how to write introduction for psychology essay

How to Write a Psychology Essay

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

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Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

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Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.

Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage, it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.

After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompasses the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).

After writing your plan, conduct supplementary reading, refine your plan, and make it more detailed.

It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.

Components of a Good Essay

Now, let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.

• Global Structure – structure the material to allow for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
• Each paragraph should comprise a main theme, which is illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
• Knowledge and Understanding – recognize, recall, and show understanding of a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
• Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight, and evaluation of the evidence.
• Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling, and grammar. All sources are referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.

In the main body of the essay, every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.

There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible.

Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).

It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).

Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.

Knowledge and Understanding

Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don’t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.

You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.

Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).

Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.

Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.

Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.

For example:

Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.

As a general rule, make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.

Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the keywords in the essay title. Don’t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.

Critical Evaluation

In simple terms, this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.

There are many ways you can critically evaluate:

Methodological evaluation of research

Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased, or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?

Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite.

Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations that make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g., where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.

Compare or contrast different theories

Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.

Debates or perspectives

Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism, or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?

What are the ethical issues of the research?

Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological or physical harm?

Gender bias

If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.

Cultural bias

Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class.

Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?

Animal Research

This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.

Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?

The PEC System

It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don’t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points.

Instead, make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.

When you are writing an evaluation paragraph, use the PEC system.

• Make your P oint.
• E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
• Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?

For Example

• Point: It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
• Explain: Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
• Consequences: A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state, and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression.

Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.

Using Research Studies in your Essays

Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.

• If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
• If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.

Writing an Introduction

It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding of the topic area.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.

Ideally, the introduction should;

Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).

Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.

Writing a Conclusion

So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.

Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.

Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).

Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).

If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.

Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.

The Importance of Flow

Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.

When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).

This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.

To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.

Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.

Referencing

The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).

In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.

If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites, then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.

References need to be set out APA style :

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers

A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.

Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.

Once again, remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.

• Educational and developmental psychology

How to Write a Psychology Paper: An Expert Guide

How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays

• Paul Dickerson - University of Roehampton, UK
• Description

“This book is one I wish I had bought at the start of my Psychology degree.” – Five-star review Essay writing is a key part of the Psychology degree and knowing how to write effective and compelling academic essays is key to success.  Whether it's understanding how to implement feedback you receive on essays, how to stop procrastinating or what makes an effective introduction, this book covers it all. Drawing on insights derived from teaching thousands of students over a 25-year period How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays provides the keys that will unlock your writing potential.

Ace your Assignment  provide practical tips to help succeed

Exercises  help try the theory out in practice

Take away  points highlight the key learnings from each chapter

Online resources  provide even more help and guidance.

Supplements

Paul Dickerson, Emma McDonald and Christian van Nieuwerburgh discuss  study skills, wellbeing and employability  and explore   how university lecturers and student welfare teams can better  support Psychology students  through their university journey.

Students enjoyed this text - they found it easy to read and the author's dry sense of humour appealed to many. Not just for psychologists!

A really useful guide for students, breaking down the components of what constitutes a good essay and written from a subject-specific view - highly recommend

I have recommended this to my first year tutorial groups as it provides them with everything they need to know about producing an excellent psychology essay.

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How to Write a Psychology Research Paper

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

 James Lacy, MLS, is a fact-checker and researcher.

Are you working on a psychology research paper this semester? Whether or not this is your first research paper, the entire process can seem a bit overwhelming at first. But, knowing where to start the research process can make things easier and less stressful.

While it can feel very intimidating, a research paper can initially be very intimidating, but it is not quite as scary if you break it down into more manageable steps. The following tips will help you break down the process into steps so it is easier to research and write your paper.

Decide What Kind of Paper You Are Going to Write

Before you begin, you should find out the type of paper your instructor expects you to write. There are a few common types of psychology papers that you might encounter.

Original Research or Lab Report

A report or empirical paper details research you conducted on your own. This is the type of paper you would write if your instructor had you perform your own psychology experiment. This type of paper follows a format similar to an APA format lab report. It includes a title page, abstract , introduction, method section, results section, discussion section, and references.

Literature Review

The second type of paper is a literature review that summarizes research conducted by other people on a particular topic. If you are writing a psychology research paper in this form, your instructor might specify the length it needs to be or the number of studies you need to cite. Student are often required to cite between 5 and 20 studies in their literature reviews and they are usually between 8 and 20 pages in length.

The format and sections of a literature review usually include an introduction, body, and discussion/implications/conclusions.

Literature reviews often begin by introducing the research question before narrowing the focus to the specific studies cited in the paper. Each cited study should be described in considerable detail. You should evaluate and compare the studies you cite and then offer your discussion of the implications of the findings.

Select an Idea for Your Research Paper

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Once you have figured out the type of research paper you are going to write, it is time to choose a good topic . In many cases, your instructor may assign you a subject, or at least specify an overall theme on which to focus.

As you are selecting your topic, try to avoid general or overly broad subjects. For example, instead of writing a research paper on the general subject of attachment , you might instead focus your research on how insecure attachment styles in early childhood impact romantic attachments later in life.

Narrowing your topic will make writing your paper easier because it allows you to focus your research, develop your thesis, and fully explore pertinent findings.

Develop an Effective Research Strategy

As you find references for your psychology paper, take careful notes on the information you use and start developing a bibliography. If you stay organized and cite your sources throughout the writing process, you will not be left searching for an important bit of information you cannot seem to track back to the source.

So, as you do your research, make careful notes about each reference including the article title, authors, journal source, and what the article was about. 

Write an Outline

You might be tempted to immediately dive into writing, but developing a strong framework can save a lot of time, hassle, and frustration. It can also help you spot potential problems with flow and structure.

If you outline the paper right off the bat, you will have a better idea of how one idea flows into the next and how your research supports your overall hypothesis .

You should start the outline with the three most fundamental sections: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Then, start creating subsections based on your literature review. The more detailed your outline, the easier it will be to write your paper.

Draft, Revise, and Edit

Once you are confident in your outline, it is time to begin writing. Remember to follow APA format as you write your paper and include in-text citations for any materials you reference. Make sure to cite any information in the body of your paper in your reference section at the end of your document.

Writing a psychology research paper can be intimidating at first, but breaking the process into a series of smaller steps makes it more manageable. Be sure to start early by deciding on a substantial topic, doing your research, and creating a good outline . Doing these supporting steps ahead of time make it much easier to actually write the paper when the time comes.

• Beins, BC & Beins, A. Effective Writing in Psychology: Papers, Posters, and Presentation. New York: Blackwell Publishing; 2011.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Psychology Guide: Writing for Psychology

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• Referencing
• PY1106: Communicating Psychology: Listening, Translating & Disseminating: Literature Review Topics This link opens in a new window
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• PY4209 Principles of Counselling Guide

Academic writing for psychology

Tutorial - basics of APA style

An introduction to writing in APA style produced by the American Psychological Society.

Writing in Psychology

This book helps readers become better writers of psychology and better writers in general. More comprehensive than similar texts, this book provides detailed coverage of how to write empirical reports, research proposals, and literature reviews.

Effective writing in psychology: Papers, posters, and presentations

This book helps users produce crisp scientific communication, form concise unambiguous arguments, and render technical information clear and comprehensible.

Succeeding with Your Literature Review

This step-by-step handbook provides comprehensive and practical guidance on the process of researching a range of relevant literature on a subject, as well as planning and writing a literature review. The book takes a student friendly approach to offer complete novices a simple review of a process which is often central to producing a research study.

APA Style Simplified

This book guides young scholars through the labyrinth of APA style. The author highlights the major elements of APA style and shows how to generate a coherent manuscript, as well as how to develop ideas, connect them to what others have written, and express them in a style that reflects a sophisticated knowledge of the subject area. 

An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in psychology

This writing guide offers students an engaging, accessible introduction to the conventions of writing in the psychology discipline.

How to write psychology research reports and essays

Writing the literature review (part 1).

The next video (Part 2) can be viewed by clicking the link at the end of this video.

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Writing a literature review

Your Liaison Librarian will be able to provide support and advice when you are doing your literature review, so make an appointment with your librarian when you start your research.

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How to Write Psychology Essay: Comprehensive Guide

September 1, 2022

Choosing a Good Topic for Your Psychology Essay

The process of writing a psychology essay begins with selecting a compelling and appropriate topic. A good topic sets the stage for a well-crafted and engaging essay. When choosing a topic, it is essential to consider your interests, the guidelines provided by your instructor, and the scope of your assignment. Aim for a topic that is specific enough to allow for in-depth analysis, yet broad enough to provide ample research material. It is also helpful to consider current trends, controversies, or unanswered questions in the field of psychology. Your topic should be thought-provoking, relevant, and capable of generating insightful discussions. By carefully selecting a strong topic, you lay the foundation for a successful and impactful psychology essay.

Possible Psychology Essay Topics:

• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• The Role of Parenting Styles in Child Development
• The Influence of Cognitive Biases on Decision Making
• The Effects of Stress on Psychological Well-being
• The Relationship between Sleep and Memory Consolidation
• The Role of Nature vs. Nurture in Personality Development
• The Impact of Trauma on Psychological Functioning
• The Psychology of Social Influence and Conformity
• The Influence of Technology on Human Behavior and Communication
• The Psychological Factors behind Addiction and Recovery

Writing a Thesis Statement for Your Psychology Essay

Crafting a strong and clear thesis statement is essential for delivering a focused and well-structured psychology essay. The thesis statement serves as the central argument or claim that guides and organizes your entire essay. It is essential to carefully construct a thesis statement that is specific, concise, and reflective of your main argument. Here are some tips to consider when writing your thesis statement:

• Identify the main purpose: Determine the main objective of your essay. Are you attempting to explain a concept, analyze a theory, or argue a particular viewpoint?
• Summarize your main argument: Clearly state the position or argument you will be defending in your essay. Make sure it is clear and concise, providing a roadmap for your reader.
• Be specific: Avoid vague or general statements. Instead, focus on a specific aspect of the topic you will be addressing in your essay.
• Consider the significance: Highlight why your topic and argument are important within the field of psychology. What is the broader implication or relevance of your argument?

Remember, your thesis statement should be debatable and open to discussion. It should provide a clear direction for your essay while capturing the essence of your overall argument. By creating a strong and focused thesis statement, you lay the foundation for a coherent and persuasive psychology essay.

Example: “The increasing use of social media among adolescents has significant implications for their mental health, as it contributes to feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, and increased risk of developing anxiety and depression.”

Structuring the Essay

A well-structured psychology essay is crucial for conveying your arguments clearly and effectively. Here are a few tips on how to structure your essay:

• Develop an outline: Before starting to write, it is essential to develop an outline that lists the key points you will be addressing in your essay. This outline will serve as a roadmap for your writing and ensure that you maintain a focused and coherent flow throughout the essay.
• Introduction: Begin your essay with an introduction that captures the reader’s attention and provides context for the topic you will be addressing. The introduction should end with a clear and concise thesis statement that identifies the main argument of your essay.
• Body: The body of your essay should be structured around the main points you identified in your outline. Each paragraph should focus on a single point and provide evidence and examples to support your argument.
• Conclusion: Conclude your essay with a summary of the main points and restate your thesis statement in a new way. Finally, leave the reader with a thought-provoking statement or question that encourages them to consider the broader implications of your argument.
• Edit and proofread: Once you have finished writing your essay, take some time to edit and proofread it. Check for any grammar or spelling errors, ensure that your arguments are coherent and well-supported by evidence, and that the overall structure flows smoothly.

By following these tips, you can create a well-structured psychology essay that communicates your arguments clearly and effectively.

Sample Outline for a Psychology Essay

I. Introduction A. Hook or attention grabber B. Background information on the topic C. Thesis statement

II. Body Paragraph 1: Impact of Social Media on Mental Health A. Explanation of the link between social media and mental health B. Discussion of the negative effects, such as increased anxiety and depression C. Supporting evidence or examples from research studies

III. Body Paragraph 2: Effects of Parenting Styles on Child Development A. Explanation of different parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian) B. Discussion of how each style impacts a child’s psychological development C. Supporting evidence or examples from studies on parenting styles

IV. Body Paragraph 3: Cognitive Biases and Decision Making A. Explanation of common cognitive biases (confirmation bias, availability heuristic, etc.) B. Discussion of how these biases influence decision making C. Supporting evidence or examples from psychological research

V. Conclusion A. Summary of the main points discussed B. Restatement of the thesis statement C. Final thoughts or call to action for further research or consideration

Note: This is just a sample outline and can be modified based on the specific requirements or focus of your psychology essay. Ensure that each paragraph has a clear topic sentence and provides supporting evidence or examples to back up your claims.

Writing Style and Tone

When writing a psychology essay, it is important to pay attention to your writing style and tone to effectively communicate your ideas and engage your readers. Here are some key considerations for your writing style and tone:

• Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas. Avoid unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse your readers. Clearly define and explain any specialized terminology you do use.
• Formality: Maintain a formal and professional tone throughout your essay. Avoid using slang or informal language. Aim for an objective tone that focuses on presenting evidence and arguments in a logical manner.
• Precision and Accuracy: Be precise and accurate in your language and statements. Use specific terms and examples to support your arguments. Avoid generalizations or sweeping statements without proper evidence.
• Objectivity: While it is important to present and support your own arguments, maintain objectivity in your writing. Avoid personal opinions or biases that may weaken the credibility of your essay. Back up your claims with evidence from reputable sources.
• Cohesion and Coherence: Ensure that your essay flows smoothly between paragraphs and sections. Use clear transitions to connect ideas and maintain a logical progression throughout your essay.
• Proper Citations: When referencing research or sources, use proper citation styles such as APA or MLA. Follow the guidelines for in-text citations and include a comprehensive list of references at the end of your essay.

By embracing these writing style and tone guidelines, you can effectively convey your ideas, maintain credibility, and engage your readers in your psychology essay.

Writing an Introduction

The introduction of your psychology essay sets the stage for your entire paper and captures the reader’s attention. It should provide crucial background information and present your thesis statement. Here are some tips for writing an effective introduction:

• Grab the reader’s attention: Start with an attention-grabbing hook or opening sentence that piques the reader’s curiosity. This could be a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a compelling anecdote.
• Provide context: Give a brief overview of the topic and its significance in the field of psychology. Explain why it is important to study or discuss this particular topic and how it relates to broader psychological concepts or theories.
• Background information: Provide relevant background information to give the reader a foundation for understanding your essay. This could include a historical overview, a summary of previous research findings, or a discussion of current debates or controversies.
• Thesis statement: Clearly state your thesis statement – the main argument or claim you will be making in your essay. Make sure it is concise, specific, and provides a clear focus for your essay.
• Preview the main points: Briefly outline the main points or arguments that you will be discussing in the body paragraphs. This helps the reader anticipate the structure of your essay and understand the key aspects you will be addressing.

By following these tips, you can craft an engaging and informative introduction that sets the tone for your psychology essay and captures the reader’s attention from the start. Remember to keep it concise and focused on the main objective of your paper.

Incorporating Theories and Concepts

When writing a psychology essay, it is essential to incorporate relevant theories and concepts to support your arguments and convey a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Here are some guidelines for effectively incorporating theories and concepts into your essay:

• Choose relevant theories: Identify the theories or concepts that are most applicable to your topic. Select those that are widely recognized and have empirical evidence supporting their validity.
• Explain the theories: Provide a clear and concise explanation of the chosen theories or concepts. Define key terms and outline the fundamental principles underlying the theories.
• Connect theories to your arguments: Demonstrate how the theories or concepts align with your arguments or claims. Explain how they provide a framework for understanding the phenomenon you are discussing.
• Provide examples and evidence: Support your discussion of theories with relevant examples or empirical evidence. These could come from research studies, case studies, or real-life examples that illustrate the application or relevance of the theories.
• Compare and contrast theories: If applicable, explore different theories or perspectives related to your topic. Highlight similarities and differences between theories and discuss their implications for understanding the topic.
• Critically analyze theories: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theories you are incorporating. Discuss any controversies or alternative viewpoints within the field.

By incorporating relevant theories and concepts into your psychology essay, you strengthen the foundation of your arguments and demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic. Remember to cite your sources properly and use specific examples to enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your essay.

Presenting and Analyzing Data

Data analysis is a critical component of a psychology essay, showcasing your ability to draw meaningful conclusions from research findings. Here are some guidelines for presenting and analyzing data effectively:

• Choose appropriate data: Select data that directly supports your arguments or research question. Ensure it is reliable, relevant, and from reputable sources.
• Data presentation: Organize and present your data in a clear and concise manner. Visual aids like graphs, charts, or tables can enhance understanding. Use proper labeling and titles to provide context.
• Interpret the data: Analyze the patterns, trends, or relationships within the data. Explain what the data implies or reveals about the topic being discussed.
• Use statistical analysis: If applicable, employ appropriate statistical analysis techniques to derive meaningful conclusions from the data. This may include calculating means, standard deviations, correlations, or performing inferential tests.
• Link data to your arguments: Connect the data to your main arguments or research question. Explain how the data either supports or challenges existing theories or concepts.
• Discuss limitations: Acknowledge any limitations or constraints of the data analysis. Address potential biases, sample size issues, or methodological limitations that may affect the interpretation of the data.
• Incorporate citations: Properly cite the sources of your data and any statistical analysis methods used. Ensure you adhere to the appropriate citation style, such as APA or MLA.

By effectively presenting and analyzing data, you can demonstrate your ability to interpret research findings and draw valid conclusions in your psychology essay. Remember to provide clear explanations, relate the data to your arguments, and critically evaluate any limitations of the data analysis.

Writing the Body of a Psychology Essay

The body paragraphs of your psychology essay provide an opportunity to delve deeper into your arguments and present supporting evidence or research. Here are some guidelines for effectively writing the body of your essay:

• Develop a clear structure: Organize your body paragraphs in a logical and coherent manner. Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea or argument related to your thesis statement.
• Present supporting evidence: Support your arguments with relevant evidence, such as research studies, experiments, or case examples. Use reputable sources and cite them appropriately.
• Discuss research findings: Summarize and critically analyze the research findings that support your arguments. Explain how these findings contribute to the understanding of the topic.
• Provide examples: Use real-world examples or case studies to illustrate your points. These examples help to make your arguments more concrete and relatable to the reader.
• Address counterarguments: Acknowledge and address counterarguments or alternative perspectives on the topic. Assess the validity of opposing viewpoints and explain why your arguments are more persuasive or credible.
• Use clear and concise language: Write in clear and concise language to effectively convey your ideas. Use appropriate terminology and define any specialized terms you introduce.
• Use transitional words and phrases: Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs by using transitional words and phrases. These help to maintain coherence and guide the reader through your arguments.

Remember to focus on one main idea per paragraph, provide sufficient evidence and analysis, and maintain a logical flow throughout the body of your psychology essay. With a well-structured and well-supported body, you can effectively present and substantiate your arguments.

Writing a Conclusion

The conclusion of your psychology essay is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader. It should effectively summarize your main points, restate your thesis statement, and leave the reader with a clear understanding of your argument. Here are some guidelines for writing a strong conclusion:

• Summarize your main points: Briefly recap the main arguments or findings presented in the body of your essay. Ensure that the summary is concise and reflects the key aspects of your paper.
• Restate your thesis: Reinstate your thesis statement in a slightly different way, emphasizing the main points you have made throughout the essay. Avoid simply copying and pasting your original thesis statement.
• Provide a final thought or reflection: End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement, reflection, or possible implication of your argument. This can encourage the reader to consider the broader implications of the topic you have discussed.
• Address the significance: Highlight the significance of your research or argument in the broader context of psychology. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing knowledge or understanding of the topic.
• Avoid introducing new information: The conclusion is not the place to introduce new arguments or evidence. It should only summarize and synthesize the information already presented.
• End with a strong closing sentence: Finish your conclusion with a memorable and impactful closing sentence. This can leave a lasting impression on the reader and provide a sense of closure to your essay.

By following these guidelines, you can write a strong conclusion that effectively wraps up your psychology essay and leaves the reader with a sense of satisfaction and understanding.

Psychology Essay Example: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health

Introduction:.

Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of people spending a significant amount of time on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. While social media offers numerous benefits, there is growing concern about its impact on mental health. This essay will explore the influence of social media on mental well-being, examining both the positive and negative effects.

One significant positive aspect of social media is its ability to foster social connections and support networks. Platforms like Facebook enable individuals to stay connected with friends and family, irrespective of geographical distance. Research has shown that maintaining strong social ties has a positive impact on mental health, reducing feelings of loneliness and improving overall well-being (Grieve et al., 2013). Moreover, social media platforms can serve as spaces for individuals to seek emotional support and find communities with shared interests or experiences.

However, the excessive use of social media can have detrimental effects on mental health. One prominent negative impact is the increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Studies have found a correlation between heavy social media usage and higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms (Primack et al., 2017). The constant exposure to carefully curated, highlight-reel versions of others’ lives can lead to social comparison and feelings of inadequacy or low self-esteem. Moreover, cyberbullying and online harassment on social media platforms can contribute significantly to psychological distress and adversely affect mental well-being.

Furthermore, the addictive nature of social media poses another concern. Studies have shown that the reward mechanisms triggered by social media use can lead to compulsive behaviors and online addiction (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Excessive use of social media can result in neglecting real-world relationships, declining academic or occupational performance, and experiencing symptoms of withdrawal when unable to access social media platforms.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, social media has both positive and negative effects on mental health. While it can enhance social connections and support networks, excessive and addictive use can lead to increased levels of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It is crucial to strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of social media usage. Individuals should be mindful of their social media consumption, manage their online interactions, and seek support offline when needed. Additionally, future research should focus on developing strategies to mitigate the negative impact of social media and promote mental well-being in the digital age.

References:

Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G. A., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 604-609.

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311.

Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., … & Colditz, J. B. (2017). Social media use and depression and anxiety symptoms: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(6), 670-678.

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• Research paper

Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on September 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on March 27, 2023.

The introduction to a research paper is where you set up your topic and approach for the reader. It has several key goals:

• Present your topic and get the reader interested
• Provide background or summarize existing research
• Position your own approach
• Detail your specific research problem and problem statement
• Give an overview of the paper’s structure

The introduction looks slightly different depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument by engaging with a variety of sources.

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Table of contents

Step 1: introduce your topic, step 2: describe the background, step 3: establish your research problem, step 4: specify your objective(s), step 5: map out your paper, research paper introduction examples, frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.

The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what your topic is and why it’s interesting or important. This is generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.

The hook is a striking opening sentence that clearly conveys the relevance of your topic. Think of an interesting fact or statistic, a strong statement, a question, or a brief anecdote that will get the reader wondering about your topic.

For example, the following could be an effective hook for an argumentative paper about the environmental impact of cattle farming:

A more empirical paper investigating the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues in adolescent girls might use the following hook:

Don’t feel that your hook necessarily has to be deeply impressive or creative. Clarity and relevance are still more important than catchiness. The key thing is to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas.

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This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is taking.

In a more argumentative paper, you’ll explore some general background here. In a more empirical paper, this is the place to review previous research and establish how yours fits in.

Argumentative paper: Background information

After you’ve caught your reader’s attention, specify a bit more, providing context and narrowing down your topic.

Provide only the most relevant background information. The introduction isn’t the place to get too in-depth; if more background is essential to your paper, it can appear in the body .

Empirical paper: Describing previous research

For a paper describing original research, you’ll instead provide an overview of the most relevant research that has already been conducted. This is a sort of miniature literature review —a sketch of the current state of research into your topic, boiled down to a few sentences.

This should be informed by genuine engagement with the literature. Your search can be less extensive than in a full literature review, but a clear sense of the relevant research is crucial to inform your own work.

Begin by establishing the kinds of research that have been done, and end with limitations or gaps in the research that you intend to respond to.

The next step is to clarify how your own research fits in and what problem it addresses.

Argumentative paper: Emphasize importance

In an argumentative research paper, you can simply state the problem you intend to discuss, and what is original or important about your argument.

Empirical paper: Relate to the literature

In an empirical research paper, try to lead into the problem on the basis of your discussion of the literature. Think in terms of these questions:

• What research gap is your work intended to fill?
• What limitations in previous work does it address?
• What contribution to knowledge does it make?

You can make the connection between your problem and the existing research using phrases like the following.

Now you’ll get into the specifics of what you intend to find out or express in your research paper.

The way you frame your research objectives varies. An argumentative paper presents a thesis statement, while an empirical paper generally poses a research question (sometimes with a hypothesis as to the answer).

Argumentative paper: Thesis statement

The thesis statement expresses the position that the rest of the paper will present evidence and arguments for. It can be presented in one or two sentences, and should state your position clearly and directly, without providing specific arguments for it at this point.

Empirical paper: Research question and hypothesis

The research question is the question you want to answer in an empirical research paper.

Present your research question clearly and directly, with a minimum of discussion at this point. The rest of the paper will be taken up with discussing and investigating this question; here you just need to express it.

A research question can be framed either directly or indirectly.

• This study set out to answer the following question: What effects does daily use of Instagram have on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls?
• We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls.

If your research involved testing hypotheses , these should be stated along with your research question. They are usually presented in the past tense, since the hypothesis will already have been tested by the time you are writing up your paper.

For example, the following hypothesis might respond to the research question above:

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The final part of the introduction is often dedicated to a brief overview of the rest of the paper.

In a paper structured using the standard scientific “introduction, methods, results, discussion” format, this isn’t always necessary. But if your paper is structured in a less predictable way, it’s important to describe the shape of it for the reader.

If included, the overview should be concise, direct, and written in the present tense.

• This paper will first discuss several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then will go on to …
• This paper first discusses several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then goes on to …

Full examples of research paper introductions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

Are cows responsible for climate change? A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for two thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands. These emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade into ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations show that agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 46% of the country’s total emissions. By comparison, road traffic and households are responsible for 6.1% each, the industrial sector for 1%. While efforts are being made to mitigate these emissions, policymakers are reluctant to reckon with the scale of the problem. The approach presented here is a radical one, but commensurate with the issue. This paper argues that the Dutch government must stimulate and subsidize livestock farmers, especially cattle farmers, to transition to sustainable vegetable farming. It first establishes the inadequacy of current mitigation measures, then discusses the various advantages of the results proposed, and finally addresses potential objections to the plan on economic grounds.

The rise of social media has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of body image issues among women and girls. This correlation has received significant academic attention: Various empirical studies have been conducted into Facebook usage among adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray, 2014). These studies have consistently found that the visual and interactive aspects of the platform have the greatest influence on body image issues. Despite this, highly visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram have yet to be robustly researched. This paper sets out to address this research gap. We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls. It was hypothesized that daily Instagram use would be associated with an increase in body image concerns and a decrease in self-esteem ratings.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

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How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Examples)   

The introduction of an essay plays a critical role in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. It sets the stage for the rest of the essay, establishes the tone and style, and motivates the reader to continue reading. 

Table of Contents

What is an essay introduction , what to include in an essay introduction, how to create an essay structure , step-by-step process for writing an essay introduction , how to write an introduction paragraph , how to write a hook for your essay , how to include background information , how to write a thesis statement .

• Argumentative Essay Introduction Example: 
• Expository Essay Introduction Example 

Literary Analysis Essay Introduction Example

Check and revise – checklist for essay introduction , key takeaways , frequently asked questions .

An introduction is the opening section of an essay, paper, or other written work. It introduces the topic and provides background information, context, and an overview of what the reader can expect from the rest of the work. 1 The key is to be concise and to the point, providing enough information to engage the reader without delving into excessive detail. 

The essay introduction is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire piece and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. Here are key elements to include in your essay introduction: 

• Hook : Start with an attention-grabbing statement or question to engage the reader. This could be a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a compelling anecdote. 
• Background information : Provide context and background information to help the reader understand the topic. This can include historical information, definitions of key terms, or an overview of the current state of affairs related to your topic. 
• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic. Your thesis should be concise and specific, providing a clear direction for your essay. 

Before we get into how to write an essay introduction, we need to know how it is structured. The structure of an essay is crucial for organizing your thoughts and presenting them clearly and logically. It is divided as follows: 2  

• Introduction:  The introduction should grab the reader’s attention with a hook, provide context, and include a thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay.  
• Body:  The body should consist of focused paragraphs that support your thesis statement using evidence and analysis. Each paragraph should concentrate on a single central idea or argument and provide evidence, examples, or analysis to back it up.  
• Conclusion:  The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis differently. End with a final statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Avoid new information or arguments. 

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an essay introduction: 

• Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction paragraph with an attention-grabbing statement, question, quote, or anecdote related to your topic. The hook should pique the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. 
• Provide Background Information : This helps the reader understand the relevance and importance of the topic. 
• State Your Thesis Statement : The last sentence is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and directly address the topic of your essay. 
• Preview the Main Points : This gives the reader an idea of what to expect and how you will support your thesis. 
• Keep it Concise and Clear : Avoid going into too much detail or including information not directly relevant to your topic. 
• Revise : Revise your introduction after you’ve written the rest of your essay to ensure it aligns with your final argument. 

Here’s an example of an essay introduction paragraph about the importance of education: 

Education is often viewed as a fundamental human right and a key social and economic development driver. As Nelson Mandela once famously said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” It is the key to unlocking a wide range of opportunities and benefits for individuals, societies, and nations. In today’s constantly evolving world, education has become even more critical. It has expanded beyond traditional classroom learning to include digital and remote learning, making education more accessible and convenient. This essay will delve into the importance of education in empowering individuals to achieve their dreams, improving societies by promoting social justice and equality, and driving economic growth by developing a skilled workforce and promoting innovation. 

This introduction paragraph example includes a hook (the quote by Nelson Mandela), provides some background information on education, and states the thesis statement (the importance of education). 

This is one of the key steps in how to write an essay introduction. Crafting a compelling hook is vital because it sets the tone for your entire essay and determines whether your readers will stay interested. A good hook draws the reader in and sets the stage for the rest of your essay.  

• Avoid Dry Fact : Instead of simply stating a bland fact, try to make it engaging and relevant to your topic. For example, if you’re writing about the benefits of exercise, you could start with a startling statistic like, “Did you know that regular exercise can increase your lifespan by up to seven years?” 
• Avoid Using a Dictionary Definition : While definitions can be informative, they’re not always the most captivating way to start an essay. Instead, try to use a quote, anecdote, or provocative question to pique the reader’s interest. For instance, if you’re writing about freedom, you could begin with a quote from a famous freedom fighter or philosopher. 
• Do Not Just State a Fact That the Reader Already Knows : This ties back to the first point—your hook should surprise or intrigue the reader. For Here’s an introduction paragraph example, if you’re writing about climate change, you could start with a thought-provoking statement like, “Despite overwhelming evidence, many people still refuse to believe in the reality of climate change.” 

Including background information in the introduction section of your essay is important to provide context and establish the relevance of your topic. When writing the background information, you can follow these steps: 

• Start with a General Statement:  Begin with a general statement about the topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific focus. For example, when discussing the impact of social media, you can begin by making a broad statement about social media and its widespread use in today’s society, as follows: “Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of users worldwide.” 
• Define Key Terms : Define any key terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to your readers but are essential for understanding your argument. 
• Provide Relevant Statistics:  Use statistics or facts to highlight the significance of the issue you’re discussing. For instance, “According to a report by Statista, the number of social media users is expected to reach 4.41 billion by 2025.” 
• Discuss the Evolution:  Mention previous research or studies that have been conducted on the topic, especially those that are relevant to your argument. Mention key milestones or developments that have shaped its current impact. You can also outline some of the major effects of social media. For example, you can briefly describe how social media has evolved, including positives such as increased connectivity and issues like cyberbullying and privacy concerns. 
• Transition to Your Thesis:  Use the background information to lead into your thesis statement, which should clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay. For example, “Given its pervasive influence, it is crucial to examine the impact of social media on mental health.” 

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, or other type of academic writing. It appears near the end of the introduction. Here’s how to write a thesis statement: 

• Identify the topic:  Start by identifying the topic of your essay. For example, if your essay is about the importance of exercise for overall health, your topic is “exercise.” 
• State your position:  Next, state your position or claim about the topic. This is the main argument or point you want to make. For example, if you believe that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health, your position could be: “Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.” 
• Support your position:  Provide a brief overview of the reasons or evidence that support your position. These will be the main points of your essay. For example, if you’re writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you could mention the physical health benefits, mental health benefits, and the role of exercise in disease prevention. 
• Make it specific:  Ensure your thesis statement clearly states what you will discuss in your essay. For example, instead of saying, “Exercise is good for you,” you could say, “Regular exercise, including cardiovascular and strength training, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.” 

Examples of essay introduction 

Here are examples of essay introductions for different types of essays: 

Argumentative Essay Introduction Example:  

Topic: Should the voting age be lowered to 16? 

“The question of whether the voting age should be lowered to 16 has sparked nationwide debate. While some argue that 16-year-olds lack the requisite maturity and knowledge to make informed decisions, others argue that doing so would imbue young people with agency and give them a voice in shaping their future.” 

Expository Essay Introduction Example  

Topic: The benefits of regular exercise 

“In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of regular exercise cannot be overstated. From improving physical health to boosting mental well-being, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. This essay will examine the various advantages of regular exercise and provide tips on incorporating it into your daily routine.” 

Text: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 

“Harper Lee’s novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ is a timeless classic that explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality in the American South. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the reader is taken on a journey that challenges societal norms and forces characters to confront their prejudices. This essay will analyze the novel’s use of symbolism, character development, and narrative structure to uncover its deeper meaning and relevance to contemporary society.” 

• Engaging and Relevant First Sentence : The opening sentence captures the reader’s attention and relates directly to the topic. 
• Background Information : Enough background information is introduced to provide context for the thesis statement. 
• Definition of Important Terms : Key terms or concepts that might be unfamiliar to the audience or are central to the argument are defined. 
• Clear Thesis Statement : The thesis statement presents the main point or argument of the essay. 
• Relevance to Main Body : Everything in the introduction directly relates to and sets up the discussion in the main body of the essay. 

Writing a strong introduction is crucial for setting the tone and context of your essay. Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3  

• Hook the Reader : Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader’s attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. 
• Provide Background : Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion. 
• Thesis Statement : State your thesis, which is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and specific. 
• Preview the Structure : Outline the main points or arguments to help the reader understand the organization of your essay. 
• Keep it Concise : Avoid including unnecessary details or information not directly related to your thesis. 
• Revise and Edit : Revise your introduction to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance. Check for grammar and spelling errors. 
• Seek Feedback : Get feedback from peers or instructors to improve your introduction further. 

The purpose of an essay introduction is to give an overview of the topic, context, and main ideas of the essay. It is meant to engage the reader, establish the tone for the rest of the essay, and introduce the thesis statement or central argument.  

An essay introduction typically ranges from 5-10% of the total word count. For example, in a 1,000-word essay, the introduction would be roughly 50-100 words. However, the length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the overall length of the essay.

An essay introduction is critical in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. To ensure its effectiveness, consider incorporating these key elements: a compelling hook, background information, a clear thesis statement, an outline of the essay’s scope, a smooth transition to the body, and optional signposting sentences.  

The process of writing an essay introduction is not necessarily straightforward, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this end. When experiencing difficulty initiating the process, consider the following techniques: begin with an anecdote, a quotation, an image, a question, or a startling fact to pique the reader’s interest. It may also be helpful to consider the five W’s of journalism: who, what, when, where, why, and how.   For instance, an anecdotal opening could be structured as follows: “As I ascended the stage, momentarily blinded by the intense lights, I could sense the weight of a hundred eyes upon me, anticipating my next move. The topic of discussion was climate change, a subject I was passionate about, and it was my first public speaking event. Little did I know , that pivotal moment would not only alter my perspective but also chart my life’s course.” 

Crafting a compelling thesis statement for your introduction paragraph is crucial to grab your reader’s attention. To achieve this, avoid using overused phrases such as “In this paper, I will write about” or “I will focus on” as they lack originality. Instead, strive to engage your reader by substantiating your stance or proposition with a “so what” clause. While writing your thesis statement, aim to be precise, succinct, and clear in conveying your main argument.  

To create an effective essay introduction, ensure it is clear, engaging, relevant, and contains a concise thesis statement. It should transition smoothly into the essay and be long enough to cover necessary points but not become overwhelming. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to assess its effectiveness. 

References  

• Cui, L. (2022). Unit 6 Essay Introduction.  Building Academic Writing Skills . 
• West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay.  Journal of Geography in Higher Education ,  43 (4), 609-617. 
• Beavers, M. E., Thoune, D. L., & McBeth, M. (2023). Bibliographic Essay: Reading, Researching, Teaching, and Writing with Hooks: A Queer Literacy Sponsorship. College English, 85(3), 230-242. 

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