what statement about a hypothesis is incorrect

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

Methodology

• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

See an example

Step 1. Ask a question

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 17, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, construct validity | definition, types, & examples, what is a conceptual framework | tips & examples, operationalization | a guide with examples, pros & cons, unlimited academic ai-proofreading.

✔ Document error-free in 5minutes ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser.

Biology library

Course: biology library   >   unit 1, the scientific method.

• Controlled experiments
• The scientific method and experimental design

Introduction

• Make an observation.
• Ask a question.
• Form a hypothesis , or testable explanation.
• Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
• Test the prediction.
• Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.

Scientific method example: Failure to toast

1. make an observation..

• Observation: the toaster won't toast.

2. Ask a question.

• Question: Why won't my toaster toast?

3. Propose a hypothesis.

• Hypothesis: Maybe the outlet is broken.

4. Make predictions.

• Prediction: If I plug the toaster into a different outlet, then it will toast the bread.

5. Test the predictions.

• Test of prediction: Plug the toaster into a different outlet and try again.
• If the toaster does toast, then the hypothesis is supported—likely correct.
• If the toaster doesn't toast, then the hypothesis is not supported—likely wrong.

Logical possibility

Practical possibility, building a body of evidence, 6. iterate..

• Iteration time!
• If the hypothesis was supported, we might do additional tests to confirm it, or revise it to be more specific. For instance, we might investigate why the outlet is broken.
• If the hypothesis was not supported, we would come up with a new hypothesis. For instance, the next hypothesis might be that there's a broken wire in the toaster.

Want to join the conversation?

• Upvote Button navigates to signup page
• Downvote Button navigates to signup page
• Flag Button navigates to signup page

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, what is a hypothesis and how do i write one.

General Education

Think about something strange and unexplainable in your life. Maybe you get a headache right before it rains, or maybe you think your favorite sports team wins when you wear a certain color. If you wanted to see whether these are just coincidences or scientific fact, you would form a hypothesis, then create an experiment to see whether that hypothesis is true or not.

But what is a hypothesis, anyway? If you’re not sure about what a hypothesis is--or how to test for one!--you’re in the right place. This article will teach you everything you need to know about hypotheses, including: 

• Defining the term “hypothesis” 
• Providing hypothesis examples 
• Giving you tips for how to write your own hypothesis

So let’s get started!

What Is a Hypothesis?

Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as “an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.” In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess . Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it’s true or not. Keep in mind that in science, a hypothesis should be testable. You have to be able to design an experiment that tests your hypothesis in order for it to be valid. 

As you could assume from that statement, it’s easy to make a bad hypothesis. But when you’re holding an experiment, it’s even more important that your guesses be good...after all, you’re spending time (and maybe money!) to figure out more about your observation. That’s why we refer to a hypothesis as an educated guess--good hypotheses are based on existing data and research to make them as sound as possible.

Hypotheses are one part of what’s called the scientific method .  Every (good) experiment or study is based in the scientific method. The scientific method gives order and structure to experiments and ensures that interference from scientists or outside influences does not skew the results. It’s important that you understand the concepts of the scientific method before holding your own experiment. Though it may vary among scientists, the scientific method is generally made up of six steps (in order):

• Observation
• Asking questions
• Forming a hypothesis
• Analyze the data
• Communicate your results

You’ll notice that the hypothesis comes pretty early on when conducting an experiment. That’s because experiments work best when they’re trying to answer one specific question. And you can’t conduct an experiment until you know what you’re trying to prove!

Independent and Dependent Variables 

After doing your research, you’re ready for another important step in forming your hypothesis: identifying variables. Variables are basically any factor that could influence the outcome of your experiment . Variables have to be measurable and related to the topic being studied.

There are two types of variables:  independent variables and dependent variables. I ndependent variables remain constant . For example, age is an independent variable; it will stay the same, and researchers can look at different ages to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable. 

Speaking of dependent variables... dependent variables are subject to the influence of the independent variable , meaning that they are not constant. Let’s say you want to test whether a person’s age affects how much sleep they need. In that case, the independent variable is age (like we mentioned above), and the dependent variable is how much sleep a person gets. 

Variables will be crucial in writing your hypothesis. You need to be able to identify which variable is which, as both the independent and dependent variables will be written into your hypothesis. For instance, in a study about exercise, the independent variable might be the speed at which the respondents walk for thirty minutes, and the dependent variable would be their heart rate. In your study and in your hypothesis, you’re trying to understand the relationship between the two variables.

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

The best hypotheses start by asking the right questions . For instance, if you’ve observed that the grass is greener when it rains twice a week, you could ask what kind of grass it is, what elevation it’s at, and if the grass across the street responds to rain in the same way. Any of these questions could become the backbone of experiments to test why the grass gets greener when it rains fairly frequently.

As you’re asking more questions about your first observation, make sure you’re also making more observations . If it doesn’t rain for two weeks and the grass still looks green, that’s an important observation that could influence your hypothesis. You'll continue observing all throughout your experiment, but until the hypothesis is finalized, every observation should be noted.

Finally, you should consult secondary research before writing your hypothesis . Secondary research is comprised of results found and published by other people. You can usually find this information online or at your library. Additionally, m ake sure the research you find is credible and related to your topic. If you’re studying the correlation between rain and grass growth, it would help you to research rain patterns over the past twenty years for your county, published by a local agricultural association. You should also research the types of grass common in your area, the type of grass in your lawn, and whether anyone else has conducted experiments about your hypothesis. Also be sure you’re checking the quality of your research . Research done by a middle school student about what minerals can be found in rainwater would be less useful than an article published by a local university.

Writing Your Hypothesis

Once you’ve considered all of the factors above, you’re ready to start writing your hypothesis. Hypotheses usually take a certain form when they’re written out in a research report.

When you boil down your hypothesis statement, you are writing down your best guess and not the question at hand . This means that your statement should be written as if it is fact already, even though you are simply testing it.

The reason for this is that, after you have completed your study, you'll either accept or reject your if-then or your null hypothesis. All hypothesis testing examples should be measurable and able to be confirmed or denied. You cannot confirm a question, only a statement! 

In fact, you come up with hypothesis examples all the time! For instance, when you guess on the outcome of a basketball game, you don’t say, “Will the Miami Heat beat the Boston Celtics?” but instead, “I think the Miami Heat will beat the Boston Celtics.” You state it as if it is already true, even if it turns out you’re wrong. You do the same thing when writing your hypothesis.

Additionally, keep in mind that hypotheses can range from very specific to very broad.  These hypotheses can be specific, but if your hypothesis testing examples involve a broad range of causes and effects, your hypothesis can also be broad.  

The Two Types of Hypotheses

Now that you understand what goes into a hypothesis, it’s time to look more closely at the two most common types of hypothesis: the if-then hypothesis and the null hypothesis.

#1: If-Then Hypotheses

First of all, if-then hypotheses typically follow this formula:

If ____ happens, then ____ will happen.

The goal of this type of hypothesis is to test the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable. It’s fairly simple, and each hypothesis can vary in how detailed it can be. We create if-then hypotheses all the time with our daily predictions. Here are some examples of hypotheses that use an if-then structure from daily life: 

• If I get enough sleep, I’ll be able to get more work done tomorrow.
• If the bus is on time, I can make it to my friend’s birthday party. 
• If I study every night this week, I’ll get a better grade on my exam. 

In each of these situations, you’re making a guess on how an independent variable (sleep, time, or studying) will affect a dependent variable (the amount of work you can do, making it to a party on time, or getting better grades). 

You may still be asking, “What is an example of a hypothesis used in scientific research?” Take one of the hypothesis examples from a real-world study on whether using technology before bed affects children’s sleep patterns. The hypothesis read s:

“We hypothesized that increased hours of tablet- and phone-based screen time at bedtime would be inversely correlated with sleep quality and child attention.”

It might not look like it, but this is an if-then statement. The researchers basically said, “If children have more screen usage at bedtime, then their quality of sleep and attention will be worse.” The sleep quality and attention are the dependent variables and the screen usage is the independent variable. (Usually, the independent variable comes after the “if” and the dependent variable comes after the “then,” as it is the independent variable that affects the dependent variable.) This is an excellent example of how flexible hypothesis statements can be, as long as the general idea of “if-then” and the independent and dependent variables are present.

#2: Null Hypotheses

Your if-then hypothesis is not the only one needed to complete a successful experiment, however. You also need a null hypothesis to test it against. In its most basic form, the null hypothesis is the opposite of your if-then hypothesis . When you write your null hypothesis, you are writing a hypothesis that suggests that your guess is not true, and that the independent and dependent variables have no relationship .

One null hypothesis for the cell phone and sleep study from the last section might say: 

“If children have more screen usage at bedtime, their quality of sleep and attention will not be worse.” 

In this case, this is a null hypothesis because it’s asking the opposite of the original thesis! 

Conversely, if your if-then hypothesis suggests that your two variables have no relationship, then your null hypothesis would suggest that there is one. So, pretend that there is a study that is asking the question, “Does the amount of followers on Instagram influence how long people spend on the app?” The independent variable is the amount of followers, and the dependent variable is the time spent. But if you, as the researcher, don’t think there is a relationship between the number of followers and time spent, you might write an if-then hypothesis that reads:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will not spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

In this case, the if-then suggests there isn’t a relationship between the variables. In that case, one of the null hypothesis examples might say:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

You then test both the if-then and the null hypothesis to gauge if there is a relationship between the variables, and if so, how much of a relationship. 

4 Tips to Write the Best Hypothesis

If you’re going to take the time to hold an experiment, whether in school or by yourself, you’re also going to want to take the time to make sure your hypothesis is a good one. The best hypotheses have four major elements in common: plausibility, defined concepts, observability, and general explanation.

#1: Plausibility

At first glance, this quality of a hypothesis might seem obvious. When your hypothesis is plausible, that means it’s possible given what we know about science and general common sense. However, improbable hypotheses are more common than you might think. 

Imagine you’re studying weight gain and television watching habits. If you hypothesize that people who watch more than  twenty hours of television a week will gain two hundred pounds or more over the course of a year, this might be improbable (though it’s potentially possible). Consequently, c ommon sense can tell us the results of the study before the study even begins.

Improbable hypotheses generally go against  science, as well. Take this hypothesis example: 

“If a person smokes one cigarette a day, then they will have lungs just as healthy as the average person’s.” 

This hypothesis is obviously untrue, as studies have shown again and again that cigarettes negatively affect lung health. You must be careful that your hypotheses do not reflect your own personal opinion more than they do scientifically-supported findings. This plausibility points to the necessity of research before the hypothesis is written to make sure that your hypothesis has not already been disproven.

#2: Defined Concepts

The more advanced you are in your studies, the more likely that the terms you’re using in your hypothesis are specific to a limited set of knowledge. One of the hypothesis testing examples might include the readability of printed text in newspapers, where you might use words like “kerning” and “x-height.” Unless your readers have a background in graphic design, it’s likely that they won’t know what you mean by these terms. Thus, it’s important to either write what they mean in the hypothesis itself or in the report before the hypothesis.

Here’s what we mean. Which of the following sentences makes more sense to the common person?

If the kerning is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

If the space between letters is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

For people reading your report that are not experts in typography, simply adding a few more words will be helpful in clarifying exactly what the experiment is all about. It’s always a good idea to make your research and findings as accessible as possible. 

Good hypotheses ensure that you can observe the results. 

#3: Observability

In order to measure the truth or falsity of your hypothesis, you must be able to see your variables and the way they interact. For instance, if your hypothesis is that the flight patterns of satellites affect the strength of certain television signals, yet you don’t have a telescope to view the satellites or a television to monitor the signal strength, you cannot properly observe your hypothesis and thus cannot continue your study.

Some variables may seem easy to observe, but if you do not have a system of measurement in place, you cannot observe your hypothesis properly. Here’s an example: if you’re experimenting on the effect of healthy food on overall happiness, but you don’t have a way to monitor and measure what “overall happiness” means, your results will not reflect the truth. Monitoring how often someone smiles for a whole day is not reasonably observable, but having the participants state how happy they feel on a scale of one to ten is more observable. 

In writing your hypothesis, always keep in mind how you'll execute the experiment.

#4: Generalizability 

Perhaps you’d like to study what color your best friend wears the most often by observing and documenting the colors she wears each day of the week. This might be fun information for her and you to know, but beyond you two, there aren’t many people who could benefit from this experiment. When you start an experiment, you should note how generalizable your findings may be if they are confirmed. Generalizability is basically how common a particular phenomenon is to other people’s everyday life.

Let’s say you’re asking a question about the health benefits of eating an apple for one day only, you need to realize that the experiment may be too specific to be helpful. It does not help to explain a phenomenon that many people experience. If you find yourself with too specific of a hypothesis, go back to asking the big question: what is it that you want to know, and what do you think will happen between your two variables?

Hypothesis Testing Examples

We know it can be hard to write a good hypothesis unless you’ve seen some good hypothesis examples. We’ve included four hypothesis examples based on some made-up experiments. Use these as templates or launch pads for coming up with your own hypotheses.

Experiment #1: Students Studying Outside (Writing a Hypothesis)

You are a student at PrepScholar University. When you walk around campus, you notice that, when the temperature is above 60 degrees, more students study in the quad. You want to know when your fellow students are more likely to study outside. With this information, how do you make the best hypothesis possible?

You must remember to make additional observations and do secondary research before writing your hypothesis. In doing so, you notice that no one studies outside when it’s 75 degrees and raining, so this should be included in your experiment. Also, studies done on the topic beforehand suggested that students are more likely to study in temperatures less than 85 degrees. With this in mind, you feel confident that you can identify your variables and write your hypotheses:

If-then: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, significantly fewer students will study outside.”

Null: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, the same number of students will study outside as when it is more than 60 degrees.”

These hypotheses are plausible, as the temperatures are reasonably within the bounds of what is possible. The number of people in the quad is also easily observable. It is also not a phenomenon specific to only one person or at one time, but instead can explain a phenomenon for a broader group of people.

To complete this experiment, you pick the month of October to observe the quad. Every day (except on the days where it’s raining)from 3 to 4 PM, when most classes have released for the day, you observe how many people are on the quad. You measure how many people come  and how many leave. You also write down the temperature on the hour. 

After writing down all of your observations and putting them on a graph, you find that the most students study on the quad when it is 70 degrees outside, and that the number of students drops a lot once the temperature reaches 60 degrees or below. In this case, your research report would state that you accept or “failed to reject” your first hypothesis with your findings.

Experiment #2: The Cupcake Store (Forming a Simple Experiment)

Let’s say that you work at a bakery. You specialize in cupcakes, and you make only two colors of frosting: yellow and purple. You want to know what kind of customers are more likely to buy what kind of cupcake, so you set up an experiment. Your independent variable is the customer’s gender, and the dependent variable is the color of the frosting. What is an example of a hypothesis that might answer the question of this study?

Here’s what your hypotheses might look like: 

If-then: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will buy more yellow cupcakes than purple cupcakes.”

Null: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will be just as likely to buy purple cupcakes as yellow cupcakes.”

This is a pretty simple experiment! It passes the test of plausibility (there could easily be a difference), defined concepts (there’s nothing complicated about cupcakes!), observability (both color and gender can be easily observed), and general explanation ( this would potentially help you make better business decisions ).

Experiment #3: Backyard Bird Feeders (Integrating Multiple Variables and Rejecting the If-Then Hypothesis)

While watching your backyard bird feeder, you realized that different birds come on the days when you change the types of seeds. You decide that you want to see more cardinals in your backyard, so you decide to see what type of food they like the best and set up an experiment. 

However, one morning, you notice that, while some cardinals are present, blue jays are eating out of your backyard feeder filled with millet. You decide that, of all of the other birds, you would like to see the blue jays the least. This means you'll have more than one variable in your hypothesis. Your new hypotheses might look like this: 

If-then: “If sunflower seeds are placed in the bird feeders, then more cardinals will come than blue jays. If millet is placed in the bird feeders, then more blue jays will come than cardinals.”

Null: “If either sunflower seeds or millet are placed in the bird, equal numbers of cardinals and blue jays will come.”

Through simple observation, you actually find that cardinals come as often as blue jays when sunflower seeds or millet is in the bird feeder. In this case, you would reject your “if-then” hypothesis and “fail to reject” your null hypothesis . You cannot accept your first hypothesis, because it’s clearly not true. Instead you found that there was actually no relation between your different variables. Consequently, you would need to run more experiments with different variables to see if the new variables impact the results.

Experiment #4: In-Class Survey (Including an Alternative Hypothesis)

You’re about to give a speech in one of your classes about the importance of paying attention. You want to take this opportunity to test a hypothesis you’ve had for a while: 

If-then: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will listen better than students who do not.

Null: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will not listen better or worse than students who do not.

You give your speech and then ask your teacher if you can hand out a short survey to the class. On the survey, you’ve included questions about some of the topics you talked about. When you get back the results, you’re surprised to see that not only do the students in the first two rows not pay better attention, but they also scored worse than students in other parts of the classroom! Here, both your if-then and your null hypotheses are not representative of your findings. What do you do?

This is when you reject both your if-then and null hypotheses and instead create an alternative hypothesis . This type of hypothesis is used in the rare circumstance that neither of your hypotheses is able to capture your findings . Now you can use what you’ve learned to draft new hypotheses and test again! 

Key Takeaways: Hypothesis Writing

The more comfortable you become with writing hypotheses, the better they will become. The structure of hypotheses is flexible and may need to be changed depending on what topic you are studying. The most important thing to remember is the purpose of your hypothesis and the difference between the if-then and the null . From there, in forming your hypothesis, you should constantly be asking questions, making observations, doing secondary research, and considering your variables. After you have written your hypothesis, be sure to edit it so that it is plausible, clearly defined, observable, and helpful in explaining a general phenomenon.

Writing a hypothesis is something that everyone, from elementary school children competing in a science fair to professional scientists in a lab, needs to know how to do. Hypotheses are vital in experiments and in properly executing the scientific method . When done correctly, hypotheses will set up your studies for success and help you to understand the world a little better, one experiment at a time.

What’s Next?

If you’re studying for the science portion of the ACT, there’s definitely a lot you need to know. We’ve got the tools to help, though! Start by checking out our ultimate study guide for the ACT Science subject test. Once you read through that, be sure to download our recommended ACT Science practice tests , since they’re one of the most foolproof ways to improve your score. (And don’t forget to check out our expert guide book , too.)

If you love science and want to major in a scientific field, you should start preparing in high school . Here are the science classes you should take to set yourself up for success.

If you’re trying to think of science experiments you can do for class (or for a science fair!), here’s a list of 37 awesome science experiments you can do at home

Ashley Sufflé Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams.

Student and Parent Forum

Our new student and parent forum, at ExpertHub.PrepScholar.com , allow you to interact with your peers and the PrepScholar staff. See how other students and parents are navigating high school, college, and the college admissions process. Ask questions; get answers.

Ask a Question Below

Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply!

Improve With Our Famous Guides

• For All Students

The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points

How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer

Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section:

Score 800 on SAT Math

Score 800 on SAT Reading

Score 800 on SAT Writing

Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section:

Score 600 on SAT Math

Score 600 on SAT Reading

Score 600 on SAT Writing

Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests

What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For?

15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay

The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points

How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer

Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section:

36 on ACT English

36 on ACT Math

36 on ACT Reading

36 on ACT Science

Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section:

24 on ACT English

24 on ACT Math

24 on ACT Reading

24 on ACT Science

What ACT target score should you be aiming for?

ACT Vocabulary You Must Know

ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score

How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League

How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA

How to Write an Amazing College Essay

What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For?

Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide

Should you retake your SAT or ACT?

When should you take the SAT or ACT?

Stay Informed

Get the latest articles and test prep tips!

Looking for Graduate School Test Prep?

Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here:

GRE Online Prep Blog

GMAT Online Prep Blog

TOEFL Online Prep Blog

Holly R. "I am absolutely overjoyed and cannot thank you enough for helping me!”

What is a scientific hypothesis?

It's the initial building block in the scientific method.

Hypothesis basics

What makes a hypothesis testable.

• Types of hypotheses
• Hypothesis versus theory

Additional resources

Bibliography.

A scientific hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world. It's the initial building block in the scientific method . Many describe it as an "educated guess" based on prior knowledge and observation. While this is true, a hypothesis is more informed than a guess. While an "educated guess" suggests a random prediction based on a person's expertise, developing a hypothesis requires active observation and background research. 

The basic idea of a hypothesis is that there is no predetermined outcome. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. This concept, called falsifiability and testability, was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper in his famous book "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" (Routledge, 1959).

A key function of a hypothesis is to derive predictions about the results of future experiments and then perform those experiments to see whether they support the predictions.

A hypothesis is usually written in the form of an if-then statement, which gives a possibility (if) and explains what may happen because of the possibility (then). The statement could also include "may," according to California State University, Bakersfield .

Here are some examples of hypothesis statements:

• If garlic repels fleas, then a dog that is given garlic every day will not get fleas.
• If sugar causes cavities, then people who eat a lot of candy may be more prone to cavities.
• If ultraviolet light can damage the eyes, then maybe this light can cause blindness.

A useful hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable. That means that it should be possible to prove it wrong. A theory that can't be proved wrong is nonscientific, according to Karl Popper's 1963 book " Conjectures and Refutations ."

An example of an untestable statement is, "Dogs are better than cats." That's because the definition of "better" is vague and subjective. However, an untestable statement can be reworded to make it testable. For example, the previous statement could be changed to this: "Owning a dog is associated with higher levels of physical fitness than owning a cat." With this statement, the researcher can take measures of physical fitness from dog and cat owners and compare the two.

Types of scientific hypotheses

In an experiment, researchers generally state their hypotheses in two ways. The null hypothesis predicts that there will be no relationship between the variables tested, or no difference between the experimental groups. The alternative hypothesis predicts the opposite: that there will be a difference between the experimental groups. This is usually the hypothesis scientists are most interested in, according to the University of Miami .

For example, a null hypothesis might state, "There will be no difference in the rate of muscle growth between people who take a protein supplement and people who don't." The alternative hypothesis would state, "There will be a difference in the rate of muscle growth between people who take a protein supplement and people who don't."

If the results of the experiment show a relationship between the variables, then the null hypothesis has been rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, according to the book " Research Methods in Psychology " (​​BCcampus, 2015). 

There are other ways to describe an alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis above does not specify a direction of the effect, only that there will be a difference between the two groups. That type of prediction is called a two-tailed hypothesis. If a hypothesis specifies a certain direction — for example, that people who take a protein supplement will gain more muscle than people who don't — it is called a one-tailed hypothesis, according to William M. K. Trochim , a professor of Policy Analysis and Management at Cornell University.

Sometimes, errors take place during an experiment. These errors can happen in one of two ways. A type I error is when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. This is also known as a false positive. A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false. This is also known as a false negative, according to the University of California, Berkeley . 

A hypothesis can be rejected or modified, but it can never be proved correct 100% of the time. For example, a scientist can form a hypothesis stating that if a certain type of tomato has a gene for red pigment, that type of tomato will be red. During research, the scientist then finds that each tomato of this type is red. Though the findings confirm the hypothesis, there may be a tomato of that type somewhere in the world that isn't red. Thus, the hypothesis is true, but it may not be true 100% of the time.

Scientific theory vs. scientific hypothesis

The best hypotheses are simple. They deal with a relatively narrow set of phenomena. But theories are broader; they generally combine multiple hypotheses into a general explanation for a wide range of phenomena, according to the University of California, Berkeley . For example, a hypothesis might state, "If animals adapt to suit their environments, then birds that live on islands with lots of seeds to eat will have differently shaped beaks than birds that live on islands with lots of insects to eat." After testing many hypotheses like these, Charles Darwin formulated an overarching theory: the theory of evolution by natural selection.

"Theories are the ways that we make sense of what we observe in the natural world," Tanner said. "Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts." 

• Read more about writing a hypothesis, from the American Medical Writers Association.
• Find out why a hypothesis isn't always necessary in science, from The American Biology Teacher.
• Learn about null and alternative hypotheses, from Prof. Essa on YouTube .

Encyclopedia Britannica. Scientific Hypothesis. Jan. 13, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-hypothesis

Karl Popper, "The Logic of Scientific Discovery," Routledge, 1959.

California State University, Bakersfield, "Formatting a testable hypothesis." https://www.csub.edu/~ddodenhoff/Bio100/Bio100sp04/formattingahypothesis.htm  

Karl Popper, "Conjectures and Refutations," Routledge, 1963.

Price, P., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I., "Research Methods of Psychology — 2nd Canadian Edition," BCcampus, 2015.‌

University of Miami, "The Scientific Method" http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/161/evolution/161app1_scimethod.pdf  

William M.K. Trochim, "Research Methods Knowledge Base," https://conjointly.com/kb/hypotheses-explained/  

University of California, Berkeley, "Multiple Hypothesis Testing and False Discovery Rate" https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~hhuang/STAT141/Lecture-FDR.pdf  

University of California, Berkeley, "Science at multiple levels" https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_19

Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter now

Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.

Part of the San Andreas fault may be gearing up for an earthquake

Antarctica is covered in volcanoes, could they erupt?

Tube-tying surgeries and vasectomies skyrocketed post-Roe

Most Popular

• 2 'Exceptional' prosthesis of gold, silver and wool helped 18th-century man live with cleft palate
• 3 Mass die-off half a billion years ago caused by shifting tectonic plates, ancient rocks reveal
• 4 Prehistoric henge accidentally discovered in England in search for Anglo-Saxon hermit
• 5 Car-size asteroid discovered 2 days ago flies by Earth at 1/30th the distance of the moon
• 2 Cancer patients can now be 'matched' to best treatment with DNA and lab-dish experiments
• 3 Space photo of the week: NASA spots enormous pink 'flames' during total solar eclipse. What are they?
• 4 Ancient Indigenous lineage of Blackfoot Confederacy goes back 18,000 years to last ice age, DNA reveals

Guide: How to Say a Hypothesis Was Wrong

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on effectively expressing that a hypothesis was incorrect. Whether you are involved in scientific research, academic discussions, or everyday conversations, communicating the failure of a hypothesis can sometimes be challenging. In this guide, we will explore various formal and informal ways to convey this information, providing tips, examples, and possible regional variations along the way. So, let’s dive in!

Formal Ways to Indicate a Hypothesis Was Wrong

1. explicitly stating the hypothesis was incorrect.

When adhering to a formal tone, it is essential to be straightforward in your communication. Clearly stating that the hypothesis was wrong can be an effective approach. For example:

“Our initial hypothesis has been proven incorrect.”

2. Using diplomatic language

In some cases, it may be necessary to soften the impact of stating a hypothesis was incorrect, particularly in sensitive or team-oriented environments. Using diplomatic language can be beneficial. Consider the following example:

“Our hypothesis did not yield the expected results as we had initially predicted, indicating an alternative outcome.”

3. Presenting contrary evidence

Another formal approach is to provide evidence that contradicts or challenges the hypothesis. By doing so, you objectively demonstrate that the hypothesis was incorrect. Here’s an example:

“New data analysis convincingly refutes our original hypothesis, indicating a need for further investigation.”

Informal Ways to Indicate a Hypothesis Was Wrong

1. acknowledging an unexpected outcome.

Informal conversations often allow for a more relaxed tone. When sharing that a hypothesis was wrong, it can be beneficial to acknowledge the unexpected outcome. Here’s an example:

“Well, it turns out our hypothesis was completely off. The results were quite the opposite of what we expected!”

2. Employing humor or light-heartedness

In less formal situations, injecting humor or light-heartedness can help to ease the potential discomfort of admitting a hypothesis was incorrect. Consider the following humorous example:

“We thought we had it all figured out, but our hypothesis ended up crashing and burning spectacularly!”

3. Sharing personal reflections

Informal settings sometimes provide space for personal reflections. Expressing how you personally feel about the hypothesis failure demonstrates a genuine response. Here’s an example:

“To be honest, I’m quite surprised our hypothesis didn’t hold true. It’s always a learning experience, though!”

Tips for Communicating the Failure of a Hypothesis

1. remain objective.

Regardless of the formality, it’s crucial to stay objective when communicating that a hypothesis was wrong. Remember, the focus should be on presenting evidence and analyzing the results, rather than personal judgments.

2. Provide contextual information

Adding contextual information about the research or experiment can help others understand the reasons behind the incorrect hypothesis. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the process and encourages further exploration.

3. Suggest alternative approaches

When expressing that a hypothesis was incorrect, it is valuable to propose alternative approaches or hypotheses. This demonstrates an open mindset and willingness to adapt, encouraging further investigation and collaboration.

4. Emphasize the importance of failure

Highlight the significance of failure in the scientific process. Explain that disproving a hypothesis is valuable as it helps refine theories, contribute to further knowledge, and encourages resilience in research and learning.

Final Thoughts

Effectively communicating that a hypothesis was wrong is crucial for scientific progress, academic discussions, and personal growth. Whether you opt for a formal or informal approach, remember to maintain a warm tone and consider the context and audience involved. By following the tips and examples provided in this guide, you can navigate conversations about incorrect hypotheses with confidence and professionalism.

Related Posts

How to Say "My Hypothesis Was Wrong": A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on how to express that your hypothesis was incorrect. Admitting that you were wrong can be challenging, but it is an essential skill for growth and learning. In this guide, we will provide you with various formal and informal ways to convey this message, along with tips, examples, and even regional variations if necessary. So let's dive in!

How to Say Your Hypothesis Was Wrong: A Comprehensive Guide

When conducting research or making educated guesses, it's essential to acknowledge that your hypothesis can sometimes be proven incorrect. Embracing this reality is an integral part of the scientific method and critical thinking. In this guide, we will explore various ways to express that your hypothesis was wrong, ranging from formal to informal tones. While regional variations may exist, we will focus on universal formulations to ensure broader applicability.

How to Say if Your Hypothesis was Correct

When conducting research or experiments, formulating a hypothesis is an integral part of the process. A hypothesis serves as a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. Once you have conducted your study, it's vital to determine whether your hypothesis was correct or not. This guide will provide you with tips, examples, and strategies to express the outcome of your hypothesis. Whether you prefer a formal or informal approach, we've got you covered. So let's dive in and explore the various ways to convey if your hypothesis was proven correct.

Guide on How to Say a Hypothesis

Gaining a firm understanding of how to express a hypothesis is essential for researchers, students, and professionals across various fields. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon or a scientific question that requires further investigation and testing. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore both formal and informal ways to express a hypothesis, providing helpful tips and examples along the way.

How to Say a Hypothesis is Correct: A Comprehensive Guide

In the scientific realm, formulating and testing hypotheses is a crucial aspect of research and experimentation. Once you have conducted your study and collected data, it becomes essential to evaluate the results and determine whether your hypothesis is correct. Expressing this conclusion requires precision and clarity, whether done formally or informally. In this guide, we will explore various ways to articulate that a hypothesis is correct, featuring tips, examples, and considerations for both formal and informal situations.

How to Say Hypothesis: A Guide to Formal and Informal Ways

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on how to say the word "hypothesis." Whether you are looking for the formal or informal ways to express this term, we've got you covered. In this article, we will also provide a few tips, examples, and even touch upon regional variations if necessary, to ensure you have a thorough understanding. So, let's dive right in!

How to Say Hypothesis in a Sentence: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on how to effectively use the word "hypothesis" in a sentence. Whether you are writing a formal academic paper or engaging in a casual conversation, we will provide you with various examples and tips to help you master the usage of this term. So let's dive in and explore the formal and informal ways to express a hypothesis in a sentence!

How to Say Hypothesis in Other Words

Welcome to this guide where we explore various ways to express the word "hypothesis" in different contexts, whether formal or informal. Understanding alternative phrases for "hypothesis" can help diversify your vocabulary and improve your communication skills. Let's delve into some useful alternatives, along with tips, examples, and regional variations where applicable.

Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Arabic Cantonese Chinese Dutch English Farsi Filipino French German Greek Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Irish Italian Japan Japanese Korean Latin Mandarin Mexican Navajo Norwegian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romanian Russian Sanskrit Sign Language Spanish Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tamil Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese

• Privacy Policy

We use cookies on this site to enhance your experience

By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.

A link to reset your password has been sent to your email.

Back to login

We need additional information from you. Please complete your profile first before placing your order.

Thank you. payment completed., you will receive an email from us to confirm your registration, please click the link in the email to activate your account., there was error during payment, orcid profile found in public registry, download history, responding to a disproven or failed research hypothesis.

• Charlesworth Author Services
• 03 August, 2022

When meeting with a disproven or failed hypothesis , after having expended so much time and effort, precisely how should researchers respond? Responding well to a disproven or failed hypothesis is an essential component to scientific research . As a researcher, it helps to learn ‘ research resilience ’: the ability to carefully analyse, effectively document and broadly disseminate the failed hypotheses, all with an eye towards learning and future progress. This article explores common reasons why a hypothesis fails, as well as specific ways you can respond and lessons you can learn from this. 

Note : This article assumes that you are working on a hypothesis (not a null hypothesis): in other words, you are seeking to prove that the hypothesis is true, rather than to disprove it. 

Reasons why a hypothesis is disproven/fails

Hypotheses are disproved or fail for a number of reasons, including:

• The researcher’s preconception is incorrect , which leads to a flawed and failed hypothesis.
• The researcher’s findings are correct, but those findings aren’t relevant .
• Data set/sample size may not be sufficiently large to yield meaningful results. (If interested, learn more about this here: The importance of having Large Sample Sizes for your research )
• The hypothesis itself lies outside the realm of science . The hypothesis cannot be tested by experiments for which results have the potential to show that the idea is false.

Responding to a disproved hypothesis

After weeks or even months of intense thinking and experimenting, you have come to the conclusion that your hypothesis is disproven. So, what can you do to respond to such a disheartening realisation? Here are some practical steps you can take.

• Analyse the hypothesis carefully, as well as your research.   Performing a rigorous, methodical ‘post-mortem’ evaluation of your hypothesis and experiments will enable you to learn from them and to effectively and efficiently share your reflections with others. Use the following questions to evaluate how the research was conducted: 
• Did you conduct the experiment(s) correctly? 
• Was the study sufficiently powered to truly provide a definitive answer?
• Would a larger, better powered study – possibly conducted collaboratively with other research centres – be necessary, appropriate or helpful? 
• Would altering the experiment — or conducting different experiments — more appropriately answer your hypothesis? 
• Share the disproven hypothesis, and your experiments and analysis, with colleagues. Sharing negative data can help to interpret positive results from related studies and can aid you to adjust your experimental design .
• Consider the possibility that the hypothesis was not an attempt at gaining true scientific understanding, but rather, was a measure of a prevailing bias .

Positive lessons to be gained from a disproved hypothesis

Even the most successful, creative and thoughtful researchers encounter failed hypotheses. What makes them stand out is their ability to learn from failure. The following considerations may assist you to learn and gain from failed hypotheses:

• Failure can be beneficial if it leads directly toward future exploration.
• Does the failed hypothesis definitively close the door on further research? If so, such definitive knowledge is progress.
• Does the failed hypothesis simply point to the need to wait for a future date when more refined experiments or analysis can be conducted? That knowledge, too, is useful. 
• ‘Atomising’ (breaking down and dissecting) the reasoning behind the conceptual foundation of the failed hypothesis may uncover flawed yet correctable thinking in how the hypothesis was developed. 
• Failure leads to investigation and creativity in the pursuit of viable alternative hypotheses, experiments and statistical analyses. Better theoretical or experimental models often arise out of the ashes of a failed hypothesis, as do studies with more rigorously attained evidence (such as larger-scale, low-bias meta-analyses ). 

Considering a post-hoc analysis

A failed hypothesis can then prompt you to conduct a post-hoc analysis. (If interested, learn more about it here: Significance and use of Post-hoc Analysis studies )

All is not lost if you conclude you have a failed hypothesis. Remember: A hypothesis can’t be right unless it can be proven wrong.  Developing research resilience will reward you with long-term success.

Maximise your publication success with Charlesworth Author Services.

Charlesworth Author Services, a trusted brand supporting the world’s leading academic publishers, institutions and authors since 1928.

To know more about our services, visit: Our Services

Share with your colleagues

Related articles.

Developing and writing a Research Hypothesis

Charlesworth Author Services 19/01/2022 00:00:00

How to respond to negative, unexpected data and results

Charlesworth Author Services 14/12/2020 00:00:00

Introduction to Biases in Research – and steps for avoiding them

Charlesworth Author Services 12/07/2022 00:00:00

Related webinars

Bitesize Webinar:Statistics: Module 1- Understanding research design

Charlesworth Author Services 02/03/2021 00:00:00

Bitesize Webinar: Statistics: Module 2- Including descriptive statistics in academic papers

Charlesworth Author Services 04/03/2021 00:00:00

Bitesize Webinar: Statistics: Module 3- Using statistical tables and figures in academic papers

Bitesize Webinar: Statistics: Module 5 - Interpreting and discussing research findings

Significance and use of Post-hoc Analysis studies

Charlesworth Author Services 16/03/2022 00:00:00

The importance of having Large Sample Sizes for your research

Charlesworth Author Services 26/05/2022 00:00:00

Basics of when and how to perform a Meta-analysis

Charlesworth Author Services 17/12/2021 00:00:00

A hypothesis can’t be right unless it can be proven wrong

Charles Rock, PhD, (right) and Jiangwei Yao, PhD, recently reviewed Richard Harris’ book about scientific research, titled "Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions." Now, Rock and Yao address specific issues raised in Harris’ book and offer solutions or tips to help avoid the pitfalls identified in the book.

“That (your hypothesis) is not only not right; it is not even wrong.” Wolfgang Pauli (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1945)

A hypothesis is the cornerstone of the scientific method.

It is an educated guess about how the world works that integrates knowledge with observation.

Everyone appreciates that a hypothesis must be testable to have any value, but there is a much stronger requirement that a hypothesis must meet.

A hypothesis is considered scientific only if there is the possibility to disprove the hypothesis.

The proof lies in being able to disprove

A hypothesis or model is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive of an experimental observation that disproves the idea in question. That is, one of the possible outcomes of the designed experiment must be an answer, that if obtained, would disprove the hypothesis.

Our daily horoscopes are good examples of something that isn’t falsifiable. A scientist cannot disprove that a Piscean may get a surprise phone call from someone he or she hasn’t heard from in a long time. The statement is intentionally vague. Even if our Piscean didn’t get a phone call, the prediction cannot be false because he or she may get a phone call. They may not.

A good scientific hypothesis is the opposite of this. If there is no experimental test to disprove the hypothesis, then it lies outside the realm of science.

Scientists all too often generate hypotheses that cannot be tested by experiments whose results have the potential to show that the idea is false.

Three types of experiments proposed by scientists

• Type 1 experiments are the most powerful. Type 1 experimental outcomes include a possible negative outcome that would falsify, or refute, the working hypothesis. It is one or the other.
• Type 2 experiments are very common, but lack punch. A positive result in a type 2 experiment is consistent with the working hypothesis, but the negative or null result does not address the validity of the hypothesis because there are many explanations for the negative result. These call for extrapolation and semantics.
• Type 3 experiments are those experiments whose results may be consistent with the hypothesis, but are useless because regardless of the outcome, the findings are also consistent with other models. In other words, every result isn’t informative.

Formulate hypotheses in such a way that you can prove or disprove them by direct experiment.

Science advances by conducting the experiments that could potentially disprove our hypotheses.

Increase the efficiency and impact of your science by testing clear hypotheses with well-designed experiments.

For more on the challenges in experimental science , read our review of Richard Harris’  Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions.

A researcher’s look at Rigor Mortis: Are motivators and incentives to find a cure hurting scientific research?

St. Jude researchers take a look at Rigor Mortis, Richard Harris’ exposé of how the drive to find results hampers scientific progress.

About the author

Charles Rock, PhD, was a member of the Department of Infectious Diseases and later the Department of Host-Microbe Interactions at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital until his passing in 2023.  Learn about Dr. Rock's research career .

Related Posts

Drug which blocks stress granule formation offers insight into biomolecular condensates

Following the breadcrumbs: Gain-of-function mutation leads researchers to new therapeutic target for pediatric AML

Exploring the interplay between vaccines and immune system development in infants

Stay ahead of the curve.

Snapsolve any problem by taking a picture. Try it in the Numerade app?

Which statement about a hypothesis is incorrect? 1. It must be testable to be useful  2. It is a tentative explanation 3. It can be proven true  4. It can be unsupported by the data 5. It is based on the previous knowledge

Q: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION 9. What is the step that came immediately before the conclusion was drawn?…

A: The scientific method provides logical, rational solutions to any problems through scientific…

Q: What makes a good hypothesis?

A: A hypothesis is a reasonable deduction or educated guess of what will occur. In science, a…

Q: Why is it so important to learn about the Piltdown Hoax? Do you think it demonstrates that…

A: Piltdown Hoax was created when Dawson and Smith Woodward faked the discovery of the fossilized…

Q: When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-termstudy and data, it is considereda. a…

A: A hypothesis is a limited explanation of a phenomenon.

Q: Formulate three (3) hypotheses. Hypothesis: cause and effect/premise and prediction - ”If..then..”…

A: If consumption of sweet is higher, then levels of sugar in the body will increase. This hypothesis…

Q: Explain briefly the following term used scientific researches; Hypothesis and theory

A: Scientific research discloses a great deal about the unknown. Its goal is to discover and explain…

Q: What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory, and whyare some theories regarded as…

A: Introduction: There are lots of problems that have not been explained by scientific means and…

Q: ___________ chains of evidence show events in theorder in time in which they occurred.

A: The chain of evidence is significant in a forensic procedure. It helps in description of the events…

Q: Step very important in scientific research process define as investigated and often rejected for a…

A: Scientific research is defined as a highly systematic and creative work or study that aims to…

Q: PLEASE ANSWER

A: A journal is defined as a list of published research-based articles. Scientific journal is a part of…

Q: When a hypothesis has beenthoroughly supported bylong-term study and data, it isconsidereda. a…

A: A Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Scientists generally base scientific…

Q: Why might an idea or hypothesis be discarded

A: There are numerous problems present around us. Research is a systematic way of investigating…

Q: Analyze the data by choosing the appropriate test statistic and follow the steps of hypothesis…

A: A supposition or proposed rationalization made on the idea of constrained proof as a start line for…

Q: Which sentence best states the importance of using control groups ? 1-Control groups go through all…

A: A correct statement describing the importance of using control groups is (1). Control groups undergo…

Q: A drug company performed a study to test the effectiveness of a new headache medicine. The…

A: A drug is a substance that may have a certain physiological effect on the body.  In medicine drug is…

Q: useful hypothesis typically accomplishes these two things: Group of answer choices it is…

A: Statistical analysis is a valuable tool in research. Through statistics, one can analyze how well a…

Q: A hypothesis cannot be formed without which of the following? a. experimentation b. observation c.…

A: The hypothesis is the assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. It is the explanation…

Q: A(n) _____________ describes and predicts natural phenomenon without providing an explanation.

A: A(n) _____________ describes and predicts natural phenomenon without providing an explanation.…

Q: Jenna has been telling her friends about how successful she was at curing a fungal nail infection by…

A: the hypothesis is a statement that involves a guess or a prediction, that is needs to be tested. the…

Q: Give one specific example of how scientific knowledge used in society?Explain in detail.

A: According to the question, we have to provide one specific example of how scientific knowledge is…

Q: Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?(A) If I generate a testable…

A: The hypothesis are made or developed when an individual start inquiry into a new subject. It assumes…

Q: WHAT ELSE CAN I ADD TO THIS:  A hypothesis is "a proposed explanation for a set of observations. A…

A: Introduction Hypothesis refers to the postulation of the statement between the dependent and…

Q: A well-run study would contribute to, a. confirmation of the hypothesis b. valuable information C.…

A: A scientific study is carried out to answer a scientific question and it always starts with a…

Q: Interprete the implication and possible explanations for the results

A: We can see differential growth of different bacteria on the same agar slant.

Q: State a simple hypothesis using an "If... then..." sentence.

A: Concept used:  Photosynthesis    Definition:                       The process by which the plants…

Q: Which of the following statements best distinguisheshypotheses from theories in science?(A) Theories…

A: What is hypothesis? Hypothesis is an idea that is suggested as the possible explanation for…

Q: A good hypothesis requires a testable ___________ that is ___________.

A: A hypothesis is a conditional explanation that proposes a possible clarification to some phenomenon…

Q: Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.

A: HYPOTHESES THEORY A hypothesis is an educated guess based on certain data that acts as a…

Q: what is the scientific method and what are steps of scientific method avoid plagiarism

A: Scientific method is an experimental and empirical procedure applied in science to generally develop…

Q: Cats love fish more than dogs love fish. (1 of 2) A. This is a good hypothesis because it is…

A: A scientific hypothesis is a tentative, tested explanation for a natural occurrence. It is usually…

Q: In David Attenborough's Tree of Life video, he suggests the first life forms on Earth were worms.…

A: David Attenborough's Tree of Life is an explanation about how life started and developed on earth.…

Q: Explain the difference between anecdotal and scientific evidence. Which do you think is more…

A: An experiment is an organised set of practicals carried out to validate the hypothesis. The number…

Q: The main purpose of the scientific method is? A) Prove one's beliefs B) support a theory C)…

A: The scientific method is an experimentation technique which is used to investigate facts & find…

Q: What skill is a scientist using when she records temperature readings? 1- collecting Data…

A: Recording a temperature reading is one of the steps of scientific method for analyzing,…

Q: What will a hypothesis become if it is supported by repeated experimentation?

A: An observation is produced in biology to answer a scientific problem. Anything that captures the…

Q: The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is…

A: The process of analysing an issue & coming up with a reasonable answer can also be described as…

Q: A scientific theory A speculation of what you think might happen based on previously acquired…

A: According to the question, we have to describe what is a scientific theory. So, let us have a look…

Q: Instruction: Go outside and observe your surroundings. From your observation, formulate a hypothesis…

A: INTRODUCTION Green plants and other certain autotrophic organisms synthesize their own food material…

Q: Propose a testable hypothesis about something you have observed and describe how you would go about…

A: I have observed that Alzheimer's disease is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein…

Q: Provide a rigorous and reasonable (scientific if possible) example that uses the scientific method.…

A: 1. Observation method example- any scientific survey like if a scientist need to calculate average…

Q: hich of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry? a. If I generate a testable…

A: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is based on limited evidence and is…

Q: Make a prediction and devise a suitably controlled experiment to test each of the following…

A: A controlled experiment is a scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that just one…

Q: Which finding would have disprove virchows hypothesis

A: Rudolf Virchow (1855) first explained that cells divide and new cells are formed from pre-existing…

Q: A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.a. hypothesisb. variablec.…

A: Biology is the field that deals with the study of organisms and their interaction of them with the…

Q: Hypothesis construction Experimental testing Data analysis Prior Hynothes

A: A hypothesis needs to be something which cannot be objectively tested.   Hypothesis can be those…

Q: Scenario 1: You are running a marathon and observe that running increases your pulse rate. Using…

A: The pulse rate, or the number of times the heart beats per minute, is a measurement of the heart…

Q: Stage of Scientific Method: 1. Defining the Problem 2. Formulating the Hypothesis 3, Testing the…

A: Evolution can be defined as the unrolling of nature that brings about an orderly change from one…

Q: Good hypothesis must rely on الفرضية الجيدة يجب ان تعتمد على   a. theoretical framework الاطار…

A: A hypothesis a statement given as a starting point for argument, without any assumption of its fact.

Q: The Scientific Method Each sentence below describes a step of the scientific method. Match each…

A: The scientific method consists of four steps: Gathering and analyzing data, developing hypotheses to…

Which statement about a hypothesis is incorrect?

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 3 steps

• Which is a characteristic of pseudoscience or bad science? a. Publishes in a peer-reviewed journal b. Is repeatable c. Considers evidence for and against a hypothesis d. Includes personal experiences as data Which is a characteristic of pseudoscience or bad science? a) Considers evidence for and against a hypothesis B)Includes personal experiences as data c) srepeatable d) Publishes in a peer-reviewed journal Make a scientific observation about the world around you and construct a question to address the observation. State a hypothesis too.
• According to the scientific method, a good hypothesis must Who was mary lyon? Clearly explain mary lyon hypothesis using the cat as example. Predictions are statements about the evidence you might expect if a hypothesis was supported.   Question 13 options:   True   False
• Which statement is NOT true regarding how the term "theory" is used in science? A. In science, a theory is an explanation of observations that address a wide range of phenomena. B. Scientific theories are able to be tested and refuted. C. In science, a theory is an educated guess without supporting evidence. D. Scientific theories are supported by multiple lines of evidence. Compare and contrast science to pseudoscience.  What are the key differences between both subjects and how can you tell them apart?  Explain your answer in 2-3 sentences. Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis using a chi square test
• Which finding would have disprove virchows hypothesis Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?(A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observationswill support it.(B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testablehypothesis.(C) If my observations are accurate, they will support myhypothesis.(D) If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. help, please from the scenario, come up with a hypothesis and experiment to test out the hypothesis