different types of social research jobs

• Types of Social Research
• Social Research

A Deep Dive into Social Research Modalities

Social research encompasses various methodologies employed to understand the intricacies of human behavior, societal interactions, and cultural phenomena. Four primary types of social research stand out: Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research, Primary Research, and Secondary Research.

Qualitative Research

At its core, qualitative research seeks to comprehend human experiences and perceptions. This method prioritizes open dialogues and discussions. It involves techniques like ethnographic studies, focus group sessions, individual interviews, content assessments, and detailed case analyses. The natural settings for these methods ensure genuine responses and foster a sense of trust. By leveraging a combination of these techniques, researchers can delve deep into multifaceted issues.

Quantitative Research

If you’re looking for numerical insights, quantitative research is the go-to approach. Surveys, polls, and structured questionnaires are standard tools in this domain. The results are numerically oriented and often depicted using graphs, charts, and tables. Specifically, there are four subtypes in this category: survey studies, correlational studies, causal research, and controlled experiments. Consider, for instance, a study exploring public awareness about climate change. By using a structured survey, researchers can quantify public understanding and behaviors impacting environmental conservation.

Primary Research

This form of research involves firsthand data collection tailored to the specific questions a researcher aims to answer. By directly engaging with participants through tools like surveys, questionnaires, or polls, the data obtained is both fresh and pertinent to the research objectives. Take the contentious issue of gun violence in the U.S., for example. Given the ongoing debates and the critical nature of the topic, organizations might conduct a primary research survey to gauge public opinion on gun control, influencing future policy decisions.

Secondary Research

Unlike primary research, secondary research revolves around gathering pre-existing data. This could involve sourcing information from newspapers, online forums, previous research reports, or audio-visual archives. Once the researcher identifies the required data, they can amalgamate and analyze the various sources to draw meaningful conclusions.

In essence, the realm of social research is diverse, and the method employed often depends on the nature of the research question, the available resources, and the desired outcome. Whether it’s seeking in-depth personal narratives or numerical patterns, these methodologies offer unique avenues to garner insights into societal dynamics.

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Policy and social research

Research, develop and deliver policy in different types of organisation.

Introduction 

Working in this sector offers a wide range of opportunities, including influencing, creating, researching or delivering policy at local, national or intergovernmental level, or supporting the work of political organisations. Working in politics can involve lobbying, gathering information on policy and administration to support political activity. 

A degree in relevant subjects is required for entry into many of the roles in this section, and in some cases a relevant postgraduate qualification can be essential. 

What’s it like? 

You’ll need to be a highly organised, a confident team player, with well-developed skills of persuasion, a sound understanding of political systems and a wide-ranging grasp of current affairs.  

You should be good at analysing, synthesising and communicating complex information. Excellent research and numeracy skills and the ability to use IT effectively are also important.  

The focus of your work will depend on the type of organisation, as well as your actual role. Think about which area of policy work best suits your interests, skills and motivation. Ask yourself:   

Do you want to be involved in the process of government? Look into public sector roles, especially central and local government, where you’ll be researching, planning and developing services, and advising elected officials such as MPs on policy, planning and development.  

Are you committed to advancing a particular cause? Look into roles with charities, campaign groups and pressure groups, where you’ll be aiming to influence and inform opinion, and building relationships with government and the media. 

The routes into this field are many and varied and there is a lot of mobility. As your skills and interests develop, and your expertise grows, you will be able to move between employers and even change the focus of your work: from the public to the private sector, from a consultancy to a think tank, from UK to international policy. 

Follow the links below for profiles of occupations where policy work is involved: 

Job profile:  Policy Officer  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Housing Policy Officer  (Gov.uk)

Job profile:  Civil Service Fast Streamer  (Prospects) 

Job profile:  Diplomatic Service Officer  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Officer  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Local Government Officer  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Politicians Assistant  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Social Researcher  (Prospects)

Job profile:  Government Social Research Officer  (Prospects)

Find out more about Civil Service recruitment on our blog:

Inform.ed blog

How can I get experience? 

Policy and social research are competitive fields. Work experience, volunteering, internships and building a network in the sector will increase your chances of securing a position.

Consider volunteering for a charity, political party, or MP.  

Charities & Voluntary Organisations  

Student societies can also be a valuable way to gain experience. There are several at Edinburgh that are relevant including The Buchanan Institute and ones for all of the major political parties in the UK. 

Find a Student Society  

Work experience in Government can be harder to find. For example, the Civil Service Fast Stream only offers their Summer Diversity Internship Programme.  

Civil Service Summer Diversity Programme  

Some local councils may offer internships or summer work experience. Use the Government website to find local council contact details. 

GOV.UK Find Your Local Council  

There are several think tanks based in Edinburgh, including Reform Scotland and the Centre for Scottish Public Policy, which may offer work experience opportunities. 

Reform Scotland  

Centre for Scottish Public Policy  

Are there graduate opportunities available? 

Yes - it is worth checking regularly and putting in the research to find out what is on offer. 

There are graduate schemes with a focus on policy or social research with organisations like Cancer Research UK, CharityWorks (a UK-wide charity graduate scheme), The Civil Service and the Scottish Government. 

Cancer Research UK  

Charity Works  

Civil Service Fast Stream  

Scottish Government  

Where to find vacancies

In addition to those mentioned in the previous section, other sources of opportunities can be places such as Think Tanks, Trade Unions, Charities and consultancies. Further information on these can be found below. 

Social Research

National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) - Britains largest independent social research organisation. Conduct research for a variety of organisations and government.

Civil Service Fast Stream - recruits for their Social Research pathway.

Fast Stream Social Research

Charity Job - Jobs board for charities.

Charity Job

Jobs.ac.uk - Jobs board for higher education social research roles. Also advertises paid PhD opportunities.

Research Job Finder - Jobs board advertising a range of roles in research and insights.

Research Job Finder

Local Government Jobs - Jobs board for all local governments and councils in England & Wales.

Think Tanks

Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports – Website contains yearly reports on the global landscape of think tanks. Includes lists of Think Tanks by region and area of research. 

Global Think Tank Index  

Policy Exchange - a leading UK think tank. An educational charity developing and promoting new policy ideas with the aim of delivering better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. 

Policy Exchange  

The Buchanan Institute - Edinburgh's first and Scotland's only student-led think tank. Provides opportunities for students to get involved in researching and writing policy proposals. 

The Buchanan Institute  

The Centre for Scottish Public Policy - an independent think tank that aims to promote the development of public policy in Scotland by providing new ways of thinking for political institutions. Students and graduates pursuing a career in this sector can get help with CVs and covering letters, and through the new online mentoring tool. 

Centre for Scottish Public Policy

Reform Scotland - an independent public policy think tank, aiming to inform and influence the public policy debate in Scotland by researching and publishing reports and papers, issuing briefing notes and regular updates, arranging seminars, lectures and other public events. Their website also has a lot of very useful links to other think tanks, political and media sources. 

David Hume Institute -  an independent Scottish think tank. Their mission is to increase understanding of the economy and contribute to a prosperous, sustainable, inclusive and fair Scotland.   

David Hume Institute

Scotland's Futures Forum - an increasingly important organisation, helping to promote new ideas and stimulate public policy debate. 

Scotland's Futures Forum  

Atlantic-community.org - online foreign policy think tank focusing on transatlantic relations. Offers opportunities to have work published and advertises internships and vacancies. 

Atlantic-community.org  

European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research - an intergovernmental organisation, affiliated to the United Nations, which specialises in the study of all areas of social welfare policy within Europe. The website provides information about the centre, its staffing structure and current areas of research, as well as a range of publications and policy briefs. 

European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research  

Chatham House - Royal Institute of International Affairs - a non-profit, non-governmental organisation based in London whose mission is to analyse and promote the understanding of major international issues and current affairs. 

Chatham House  

Pressure Groups

Confederation of British Industry (CBI) - the top business lobbying organisation in the UK on national and international issues. They work with the UK government, international legislators and policy-makers to help UK businesses compete effectively. 

Confederation of British Industry (CBI)

UK Parliament - provides some useful information about what lobbying is and how it is done. 

UK Parliament  

Trade Unions

Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) - coordinates, develops and articulates the views and policies of the trade union movement in Scotland. Advertises vacancies for affiliated unions as well as STUC positions. 

STUC  

Trades Union Congress (TUC) - as well as in national newspapers, unions advertise vacancies on their websites. Links to all the affiliated unions can be found on the TUC website. 

Edinburgh University Students' Association (SA) - active involvement in student union activities (as well as in the workplace) while at university is good grounding for applying for policy work in this sector. 

Edinburgh University Students' Association (SA)  

Political parties and politicians

Careers Parliament - advertises a wide range of jobs working for Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), either at Holyrood or in a local office. 

Careers Parliament  

Working for an MP (w4mp)  - advertises jobs to work with individual MPs, but also for political parties and charities. Includes voluntary opportunities for work experience. 

w4mp  

Individual political parties will also advertise vacancies through their own websites.

Employer/membership organisations

Local Government Association (LGA) - the LGA is a voluntary lobbying organisation, acting as the voice of the local government sector and representing all LAs in England and Wales. Vacancies are advertised on the website. 

L GA  

LGA Jobs  

Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) - is the representative voice of Scottish local government and also acts as the employers’ association on behalf of all Scottish councils. Part of COSLA's remit is to influence the formulation of policies to ensure their implementation delivers on local priorities and policies. 

The site has a link to myjobscotland , the recruitment portal advertising local government jobs across all Scottish LAs. Register to receive job alerts by email. 

Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA)  

myjobscotland  

Public policy, political strategy consultancies and Public Affairs

Many organisations working in these areas will offer a variety of services so keep an open mind when you are job searching. You could be working for a management consultancy or a communications consultancy that offer services to a broad range of clients, a specialist consultancy, or in the public or third sector. If an organisation offers integrated accounts, for example managing Public Affairs and PR for clients then you have the opportunity to gain experience of, or exposure to, both. Graduate schemes can be available with larger companies, but internships and entry-level positions also are a common route into these areas and constitute good experience and a chance to build your career. 

Public Affairs Board - The Public Affairs Board is the new, unified body for the industry. Includes a member directory to find organisations working in the industry and industry insights.

Public Affairs Board

Public Affairs Network - provides information about lobbying (as well as other aspects of policy work), careers advice and job vacancy adverts from a diverse range of organisations. 

The Resource Centre has a comprehensive directory of lobbying and public affairs , with links to information including listings of UK public affairs consultancies, experts on European Affairs and freelance consultants. It also contains information about recruitment consultancies, training course providers and think tanks, together with details of monitoring services, information providers, polling and research services. 

Public Affairs Network  

Blake Stevenson - offers research and consultancy in social and economic development including social inclusion, access to opportunities, lifelong learning, work and life balance, and more. The website has a careers section and vacancies. 

Blake Stevenson  

KPMG - a large organisation involved in public policy consultancy. They work with central government, local authorities, housing associations, police authorities, the NHS, colleges and more to help deliver major change, improve performance and drive financial efficiency. A major graduate recruiter, the website has a very good careers section. 

KPMG  

Rocket Science - a consultancy committed to improving the quality of life of disadvantaged individuals, groups and communities, which works with public, private and third-sector clients. 

They specialise in the areas of employability, learning and skills, social inclusion, economic development and regeneration, youth issues and funding solutions. Vacancies are advertised on the website. 

Rocket Science  

SQW - an independent consultancy in sustainable economic and social development. The recruitment section of the website offers careers advice and lists vacancies. 

Tribal - works with over 2,500 public sector organisations, providing a range of management consulting and professional support services. The website has a careers and vacancies section. 

APCO Worldwide - UK - an international award-winning integrated communications consultancy. The team of consultants are drawn from media, business, political and NGO backgrounds. Very informative website with a careers section. Offers internships. 

APCO Worldwide - UK  

Citigate Dewe Rogerson (CDR) - an international award-winning consultancy offering many client services, including a specialist public policy division. An informative website, also provides details of a designated career contact. 

Citigate Dewe Rogerson (CDR)  

Grayling - a global organisation with offices throughout the UK, including Edinburgh, Grayling is one of Scotland's leading public affairs consultancies, working with clients from the public, private and voluntary sectors across a wide range of areas. The website has a careers section. 

Grayling  

Greenhaus - operating only in Scotland, they employ only experienced and expert consultants. 

Greenhaus  

Weber Shandwick - a global public relations and communications leader, with a global network of public relations practitioners and a client roster including many of the world's most recognised brands. They provide a wide range of services. The website has a careers section and they offer internships. 

Weber Shandwick  

PR Companies do similar work to consultancies, although they tend to have a different approach. Experience in a PR agency can be a good starting point for moving into political consultancy. One such company, which has won awards for public affairs campaigns and lobbying is: 

Pagoda PR - an independent Scottish public relations consultancy offering a full range of services including public affairs, community engagement, strategy development, research and evaluation. They have serviced campaigns to build political and public support for complex issues, community engagement and awareness raising programmes using print, broadcast and online media. 

Pagoda PR  

News Agencies can provide good grounding in the research and monitoring side of political strategy work, and a good test of whether you will enjoy these aspects of the work. For example: 

News Direct - based in Edinburgh, this agency provides comprehensive public affairs support to clients by monitoring and reporting on parliamentary activities and delivering political awareness training. They also offer clients campaign, project and research support, and funnel parliamentary news relevant to clients and provide them with the skills to navigate the parliamentary system. 

News Direct  

Science policy

Science policy is defined as being an area of public policy which is concerned with the policies that affect the conduct of the science and research enterprise. This is often in pursuance of other national policy goals such as technological innovation, weapons development, healthcare and environmental monitoring. Science policy also refers to the act of applying scientific knowledge and consensus to the development of public policies. Science policy workers consider the ethical and political dimensions and how science and technology can best serve the public. 

UK Research and Innovation - a  non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Brings together the seven disciplinary research councils, Research England, which is responsible for supporting research and knowledge exchange at higher education institutions in England, and the UK’s innovation agency, Innovate UK. Advertises vacancies across all of its research councils.

Civil Service Fast Stream - recruits for their Science & Engineering pathway to work on science policy.

Fast Stream Science & Engineering

Council for Science and Technology - a non-departmental public body (NDPB), which advises the Prime Minister on science and technology policy issues. Jobs are advertised through the Civil Service jobs portal linked from their website.

Council for Science and Technology

This article was published on 2024-05-14

What are the Different Social Research Jobs?

Sociology, social psychology, human geography, political science, social anthropology, and education are all fields where social research jobs can be found. Social researchers are in charge of planning and carrying out research projects. They must be creative in coming up with ways to collect information about their subjects or topics, as well as formulating ways to accurately measure their results.

In political science, social research jobs frequently entail determining how certain public policies affect citizens and who is specifically affected. Anthropology jobs entail learning about how people live and behave in society and in various social groups. In the field of education, a social researcher would be expected to investigate various educational policies or educational processes. Census work and data interpretation are examples of jobs in human geography, which is another area where social research jobs can be found.

Clearly, social researchers are interested in a wide range of topics. Gender studies, unemployment, and public health are examples of social research jobs. In its most basic form, social research encompasses everything that has to do with how humans interact or are affected certain aspects of life, such as policies.

A social researcher should anticipate working with numbers, or data, which is typically derived from survey tools. Questionnaires, focus groups, interviews, and field observations are all examples of data collection methods. Researchers use a variety of research methods, including qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative research entails crunching numbers and analyzing data, whereas qualitative research entails personal experiences and definitions.

Social researchers can frequently find work at social research centers and organizations all over the world. The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information in the United States; the Institute for Social Research in Germany; the Matrix Knowledge Group in the United Kingdom; the Arab Center for Applied Social Research in Israel; and the Economic and Social Research Council in the United Kingdom are some of the larger centers.

Social researchers are frequently hired colleges and universities, non-profit organizations, and privately funded organizations. Social science researchers and research assistants are employed the majority of large universities. Working as a social science research analyst for the US federal government is also an option.

Because policies, demographics, and the global population are all constantly changing, social researchers are in high demand. Jobs in social research typically require at least a high school diploma, with higher-paying positions frequently requiring a college diploma.

How Do I Become a Qualitative Researcher?

What does a qualitative researcher do, what are the different survey research jobs, what are the different types of social worker jobs, privacy overview.

Sociology Careers: 9 Popular Paths

Updated: May 15, 2023, 10:53am

Careers in sociology are diverse and interdisciplinary, spanning the justice system, economics, healthcare and culture, among other fields.

Sociologists study human behavior, relationships within and between diverse groups, and how various factors influence people’s behaviors. Prospective sociologists can choose from a variety of concentrations and corresponding career tracks.

This article explores various careers in sociology, including their potential earning power and job growth expectations.

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What Do Sociologists Study?

What is sociology? In the broadest sense, sociology studies human behavior, relationships within various social groups, and the causes and consequences of human behavior.

Sociology covers many subjects, encompassing nearly every aspect of human life. Sociologists study religion, politics, poverty and wealth, crime and law, war and peace, romantic love, and social movements.

Ultimately, sociologists aim to understand the complexities of social interaction, from small groups like family units to whole societies. These researchers aim to find potential solutions to both long-standing and novel social problems.

Choosing a Sociology Concentration

Aspiring sociologists can concentrate their studies on areas that align with their interests or goals. Different concentration areas can lead to different job opportunities. The following concentrations are just a handful of options that sociologists can pursue.

• Law and society. A concentration in law and society examines sociological issues within the penal system and ways to reduce deviant behavior. This concentration can lead to careers in law or criminal justice.
• Social data and research. A social data and research concentration focuses on quantitative and qualitative applications for various study topics. This focus area prepares researchers by developing their data analysis skills.
• Medical and health sociology. Focusing on medical and health sociology prepares you with advanced knowledge of how areas like healthcare, substance abuse and aging intersect. This concentration can lead to a career in public health or social services.
• Social inequality. Sociologists concentrating on social inequality seek to understand why social opportunities vary among different classes, genders, races and age groups. Career opportunities for this concentration include nonprofit organizations, for-profit social service companies and government agencies.
• Economic sociology. Sociologists can study how markets and economies impact social life at all levels, from small towns to global societies. A concentration in economic sociology can lead to careers in business, government or economics.

Careers for Sociology Graduates

What can you do with a sociology degree ? With a bachelor’s degree in sociology, you can go on to work as a researcher, on the front lines in the criminal justice system, in education, in counseling or as a human resources professional. Below we outline nine careers in sociology and their typical job duties, median earnings and projected job growth.

The below salary data was sourced from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics unless otherwise noted.

Sociologist

Median Annual Salary: $92,910 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +5% Job Description: Often working in research roles, sociologists study how various social groups behave and interact. They design research projects to collect qualitative and quantitative data through observations, surveys and interviews, ultimately drawing conclusions about group behavior. Sociologists use their research to develop public policy or solve social issues.

Corrections Officer

Median Annual Salary: $47,920 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): -10% Job Description: The role of a corrections officer is to maintain security and order in prisons and jails by supervising inmates. Corrections officers enforce rules and behavior expectations, search inmates for contraband and report inmate misconduct. They also inspect facilities, ensuring they meet safety and security standards to prevent disturbances, dangerous behavior and escapes.

Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists

Median Annual Salary: $60,250 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): 0% Job Description: Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists work closely with probationers and parolees to facilitate a smooth transition back to society. These professionals interview patients and their families to craft individualized rehabilitation plans. Transition plans may include job training, finding housing, testing for drugs and recommending substance abuse counseling.

For more details, see our guides on how to become a probation officer and how to become a parole officer .

High School Teacher

Median Annual Salary: $61,820 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +5% Job Description: High school teachers prepare ninth through 12th graders with the knowledge and skills to attend college or trade school or enter the workforce after graduating. Though teachers often specialize in and plan lessons in one subject, all teachers work to improve student outcomes by assessing students’ strengths and weaknesses, grading assignments, communicating with parents, and collaborating with staff members on curricula.

School and Career Counselors and Advisors

Median Annual Salary: $60,510 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +10% Job Description: School and career counselors and advisors support students’ academic and social skills. Counselors of younger students focus more on positive social and behavioral skills. Older students, however, require more support in developing the skills necessary for a smooth transition to high school or life after graduation (including college and career readiness).

Social and Community Service Managers

Median Annual Salary: $74,000 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +12% Job Description: Working for various organizations and purposes, social and community service managers coordinate and supervise projects to improve public well-being. Their duties include working with community stakeholders to determine necessary services and writing funding proposals. These managers must collect data to evaluate the effectiveness of the programs they oversee.

Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder and Mental Health Counselors

Median Annual Salary: $48,520 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +22% Job Description: These counseling roles advise and support individuals on challenging issues. Mental health counselors focus on concerns such as anxiety, grief and depression. Substance use and behavioral health counselors support their clients through individual or group sessions, teaching them how to cope with challenges and rebuild lost relationships.

Human Resources Manager

Median Annual Salary: $126,230 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): 7% Job Description: Human resources managers coordinate an organization’s workforce to maximize employee talents and meet the executive team’s goals. They supervise the interviewing and hiring process, handle staffing disputes and discipline, and oversee employee services, including training, payroll and benefits programs. To learn more, check out our guide on how to become an HR manager .

Sociology Professor

Median Annual Salary: $79,640 Projected Job Growth (2021-2031): +8% Job Description: Sociology professors have varying job duties depending on their employer and role. These professionals develop and carry out instructional plans for courses in sociology. They may also act as supervisors to graduate students or oversee research efforts. Adjunct professors spend most of their time teaching sociology courses.

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Types of researcher jobs.

Researchers pursue their interests and utilize and apply specialized skills in order to learn new things, solve problems or to do something no one else has ever done. They work in their job field or in laboratories for industrial advancements, for government studies or in academic positions.

Medical Research Scientist

Conducting experiments related to medicine, medical researchers work to improve or develop medicines and treatment related products. They may also focus on health and disease related issues including prevention, diagnosis or cause related research. The research may use animal and human volunteers. A medical scientist generally works in a research institution, a hospital or in higher education, government or industrial laboratories. Responsibilities include planning, conducting, recording and interpreting experiments and results. In addition, a research scientist may be required to collaborate with other research teams, to teach, write grants and research papers.

Life or Biological Science Researchers

From microscopic organisms to plants and animals, life science researchers study living organisms and their relationship to the environment. Life science researchers often specialize with a certain type of organism, disease or in a particular field such as researching aquatic creatures, cancer or viruses. The research is conducted to either expand current knowledge about living cycles and animals or is directed towards finding a solution to a problem. Life science researchers work in government agencies, for colleges and universities and for industrial laboratories.

Agricultural Researchers

Researchers in the agricultural field may work for government agencies, in educational institutions or for research based companies. Research is based around food and agricultural products. Agricultural researchers may work with food, fibers, animals, insects or plants to develop or improve food production, food safety and quality.

Mathematician Researchers

Mathematician researchers commonly collaborate with other scientists in industrial settings to apply mathematical processes for commercial functions. Research work involves attempting to prove theories or to explain or predict outcomes such as the spread of cancer or identifying trends. Math researchers may create mathematical models to test or explain an idea, theory or concept or may make recommendations based on a mathematical analysis.

Physical Scientist Researchers

The physical sciences dealing with non-living systems provide the settings for physical scientist researchers. The fields in which a physical science researcher may pursue a career are in astronomy, chemistry, earth science, meteorology, physics and material science. Employment opportunities will be in industrial, academic or manufacturing laboratories.

Research Psychologist

Psychologists working in academic fields generally conduct research related to their field of study or specialization as part of their responsibilities. Additionally, psychologists in the field may conduct research related to their employment or positions in government, health, industrial and educational settings. Research psychologists are interested in the minds and behaviors of humans and animals. Research topics cover a wide range of studies. Examples of research areas include basic studies of brain functions or behavioral issues of particular groups or extensive studies on complex social interactions within a community.

Program Researcher

A program researcher works with producers, directors and writers to research program specific facts, develop new program ideas and support the film, radio or television production team. They may also conduct interviews for potential cast members for shows, check and verify background information and facts concerning sources and contacts or verify the suitability of a project or research project related legal issues.

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Julie Durr began her writing career in 2001. Her work has appeared online for "Wee Ones Magazine" and "Senior Citizens Magazine," as well as in a "Vocational Biography" and "Divine Stories of the Yahweh Sisterhood." Durr holds a Bachelor of Science in medical technology from Michigan Technological University.

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Social Research: Definitions, Types, Nature, and Characteristics

• First Online: 27 October 2022

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• Kanamik Kani Khan 4 &
• Md. Mohsin Reza 5  

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Social research is often defined as a study of mankind that helps to identify the relations between social life and social systems. This kind of research usually creates new knowledge and theories or tests and verifies existing theories. However, social research is a broad spectrum that requires a discursive understanding of its varied nature and definitions. This chapter aims to explain the multifarious definitions of social research given by different scholars. The information used in this chapter is solely based on existing literature regarding social research. There are various stages discussed regarding how social research can be effectively conducted. The types and characteristics of social research are further analysed in this chapter. Social research plays a substantial role in investigating knowledge and theories relevant to social problems. Additionally, social research is important for its contribution to national and international policymaking, which explains the importance of social research.

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Kanamik Kani Khan

Department of Social Work, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh

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Niaz Ahmed Khan

Department of Social Work, School of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Khan, K.K., Mohsin Reza, M. (2022). Social Research: Definitions, Types, Nature, and Characteristics. In: Islam, M.R., Khan, N.A., Baikady, R. (eds) Principles of Social Research Methodology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_3

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4.1 Types of research

Learning objectives.

• Differentiate between exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research

A recent news story about college students’ addictions to electronic gadgets (Lisk, 2011) describes findings from some research by Professor Susan Moeller and colleagues from the University of Maryland . The story raises a number of interesting questions. Just what sorts of gadgets are students addicted to? How do these addictions work? Why do they exist, and who is most likely to experience them?

Social science research is great for answering just these sorts of questions. But in order to answer our questions well, we must take care in designing our research projects. In this chapter, we’ll consider what aspects of a research project should be considered at the beginning, including specifying the goals of the research, the components that are common across most research projects, and a few other considerations.

One of the first things to think about when designing a research project is what you hope to accomplish, in very general terms, by conducting the research. What do you hope to be able to say about your topic? Do you hope to gain a deep understanding of whatever phenomenon it is that you’re studying, or would you rather have a broad, but perhaps less deep, understanding? Do you want your research to be used by policymakers or others to shape social life, or is this project more about exploring your curiosities? Your answers to each of these questions will shape your research design.

Exploration, description, and explanation

You’ll need to decide in the beginning phases whether your research will be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. Each has a different purpose, so how you design your research project will be determined in part by this decision.

Researchers conducting exploratory research are typically at the early stages of examining their topics. These sorts of projects are usually conducted when a researcher wants to test the feasibility of conducting a more extensive study and to figure out the “lay of the land” with respect to the particular topic. Perhaps very little prior research has been conducted on this subject. If this is the case, a researcher may wish to do some exploratory work to learn what method to use in collecting data, how best to approach research subjects, or even what sorts of questions are reasonable to ask. A researcher wanting to simply satisfy her own curiosity about a topic could also conduct exploratory research. In the case of the study of college students’ addictions to their electronic gadgets, a researcher conducting exploratory research on this topic may simply wish to learn more about students’ use of these gadgets. Because these addictions seemed to be a relatively new phenomenon, an exploratory study of the topic made sense as an initial first step toward understanding it.

It is important to note that exploratory designs do not make sense for topic areas with a lot of existing research. For example, the question “What are common interventions for parents who neglect their children?” would not make much sense as a research question. One could simply look at journal articles and textbooks to see what interventions are commonly used with this population. Exploratory questions are best suited to topics that have not been studied. Students may sometimes say there is not much literature on their chosen topic, when there is in fact a large body of literature on that topic. However, that said, there are a few students each semester who pick a topic for which there is little existing research. Perhaps, if you were looking at child neglect interventions for parents who identify as transgender or parents who are refugees from the Syrian civil war, less would be known about child neglect for those specific populations. In that case, an exploratory design would make sense as there is less literature to guide your study.

Descriptive research is used to describe or define a particular phenomenon. For example, a social work researcher may want to understand what it means to be a first-generation college student or a resident in a psychiatric group home. In this case, descriptive research would be an appropriate strategy. A descriptive study of college students’ addictions to their electronic gadgets, for example, might aim to describe patterns in how many hours students use gadgets or which sorts of gadgets students tend to use most regularly.

Researchers at the Princeton Review conduct descriptive research each year when they set out to provide students and their parents with information about colleges and universities around the United States. They describe the social life at a school, the cost of admission, and student-to-faculty ratios (to name just a few of the categories reported). Although students and parents may be able to obtain much of this information on their own, having access to the data gathered by a team of researchers is much more convenient and less time consuming.

Social workers often rely on descriptive research to tell them about their service area. Keeping track of the number of children receiving foster care services, their demographic makeup (e.g., race, gender), and length of time in care are excellent examples of descriptive research. On a more macro-level, the Centers for Disease Control provides a remarkable amount of descriptive research on mental and physical health conditions. In fact, descriptive research has many useful applications, and you probably rely on findings from descriptive research without even being aware that that is what you are doing.

Finally, social work researchers often aim to explain why particular phenomena work in the way that they do. Research that answers “why” questions is referred to as explanatory research. In this case, the researcher is trying to identify the causes and effects of whatever phenomenon she is studying. An explanatory study of college students’ addictions to their electronic gadgets might aim to understand why students become addicted. Does it have anything to do with their family histories? With their other extracurricular hobbies and activities? With whom they spend their time? An explanatory study could answer these kinds of questions.

There are numerous examples of explanatory social scientific investigations. For example, in one study, Dominique Simons and Sandy Wurtele (2010) sought to discover whether receiving corporal punishment from parents led children to turn to violence in solving their interpersonal conflicts with other children. In their study of 102 families with children between the ages of 3 and 7, the researchers found that experiencing frequent spanking did, in fact, result in children being more likely to accept aggressive problem-solving techniques. Another example of explanatory research can be seen in Robert Faris and Diane Felmlee’s (2011) research on the connections between popularity and bullying. From their study of 8th, 9th, and 10th graders in 19 North Carolina schools, they found that aggression increased as adolescents’ popularity increased. (This pattern was found until adolescents reached the top 2% in the popularity ranks. After that, aggression declines).

The choice between descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research should be made with your research question in mind. What does your question ask? Are you trying to learn the basics about a new area, establish a clear “why” relationship, or define or describe an activity or concept? In the next section, we will explore how each type of research is associated with different methods, paradigms, and forms of logic.

Key Takeaways

• Exploratory research is usually conducted when a researcher has just begun an investigation and wishes to understand the topic generally.
• Descriptive research is research that aims to describe or define the topic at hand.
• Explanatory research is research that aims to explain why particular phenomena work in the way that they do.
• Descriptive research- research that describes or define a particular phenomenon
• Explanatory research- explains why particular phenomena work in the way that they do, answers “why” questions
• Exploratory research- conducted during the early stages of a project, usually when a researcher wants to test the feasibility of conducting a more extensive study

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Best Social Work Degrees & Career Options

The 25 Most Popular Paths for Social Work Careers In The United States

The most popular Social Work career options include a range of roles for Social Workers with a BSW, MSW, and also doctorate degree. Available jobs for social workers are abundant. Social Work is both a growing profession and a diverse field. Could a social work career be right for you? If you’re considering a career in social work, take a look at the following questions. 

• Do you enjoy helping people and have a deep concern for people’s general wellbeing? 
• Is justice and equity your passion? 
• Are you a resilient person with a lot of emotional fortitude? 
• Do you have strong communication skills? 
• Can you handle a job that involves a lot of paperwork? 

If you answered “yes” to most of the questions above, then you may be built for a career in social work. At its core, social work is a career for people who want to help people . It concerns itself with groups, families, and communities, and it focuses on building a more just and equitable world. Social work is also a form of advocacy. Social workers go to bat for their clients, fighting for things like disability pay, erasing mental health stigmas, and preventing child abuse . 

When thinking about potential social work careers, it helps to see some examples. Below is a list of specific social work career options, arranged by the education level they require. Note that some careers will have overlapping titles and responsibilities. For example, a licensed clinical social worker may also be a medical social worker or a child and family social worker. 

Below are some Social Work career paths presented in alphabetical order and by degree level.

Popular Jobs for Social Workers With a BSW

There are many entry-level jobs for social workers with a Bachelor’s in Social Work (BSW) degree. Details of the top 10 to 15 career opportunities for social workers are below.

1. Behavioral Management Aide

A behavioral management aide works with a behavioral specialist, which is a social worker who helps people modify or eliminate harmful behaviors. These behaviors may include hitting, throwing tantrums, and similar things that can cause emotional or bodily harm. 

Behavioral management aides often observe the client’s harmful behavior, identify the stimuli that trigger the behavior, and work with behavioral specialists to find alternate behaviors and healthy coping mechanisms. Most behavioral management aides work with children, though some may work with adults. Often, mental health social workers work in schools or in mental health practice. 

Skills May Include:

• in person field education
• skills support family members
• help with counseling services
• help with substance abuse
• help with mental illness
• some school social workers help with substance abuse and mental illness

Salary Expectation: On average, health care social workers earn $39,540 per year.  The higher End of pay for health care social workers is with a master of social work.

2. Case Management Aide

For some social workers, the best careers in social work involve assisting others. Maybe they don’t feel comfortable in the spotlight, or maybe social workers just have exceptional organizational skills. In any case, many of these social workers find success as case management aides. 

A case management aide works as a type of assistant to another social worker. For example, social workers may work with a school social worker or child welfare specialist and help manage specific cases. Case management aides must have strong organization skills since a large part of their job involves managing paperwork. They also help manage intake, and they may perform initial meetings with clients to help put those clients at ease and explain the case management process. 

Essentially, case management aides do a lot of behind-the-scenes work while case managers themselves do the front-and-center work. Case managers come to rely on their case management aides because aides help them avoid getting bogged down as they work on a case. Aides are essential because social workers help cases move forward more quickly for faster results.  A Case Management Aide is one of the best jobs for social workers with a BSW.

Salary Expectation: The average yearly salary for a case management aide is $39,600. The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

3. Community Outreach Worker

Now, for those who are comfortable with the spotlight, another one of the best jobs for social workers may involve community outreach. Community outreach careers put social workers in front of people, as social workers handle a lot of communication with the public. 

Community outreach workers act as a liaison between an organization and the community that the organization serves. These workers may give talks and provide education on their organizations. In addition, social workers might also identify and reach out to people who could use the organization’s services. Communicating with people and groups is an essential part of this job. Therefore, community outreach workers must have good people skills and communication skills. In addition, this job requires workers to also be well-versed in their organization’s services, since they often have to answer questions. 

Often, community outreach workers work for nonprofit organizations that include mental health social workers. The type of nonprofit varies, so outreach workers can look for nonprofits that align with their passions. 

Salary Expectation: The average salary for community outreach workers is $59,000, but that salary varies depending on the type of organization one works for.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

4. Eligibility Worker

A lot of people need assistance with finances, housing, and similar basics. However, not everyone who needs help knows how to get that help. Many aren’t even aware that social workers may qualify for assistance. 

Enter eligibility workers. Eligibility workers generally work for governments at the state, local, or even federal level. Typically, these jobs involve working with people who are seeking government assistance with housing, finances, and more. Explaining the programs for which a client may be eligible and determining a client’s eligibility are regular duties. In addition, social workers may also reach out to potential eligible clients. 

Eligibility workers require a deep sense of compassion as well as organizational skills. Social workers must also be very knowledgeable about various government assistance programs. 

Salary Expectation: An eligibility worker can earn, on average , between $29,000 and $57,000 per year. The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

5. Human Services Specialist

A human services specialist is a type of eligibility worker who makes sure that clients understand which services they may qualify for. They also help clients apply for those services, often walking them through the application process. Social workers take a hands-on approach to their work, and social workers work closely with their clients to make sure that those clients get exactly what social workers need. 

Human services specialists work with programs like SNAP, disability pay, child welfare, and more. They provide guidance and answer questions about these programs, and social workers stay in contact with clients to make sure that those clients get what social workers need. 

Human services specialists work in a wide array of workplaces, including state agencies, nonprofit organizations, residential care facilities, and more.

Salary Expectation: Human services specialists make an average of $35,060 per year.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

6. Juvenile Court Liaison

A juvenile court liaison does a lot of work within the juvenile court system. Social workers only work in juvenile courts, not courts that deal with adult cases. It’s also important to note that social workers work for the court itself, not for attorneys, plaintiffs, or defendants. They do, however, often communicate with various parties involved in certain cases. They also go over paperwork and records, helping to keep information organized and up to date. 

As a result, juvenile court liaisons require a variety of skills. They need organizational skills to keep court records and other documents as organized as possible. They also need great communication skills, as social workers spend a lot of time talking to people in their jobs. 

Salary Expectation: Juvenile court liaisons make just over $41,000 per year, on average.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

7. Probation Officer

Jobs for social workers are also available in criminal justice. Probation officers are social workers who work within the justice system by helping people who have been convicted of a crime. 

Instead of going to prison, some offenders are put on probation, or a provisional period that requires good behavior and some other conditions. Provided that they don’t violate the conditions of their probation, these offenders can avoid jail time altogether. For many courts and offenders, especially first-time offenders, probation provides the ideal compromise. 

However, somebody has to make sure that the offender meets all of the conditions of their parole. Should the offender violate those conditions, social workers may receive a harsher sentence, so supervision can help ensure that social workers stay on the right path. That’s where probation officers, or parole officers, come into the picture. 

Probation officers help supervise and communicate with these offenders to make sure social workers fulfill the conditions of their probation. They communicate regularly with the offender. They may keep an eye on their client’s location, conduct drug tests, and interview parolee family members. Probation officers may also testify in court about the parolee telling the judge whether or not the parolee has kept up with the terms of their probation. 

Additionally, probation officers deal with paperwork, so social workers must have solid organizational skills. They should also have good people skills. 

Salary Expectation: According to the bureau of labor statistics, Probation officers make about $60,250 on average per year.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

8. Rehabilitation Case Worker

Rehabilitation caseworkers help disabled people get back into the workforce after periods of unemployment. A client’s disability may be physical or mental, and it may be caused by an injury or pre-existing condition. A rehabilitation caseworker will assess the client’s skills, abilities, and limitations. 

From there, they’ll recommend potential career paths and help the client work toward those career paths. As a result, the client may gain a sense of empowerment and reclaim their individuality. With help from a rehabilitation caseworker, clients can also gain more financial security and stability. 

Salary Expectation: Rehabilitation caseworkers make $38,950 to $63,790 per year.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

MSW Popular Social Work Career Options

Once a Social Worker has a master’s degree social workers can earn a higher salary and there are many new MSW jobs and career opportunities .

9. Child and Family Social Worker

Child and family social workers provide assistance and advocacy in cases that involve children and their families. They have a long list of potential responsibilities, and those responsibilities may vary from one case to another. Those responsibilities may include: 

• Working with at-risk children 
• Staying up to date on a particular child’s wellbeing 
• Connecting families to services social workers may need 
• Assisting in child welfare investigations 
• Helping to place children in foster or adoptive homes 
• Assisting with family reunification when appropriate 
• Assisting with the adoption and/or fostering process 

Child and family social workers often have their own offices, but social workers also do a lot of travel, so social workers need a certain amount of flexibility. They should also have good people skills, especially with children. They need empathy, but social workers also need self-regulation skills so social workers don’t overwhelm themselves in the face of tough situations. Because social workers maintain case files and take notes, social workers should also have excellent organization skills. 

Salary Expectation: According to the bureau of labor statistics, the average salary for mid-level child and family social workers is $50,820.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

10. Child Welfare Worker

A child welfare worker is similar to a child and family social worker. In fact, many people use the two terms interchangeably. However, “child welfare worker” is a broader term. A child and family social worker may be considered a type of child welfare worker. 

Child welfare workers tend to work with government agencies. They may intervene in cases of abuse and neglect. They may also conduct home assessments to see if children should be removed from an environment. Child welfare workers maintain paperwork on their cases. Overall, social workers need many of the same skills and strengths as child and family social workers, including a high tolerance for stress, a passion for child advocacy, and strong communication skills with children. 

Salary Expectation: Child welfare workers make about $44,380 annually.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

11. Therapist or Counselor

A therapist or counselor listens to people, coaches them, and helps them live their lives in a healthy way while coping with mental health issues. It’s an ideal choice for a mental health social worker. They can help people manage mental illnesses, stressful situations, career challenges, or day-to-day life. They generally meet with their clients on a regular basis, like once a week or once a month, depending on the severity of the client’s struggles. 

Counselors are somewhat different from therapists. While therapists generally work on a long-term basis, counselors may work with clients on a short-term basis and focus on specific mental health issues. Neither therapists nor counselors are psychiatrists. Psychiatrists have medical training and can therefore prescribe medication. Therapists and counselors have psychological training, but social workers don’t have the medical training that would allow them to write prescriptions. In some cases, however, social workers can recommend that a patient pursues medication with their primary care doctor. 

Therapists and counselors can use specific methods such as talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, etc. Some use a combination of methods, tailoring their approach to the client. 

Salary Expectation: On average, therapists and counselors make about $46,273 annually, but salaries can vary depending on specialization, workplace, and other factors.   The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

12. Social Worker

Some social workers have specific titles, but other clinical social workers are just called clinical social workers. If they’re clinical social workers, social workers may provide counseling, just like therapists and counselors do. Broadly speaking, social workers meet with clients to help assess their needs and goals, maintaining case files in the process. They advocate for the wellbeing of those clients, and social workers may work with other professionals in that client’s life to create a comprehensive wellbeing plan. 

Social workers may also refer their clients to other professionals as necessary. Some clinical social workers provide crisis intervention. 

Salary Expectation: Social workers make an average of $50,470 per year.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

13. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Worker

Mental health and substance abuse social workers help clients who have mental health issues, trauma, or addictions. Often, their clients deal with more than one issue at once. For instance, a person’s trauma may fuel their depression and anxiety, which may contribute to an addiction. Mental health social workers should be prepared to deal with a number of complex struggles, and social workers should meet those struggles with compassion and understanding. 

These social workers can be found in a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities and counseling centers. They may be counselors themselves, or social workers may be case managers. 

Salary Expectation: Mental health and substance abuse social workers make about $42,650 per year.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

14. School Social Worker

School social workers can help If a child’s basic needs are unmet, that child likely won’t perform well academically. A child may have academic struggles, but their basic needs and well-being should always come first. That’s where school social workers come in. 

School social workers advocate for students. They may also counsel them in mental health, behavioral health, and academic habits. These professionals can help children succeed both as students and as individuals. School social workers can also work closely with schools administrators, teachers, and parents to find the best solutions for specific children, and social workers may recommend further treatment outside of school. 

Salary Expectation: School social workers make just over $49,000 per year on average .  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

15. Medical Social Worker

A less recognized but still very important form of social work is Medical Social Work. These social workers generally work in hospitals and other medical care facilities. Social workers work with patients and their families, helping their clients weigh their options and make the best decisions for themselves and their loved ones. For example, a medical social worker can help a patient navigate their care options after they’re discharged from a hospital. 

Salary Expectation: Medical social workers make just over $65,500 annually, on average.  The higher End of pay for social workers is with a master of social work.

16. Social Work Supervisor

Social work supervision is a leadership position. It involves supervising social workers who may be at the beginning stages of their own careers. For example, a social work supervisor may supervise counselors or counseling students. Social work supervisors may also manage teams of staff members. 

Therefore, social work supervisors need field experience as well as education, which means that it can take a long time to obtain such a career. Still, the time and effort can be worth it, as many social work supervisors find their work deeply rewarding. 

Salary Expectation: Social work supervisors make an average of $47,980 per year. 

17. Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)

Licensed clinical social workers generally work as counselors. Social workers help people navigate mental health struggles, tough circumstances, traumas, and transitions. Social workers can also be case managers or part of a research team. Licensed clinical social workers take a social work approach to treating clients, whereas a psychologist might take a different approach, such as a behavioral approach. Licensed clinical social workers may also focus on their clients’ strengths, helping clients leverage their own strengths to take control of difficult situations. The minimum education needed is an LCSW master’s degree .

Salary Expectation: Licensed clinical social workers make between $40,740 and $70,660 per year. 

18. Behavior Analyst

A mental health social worker or behavior analysts work with people, often children, with mental health and behavioral struggles. They work with information gathered by behavioral management aides to develop and implement treatment plans. Social workers may also work with the individual’s teachers, family members, and school counselors to increase the treatment plan effectiveness. Behavior analysts can help clients reduce behaviors that may harm themselves and others. For example, a client who hits others when excited may be redirected to shake his hands instead. 

It’s important to note, however, that there is some controversy surrounding behavioral analysts’ work, especially in Applied Behavioral Analysis, which is a therapy that many behavior analysts use. A lot of autistic adults, many of whom have been through ABA therapy, criticize the practice for addressing behaviors instead of the mental health struggles that cause those behaviors. Many also claim that the goal of ABA is to make autistic people appear more “normal” from a neurotypical perspective (e.g. eliminating stimming), instead of accepting that autistic people may simply have different needs. Potential behavior analysts should keep these criticisms in mind as social workers and community health workers start their careers. 

Salary Expectation: Behavior analysts make an average of $62,434 annually. 

19. Healthcare Social Worker

Healthcare social workers help people navigate their healthcare needs, helping patients and their families connect to the right resources and support. Social workers provide counseling relating to various treatment options, and they may refer clients to specific healthcare programs. At the same time, healthcare social workers can advocate on behalf of their client’s best interests and rights. 

Healthcare social workers and community health workers can also coordinate complex healthcare services, including both inpatient and outpatient services. For example, they may help their clients arrange home health services. Social workers can also help clients rent or buy medical equipment. 

Healthcare social work has sub-categories. For instance, a medical social worker can be considered a type of healthcare social worker. 

Salary Expectation: Healthcare social workers make an average of $57,000 annually. 

20. Campaign Director, Fundraising, Public Awareness

Social workers can also work as campaign directors, fundraising spokespeople, and public advocates. Though a campaign director does not have to be a social worker, campaign directors who are social workers can make a big difference in social work-related public policy. 

Campaign directors may work with a political candidate to advance that candidate’s campaign strategy. Social workers may also promote specific projects or initiatives. From a social worker’s perspective, those projects may include fundraising for child advocacy projects, promoting disability rights legislation, or working with a candidate who promotes these concerns. 

Additionally, Campaign Directors may hire and oversee team members, so social workers need excellent leadership skills. They also need to be adept in communication, organizing, problem-solving, and tenacity. In some cases, they may also need to be comfortable in the spotlight. 

Salary Expectation: Campaign directors make an average of $54,810 per year. 

DSW or PhD Popular Social Work Career Options

Jobs for Social Workers with a doctoral degree are typically in higher education or in advanced counseling roles.

21. Psychologist

A psychologist is similar to a therapist or counselor, and many people use these terms interchangeably. However, a psychology career requires a Ph.D., while a counseling or therapy career requires a master’s degree. As a result of their high educational level, psychologists are more qualified than other therapists to accept patients with severe forms of mental illness and trauma. They’re also more qualified to provide diagnoses for these illnesses. 

Psychologists, like therapists and counselors, may specialize in their areas of expertise. Some psychologists, for instance, may work primarily with patients who have ADHD, helping them manage their daily lives and responsibilities. Others may specialize in addiction help. 

Salary Expectation: Being more educated than other therapists, psychologists can also charge more for their services. As a result, social workers make an average of $79,000 per year. 

22. Professor

A professor can come from virtually any academic discipline. Professors of social work teach social work courses in colleges or universities. These jobs can get demanding. Social workers require teaching skills on top of social work skills. Professors must create lesson plans, keep up with grading, work effectively within a college or university system, and teach in a way that keeps students engaged. 

Salary Expectation: The national average pay for professors is $92,000. That said, there is a difference between a professor and an instructor. An instructor may also teach in a college or university, but they may have less specialized expertise and may not be on a tenured track. As a result, they will earn less money than a professor. 

23. Behavior Supervisor

A behavior supervisor is similar to a clinical supervisor. They supervise behavior analysts and ABA practitioners, offering help and guidance in their practice. They may also oversee behavioral health clinics or the behavioral aspects of mental health clinics. Behavioral supervisors are also important when it comes to compliance. They ensure that their workplaces maintain compliance and run effectively. 

Salary Expectation: Behavior supervisors  make over $87,000 per year on average. 

24. Executive Director, Social Services Organizations

Executive directors take on a major leadership role in social services organizations. As a result, they have a lot of responsibilities, including the following: 

• Creating and organizing programs 
• Ensuring program implementation 
• Organizing teams 
• Communicating with the public about the organization 
• Researching and organizing data 
• Identifying people who may require services 

Those responsibilities can vary. A lot of the work depends on the organization. Executive directors generally oversee social services organizations, including private companies, nonprofits, and government agencies.

Jobs may be found in government agencies, private practices, rehabilitation centers, community organizations to provide counseling services, social services organizations, various online social work programs, in person field education, and social service programs,

Salary Expectation: Salary varies based on the type of workplace, but executive directors make an average of $72,900. 

25. Child Welfare Researcher

A child welfare researcher is a type of academic researcher, and academic researchers usually work for universities. They research their specialty topics and conduct studies. They identify problems and explore potential solutions by gathering and testing data. Sometimes, they may help students do their own research. 

A researcher’s work can create big changes, especially after their research gets published. The research informs the public and professionals about problems and solutions. Child welfare researchers in particular can make a big difference in the world of child welfare, helping to ensure that systems run humanely and effectively. 

Jobs may be found in government agencies, private practices, rehabilitation centers, community organizations, social services organizations, various online social work programs, in person field education, and social service programs,

Salary Expectation: Child welfare researchers can make over $79,765 per year. 

How Do I Choose a Social Work Job or Career?

Different social work careers require different types of education. Social workers range in education levels, from bachelor’s degrees all the way up to doctorates. The more educated a social worker becomes, the more they can specialize in their career. 

So, how do you choose the right career and education for yourself? And what are some of the best social work careers? With so many potential options, that choice can get difficult. There are more social work career options than many people realize, so a degree in social work can lead down many possible pathways. 

The question of which careers are the best social work careers is subjective. Each social worker will find fulfillment in different areas, and what works for one person may not work for another. Start by thinking about your passions. For example, do you have a passion for working with children? Reducing the stigma around mental healthcare? Fighting for disability rights? Start with your passion, and look for careers that will let you work with that passion. 

Many Jobs For Social Workers Are Achieved By Education Level

Once you’ve looked into some career options, consider the educational requirements for those careers. Different careers require different degrees. Are you able to push toward a doctorate degree right now, or is it more realistic for you to stop at a bachelor’s degree? A doctorate degree will cost more time and money, but doctorate-level careers pay more than careers that require a bachelor’s or master’s degree. 

Next, weigh the pros and cons of the different commitment levels as you explore specific career options. Look up typical job descriptions, time commitments, and other factors that could impact your career choice. 

Salary may also play a big part in your decision. Consider where you live or where you plan to live. What is the cost of living there? Will you need a high-paying career to make ends meet? The best social work careers for you will be careers that pay a livable wage. 

Interim Jobs For Social Workers

Finally, keep in mind that you might also choose an interim career while you complete your education. For example, you might start your career as a juvenile court liaison after earning a bachelor’s degree, even as you pursue more advanced education in child psychology. A master’s or doctorate degree may not be reachable right now. However, you might explore that option in the future. Meanwhile, your interim career can help you save money for further education. 

A Specialization Is Essential For Graduate Level Jobs For Social Workers

Selecting your career concentration is perhaps the most essential part of your Master of Social Work process. Universities offer a diverse spectrum of custom MSW tracks. These specializations focus your skill growth for certain subfield professions. The Department of Labor reports that America’s 682,100 social workers specialize in wide-ranging niches with fast 10-year growth of 14 to 20 percent apiece.

All social work careers share the common thread of improving people’s lives. However, most MSW-level jobs prioritize assisting unique populations facing setbacks and barriers. The NASW reports that there are now 50+ organizations for social workers interested in different practice types. For instance, the National Association of Perinatal Social Workers was started in 1974 to support members in maternal health.

Your Career In Social Work

There are lots of specific jobs and career options that fall under the social work umbrella. Each social work career has different duties and responsibilities. For example, probation officers are social workers. So are psychologists. You can pursue a career that fits within your strengths and ideals. 

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 01 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy , materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes , offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development .

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy , with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

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The flag of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia which I bought there during my last visit

Suburbanization Problems in the USSR : the Case of Moscow

• Référence bibliographique

Gornostayeva Galina A. Suburbanization Problems in the USSR : the Case of Moscow . In: Espace, populations, sociétés , 1991-2. Les franges périurbaines Peri-urban fringes. pp. 349-357.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/espos.1991.1474

www.persee.fr/doc/espos_0755-7809_1991_num_9_2_1474

• RIS (ProCite, Endnote, ...)

Galina A. GORNOSTAYEVA

Moscow University

Suburbanization Problems

in the USSR :

the Case of Moscow

Suburbanization processes typical to cities in Western Europe, the USA and other countries are not observed in the USSR or they are distorted to such an extent that they may not be compared with existing standards. This states the question how Soviet cities-succeeded in escaping this stage of urban development. In order to answer this question, we should first summarize the main aspects of Western suburbanization.

Firstly, it is well known that the urbanization processes are linked to structural changes in the economy. Thus the transition from the stage of concentration to this of suburbanization is associated with industrialization, and the transition to the third stage - déconcentration - is related with the rapid growth of employment in the non-industrial sphere. Secondly, a suburbanization of economic activities can be distinguished. It applies in the first place to the building and iron- working industry, transports, engineering and chemical works. These are polluting and requiring extensive areas. This suburbanization of industry is caused by the following factors: rising demand for land from firms ; worsening of transport

tions in the inner cities ; demand for lower land costs and taxation levels in suburbs ; rapid growth of road transports; state policies regulating the growth of large cities ; migration of the labour force to the suburban zones. Scientific and educational activities are also transferred from the centre to the suburbs.

The third important aspect of suburbanization applies to the population. In the suburbs two opposite flows of population meet ; one is centripetal, coming from non- metropolitan regions, the other is centrifugal, coming from the central city. The reasons for the migration to the suburbs are as follows : declining living standards in large cities (overcrowding, slow housing renewal, environmental problems, etc.); growth of motorization of the population, development of communications (telephone, telex, fax, computer) ; intensifying decentralization of working places ; lower land prices in the suburbs ; state support for the intensification of real estate development in the suburbs. The above-mentioned factors and reasons for suburbanization are altered in the Soviet cities. Let us explore them, by taking for example the largest one - Moscow.

• Moscow Oblast
• Elektrostal
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Discover more than 32 short term vacation rentals in Elektrostal. We have a huge number of short-term holiday rentals in or near Elektrostal. Whether you are traveling as a whole family, in groups, with friends, or solo, there are rentals that would suit your plans and budget. Short-term rental homes are perfect for those seeking to stay in Elektrostal for a short term or on a temporary basis. RBO short-term stays give you the luxury of enjoying all the benefits attached to having a home. A serene environment, spacious rooms, private pools, indoor/outdoor heated swimming pools, hot tubs, self-catering, spa, and gyms are examples of such benefits. Rent By Owner has plenty of vacation rentals that are available on a weekly or monthly basis in Elektrostal. A furnished short-term rental in Elektrostal comes with great amenities that would make you an unforgettable experience.

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Rent By Owner makes it easy to compare, discover and book short-term accommodations, including pet-friendly places to stay, in Elektrostal that is within your budget. RBO helps you save time, and gives you hassle-free booking for your favorite short stay home.

Directorate for Education and Skills

The Education and Skills Directorate is one of twelve substantive departments of the OECD and provides policy analysis and advice on education to help individuals and nations to identify and develop the knowledge and skills that drive better jobs and better lives, generate prosperity and promote social inclusion.

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The OECD Directorate for Education and Skills seeks to help individuals and nations to identify and develop the knowledge, skills and values that drive better jobs and better lives, generate prosperity and promote social inclusion. It assists OECD countries and partner economies in designing and managing their education and skills systems, and in implementing reforms, so that citizens can develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values they need throughout their lives.

Andreas Schleicher

Director Directorate for Education and Skills

Yuri Belfali

Head Early Childhood and Schools Division

Paulo Santiago

Head Policy Advice and Implementation Division

Tia Loukkola

Head Innovation and Measuring Progress Division

How we work

The work of the Directorate for Education and Skills is overseen by four bodies, each with its own mandate, membership, and programme of work and budget, to help deliver work under the overall governance of the OECD Council:

• The Education Policy Committee, which also provides strategic oversight of our work
• The Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Governing Board (CERI) 
• The Programme for International Student Assessment Governing Board (PISA)
• The Programme for Teaching and Learning International Survey Governing Board (TALIS)
• The Board of Participating Countries for the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) is overseen by both the Education Policy Committee and the Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee.

What we are working on

The best way for education systems to improve is to learn what works from each other. We deploy large scale surveys and reviews, designing common methodological and analytical frameworks for utmost comparability of empirical evidence from different education systems. We collect data about nearly all aspects of countries’ education systems from key policies, teacher practises, adult proficiency, and early childhood learning and well-being to how 15-year-olds perform in mathematics and what their attitudes are about global issues like climate change.

• The International Early Learning and Child Well-Being Study
• OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills
• Survey of Adult Skills
• The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey
•    Education at a Glance
•   The Education Policy Outlook
•   PISA Global Crisis Module
•   Global Teaching Insights
• Explore by country
• Explore by topic
• Review policies    
•   PISA for schools

Assisting countries with policy development and implementation

We help countries answer important questions facing education policy makers and practitioners alike: how to identify and develop the right skills and turn them into better jobs and better lives; how best to allocate resources in education to support social and economic development; and how to offer everyone the chance to make the most of their abilities at every age and stage of life OECD and partner countries look to our expertise to review their education and skills systems, and assist them in developing and implementing policies to improve them. We conduct reviews ranging from those on individual national education policy to comparative educational policy and thematic peer-analysis. We review and support the development of higher education systems with analysis on resource use and labour market relevance. All of these provide in-depth analyses and advice that draw on OECD data resources, national policy documents and research, and field-based interviewing by OECD review teams. Comparative thematics, covering areas such as ECEC in a digital world, diversity, equity and inclusion in education, teacher policy and transitions in upper secondary education, are based on a common conceptual framework and methodology developed with advice from a group of national experts.

Through tailored implementation support the directorate offers countries assistance in implementing policy, from curriculum reform to helping schools become effective learning organisations. It also brings countries and stakeholders together in a variety of fora to exchange ideas, an important step in the policymaking process.  

Pivoting to tomorrow

What knowledge, skills, attitudes and values will students need in a swiftly evolving world? We develop long-term “leading-edge” thinking that looks beyond the current state of education to what it can become. These multiple-scenario analyses nourish our ground-breaking Education 2030 work on curriculum. They inform international debate and inspire policy processes to shape the future of education. The one certainty about the future of education is that it will be a digital one though we cannot know to what degree. In staying ahead of the EdTech curve, the directorate advises countries on the fast-changing potential of digital tools like robotics, blockchain and artificial intelligence, and how they can be integrated and used to equitably boost teaching, learning and administrative performance. The digitalisation of education is just one of the many strategic foresight areas the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) focuses on. Its exploration of best practices flagged by international comparisons helps countries move towards the frontiers of education.

Programmes of work

• Education and Skills Policy Programme The OECD’s programme on education and skills policy support policymakers in their efforts to achieve high-quality lifelong learning, which in turn contributes to personal development, sustainable economic growth, and social cohesion. Learn more
• CERI The Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) provides and promotes international comparative research, innovation and key indicators, explores forward-looking and innovative approaches to education and learning, and facilitates bridges between educational research, innovation and policy development. Learn more
• INES The OECD Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme seeks to gauge the performance of national education systems through internationally comparable data. Learn more
• PISA PISA is the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges. Learn more
• PIAAC The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the PIAAC, measures adults’ proficiency in literacy, numeracy and the ability to solve problems in technology-rich environments. Learn more
• TALIS TALIS - the Teaching and Learning International Survey - is the world's largest international survey about teachers and school leaders. Learn more
• Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) The OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills is an international survey that identifies and assesses the conditions and practices that foster or hinder the development of social and emotional skills for 10- and 15-year-old students. Learn more
• Early Childhood Education and Care The Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programme conducts analysis and develops new data to support countries in reviewing and improving their early childhood services and systems. Learn more
• Higher Education Policy The Higher Education Policy Programme carries out analysis on a wide range of higher education systems and policies Learn more

Directorate outputs

Policy and working papers

More facts, key findings and policy recommendations

Create customised data profiles and compare countries

Related policy issues

• Education and skills
• Education access, participation, and progression
• Education economic and social outcomes
• Education equity
• Education evaluation and quality assurance
• Education financing
• Education leadership
• Education organisation and governance
• Future of education and skills
• Learning environment
• Teachers and educators
• Student performance (PISA)

Get in touch

Contact us: edu.contact@oecd.org