing abilities necessary to acquire a subject, make the information much more comprehensible by organising the information content, and allow the material to be handled at more sophisticated levels. Therefore, it is left to be seen how DGO charts will affect students' achievement in expository essays.

1.6. Hypothesis

there is no significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students after and before their exposure to digital graphic organisers.

2. Research method

2.1. design.

The study adopted a mixed-methods research design. According to Creswell and Creswell [ [ 55 ], p. 59], “Mixed methods is an approach to research in which the investigator collects, analyses, and interprets both quantitative and qualitative data (close-ended information), integrates or combines the two approaches in various ways, and frames the study within a specific type of design or procedure”. The design was found appropriate for this study because it allowed for the triangulation of the findings. The study adopted a within-group experimental design, particularly a pre-test-post-test design. Salkind [ 56 ] defined this design as a research design where two or more measures are obtained from a sample of subjects. The study used a single case study design (SCD) based on the qualitative approach because the study aims to explain the perceptions of senior secondary school students toward the use of digital graphic organisers and to evaluate any difficulties in the students' use of graphic organisers. Bogdan and Bilken [ 57 ] defined a case study as "a detailed examination of one setting, or a single subject, a single repository of documents, or one particular event." Five questions and one hypothesis were formulated to guide the study.

2.2. Participants of the study

The study participants were one class of 38 SS2 students at the University of Nigeria Secondary School, Nsukka. The 38 students were exposed to graphic organisers and were administered essay tests pre- and post-exposure. Furthermore, the study employed a focus group for the case study. This focus group was sampled from the entire class using a purposive sampling technique. The study adopted a focus group because interviewing all the class members would be impossible or challenging. Therefore, purposive sampling was used to sample seven (7) students based on gender and academic achievement. Using the teachers’ records, the seven students were four male students and three female students. Two of the seven students were high achievers, another two were average achievers, and the last three were achievers. This sampling of these participants based on gender and academic achievement characteristics was done not to study their differences or similarities but to create an aggregate or all-encompassing view of the students. Also, seven students were selected because, according to Johnson and Christensen [ 58 ], between six and twelve people are ideal participants for a focus group interview (FGI).

2.3. Ethical consideration

The Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, approved this study. The authors also strictly adhered to the American Psychological Association's (2017) [ 59 ]ethical standard for conducting research with human participants. We obtained consent from the participants, the intact class form teacher, and the school management.

2.4. The instrument for data collection

The data collection instruments were the Expository Essay Writing Achievement Test (EEWAT) and focus group interview. Two essay tests were adopted from the 2014 and 2015 West African Senior School Certificate Examination (Paper I) expository essay tests for Nigerian students. One was used as a pre-test, and the other was administered as a post-test. An equivalent form reliability index of 0.714 was obtained for the test. The instrument measured the student’s performance before and after using DGO charts. The test was scored following the WASSCE analytical method of grading essays: content = 10; organisation = 10; expression = 15; and mechanical accuracy = 5, a total of 40. A score of 20 (50%) of the total mark is the benchmark. A score of less than 20 indicates that the learner has lower writing skills, while a score of 20 and above indicates that the learner has higher writing skills. The total number of learners that scored less than 20 was determined. The scores of these learners in the post-test were compared with their scores in the pre-test after being exposed to DGO charts. The number of students that migrated from a lower writing skill to a higher writing skill and the percentage, given the sample, was determined. This number indicated the percentage of those with lower writing skills that migrated to higher writing skills.

The interview was deemed appropriate for this case study design because "interviews are an essential source of case study evidence because most case studies are about human affairs or actions. Well-informed interviewees can provide important insights into such affairs or actions. The interviewees can also provide shortcuts to the history of such situations, helping you identify other relevant sources of evidence" [ [ 60 ], p. 121]. The interview was an open-ended focus group interview (FGI). For Krueger and Casey [ [ 61 ], p. 11], a focus group interview offers "a more natural environment than that of an individual interview because participants are influencing and influenced by others—just as they are in real life".

2.5. Procedure and method of analysis

The research lasted for five weeks. A phase one test (i.e., a pre-test) was administered to the students on the first week. The second, third, and fourth weeks introduced students to the four DGO charts illustrated in Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 , Fig. 4 , Fig. 5 and how to use them to organise ideas, thoughts, and points when writing expository essays. Fig. 5 is one of the DGOs used for classroom practice to teach the students during the exposure. More so, during the three weeks of exposure, editable sample templates of these graphic organisers were sent to the email addresses provided by the students. They were to download them, follow the pattern and create their own, adapt the charts to their preferred style, or use them just as they are to practise. In phase two (i.e., post-test), another test was administered to the students on the first day of the fifth week, while the remaining four days of the week were used to assess the essays. During the test, the students came with clean sheet printouts of their designed or downloaded charts and used them in the essay writing test's prewriting, writing, and revising stages. In the prewriting stage, the students brainstormed on the essay topic and then organised and outlined their points using the charts. The DGO charts helped the students to think about the ideas discussed in the essay and how they would organise them. When writing their essays, they constantly referred to the DGO charts. At the revising stage of the writing, which includes editing and proofreading, the students evaluated their essays with the DGO charts to ensure they were in tandem. The students followed the diagram of the chart to develop their points. They typed in ideas about causes in the “causes” squared boxes, ideas about effects in the “effects” squared boxes, and ideas they could think of about solutions in the “solution” rectangular boxes ( Fig. 4 is an example of the chart they used). The percentage was used to answer the first and second research questions, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the third research question, and FGI was used to answer the fourth and fifth research questions. A paired sample t -test was used to determine whether the mean score of the phase one test was not significantly different from the mean score of the phase two test at a probability level of 0.05.

Cause and effect organiser on climate change. Source: EdrawMax Template Community.

The study used FGI for research questions 4 and 5 to explore students’ perceptions regarding the challenges they encounter while writing expository essays and the advantage and disadvantage of their exposure to the DGOs. The FGI is chosen because we need to directly learn students’ difficulties in writing an expository essay and how they felt regarding gaining or not gaining from their exposure to the use of DGO. Besides, FGI ensures a considerably high level of participant involvement in spontaneous responses from students. The students interact with the interviewer and one another, which can offer more accessibility to the students' perception [ 62 ].

With the assistance and permission of the class teacher, the focus group were assembled in a convenient venue within the school premises that was devoid of noise or distraction. Two of the researchers conducted the interview. The researchers created a conducive environment by employing humour to make the group feel at ease. The FGI was conducted in two sessions. The first session was used to answer the RQ4 and was held before the treatment exposure; the second session answered the RQ5 and was conducted after the treatment exposure. During the FGI, in addition to audio recording, one of the students clerked the meeting. The researchers also jotted down their observations during the interview in a journal. After the FGI had been conducted, the audio recording was transcribed. The transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is defined as "a method for systematically identifying, organising, and offering insight into patterns of meaning (themes) across a data set" [ [ 63 ], p. 57]. We followed the 6-phase procedure for conducting a Thematic Analysis [ 64 , 65 ]. In inserting extracts of the transcribed interview in the discussion, the focus group members are identified using the pseudonyms hyphenated with subscript letters m or f to indicate a male or female member.

According to Fig. 6 , 84.21% of participants recorded positive gains in the phase two essay test after their exposure to DGOs; 10.53% maintained equal performance in the phase one and two essay tests even after exposure to DGOs; therefore, there was no positive gain. On the other hand, 5.26% demonstrated negative gain as their scores in the phase two essay test after exposure to DGOs were less than in the phase one essay test.

• 2. What percentage of the students moved from low to higher writing skills due to using digital graphic organisers?

Students' migration from low to higher writing skills due to the use of digital graphic organisers.

31.58% of participants with lower writing skills moved to higher writing skills after exposure to DGOs.

• 3. What is the effect of digital graphic organisers on the mean achievement scores of students on expository essay writing?

Data in Table 1 reveals that before being exposed to digital graphic organisers for expository essay writing, students had a mean pre-test score of 20.23 and a standard deviation of 6.08. However, after being exposed to digital graphic organisers, they had a mean post-test score of 25.02 and a standard deviation of 4.91. Therefore, it shows that exposure to digital graphic organisers considerably affects students' achievement in expository essay writing.

Mean ( X ‾ ) and standard deviation (SD), t value of achievement scores of students pre and post exposure to digital graphic organisers.

The data in Table 1 also shows the paired t -test analysis of the significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students after and before their exposure to digital graphic organisers in expository essay writing. The table reveals that t (37) = 7.547, p < .000. The null hypothesis is rejected since the probability figure (sig.2-tailed) of 0.000 is less than 0.05. Therefore, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean achievement scores of students after and before being exposed to digital graphic organisers. The students performed better after they were exposed to digital graphic organisers.

3.1. thematic analysis

Thematic analysis was adopted to address research questions 4 and 5. With the thematic analysis, codes were generated, and common themes were stated. For Research Question 4, three themes were generated: critical essay blockage, dis-preference to expository essays, and lack of organisational skill. Table 2 below presents the themes and their codes. The themes are essential for defining the participants’ perceptions. Of course, certain parts of the participants’ perceptions overlap across themes. However, this should be taken as an interpretation of participants’ perceptions, and each theme is not mutually exclusive. Table 3 presents the themes and codes of the perceived effects or gains of using digital graphic organisers in writing expository essay.

Theme and codes of the perceived difficulties students encounter while writing expository essays.

Themes and codes of perceived effects of using the digital graphic organisers in writing expository essays.

3.2. Critical essay blockage

This theme is defined as the difficulty or inability to generate and develop new and original ideas, a lack of topic-specific vocabulary, and a short word count when writing an expository essay. The repetitive mention of the codes “lack of ideas” and “unable to generate enough ideas” points to how taxing it is to come up with new ideas. The codes “difficulty in developing ideas” and “regurgitating ideas” reveals participants struggle with developing ideas. The codes “lack of word choice” and “poor vocabulary” denote how constrained the participant’s ability is in effectively expressing themselves. The concept of “critical” in this theme emphasises two things: the formality nature of the expository essay and the critical stage of the participants, which is the stage of learning.

3.3. Dis-preference for expository essay

This theme is defined as students’ attitudes and beliefs towards writing that centre on their lack of awareness and interest in current affairs, which majorly are sources of topics for expository essays. The codes also highlight what students prefer with respect to the topic. This lack of awareness of current affairs makes expository topics unfamiliar. The dis-preference is occasioned too by the fact that teachers do not drill students on expository.

3.4. Lack of organisational skill

We defined this theme as the challenges in organising ideas when writing an expository essay. These challenges include learners’ difficulty structuring an essay to capture every aspect of the topic at content and structural levels. For example, at the content level, it is the inability to discuss causes and effects/solutions or to compare ideas in an expository essay. At the structural level, this theme means being unable to form a good introduction and lacking the skill to develop paragraphs seamlessly. It is also the inability to form a good conclusion for an expository essay. All of these, summarily, indicate the challenges in effectively planning and organising thoughts.

For Research Question 5, two themes were generated, and they are: digital graphic organiser aids in the organisation of ideas and thoughts and benefits of using a digital graphic organiser in writing. Table 2 below presents the themes and their codes.

• 5. What are the perceived effects of using the digital graphic organisers in writing expository essays?

3.5. Digital graphic organiser aids in the organisation of ideas and thoughts

The definition of this theme is that using digital graphic organiser helps generate, organise, and synthesise ideas and thoughts, both in terms of their content and the structure of an expository essay. The codes suggest that digital graphic organisers help organise paragraphs, generate ideas, and organise thoughts. The use of digital graphic organisers makes understanding the relationships between different ideas and concepts easier to understand.

3.6. Benefits of using a digital graphic organiser in writing

The codes point to the various benefits of using a digital graphic organiser in writing, such as self-regulation, guidance, ease of navigation, help in reaching the word count, reducing anxiety, seamless idea development, exploring all aspects of a topic, and promoting lengthiness in an essay. The codes demonstrate that the production of digital graphic organisers involves the students in the instructional process and allows them to take charge of their learning.

3.7. Discussion of the findings

The findings of the study indicated that, generally, students’ performance in essay writing improved with their exposure to DGO charts. The study majorly established a significant difference between students' mean achievement scores before and after exposure to DGO charts in expository essay writing. The students recorded a significant gain in achievement after appropriating the metacognitive strategy in writing the expository test. This indicates that the improvement is necessitated by exposure to DGO charts. This is informed by the fact that the DGO charts enabled the participants to think out ideas concerning the topic of the essay and have their main and supporting ideas well outlined and organised. Instead of racking their brains during writing, the students used the DGO charts to think about their thoughts in the prewriting stage. The DGO charts served as reference guides for them during the writing and revising stages.

Out of the four charts exposed to the students, they mostly used the causes and effects and sequencing charts. Hence, 90% of the phase two essays indicated that the students organised and sequenced the contents or thoughts of essays in the following way: causes, followed by effects, and lastly, solution. The arrangement of these thoughts made their essays have good content and organisation. The essays were also written in good expression, that is, the grammar. Errors pertaining to mechanical accuracy were reduced significantly in the phase two test compared to the phase one test. The students' use of digital graphic organisers improved the writing components of their expository essay's content, organisation, expression (grammar) and mechanical accuracy. This finding agrees with Styati and Irawati [ 10 ], whose study found that appropriating graphic organisers in writing improved students’ writing the content, organisation, grammar, and mechanics. When assessing essays, the higher the word count, the higher the score assigned to each writing component.

The 84.21% students who recorded positive gain in their achievement have essay scripts with higher word count in the phase two than in the phase one. This means that planning one’s writing in the prewriting stage using digital graphic organisers does not only facilitate generating ideas, but organising, and drafting them extensively. This submission corroborates the findings of the study by Unzueta and Barbett [ 47 ]. In general, the findings of this study agree with [ 7 , 41 , [44] , [45] , [46] ] that graphic organisers have a great effect on students’ writing achievement. Beyond the statistical data indicating positive and negative gains on the students’ exposure to the DGOs, a focus group of the participants expressed the difficulties they encounter when writing expository. The reason for appropriating FGI to understudy these difficulties is that it allows the group members to be personal with their opinions.

With regards to research question 4, one of the difficulties students encounter in essay writing is critical essay blockage. Critical essay blockage is related to creative blockage. A creative blockage is a well-known phenomenon that has been linked to burnout, anxiety, and stress in the field of psychology. It may also be caused by external factors such as time constraints, lack of materials and poor guidance. In Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s Flow Theory of Creativity [ 66 ], the state of flow and optimal experience is necessary for creative processes. However, the creative blockage could occur in the creative process when a task taken up is too high or low compared to a person’s skill level, leading to a loss of motivation and creativity.

I find it difficult to write an expository essay because it doesn’t give me room to forge ideas. I prefer imagining things and writing about them. But expository essay topics require factual information. (Ifeoma- f )

Critical essay blockage, a difficulty students encounter, may arise from a lack of interest, time-constraint, inadequate resources, and poor guidance from the teachers. Also, Critical writing blockage is grounded in Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy, which postulates that people’s beliefs about their abilities to accomplish a task impact their motivation and performance. In other words, believing that one lacks the ability, as the participant stated, could lead to critical writing blockage.

Another difficulty is that they have a dis-preference for expository essays. Dis-preference to expository essay is grounded on a few theoretical principles such as social cognitive theory and self-determination theory. Social cognitive theory suggests that the prior experiences and beliefs of learners and the views of those around them can shape and influence their attitude towards writing an expository essay. More so, motivation plays a huge role in students’ attitudes towards learning-this is the standpoint of Self-determination theory. This theory suggests that students are more motivated to learn when they perceive the learning content as meaningful and relevant.

Expository essay topics are always drab and boring. I feel our parents should be the ones bothering themselves about current affairs and not us, the younger ones (Emeka- m )

The above statement expresses a lack of motivation and interest which stems from the fact that he does not consider the topics of expository essay that come from current affairs relevant to his generation. This implies that teachers should aim to make the expository essay more meaningful and relevant to the students’ lives by tailoring the topics to suit their interests and incorporating contemporary materials in the English language classroom. Voke [ 67 ] suggested that current affairs can be used to teach English, but not by “reading dry and difficult news articles or holding a controversial political debate”. It involves leading the students to find out about the news through English newspapers and current affairs magazines, browsing news using smartphones and engaging them in photojournalism.

The final difficulty the students encounter is a lack of organisational skills. Expository writing as a type of essay demands clear and organised thoughts in well-developed and structured paragraphs. In addition, an expository essay must have a captivating introduction, a well-developed body, and a strong conclusion. These features can be challenging for students struggling with organising their thoughts and forming conclusions, which leads to difficulties in writing good expository essays.

The difficulty I experience all time is how to organise my ideas. I actually know what to write. I have the points I want to explain in my mind. But arranging the ideas so that they flow well becomes impossible. (Obinna -m )

According to the self-regulation theory, writing is a complex process that requires goal-setting, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation [ 68 ]. A digital graphic organiser is an effective strategy and tool to self-monitor and self-evaluate oneself while writing an expository essay. Effective organisation and planning skills play a vital role in these processes and can impact the success of writing outcomes. Individuals who struggle with organising ideas and forming conclusions in expository writing may face difficulties with self-regulation and may benefit from digital graphic organisers to enhance their organisational and planning abilities.

With regards to research question 5, students perceive the digital graphic Organiser as an aid in the Organisation of Ideas and Thoughts. This positive attitude and perception give credence to the theory that visual aids such as graphic organisers can aid in the cognitive process of organising and synthesising information. Digital graphic organisers align firmly with visual learning theories, such as the Dual Coding Theory proposed by Paivio [ 50 ], which suggest that visual aids such as graphic organisers can enhance the process of organising and comprehending information. Additionally, authors such as Novak and Gowin [ 69 ] have developed the concept of “knowledge maps” as a tool for organising and generating ideas.

Another perception of the students overlaps with the former on the benefits of using a digital graphic organiser in writing. This suggests that a digital graphic organiser can serve as an effective tool for writers to structure and visually organise their ideas, thus leading to improved writing quality. The codes also indicate that a digital graphic organiser can help reduce anxiety while writing, enabling writers to better express their ideas and reach their desired word count.

For me, viewing those charts while writing, I felt like I was being guided by a google map. It was more than helpful. I knew “what and what” should be in each paragraph by merely looking at the charts. While preparing my own chart, I also learnt how many points and paragraphs I will write (Chinwe- f )

Additionally, Chinwe’s statement above highlights the benefit of a graphic organiser in guiding writers to explore all aspects of their topic, thereby promoting lengthiness and depth in their writing. These attested benefits by participants corroborate with research that has shown that digital graphic organisers can support the writing process by helping students to structure their ideas, plan their writing, and generate text [ 11 ]. Furthermore, digital graphic organisers have been linked to enhanced writing outcomes such as improved organisation, increased clarity, and more developed arguments [ 43 ]. The students

What I enjoyed more was designing my own chart. I did not know I could do it, but I did it. Designing the chart made me know my chart, the boxes and circles very well. (Ejike -m ).

Furthermore, some of the students, just like Ejike, created their own charts, and the process helped them walk through their essays in their minds. It engaged the students as most of them testified. We found that nearly half of the students created their own chart. It motivated them to participate in the class activities because they perceived the production process of the digital graphic organisers as being involved in the instructional process and, more importantly, taking charge of it. This implies that students’ participation in the learning process could benefit from them being involved in the creation of instructional resources. The finding corroborates with Uba et al. [ 9 ] submission that students' use of graphic organisers gave them control of the writing process.

This interview with the focus group has aided in understanding the perceived effects of using digital graphic organisers in writing expository essays. The students considered using DGOs to write expository essays very helpful as the DGOs served as thinking maps. The students were able to brainstorm and arrange ideas using the DGOs templates. Overall, their standpoint on the exposure indicates a shift in perception of how difficult expository essays are to how the students were able to improve on writing expository essays due to the use of DGOs. The DGOs aided the students significantly in the area of metacognition. They gained "thinking awareness" while writing. This achievement is important because "when learners become more aware of their thinking processes, they move beyond simple assignment completion into acquiring and maintaining a sense of purpose in their work" (emphasis ours) [ [ 70 ], p. 6]. "A sense of purpose in their work" is what Lan [ [ 71 ], p. 109] calls "expected outcomes". These are also the "positive gains" we mentioned in this study. Exposing the students to DGOs and allowing them to use them in writing expository essays agrees with Evensen’s [ 70 ] view that a "multi-strategic approach that allows students to habitually monitor their own thinking as they complete learning tasks" should be used.

Although the study is diagnostic in nature, its within-group design in the mixed method could be improved upon by further studies by adopting other designs. This limitation does not invalidate the generalisability of the significant difference due to DGOs. However, we recommend that further studies be carried out in Nigeria with different participants and in different areas of study because the use of metacognitive strategies such as DGOs is relatively novel and low in the English language classroom in Nigeria.

The study has practical significance for teachers, curriculum planners, textbook writers, and researchers. The findings of this study bring to the attention of teachers, curriculum planners, and textbook writers the importance of digital graphic organisers and how they can be incorporated into classroom activities Teachers can recreate the organisers for their students, while curriculum planners and textbook writers should emphasise the need for using DGOs in their planning and writing. For the researcher, the study would serve as a reference background for their future studies.

4. Conclusion

The study aimed to examine the impact of metacognitive strategy, particularly the use of digital graphic organisers, on students' academic achievement in expository essay writing. The study also looked at the perceived difficulties and effects of using DGOs. The findings of the study revealed that students had different challenges concerning writing an expository essay. However, after their exposure, their perception concerning writing an expository essay shifted from the negative to the positive. In fact, many of the participants benefitted greatly from their exposure to DGOs, and a reasonable percentage migrated from low writing skills to higher skills in writing expository essays. Some participants benefited very little, while a few participants did not benefit at all. This might have been due to certain individual variables which should be identified and factored into future research. Generally, the use of DGOs significantly improved students’ achievement in writing expository essays.

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Essays For Holi 2024: Ideas For Students And Adults

With the festival of Holi right around the corner, let us give you some ideas for inspiration to write your Holi essays.

• Jyoti Sethi
• Updated - 2024-03-19, 15:17 IST

Origin And History Of Holi

Social And Cultural Significance

Why do we celebrate holi, ways to celebrate holi.

Holi Cuisine

Environmental concerns.

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