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Literature Review: Introduction and Notes

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Literature Review: Introduction and Notes

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Research Methods

  • Getting Started
  • Literature Review Research
  • Research Design
  • Research Design By Discipline
  • SAGE Research Methods
  • Teaching with SAGE Research Methods

Literature Review

  • What is a Literature Review?
  • What is NOT a Literature Review?
  • Purposes of a Literature Review
  • Types of Literature Reviews
  • Literature Reviews vs. Systematic Reviews
  • Systematic vs. Meta-Analysis

Literature Review  is a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant works.

Also, we can define a literature review as the collected body of scholarly works related to a topic:

  • Summarizes and analyzes previous research relevant to a topic
  • Includes scholarly books and articles published in academic journals
  • Can be an specific scholarly paper or a section in a research paper

The objective of a Literature Review is to find previous published scholarly works relevant to an specific topic

  • Help gather ideas or information
  • Keep up to date in current trends and findings
  • Help develop new questions

A literature review is important because it:

  • Explains the background of research on a topic.
  • Demonstrates why a topic is significant to a subject area.
  • Helps focus your own research questions or problems
  • Discovers relationships between research studies/ideas.
  • Suggests unexplored ideas or populations
  • Identifies major themes, concepts, and researchers on a topic.
  • Tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias.
  • Identifies critical gaps, points of disagreement, or potentially flawed methodology or theoretical approaches.
  • Indicates potential directions for future research.

All content in this section is from Literature Review Research from Old Dominion University 

Keep in mind the following, a literature review is NOT:

Not an essay 

Not an annotated bibliography  in which you summarize each article that you have reviewed.  A literature review goes beyond basic summarizing to focus on the critical analysis of the reviewed works and their relationship to your research question.

Not a research paper   where you select resources to support one side of an issue versus another.  A lit review should explain and consider all sides of an argument in order to avoid bias, and areas of agreement and disagreement should be highlighted.

A literature review serves several purposes. For example, it

  • provides thorough knowledge of previous studies; introduces seminal works.
  • helps focus one’s own research topic.
  • identifies a conceptual framework for one’s own research questions or problems; indicates potential directions for future research.
  • suggests previously unused or underused methodologies, designs, quantitative and qualitative strategies.
  • identifies gaps in previous studies; identifies flawed methodologies and/or theoretical approaches; avoids replication of mistakes.
  • helps the researcher avoid repetition of earlier research.
  • suggests unexplored populations.
  • determines whether past studies agree or disagree; identifies controversy in the literature.
  • tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias.

As Kennedy (2007) notes*, it is important to think of knowledge in a given field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the original studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally that become part of the lore of field. In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews.

Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources you have explored, there are several approaches to how they can be done, depending upon the type of analysis underpinning your study. Listed below are definitions of types of literature reviews:

Argumentative Review      This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews.

Integrative Review      Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication.

Historical Review      Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.

Methodological Review      A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches and data collection and analysis techniques), enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study.

Systematic Review      This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?"

Theoretical Review      The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.

* Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining a Literature."  Educational Researcher  36 (April 2007): 139-147.

All content in this section is from The Literature Review created by Dr. Robert Larabee USC

Robinson, P. and Lowe, J. (2015),  Literature reviews vs systematic reviews.  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 39: 103-103. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12393

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What's in the name? The difference between a Systematic Review and a Literature Review, and why it matters . By Lynn Kysh from University of Southern California

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Systematic review or meta-analysis?

A  systematic review  answers a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.

A  meta-analysis  is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies.

Systematic reviews, just like other research articles, can be of varying quality. They are a significant piece of work (the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at York estimates that a team will take 9-24 months), and to be useful to other researchers and practitioners they should have:

  • clearly stated objectives with pre-defined eligibility criteria for studies
  • explicit, reproducible methodology
  • a systematic search that attempts to identify all studies
  • assessment of the validity of the findings of the included studies (e.g. risk of bias)
  • systematic presentation, and synthesis, of the characteristics and findings of the included studies

Not all systematic reviews contain meta-analysis. 

Meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review.  More information on meta-analyses can be found in  Cochrane Handbook, Chapter 9 .

A meta-analysis goes beyond critique and integration and conducts secondary statistical analysis on the outcomes of similar studies.  It is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods to synthesize and summarize the results.

An advantage of a meta-analysis is the ability to be completely objective in evaluating research findings.  Not all topics, however, have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted.  In that case, an integrative review is an appropriate strategy. 

Some of the content in this section is from Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: step by step guide created by Kate McAllister.

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how to write a literature review

How to write a literature review

Jul 26, 2016

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Presentation Transcript

What is a review article? A review article is a type of secondary literature that talks about previously published work. “Review articles give an overview of existing literature in a field, often identifying specific problems or issues and analysing information from available published work on the topic with a balanced perspective.” 6 Article types that journals publish: A guide for early career researchers - Kakoli Majumder - Available at: http://www.editage.com/insights/6-article-types-that-journals-publish-a-guide-for-early-career-researchers

Types of review articles Today, we’ll understand how to write a literature review. Systematic reviews Literature reviews Meta-analyses

What is a literature review? A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. It analyzesspecific issues. It identifies trends in research. It points out research gaps in existing literature. How a literature review helps scientists and readers • Scientists are able to: • Learn about developments in the field • Find gaps in research • Identify new topics of research • Readers are able to: • Form an idea about the current state of understanding on a topic • Decide whether to read each article individually

How to write a literature review • You can write your literature review using one of the following approaches: Chronological Thematic

The chronological approach Describe each work in succession, starting with the earliest available information. TIPS for using the chronological approach • Use this structure when you want to focus on how ideas or methodology have progressed over time. • Group and discuss your sources in order of their publication date. • Record the research and developments in each group. • Check how the field has developed over the years. Do all studies discuss a common topic? • Example: how models for treatment methods for skin cancer in children have developed over a specific period Vector designed by www.freepik.com

The thematic approach Organize and discuss existing literature based on themes or theoretical concepts you feel are important to understanding the topic. TIPS for using the thematic approach • Remember that you need to do much more than summarizing each study. • Analyzeexisting knowledge on the topic with regard to certain important issues. • Draw the readers’ attention to new angles or perspectives. • Start listing citations you may include in your paper. Vector designed by www.freepik.com

Structure of a literature review A literature review typically has five sections: Introduction Methods Body Discussion & Conclusion Reference list

What you should include in each section (1/5) Set some context; provide information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the focus of the literature review. Introduction Introduction

What you should include in each section (2/5) Introduction Set some context; provide information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the focus of the literature review. Help readers understand your approach, describe the criteria used to select the sources or the way in which you have presented information. Methods

What you should include in each section (3/5) Introduction Set some context; provide information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the focus of the literature review. Help readers understand your approach, describe the criteria used to select the sources or the way in which you have presented information. Methods A chronological model has different paragraphs for different time periods; a thematic model has subtopics based on the different themes. Body

What you should include in each section (4/5) Introduction Set some context; provide information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the focus of the literature review. Help readers understand your approach, describe the criteria used to select the sources or the way in which you have presented information. Methods A chronological model has different paragraphs for different time periods; a thematic model has subtopics based on the different themes. Body Summarize the main contributions of significant studies, raise and discuss questions about the topic and field, clearly mention gaps in research, if any, and possible suggestions for further study. Discussion & Conclusion

What you should include in each section (5/5) Introduction Set some context; provide information about the field of study, the relevance of the chosen topic within the field, and the focus of the literature review. Help readers understand your approach, describe the criteria used to select the sources or the way in which you have presented information. Methods A chronological model has different paragraphs for different time periods; a thematic model has subtopics based on the different themes. Body Summarize the main contributions of significant studies, raise and discuss questions about the topic and field, clearly mention gaps in research, if any, and possible suggestions for further study. Discussion & Conclusion Prepare a complete reference list that includes every important detail of all the sources you have referred to. Reference list Source: A young researcher's guide to writing a literature review, Available from http://www.editage.com/insights/a-young-researchers-guide-to-writing-a-literature-review

Final checklist (1/2) The topic must be interesting to you; it should also be well-defined and important to the field. Choose the right topic Check the literature you have chosen Monitor the papers you have chosen to review, make changes to your bibliography, if required; prepare a complete reference list. Write interesting bits of information or ideas as you read so that you don’t miss important points when writing the review. Take notes while reading Decide whether you should use a thematic or chronological approach, based on the amount and type of material you have. Decide the format of your review Keep the focus specific and interest general While you focus on a specific topic, make sure your review is also relevant to a broader audience who may want to know more about the field.

Final checklist (2/2) Cover the main findings in the reviewed field, include topics that are most debated, add your own thoughts instead of reporting what has been said. Analyze critically, don’t summarize Use a flowchart to map the flow of ideas in your literature review, and ensure that readers get a critical overview of research in the field. Get the structure right Seek feedback from colleagues and peers, and get more perspectives from senior colleagues before submitting your literature review for publication. Rely on feedback Avoid sounding as though you are overly critical or in favor of previous research; objectively present the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies. Be objective It is not necessary to only include the latest studies in your review; include older papers that made a high impact or that discussed the topic you are interested in. Include older studies Source: Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003149

We hope you found this useful. Good luck with your literature review!

For more useful resources and tips on publication, visit our website: www.editage.com/insights Connect with us @EditageInsights

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10 Best Literature Review Templates for Scholars and Researchers [Free PDF Attached]

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Imagine being in a new country and taking a road trip without GPS. You would be so lost. Right? Similarly, think about delving into a topic without having a clue or proper understanding of the reason behind studying it. 

That’s when a well-written literature review comes to the rescue. It provides a proper direction to the topic being studied. 

The literature review furnishes a descriptive overview of the existing knowledge relevant to the research statement. It is a crucial step in the research process as it enables you to establish the theoretical roots of your field of interest, elucidate your ideas, and develop a suitable methodology. A literature review can include information from various sources, such as journals, books, documents, and other academic materials. This promotes in-depth understanding and analytical thinking, thereby helping in critical evaluation.

Regardless of the type of literature review — evaluative, exploratory, instrumental, systematic, and meta-analysis, a well-written article consists of three basic elements: introduction, body, and conclusion. Also its essence blooms in creating new knowledge through the process of review, critique, and synthesis.

But writing a literature review can be difficult. Right?

Relax, our collection of professionally designed templates will leave no room for mistakes or anxious feelings as they will help you present background information concisely. 

10 Designs to Rethink Your Literature Reviews

These designs are fully customizable to help you establish links between your proposition and already existing literature. Our PowerPoint infographics are of the highest quality and contain relevant content. Whether you want to write a short summary or review consisting of several pages, these exclusive layouts will serve the purpose. 

Let’s get started.

Template 1: Literature Review PPT Template

This literature review design is a perfect tool for any student looking to present a summary and critique of knowledge on their research statement. Using this layout, you can discuss theoretical and methodological contributions in the related field. You can also talk about past works, books, study materials, etc. The given PPT design is concise, easy to use, and will help develop a strong framework for problem-solving. Download it today.

Literature Review PowerPoint Presentation

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Template 2: Literature Review PowerPoint Slide

Looking to synthesize your latest findings and present them in a persuasive manner? Our literature review theme will help you narrow relevant information and design a framework for rational investigation. The given PPT design will enable you to present your ideas concisely. From summary details to strengths and shortcomings, this template covers it all. Grab it now.

Literature Review Slide

Template 3: Literature Review Template

Craft a literature review that is both informative and persuasive with this amazing PPT slide. This predesigned layout will help you in presenting the summary of information in an engaging manner. Our themes are specifically designed to aid you in demonstrating your critical thinking and objective evaluation. So don't wait any longer – download our literature review template today.

Literature Review

Template 4: Comprehensive Literature Review PPT Slide

Download this tried-and-true literature review template to present a descriptive summary of your research topic statement. The given PPT layout is replete with relevant content to help you strike a balance between supporting and opposing aspects of an argument. This predesigned slide covers components such as strengths, defects, and methodology. It will assist you in cutting the clutter and focus on what's important. Grab it today.

Literature Review Template

Template 5: Literature Review for Research Project Proposal PPT

Writing a literature review can be overwhelming and time-consuming, but our project proposal PPT slides make the process much easier. This exclusive graphic will help you gather all the information you need by depicting strengths and weaknesses. It will also assist you in identifying and analyzing the most important aspects of your knowledge sources. With our helpful design, writing a literature review is easy and done. Download it now.

Literature Review for Research Project Proposal PPT

Template 6: Literature Review for Research Project Proposal Template

Present a comprehensive and cohesive overview of the information related to your topic with this stunning PPT slide. The given layout will enable you to put forward the facts and logic to develop a new hypothesis for testing. With this high-quality design, you can enumerate different books and study materials taken into consideration. You can also analyze and emphasize the technique opted for inquiry. Get this literature review PowerPoint presentation template now.

Literature Review for Research Project Proposal

Template 7: Literature Review for Research Paper Proposal PowerPoint Slide

Lay a strong foundation for your research topic with this impressive PowerPoint presentation layout. It is easy to use and fully customizable. This design will help you describe the previous research done. Moreover, you can enlist the strengths and weaknesses of the study clearly. Therefore, grab it now.

Literature Review for Research Paper Proposal Template

Template 8: Literature Review for Research Paper Proposal PPT

Download this high-quality PPT template and write a well-formatted literature review. The given layout is professionally designed and easy to follow. It will enable you to emphasize various elements, such as materials referred to, past work, the list of books, approach for analysis, and more. So why wait? Download this PowerPoint design immediately.

Literature Review for Research Paper Proposal

Template 9: Literature Review for Academic Student Research Proposal PPT

With this exclusive graphic, you'll have everything you need to create a well-structured and convincing literature review. The given design is well-suited for students and researchers who wish to mention reliable information sources, such as books and journals, and draw inferences from them. You can even focus on the strong points of your study, thereby making an impactful research statement. Therefore, grab this PPT slide today.

Literature Review for Academic Student Research Proposal Template

Template 10: Literature Review Overview for Research Process PPT

Demonstrate your analytical skills and understanding of the topic with this predesigned PowerPoint graphic. The given research overview PPT theme is perfect for explaining what has been done in the area of your topic of interest. Using this impressive design, you can provide an accurate comparison showcasing the connections between the different works being reviewed. Get it right away.  

Literature Review Design Template

Creating an effective literature review requires discipline, study, and patience. Our collection of templates will assist you in presenting an extensive and cohesive summary of the relevant works. These PPT layouts are professionally designed, fully editable, and visually appealing. You can modify them and create perfect presentations according to your needs. So download them now!

P.S. Are you looking for a way to communicate your individual story? Save your time with these predesigned book report templates featured in this guide . 

Download the free Literature Review Template PDF .

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  1. steps of literature review slideshare

    uses of literature review slideshare

  2. PPT

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  3. Presentation on Literature Review

    uses of literature review slideshare

  4. PPT

    uses of literature review slideshare

  5. 15 Literature Review Examples (2024)

    uses of literature review slideshare

  6. Importance of Literature Review & Writing Tips

    uses of literature review slideshare

VIDEO

  1. 3_session2 Importance of literature review, types of literature review, Reference management tool

  2. What is a Literature Review?

  3. Literature review

  4. Introductory Video for Students and Parents

  5. Reviews of Related Literature : Research Topic

  6. Dr. Ryan Lee

COMMENTS

  1. Literature Review

    A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc. Doing a Literature Review

  2. Literature Review Resources and Methods

    2. INTRODUCTION Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon. The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the readers about the work already done & the knowledge & ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research. Literature review is a laborious task ...

  3. Review of Literature

    Review of Literature. Dec 12, 2018 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 445 likes • 258,063 views. Enoch Snowden. Review of Literature - Nursing - Nursing Research - BSc Nursing. Healthcare. Slideshow view. Download now. Review of Literature - Download as a PDF or view online for free.

  4. Literature Review: Introduction and Notes

    Presentation on theme: "Literature Review: Introduction and Notes"— Presentation transcript: 1 Literature Review: Introduction and Notes. 2 Goal of a Literature Review. The ultimate goal of literature review is To become an expert of something Or, if not, at least pretend to be one. 3 Writing a Literature Review.

  5. PDF Your essential guide to literature reviews

    a description of the publication. a summary of the publication's main points. an evaluation of the publication's contribution to the topic. identification of critical gaps, points of disagreement, or potentially flawed methodology or theoretical approaches. indicates potential directions for future research.

  6. PDF what is a literature review? literature review

    purpose of a literature review. • provides background information. • provides context for your ideas. • identifies researchers and sources connected to the topic. • reveals how the topic has evolved over time. • uncovers information gaps, discrepancies & contradictions on a topic. types of literature review.

  7. PDF Strategies for Writing Literature Reviews

    Point out: and areas or issue pertinent to future study. As you read, try to see the "big picture"—your literature review should provide an overview of the state of research. Include only source materials that help you shape your argument. Resist the temptation to include everything you've read! Balance summary and analysis as you write.

  8. The Literature Review

    Finding Organizing Principles of Literature Reviews. 1. Spend 10-15 minutes reading the literature review/introduction of the academic paper assigned to your group. 2. On your paper, record a brief explanation of the organization or structure of this component of your assigned academic paper. 3.

  9. How to Write a Literature Review

    Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.

  10. PPT Strategies for Writing Literature Reviews

    To help you critically assess research materials. To develop strategies for inventing, organizing, and drafting a literature review. To help you cite sources appropriately. Purpose of a Literature Review The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.

  11. Literature Review Research

    Literature Review is a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant works. Also, we can define a literature review as the ...

  12. Literature Review

    3. Introduction • According to Owolabi.J(2006), literature review is the gradual process which the researcher uses to search out, read, digest and critically evaluating previous works of scholars related to the problem under investigation • In order to understand your study, you need to familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in your proposed topic/study Bro.Francis Ibanda ...

  13. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. 2.1What is a "Literature Review"? • A literature review is an overview of research on a given topic and answers to related research questions • Literature reviews are an important part of research and should be treated as such • A well-written literature review: • Organizes literature • Evaluates ...

  14. Importance of the Literature Review

    Outline. The research topic The literature review 2.1 The use of the literature 2.2 Design Techniques 2.3 The definition of terms. 1.66k views • 18 slides. Review of Literature. Review of Literature. The second chapter of a research study is the Review of Literature The purpose of the review of literature is to make the readers aware of the ...

  15. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review • It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied. • Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority. • You will need to plan how you will structure your literature review and write from this plan.

  16. PDF Lecture 2: Writing a Literature Review and Preparing it for ...

    Writing the literature review: Work from the general to the specific - from tertiary sources (textbooks) to secondary sources (reviews of research) to primary research (journal articles documenting original research) Organise the literature around findings, ideas or themes rather than studies or authors.

  17. How to write a literature review

    A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.

  18. Workshop Handout & PPT

    Systematic Review Methods (SRM) SRM - General/What/Why. Workshop Handout & PPT ; SRM - Library research models; SRM - General steps; SRM - Checklists; SRM - Manage

  19. Top 10 Literature Review Templates to Present Your Research

    Template 1: Literature Review PowerPoint Template. This is a well-designed PowerPoint Template to help you highlight your literature review. Incorporate this state-of-the-art PPT design and present your analysis on the specific topic. This customizable PowerPoint slide shows the findings and your evaluation of a subject.

  20. How to write a literature review

    How to write appealing Literature Review. Description: A literature review is a critical part of any dissertation. Writing a literature review might not be an easy task for all the students. The main reason is that most of the time the students end up writing a literature review that is just a summary. Such a review does not look appealing.

  21. 10 Best Literature Review Templates for Scholars and ...

    Template 4: Comprehensive Literature Review PPT Slide. Download this tried-and-true literature review template to present a descriptive summary of your research topic statement. The given PPT layout is replete with relevant content to help you strike a balance between supporting and opposing aspects of an argument.

  22. Literature Review

    HOW TO CODUCT LITERATURE REVIEW There is no one way to conduct a literature review, but many scholars proceed in a systematic fashion to capture, evaluate and summarize the literature. 1. Identify the topic 2. Locate sources of literature 3. Read the literature 4. Analyze the literature 5. Assembling and organizing 6.

  23. The Importance of HHLA2 in Solid Tumors—A Review of the Literature

    Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly developing field of medicine that aims to use the host's immune mechanisms to inhibit and eliminate cancer cells. Antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and its ligand PD-L1 are used in various cancer therapies. However, the most thoroughly researched pathway targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has many limitations, and multiple malignancies resist its effects. Human ...

  24. Impact of Climate Change on Respiratory Care Likely to Rise

    Literature review highlighted the need for more health system intervention to manage climate-associated respiratory care. This site is intended for healthcare professionals .

  25. Review of Literature

    Nov 19, 2019 •. 128 likes • 94,626 views. DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA. Follow. A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.