mathematical economics research papers

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here .

Mathematical economics

• Mathematics
• Econometrics
• Pareto efficiency
• Get an email alert for Mathematical economics
• Get the RSS feed for Mathematical economics

Showing 1 - 13 of 146

View by: Cover Page List Articles

Sort by: Recent Popular

Can digital economy compensate the effect of aging on total factor productivity?

Fange Meng, Xin Wen

Estimating the incidence of Venezuelan migration and other socioeconomic factors on urban growth in Colombia

Pablo Blas Tupac Silva Barbosa, Andrés Peña-Galindo,  [ ... ], Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira

Foreign direct investment and domestic innovation: Roles of absorptive capacity, quality of regulations and property rights

Atif Rao, Muhammad Ali, Jason M. Smith

Dynamic linkages between tourism development, renewable energy and high-quality economic development: Evidence from spatial Durbin model

HaoYu Li, ZhongYe Sun, Yang ChuanYu

Strategyproof and fair matching mechanism for union of symmetric m-convex constraints

Nathanaël Barrot, Kentaro Yahiro, Makoto Yokoo, Yuzhe Zhang

The impact of digital economy on environmental pollution: Evidence from 267 cities in China

Honglin Yuan, Jia Liu, Xiaona Li, Shen Zhong

How to achieve green development? A study on spatiotemporal differentiation and influence factors of green development efficiency in China

Xia Zou, Yaping Xiao,  [ ... ], Jiawei Zhang

The art of valuation: Using visual analysis to price classical paintings by Swedish Masters

Adri De Ridder, Steffen Eriksen, Bert Scholtens

Research on military-civilian collaborative innovation of science and technology based on a stochastic differential game model

Xin Liang, Yunjuan Liang, Weijia Kang, Hua Wei

Research on the dynamic changes of China’s agro-processing industry agglomeration and spatial impact of production factors on agglomeration

Hui Lu, Qing Li,  [ ... ], Yongmei Ye

The impact of collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services on carbon emission intensity: Influence mechanism and spatial effect

Yanfei Liu, Long Li, Xiaozhuang Yang

Spatial spillover effects of urban innovation on productivity growth: A case study of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Zhengtao Li, Zhixian Chai, Laihe Ren

Mexico: Determinants of the real exchange rate, 2001.01–2022.12

Eduardo Loría, Lorenzo Nalin

Connect with Us

• PLOS ONE on Twitter
• PLOS on Facebook

• Search Menu
• Advance articles
• Featured articles
• Virtual Issues
• Prize-Winning Articles
• Browse content in A - General Economics and Teaching
• Browse content in A1 - General Economics
• A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
• A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
• Browse content in B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
• Browse content in B4 - Economic Methodology
• B41 - Economic Methodology
• Browse content in C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
• Browse content in C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
• C10 - General
• C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General
• C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General
• C13 - Estimation: General
• C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
• C18 - Methodological Issues: General
• Browse content in C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables
• C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
• C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models
• C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
• Browse content in C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables
• C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
• C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
• C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models
• C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
• Browse content in C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
• C40 - General
• C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory
• C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
• Browse content in C5 - Econometric Modeling
• C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
• C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods
• C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
• Browse content in C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
• C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
• C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
• C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
• Browse content in C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
• C70 - General
• C71 - Cooperative Games
• C72 - Noncooperative Games
• C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
• C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
• Browse content in C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
• C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access
• Browse content in C9 - Design of Experiments
• C90 - General
• C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
• C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
• C93 - Field Experiments
• C99 - Other
• Browse content in D - Microeconomics
• Browse content in D0 - General
• D00 - General
• D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
• D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
• D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
• Browse content in D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics
• D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
• D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
• D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
• D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance
• D15 - Intertemporal Household Choice: Life Cycle Models and Saving
• D18 - Consumer Protection
• Browse content in D2 - Production and Organizations
• D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory
• D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
• D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
• D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity
• Browse content in D3 - Distribution
• D30 - General
• D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
• D33 - Factor Income Distribution
• Browse content in D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
• D40 - General
• D42 - Monopoly
• D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
• D44 - Auctions
• D47 - Market Design
• Browse content in D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
• D50 - General
• D52 - Incomplete Markets
• Browse content in D6 - Welfare Economics
• D60 - General
• D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
• D62 - Externalities
• D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
• D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy
• Browse content in D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
• D70 - General
• D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
• D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
• D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
• D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions
• D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
• Browse content in D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
• D80 - General
• D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
• D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design
• D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
• D84 - Expectations; Speculations
• D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
• D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
• D87 - Neuroeconomics
• D89 - Other
• Browse content in D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
• D90 - General
• D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
• D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing
• Browse content in E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
• Browse content in E0 - General
• E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
• E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
• E1 - General Aggregative Models
• Browse content in E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
• E20 - General
• E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
• E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
• E23 - Production
• E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
• E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
• E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
• E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• Browse content in E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
• E30 - General
• E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
• E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
• E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• Browse content in E4 - Money and Interest Rates
• E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
• E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
• Browse content in E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
• E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
• E52 - Monetary Policy
• E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
• Browse content in E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
• E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
• E62 - Fiscal Policy
• E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
• E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
• Browse content in F - International Economics
• Browse content in F0 - General
• F01 - Global Outlook
• F02 - International Economic Order and Integration
• Browse content in F1 - Trade
• F10 - General
• F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
• F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation
• F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
• F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade
• F15 - Economic Integration
• F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
• F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
• Browse content in F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business
• F20 - General
• F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
• F22 - International Migration
• F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business
• Browse content in F3 - International Finance
• F31 - Foreign Exchange
• F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
• F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
• F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
• F35 - Foreign Aid
• Browse content in F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
• F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
• F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
• F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
• F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
• Browse content in F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
• F50 - General
• F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
• F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
• F55 - International Institutional Arrangements
• Browse content in F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization
• F60 - General
• F61 - Microeconomic Impacts
• F66 - Labor
• F68 - Policy
• Browse content in G - Financial Economics
• Browse content in G0 - General
• G01 - Financial Crises
• Browse content in G1 - General Financial Markets
• G10 - General
• G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
• G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
• G15 - International Financial Markets
• Browse content in G2 - Financial Institutions and Services
• G20 - General
• G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
• G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
• G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
• Browse content in G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance
• G30 - General
• G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity
• G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
• G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
• G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
• Browse content in G4 - Behavioral Finance
• G41 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
• Browse content in G5 - Household Finance
• G51 - Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth
• G53 - Financial Literacy
• Browse content in H - Public Economics
• Browse content in H0 - General
• H00 - General
• Browse content in H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
• H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
• H12 - Crisis Management
• Browse content in H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
• H20 - General
• H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
• H22 - Incidence
• H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
• H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes
• H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
• H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
• Browse content in H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
• H30 - General
• H31 - Household
• Browse content in H4 - Publicly Provided Goods
• H41 - Public Goods
• H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
• H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
• Browse content in H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
• H50 - General
• H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
• H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
• H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
• H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
• H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
• H56 - National Security and War
• H57 - Procurement
• Browse content in H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
• H62 - Deficit; Surplus
• H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
• H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
• Browse content in H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
• H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
• H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
• H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions
• H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
• H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
• Browse content in H8 - Miscellaneous Issues
• H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
• Browse content in I - Health, Education, and Welfare
• Browse content in I1 - Health
• I10 - General
• I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
• I12 - Health Behavior
• I14 - Health and Inequality
• I15 - Health and Economic Development
• I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
• I19 - Other
• Browse content in I2 - Education and Research Institutions
• I20 - General
• I21 - Analysis of Education
• I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid
• I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions
• I24 - Education and Inequality
• I25 - Education and Economic Development
• I26 - Returns to Education
• I28 - Government Policy
• Browse content in I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
• I30 - General
• I31 - General Welfare
• I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
• I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
• Browse content in J - Labor and Demographic Economics
• Browse content in J0 - General
• J00 - General
• J01 - Labor Economics: General
• J08 - Labor Economics Policies
• Browse content in J1 - Demographic Economics
• J10 - General
• J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
• J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
• J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
• J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
• J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
• J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
• J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
• J18 - Public Policy
• Browse content in J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
• J20 - General
• J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
• J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
• J23 - Labor Demand
• J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
• J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
• J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
• Browse content in J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
• J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
• J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions
• J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
• Browse content in J4 - Particular Labor Markets
• J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
• J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
• J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
• J46 - Informal Labor Markets
• J47 - Coercive Labor Markets
• Browse content in J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
• J50 - General
• J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
• J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
• Browse content in J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
• J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
• J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
• J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
• J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
• J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
• J68 - Public Policy
• Browse content in J7 - Labor Discrimination
• J71 - Discrimination
• Browse content in K - Law and Economics
• Browse content in K1 - Basic Areas of Law
• K10 - General
• K12 - Contract Law
• K14 - Criminal Law
• Browse content in K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law
• K36 - Family and Personal Law
• Browse content in K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
• K40 - General
• K41 - Litigation Process
• K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
• Browse content in L - Industrial Organization
• Browse content in L0 - General
• L00 - General
• Browse content in L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
• L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
• L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
• L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
• L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
• L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
• L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
• Browse content in L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
• L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
• L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
• L26 - Entrepreneurship
• Browse content in L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
• L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship
• L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
• L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
• Browse content in L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies
• L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
• L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
• L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
• Browse content in L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy
• L51 - Economics of Regulation
• L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
• Browse content in L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing
• L60 - General
• L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
• Browse content in L8 - Industry Studies: Services
• L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
• L82 - Entertainment; Media
• L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
• L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
• Browse content in L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
• L91 - Transportation: General
• L94 - Electric Utilities
• L96 - Telecommunications
• L98 - Government Policy
• Browse content in M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics
• Browse content in M1 - Business Administration
• M10 - General
• M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation
• M13 - New Firms; Startups
• Browse content in M2 - Business Economics
• M21 - Business Economics
• Browse content in M3 - Marketing and Advertising
• M30 - General
• M31 - Marketing
• Browse content in M5 - Personnel Economics
• M50 - General
• M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
• M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
• M55 - Labor Contracting Devices
• Browse content in N - Economic History
• Browse content in N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations
• N10 - General, International, or Comparative
• N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N14 - Europe: 1913-
• N15 - Asia including Middle East
• Browse content in N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
• N20 - General, International, or Comparative
• N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
• Browse content in N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
• N30 - General, International, or Comparative
• N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N34 - Europe: 1913-
• N35 - Asia including Middle East
• Browse content in N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
• N40 - General, International, or Comparative
• N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N44 - Europe: 1913-
• N45 - Asia including Middle East
• Browse content in N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
• N50 - General, International, or Comparative
• N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N55 - Asia including Middle East
• N57 - Africa; Oceania
• Browse content in N6 - Manufacturing and Construction
• N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
• Browse content in N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
• N70 - General, International, or Comparative
• N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N75 - Asia including Middle East
• Browse content in N9 - Regional and Urban History
• N90 - General, International, or Comparative
• N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N94 - Europe: 1913-
• N95 - Asia including Middle East
• Browse content in O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
• Browse content in O1 - Economic Development
• O10 - General
• O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
• O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
• O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
• O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
• O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
• O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
• O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
• Browse content in O2 - Development Planning and Policy
• O22 - Project Analysis
• O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
• O25 - Industrial Policy
• Browse content in O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
• O30 - General
• O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
• O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
• O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
• O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
• O38 - Government Policy
• O39 - Other
• Browse content in O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
• O40 - General
• O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
• O43 - Institutions and Growth
• O44 - Environment and Growth
• O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
• Browse content in O5 - Economywide Country Studies
• O50 - General
• O52 - Europe
• O53 - Asia including Middle East
• O55 - Africa
• Browse content in P - Economic Systems
• Browse content in P0 - General
• P00 - General
• Browse content in P1 - Capitalist Systems
• P14 - Property Rights
• P16 - Political Economy
• Browse content in P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
• P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
• Browse content in P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
• P39 - Other
• Browse content in P4 - Other Economic Systems
• P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
• Browse content in P5 - Comparative Economic Systems
• P50 - General
• P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
• Browse content in Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
• Browse content in Q1 - Agriculture
• Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
• Q14 - Agricultural Finance
• Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
• Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services
• Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
• Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
• Browse content in Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation
• Q23 - Forestry
• Q28 - Government Policy
• Browse content in Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
• Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
• Q33 - Resource Booms
• Browse content in Q4 - Energy
• Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices
• Q48 - Government Policy
• Browse content in Q5 - Environmental Economics
• Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
• Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
• Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
• Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
• Q55 - Technological Innovation
• Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
• Q58 - Government Policy
• Browse content in R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
• Browse content in R1 - General Regional Economics
• R10 - General
• R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
• R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
• R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
• R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
• Browse content in R2 - Household Analysis
• R21 - Housing Demand
• R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
• Browse content in R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
• R30 - General
• R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
• Browse content in R4 - Transportation Economics
• R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
• Browse content in R5 - Regional Government Analysis
• R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
• Browse content in Z - Other Special Topics
• Browse content in Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
• Z10 - General
• Z12 - Religion
• Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification
• Z19 - Other
• Browse content in Z2 - Sports Economics
• Z20 - General
• Author Guidelines
• Submission Site
• Open Access
• Self-Archiving Policy
• About The Economic Journal
• About the Royal Economic Society
• Editorial Board
• Advertising and Corporate Services
• Journals on Oxford Academic
• Books on Oxford Academic

Article Contents

• < Previous

How Economics Became a Mathematical Science

• Article contents
• Figures & tables
• Supplementary Data

Giorgio Israel, How Economics Became a Mathematical Science, The Economic Journal , Volume 114, Issue 496, June 2004, Pages F369–F370, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00226_20.x

• Permissions Icon Permissions

The mathematisation of economics is a process that has spanned the last two centuries of history but has only recently succeeded in overcoming mistrust and hostility, even to install mathematics at the focus of economics. This book deals with the epistemological and historical problems arising out of this radical transformation of economics. It is an important book as it contributes to the development of a still young and relatively weak field of thought. In actual fact, the core of economics as a mathematical science is mathematical economics, a difficult branch of research that is highly specialised and still practised by only a small number of researchers. Moreover, a scientific discipline, in order to construct a history for itself, must possess a high level of development and be equipped with structures (academies, journals, etc.) capable of laying down that memory deposit without which no historiography is possible. In Chapter 6 of his book, Weintraub describes the difficulties involved in finding referees for one of the central articles of mathematical economics, Arrow and Debreu’s theorem of the existence of equilibrium. No better example could be found to illustrate the difficult life of frontier disciplines such as mathematical economics: in spite of the central position it has carved out for itself in economics, it is suffocated by the fact of being situated at the intersection between two ancient and authoritative disciplines. Mathematics is the oldest of all sciences and obviously has the most highly developed historiography. Also economics, although younger, has a solid historiographic tradition. Who will write the history of the mathematisation of economics? Mathematicians or economists? Whatever their attitude towards mathematisation, both are liable to contribute a unilateral view. Furthermore, the fact that the historiography of the mathematisation of economics weighs entirely on the shoulders of the two disciplines gives an idea of how non spontaneous the characteristics of the process have been and how it is the result of an operation of importation, or even of colonisation of economics by mathematics, and has not given rise to the foundation of an ex novo conceptual system.

We have dwelled on these difficulties as they reveal the scope of the undertaking of E. Roy Weintraub who boldly contributed to a historiography under construction by stepping out in the right direction: since this historiography is inevitably entrusted to the historians of the two disciplines it is inevitable that both sides tend to reason in terms of the history of their own discipline when dealing with the other. One of the main merits of the author is thus to have conceived of this book not only as an economist and economics historian but also from the point of view of the history of mathematics. As he points out in the Prologue, ‘neither economists nor historians have produced a serious and detailed analysis of the changing views of mathematicians and economists over the last century on the use, nature and meaning of mathematical economics’, and what is lacking is ‘a systematic investigation of the economics profession’s engagement, or putative engagement, with the ideas of the community of mathematicians in the twentieth century’.

The difficulty of the undertaking can be gauged from the great efforts that must be made in order to clarify the basic issues. A substantial part of the book is given over to the question of the role of the axiomatic method in economics. The author is wholly committed to eliminating a series of misinterpretations contained in the literature that can often be traced back to the confusion between Hilbert’s formalist programme and axiomatic practice. He correctly demonstrates that only axiomatics played a role in the development of mathematical economics. In actual fact, distinctions such as that between formalism and axiomatics are perfectly clear to any mathematician, even one with no expert knowledge of history, who commonly understands as the formalist programme the ‘finitistic program’ for the foundations of arithmetic‐ without running the risk of confusing it with the ‘axiomatic approach’. One wonders how many other efforts will be needed to clarify the groundlessness of widespread claims such as the one that von Neumann, starting in 1944, switched his interest to computation, turning his back on both formalisation and axiomatisation –as though in von Neumann’s thinking (and in general!) there could be a contrast between computation and axiomatics. These are but a few examples of the enormous difficulties involved in establishing common conceptual grounds in which what is evident in one disciplinary area is so also in the other. Weintraub was courageously committed to this undertaking and his contribution deserves credit for this, if for no other reason.

The book –well written and interesting to read –touches upon a vast number of topics and human figures of which it would be difficult to make an exhaustive list: the Cambridge school and Marshall, Felix Klein, Vito Volterra and Griffith Evans (to whom an entire chapter is dedicated). One important part, as we have seen, is dedicated to the influence of axiomatics in economics, and ranges from Hilbert to Bourbaki and to Debreu. One chapter is devoted to the problem of the acceptance of the theorem of the existence of economic equilibrium; another to the figure of Sidney Weintraub, the author’s father, other considerations refer to the author’s intellectual journey.

The book unfolds in a delicate balance between epistemological reflection and an approach in terms of the sociology of science, which is much more fashionable today. Whenever this second approach prevails the impression is that the analysis is weakened and occasionally declines into a form of tautological descriptivism. This impression is certainly a reflection of the preference of the present writer for an approach in terms of the history of ideas. Nevertheless, the fact that this book, even when it tends towards sociologism, still manages to communicate with those who view the facts from another point of view is further proof of the openmindedness with which it was conceived of and written and makes it a very important and constructive contribution to furthering discussion.

Email alerts

Citing articles via.

• Recommend to your Librarian

Affiliations

• Online ISSN 1468-0297
• Print ISSN 0013-0133
• Copyright © 2024 Royal Economic Society
• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Econometrics and Mathematical Economics

Since 1970, the Conference on Econometrics and Mathematical Economics (CEME) has received support from the National Science Foundation to hold a series of meetings on research issues in economic theory and methodology. Currently, CEME is supported by NSF grant SES-1757139 to the National Bureau of Economic Research, under Principal Investigators Edward Vytlacil (Yale University) and Chris Shannon (University of California, Berkeley). There are eight active seminars (five in econometrics, three in mathematical economics). Each seminar holds one meeting per calendar year, in rotating venues.

Since November 1970, sixteen different seminar groups have been formed (eight are active currently). In over four decades of operation, CEME has been successful in promoting communication between scholars in academics, business, and government, as well as students, in a series of ongoing seminars on particular topics in economics.

CEME's purpose is to stimulate discussion and research on the frontiers of econometric and economic theory, and to investigate the application of mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to empirical economics studies. It is intended to both encourage research on new topics and speed the dissemination of the latest findings by leading scholars. To this end, these meetings have been exceptionally successful, providing forums for the exchange of ideas in economic theory and methods that are not constrained by the more formal frameworks of journal publication. The channels of communication are informal and regular, allowing specialists in selected topic areas to meet regularly, at widely dispersed institutions and for longer periods than is generally possible at meetings of professional societies. Priority is often given to the presentation of work by younger scholars, who have fewer opportunities to speak to larger audiences at meetings of professional societies.

Since CEME's inception, seminar groups have produced hundreds of working papers, books, and articles in professional journals, which have been broadly circulated, making the contents of the seminars more broadly available. In addition, over the last few years all seminars have set up web sites that contain programs and links to papers. A number of collections of papers presented at CEME meetings have been published in special issues of professional journals, including the  American Economic Review ,  Bell Journal of Economics ,  International Economic Review ,  Journal of Applied Econometrics ,  Journal of Political Economy , and the  Review of Economic Studies . Over the years, the various seminars have published several volumes of collected papers; royalties from some of those volumes (on Bayesian techniques and applications) have been used to create the Savage Memorial Trust Fund, which provides annual awards for the best doctoral dissertation using Bayesian methods.

Investigators

Chris Shannon is the Richard and Lisa Steiny Professor of Economics and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. Her research interests are mathematical economics and applied mathematics.

Edward J. Vytlacil is a professor of economics at Yale University and an NBER faculty research fellow. His research focuses on econometric methods for estimating treatment effects and conducting policy evaluation using disaggregated data.

Supported by the National Science Foundation grants #1357700 and #1757139

More from nber.

In addition to working papers , the NBER disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the NBER Reporter , the NBER Digest , the Bulletin on Retirement and Disability , the Bulletin on Health , and the Bulletin on Entrepreneurship  — as well as online conference reports , video lectures , and interviews .

The influence of economic research on financial mathematics: Evidence from the last 25 years

• Published: 23 December 2021
• Volume 26 , pages 85–101, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• René Carmona 1  

1194 Accesses

2 Citations

Explore all metrics

This is an attempt to review some of the breakthroughs in economic research as they impacted the nascent field of financial mathematics over the last 25 years. Because of the prominent role of Finance and Stochastics in the definition of this emerging field, I try to view things through the lens of its published papers, and I try to stay away from financial engineering applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Diversification and portfolio theory: a review

Gilles Boevi Koumou

The effect of ETFs on financial markets: a literature review

Luca J. Liebi

Fintech: A content analysis of the finance and information systems literature

Zack Jourdan, J. Ken. Corley, … Arthur M. Tran

Throughout the paper, we use the short terminology Nobel prize in economics even though we should say The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

Achdou, Y., Han, J., Lasry, J.M., Lions, P.L., Moll, B.: Income and wealth distribution in macroeconomics: A continuous-time approach (2017). Preprint. Available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23732

Aït-Sahalia, Y., Jacod, J.: High-Frequency Financial Econometrics. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2014)

Book   MATH   Google Scholar  

Aiyagari, S.R.: Uninsured idiosyncratic risk and aggregate saving. Q. J. Econ. 109 , 659–684 (1994)

Article   Google Scholar  

Artzner, P., Delbaen, F., Eber, J.M., Heath, D.: Coherent measures of risk. Math. Finance 9 , 203–228 (1999)

Article   MathSciNet   MATH   Google Scholar  

Black, F.: The pricing of commodity contracts. J. Financ. Econ. 3 , 167–179 (1976)

Black, F., Scholes, M.: The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. J. Polit. Econ. 3 , 637–654 (1973)

Bollerslev, T.: Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. J. Econom. 31 , 307–327 (1986)

Brunnermeier, M., Sannikov, Y.: On the optimal inflation rate. Am. Econ. Rev. 106 , 484–489 (2016)

Brunnermeier, M., Sannikov, Y.: Macro, money and finance: A continuous time approach. In: Taylor, J.B., Uhlig, H. (eds.) Handbook of Macroeconomics, vol. 2, pp. 1497–1546. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2017)

Google Scholar  

Bueler, B.: Solving an equilibrium model for trade of \({\mathrm {CO}_{2}}\) emission permits. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 102 , 393–403 (1997)

Article   MATH   Google Scholar  

Campbell, J.Y., Lo, A.W., MacKinlay, A.C.: The Econometrics of Financial Markets. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1996)

MATH   Google Scholar  

Carmona, R.: Applications of mean field games in financial engineering and economic theory. In: Delarue, F. (ed.) AMS Short Course on Mean Field Games, pp. 165–220. Am. Math. Soc., Providence RI (2022)

Carmona, R., Delarue, F.: Probabilistic Theory of Mean Field Games: Vol. I, Mean Field FBSDEs, Control, and Games. Springer, Berlin (2017)

Carmona, R., Fehr, M., Hinz, J., Porchet, A.: Market design for emissions markets trading schemes. SIAM Rev. 52 , 403–452 (2010)

Carmona, R., Wang, P.: A probabilistic approach to extended finite state mean field games. Math. Oper. Res. 46 , 471–502 (2021)

Carmona, R., Wang, P.: Finite-state contract theory with a principal and a field of agents. Manag. Sci. 67 , 4725–4741 (2021)

Cox, J., Rubinstein, M.: Options Markets. Prentice Hall, New York (1985)

Cvitanić, J., Possamaï, D., Touzi, N.: Dynamic programming approach to principal–agent problems. Finance Stoch. 22 , 1–37 (2018)

Cvitanić, J., Zhang, J.: Contract Theory in Continuous-Time Models. Springer, Berlin (2013)

Décamps, J.P., Villeneuve, S.: A two-dimensional control problem arising from dynamic contracting theory. Finance Stoch. 23 , 1–28 (2019)

Diamond, D.W., Dybvig, P.H.: Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity. J. Polit. Econ. 91 , 401–419 (1983)

Duffie, D.: Dynamic Asset Pricing Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1992)

Duffie, D., Gârleanu, N.: Risk and valuation of collateralized debt obligations. Financ. Anal. J. 57 , 41–59 (2001)

Duffie, D., Pan, J.: An overview of value at risk. J. Deriv. 4 , 7–49 (1997)

Duffie, D., Singleton, K.: Modeling term structures of defaultable bonds. Rev. Financ. Stud. 12 , 687–720 (1999)

Elie, R., Mastrolia, T., Possamaï, D.: A tale of a principal and many, many agents. Math. Oper. Res. 44 , 440–467 (2019)

Engle, R.F.: Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation. Econometrica 50 , 987–1007 (1982)

Fernholz, R.: Equity portfolios generated by functions of ranked market weights. Finance Stoch. 5 , 469–486 (2001)

Föllmer, H., Leukert, P.: Quantile hedging. Finance Stoch. 3 , 251–273 (1999)

Fouque, J.P., Langsam, J.: Handbook on Systemic Risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013)

Fouque, J.P., Papanicolaou, G., Sircar, R.: Derivatives in Financial Markets with Stochastic Volatility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000)

Fouque, J.P., Papanicolaou, G., Sircar, R., Solna, K.: Multiscale Stochastic Volatility for Equity, Interest Rate, and Credit Derivatives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011)

Golosov, M., Hassler, J., Krusell, P., Tsyvinski, A.: Optimal taxes on fossil fuel in general equilibrium. Econometrica 82 , 41–88 (2014)

Granger, C.W.J.: The typical spectral shape of an economic variable. Econometrica 34 , 150–161 (1966)

Harrison, J.M., Kreps, D.M.: Martingales and arbitrage in multiperiod security markets. J. Econ. Theory 20 , 381–408 (1979)

Harrison, J.M., Pliska, S.: Martingales and stochastic integrals in the theory of continuous trading. Stoch. Process. Appl. 11 , 215–260 (1981)

Hart, O., Grossman, S.: An analysis of the principal–agent problem. Econometrica 51 , 7–46 (1983)

Hart, O., Moore, J.H.: Incomplete contracts and renegotiation. Econometrica 56 , 1–48 (1988)

Hart, O., Moore, J.H.: Contracts as reference points. Q. J. Econ. 123 , 1–48 (2008)

Haurie, A., Viguier, L.: A stochastic dynamic game of carbon emissions trading. Environ. Model. Assess. 8 , 239–248 (2003)

Heath, D., Jarrow, R., Morton, A.: Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: A new methodology for contingent claim valuation. Econometrica 60 , 77–105 (1992)

Henderson, V., Muscat, J.: Partial liquidation under reference-dependent preferences. Finance Stoch. 24 , 335–357 (2020)

Holmström, B.: Moral hazard and observability. Bell J. Econ. 10 , 74–91 (1979)

Holmström, B.: Moral hazard in teams. Bell J. Econ. 13 , 324–340 (1982)

Holmström, B., Milgrom, P.: Aggregation and linearity in the provision of inter-temporal incentives. Econometrica 55 , 303–328 (1987)

Holmström, B., Milgrom, P.: Multitask principal–agent analyses: Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design. J. Law Econ. Organ. 7 , 24–52 (1991)

Jeantheau, T.: A link between complete models with stochastic volatility and ARCH models. Finance Stoch. 8 , 111–131 (2004)

Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47 , 263–291 (1979)

Kambhu, J., Weidman, S., Krishnan, N. (eds.): New directions for understanding systemic risk: A report on a conference cosponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council (2007). Available online at https://doi.org/10.17226/11914

Krusell, P., Smith, A. Jr.: Income and wealth heterogeneity in the macroeconomy. J. Polit. Econ. 106 , 867–896 (1998)

Kühn, C., Molitor, A.: Prospective strict no-arbitrage and the fundamental theorem of asset pricing under transaction costs. Finance Stoch. 23 , 1049–1077 (2019)

Mao, T., Cai, J.: Risk measures based on the behavioural economics theory. Finance Stoch. 22 , 367–393 (2018)

Markowitz, H.M.: Portfolio selection. J. Finance 7 , 77–91 (1952)

Markowitz, H.M.: Mean–Variance Analysis in Portfolio Choice and Capital Markets. Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1987)

Merton, R.: An intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Econometrica 41 , 867–887 (1973)

Merton, R.: Theory of rational option pricing. Bell J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 4 , 141–183 (1973)

Merton, R.: Option pricing when underlying stock returns are discontinuous. J. Financ. Econ. 3 , 125–144 (1976)

Mirrlees, J.: The optimal structure of incentives and authority within an organization. Bell J. Econ. 7 , 105–131 (1976)

Article   MathSciNet   Google Scholar  

Morris, S., Shin, H.S.: Unique equilibrium in a model of self-fulfilling currency attacks. Am. Econ. Rev. 88 , 587–597 (1998)

Pagès, G., Possamaï, D.: A mathematical treatment of bank monitoring incentives. Finance Stoch. 18 , 39–73 (2014)

PERFORM: Performance-based energy resource feedback, optimization, and risk management (2020). Available online at https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/perform

Pliska, S.: A stochastic calculus model of continuous trading: Optimal portfolios. Math. Oper. Res. 11 , 371–382 (1986)

Rochet, J.C., Vives, X.: Coordination failures and the lender of last resort. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 2 , 1116–1148 (2004)

Samuelson, P.A.: The fundamental approximation theorem of portfolio analysis in terms of means, variances and higher moments. Rev. Econ. Stud. 37 , 537–542 (1970)

Samuelson, P.A., Dorfman, R., Solow, R.M.: Linear Programming and Economic Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York (1958)

Sannikov, Y.: A continuous-time version of the principal–agent problem. Rev. Econ. Stud. 75 , 957–984 (2008)

Sannikov, Y.: Contracts: The theory of dynamic principal–agent relationships and the continuous-time approach. In: Acemoglu, D. (ed.) Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Tenth World Congress, pp. 89–124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013)

Chapter   Google Scholar  

von Neumann, J.: Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele. Math. Ann. 100 , 295–320 (1928)

von Neumann, J.: On the theory of games of strategy. In: Tucker, A.W., Luce, R.D. (eds.) Contributions to the Theory of Games. 4, vol. 100, pp. 13–42 (1959)

von Neumann, J., Morgenstern, O.: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1944)

Download references

Acknowledgements

I want to personally thank Martin Schweizer for inviting me to contribute to this special issue, for accepting to let me write an opinion piece instead of a scientific review paper, and for patiently helping me turn my unstructured notes into a readable outcome.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Operations Research & Financial Engineering, Bendheim Center for Finance, Program in Applied & Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

René Carmona

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to René Carmona .

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix A: List of Nobel laureates

Table 1 gives the recipients of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel , an award which is abusively known as the Nobel in economics. We marked with an asterix those individuals cited in the text.

Appendix B: CME-MSRI prize medalists

Table 2 lists the recipients of the CME Group–MSRI Prize in Innovative Quantitative Applications . This medal is awarded to an individual or a group to recognise originality and innovation in the use of mathematical, statistical or computational methods for the study of the behaviour of markets, and more broadly of economics. As in the case of the Nobel prize, an asterisk identifies those individuals who are cited in the text. Since official citations were not available, in lieu of official reason for the award, I suggested a few words describing some of the reasons these academics are known in the financial mathematics community.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Carmona, R. The influence of economic research on financial mathematics: Evidence from the last 25 years. Finance Stoch 26 , 85–101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00780-021-00469-0

Download citation

Received : 02 December 2021

Accepted : 07 December 2021

Published : 23 December 2021

Issue Date : January 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00780-021-00469-0

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Financial mathematics
• Economic research
• Nobel prize

Mathematics Subject Classification (2020)

Jel classification.

• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

•  We're Hiring!
•  Help Center

Economics and Mathematics

• Most Cited Papers
• Most Downloaded Papers
• Newest Papers
• Save to Library
• Economic and Business Journalism Follow Following
• Internationalization Follow Following
• Mathematics and Economics Follow Following
• Economics Follow Following
• Mathematical Economics Follow Following
• History of the European Union Follow Following
• Global Marketing Follow Following
• Peacemaking Follow Following
• Mathematics Follow Following
• Business Mathematics Follow Following

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• Academia.edu Publishing
•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Comput Intell Neurosci
• v.2022; 2022

This article has been retracted.

Application of mathematical models in economic variable input and output models under the scientific visualization.

1 Research Institute for the Development of Private Economy, A New Type of Think Tank with Characteristics in Colleges and Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian, Quanzhou, China

Yisheng Liu

2 College of International Finance and Trade, Zhejiang Yuexiu University of Foreign Languages, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China

3 School of Political and Social Development, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China

Associated Data

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

At present, with the development of society and economy, some new problems have emerged continuously. Among them, the more serious problem is that enterprises pay too much attention to economic benefits, which leads to problems in the development of many enterprises. Therefore, the problem caused by too much emphasis on economic benefits is one of the major economic problems. After this problem, our country's economy began to focus on economic input and output in the subsequent development process. And, related personnel have also studied the economic input-output technology and model, which is an economic quantitative analysis method that has been widely used in various aspects of the economic field since its emergence. This paper firstly elaborates the theoretical knowledge involved, such as economic data, economic variables, and visualization techniques. Secondly it analyzes the application of scientific visualization techniques in the processing of economic variable data, which includes the techniques of preprocessing, mapping, drawing, and displaying the data. Finally, this paper investigates the application of mathematical models in economic variables input and output and the application of mathematical models in economic research, which can help us to better understand and use the knowledge of economics, thus providing strong support for solving practical problems. Also, this helps people to understand and grasp more about the macroarea, microaspect, and even the country as a whole.

1. Introduction

Beginning in the late 1970s, some foreign researchers have made in-depth discussions on visualization-related issues, such as measurement, mathematical models, and so on. Since 1980, our country began to pay attention to the fields of scientific visualization theories and methods. In addition, many countries have done a lot of research on the economic input-output model, which makes the economic input-output model more widely used in the economic development of enterprises [ 1 ]. The input-output model is mainly used for the analysis of the chain impact of product price changes, the analysis of investment-induced effects, and the analysis of industrial structure adjustment. At present, domestic scholars have not formed a systematic and effective framework to serve quantitative analysis. It is also an important problem to be solved at present to conduct a deeper research on how to establish the relationship between the input and output of a set of economic variables [ 2 ].

In summary, this paper mainly studies the following contents:

Mathematics is a highly abstract discipline that covers many fields and has a wide range of applications in economics, sociology, and psychology, among others. We can see that classifying variables from different perspectives often requires the consideration of several factors at the same time. For example, when people are faced with a problem in their lives, they choose to think about all the possible solutions to the problem before making a decision [ 3 ]. Mathematical visualization is the use of computer technology to visualize areas that do not require precise data, such as functions and probabilities. It allows us to use existing knowledge to solve practical problems more easily, quickly, and effectively. The variables involved in this process can also produce a certain degree of “backward” effect or partially offsetting effect (which is unpredictability and nonordered error) with time change, thus affecting the effect of mathematical modeling, which makes the visualization theory more comprehensive and accurate to play its proper value [ 4 , 5 ]. In this paper, we introduce some visualization variables based on previous research and then build a mathematical model and dig deeper into it.

Economic variables are important factors in explaining the production function and can generally be reflected by the ratio of a given output to income. In real life, there are usually one or more economic variables that are related to output, have some correlation, and can be expressed in different quantities. For example: when unit output value = GDP ∗ ( X 1 +  Y 0)/ y , the sales price of its product is zero; for the same linear equation, it is output per unit ×  x value. That is, each production function has more than two given quantities and another known variable, and each output value has more than two known quantities and another unknown variable [ 6 ].

Mathematical models can concretize abstract, nonquantitative problems, and in practical applications it has a profound impact on people's lives. In the traditional method, some situations are unpredictable or difficult to explain by decision makers, and this method can be used to solve them. The word “precision” first appeared in the mid-19th century. With the progress of the times and the technological revolution, the word “precision” was introduced. A mathematical model is a tool for describing, reasoning, and calculating the relationships between things and the laws arising from changes in their nature by using certain quantitative and quantifiable objects. Precise mathematical models play an important role in economic research, which can help people to simplify complex problems and solve practical problems, so it is getting more and more attention and application [ 7 , 8 ].

The application of mathematical models is mainly to solve the visualization of economic variables, and in reality, some data cannot be directly obtained, so it needs to be transformed into something that can visually reflect the essential characteristics and inner laws of things, reflect the nature of the problem, or describe things, and other functions are clearer and easier to understand and grasp the interconnection and influence relationship between the phenomena under study. This requires us to pay attention to the actual situation as well as to grasp the development trend of scientific knowledge itself. Mathematical models as an effective method can be used to solve some difficult problems in the visualization of economic variables, which are widely used in many fields [ 9 ].

Scientific visualization refers to the realization of human-computer interaction with the knowledge and information involved in the process of data acquisition, processing, and analysis through computer technology, so that people can understand and use it. Essentially, it is a way of thinking. In traditional mathematical models, only the relationship between variables and the internal structure characteristics of variables are usually studied to describe the degree of influence of random events, which ignores its internal laws and state change trends. However, modern visualization can help researchers to understand and analyze the problems, causes, and development prospects in complex systems more deeply, so visualization technology is more and more widely used in mathematical research [ 10 , 11 ].

The economic data is the basis for the construction of the visualization model. In the process of building it, it is necessary to classify the variables under study and then analyze the interrelationships and internal logical relations between these indicators. For example, for the attribute of production (output), cost of production, etc., it is a function, while for the attribute of consumer demand it is utility. These two sets of regression coefficients and test results are used to determine the level of economic development, how it determines the amount of input, and whether it grows and thus affects the rationality of the visualization modeling, which provide valid support for policy makers.

For mathematical visualization, scholars at home and abroad have carried out research from different angles and achieved some good results. These theories can be used to solve practical problems. There are many related discussions on science abroad. For example, two of the famous foreign economists Kahneman and Delphi put forward the “strategic” concept (Non-Levin); Professor James Gist of Harvard University in the United States believes that visualization is not only an information processing technology or tool, but also a source of human wisdom. The research on mathematical visualization in our country started late, and the research on visualization mainly focuses on economic variables, explanatory variables, and application fields. There is no complete system about how to apply the mathematical model to practice.

Scientific visualization refers to people's intuitive, concrete, and vivid definition of complex problems or phenomena and makes them a clear and easy-to-understand expression through visual and auditory methods. It mainly includes three aspects: the first is to make an accurate judgment on the existence of a large number of uncertain factors in the objective world; the second is to make an abstract generalization of the natural system in essence; the third is to describe the nature and various phenomena involved in the process of social development and their interrelations and interactions. The research model based on visual analysis is shown in Figure 1 .

Research model based on visual analysis.

Based on the economic study of scientific visualization, we analyze the following aspects. Firstly, mathematical modeling: In the traditional field of economics, it is usually assumed that a variable can be expressed by a simple formula; secondly, the mathematical methods are improved and refined and applied to real life, converting the data that were impossible or partially unavailable to the results that can be obtained by simply calculating a functional expression, which is called a visualization algorithm. Finally, computer-aided technology is used to combine economic indicators with other nonquantitative factors to obtain quantitative indicators [ 12 ].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. data preprocessing.

For data processing we usually use some mathematical methods, such as statistical models, image models, and so on. However, these common econometric research tools often require a large number of complex and detailed models of the sample in practice. Therefore, in this paper, we will select appropriate and reasonable information that can reflect the real situation and representative information as the essence, so as to better provide more useful information for decision makers to make accurate choices and reference data for decision making; at the same time, it can also provide more useful information for specific decision makers, so that they can make more accurate and rational choices. The block diagram of data preprocessing is shown in Figure 2 .

Data preprocessing flowchart.

In this paper, mathematical tools based on the “least squares” algorithm (SURF) and the LM heuristic algorithm are used to complete the data preprocessing process. Among them, the “least squares” algorithm (SURF) is mainly used for data correction; i.e., when there is only random error in the variables, as described in formula ( 1 ), and when there is significant error in the variables, the algorithm is described in formula ( 2 ).

One of the characteristics of display technology is the display of the amount of data that needs to be processed, especially image data. As the resolution of image capture tools increases, the amount of image data per frame increases exponentially. Therefore, the storage and transmission of data have a negative impact, which means that the capacity of internal/external memory must be expanded to increase the speed of data communication. One of the technical methods to overcome this difficulty is to use data compression technology. Traditionally, data compression technology has always been one of the main research materials in digital image processing. Data compression technology can be divided into lossless compression and lossy compression according to the degree of distortion of information after compression. And its compression time is relatively long, but when the data block is processed and compressed, it is prone to overflow. The development of scientific computing screen technology and the development of multimedia computing technology have promoted the development of data compression technology. The current data compression technology can reduce the data storage capacity, but its computational complexity is high, and it needs continuous improvement. In recent years, data compression algorithms and standardization have developed rapidly, and integrated circuits and dedicated hardware used for compression applications have become the main topics of current research. The data compression technology flowchart is shown in Figure 3 . The implementation of the data algorithm is in Algorithm 1.

Flowchart of data compression technology.

Through this article, we can understand that data compression technology can effectively expand storage capacity and accelerate the speed of data communication; now there are various data compression systems on the market. The performance metrics should include (1) minimum error density; (2) maximum variance rate as well as minimum entropy value; (3) minimum generative model; 4–6 are the missing values of metrics; i.e., the weights and maximum entropy values are selected as the measurement factors without considering the nonordered visualization.

Data compression techniques can be divided into lossless compression and lossy compression according to the degree of distortion to the information after compression. Lossless compression technique is to segment data points with certain characteristics, which is characterized by reducing the amount of information required in random measurements; it is a probability density estimation technique; this can simplify the calculation of statistics. Lossy compression is characterized by a higher compression ratio than lossless compression, but it usually causes distortion after decompression. Also, the number of variables is uncertain and the variables are closely related to each other.

According to the output distribution characteristics of the compressed information source, data compression can be divided into statistical coding and dictionary coding. Statistical compression is one of the earliest compression techniques used and it is associated with classical data compression. Vocabulary encoding is also called LZ encoding. The basic principle is to select a character string from the source output data, save each character string code as an identifier, and use the dictionary search principle to encode the compressed character string and perform character string encoding.

Data compression technology can reduce data storage capacity. The principle of data compression technology is as follows: due to some redundancy between image data, this makes data compression possible. Shannon, the founder of information theory, proposed to treat data as a combination of information and redundancy. The so-called redundancy is due to the high correlation between the pixels of the image, so many coding methods can be used to remove them, so there is no need to reduce the compressed data.

One of the characteristics of visualization technology is the display of the amount of data that needs to be processed. The application of visualization technology in mathematics is mainly reflected in, first, the integration of data and information, through the transformation of complex abstract problems into simple and clear, easy-to-understand-and-grasp features; second: the simplification of the model can be easily applied to many fields, for example, the relationship between variables in the function model and the correlation matrix representation between parameters. Third, by constructing mathematical models, data information can be combined with the actual situation, thus realizing the characteristics of high accuracy of visualization.

2.2. Mapping (Modeling)

The concept of mapping (PERT): it has the properties of fixed state, regular change, and uncertainty and satisfies the measurable characteristics; i.e., there is a certain number or correspondence between variables. When analyzing a mathematical model, it is important to understand the domain of definition and its properties [ 13 ]. For the problem we are studying, it can usually be seen as a constraint or a function to describe the existence of some connection between the state quantities; and when it comes to the actual situation that needs to calculate some specific values with definite integrals, the mapping (PERT) is used as one of the solutions, which is also an important prerequisite for the study of variables. For example, according to the mathematical function (3), the corresponding map can be drawn as shown in Figure 4 .

Function map.

2.3. Drawing

The drawing function can complete the process of converting any data into drawing data. As we all know, the principles and methods of adult computer graphics provide many rendering algorithms for display technology. Scan conversion includes hidden surface removal, light mode, shadow, transparency and shadow, texture mapping, and antialiasing technology. In general, the rendering method provided by the graphics computer can meet the needs of the rendering module in the display technology, so the research on the rendering function is not the main issue of the display technology. However, as mentioned earlier, in some new fields of display research, rendering technology can also become an important research technology, such as volume rendering technology.

Volume rendering technology is a relatively important research technology, and volume rendering technology is based on the image lighting model. The basic principle is a method based on optical diagrams. This method maps the three-dimensional data field into the basic modeling unit of the system with transparency and voxel characteristics. The system describes various light spots, colors, and other light characteristics passing through the volume data field under certain lighting conditions and uses this to represent the internal information of the data field.

In traditional visualization models, we simply describe the data, but it is not possible to visualize the problem itself. Therefore, in order to better represent the mathematical ideas and methods applied to real-life problem solving, firstly, a solid diagram can be drawn to realize the function of software technology analysis; secondly, it can be converted into images, text, and other forms in computer language and expressed to the user through the combination of graphics and text; finally, the model can be processed on the computer using visualization tools to get the final result.

According to the different rendering order, the volume rendering algorithm can be divided into the volume rendering algorithm in the order of the image space and the volume rendering algorithm in the order of the object space. There are also certain differences between the two. The volume rendering algorithm occupies the image space from each pixel on the screen and emits light according to the direction of the view. These rays pass through a three-dimensional data field, and the same sampling is performed on the rays to find the sampling point. These rays pass through a three-dimensional data field, and the same sampling is performed on the rays to find the sampling point. The volume rendering algorithm occupies the object space according to a specific projection area and projection direction. Starting from a three-dimensional data field, project all the frames onto an image plane in a certain order, calculate the contribution of each data point, and obtain the final image on the screen. The typical representative of this type of algorithm is the method of throwing snowballs.

The commonly used method in the volume rendering algorithm described in this article is the ray casting algorithm. The principle of the algorithm is to decompose complex nonsimple objects into several small units; these units are called “blocks,” that is, a basic unit. In the actual calculation, there are often some seemingly contradictory but interconnected units, and the relationship between these units is often very complex, so how to simplify the processing of these units has become one of the key issues in the visualization algorithm; the most common processing method is the local optimal solution method.

The main advantage of the ray casting method is that the use of gradients to change the boundary of the material can better reflect the normal direction of the surface of the object; using the phone model, specular reflection, diffuse reflection, and environment reflection can achieve better lighting effects, and the sampling step can be adjusted to reflect local details.

2.4. Showing

The visualization display module is a function in the visualization-based student domain statistics software to provide data processing and graphical presentation. The system consists of three main parts: (1) raw data acquisition; (2) calculation and analysis of results output; (3) attribute assignment and weighting coefficients for input variables and other operations [ 14 ].

First, all information available within the scope of the defined original element is extracted, and then this information is converted into subblocks that represent the name, nature, and type of the data object in the visual display module, as needed. The subblocks representing the names of the data objects can be converted directly into the information contained in the visual display module, or the information can be encoded and then represented in numerical or pictorial form by a computer or software for the original elements' characteristic property variables and other related relationships.

2.5. Application of Mathematical Models to Inputs and Outputs of Economic Variables

The application of mathematical models in economic modeling is very broad and complex, and it is mainly used in the calculation and analysis of macroeconomics between factors of production, between capital and labor, and in the field of microeconomics. It is particularly important to use mathematical modeling to solve practical problems in some special cases.

2.6. Mathematical Production Function Model

A production function is a mathematical description of the quantitative relationship between factor inputs, product output, and technological progress in a production process. The production function can be used to describe a company or industrial production process. When studying macroeconomic problems, the production process can also be described by considering the whole economic system as a whole enterprise. It is widely used in economic theory research, production modeling, technical progress measurement, production capacity analysis, and economic forecasting. Since 1928, when the production function was proposed by researchers, economists have paid great attention to the production function. Production function models include Cobb-Douglas production function, constant elasticity of substitution production function, variable elasticity of substitution production function, and transcendental logarithmic production function [ 15 ].

The most widely used production function is the Cobb-Douglas production function whose general form is shown in the following formula:

In the formula, Y represents output, K and L represent the input of capital and labor, A , α , and β are parameters and A  > 0, 0 <  a  < 1, 0 <  β  < 1. The Cobb-Douglas production function is generally called the C-D production function.

There are some improved forms of the Cobb-Douglas production function. One of them is the transcendental production function, whose form is shown in the following formula:

If α ′ and β ′ are equal to zero, the formula is simplified to the Cobb-Douglas production function form. Take the logarithm as shown in the following formula:

For this function, the marginal product may rise before it eventually falls. This function also allows output elasticity and substitution elasticity to vary with input changes.

The second improved form of the Cobb-Douglas production function is the Zellner-Revankar production function, whose form is shown in

Here, if c  = 0, it is simplified to the form of Cobb-Douglas production function. Take the logarithm as shown in

The third improved form of the Cobb-Douglas production function is the Nervo-Linstad production function, whose form is shown in

Here, if c  = 0, it is simplified to the form of Cobb-Douglas production function.

The fourth improved form of the Cobb-Douglas production function is the transcendental logarithmic production function, and its form is shown in

2.7. MCD Mathematical Production Function Model for Analysis of Economic Production Function

The production function is a mathematical description of the quantitative relationship between the input of production factors, product output, and technological progress in the production process. Production functions can be used to describe company or industrial production processes. When studying macroeconomic issues, the entire economic system can also be regarded as a whole enterprise to describe the production process. It is widely used in the fields of economic theory research, production model establishment, technological progress measurement, production capacity analysis, and economic forecasting. Since the production function was proposed by researchers in 1928, economists have paid great attention to the production function. Production function models include Cobb-Douglas production function, fixed substitution elastic production function, variable substitution elastic production function, and transcendental logarithmic production function.

Since its inception, the Cobb-Douglas production function has been widely studied and applied by many economists due to its excellent economic properties and easy solution. The quantitative economic model derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function has been widely used in economic theory and production practice research. With the deepening of production and technology research and development, one-sided shortcomings have gradually appeared. The academic circles have never stopped arguing about this, and research on improvements and revisions will continue [ 16 ].

First of all, some basic properties of the Cobb-Douglas production function are very related to the actual production process. If the output elasticity does not change, the factor substitution elasticity is 1. For the same research object, if the sampling interval is different, the output elasticity and factor substitution elasticity should be different. Although the research objects are the same and the sampling interval is the same, for different sample data points, because the ratio of input factors to production factors is different, the elasticity of output and the elasticity of substitution must be different.

Second, this model is limited in structure. The relationship and structure of variables in the economic system are very complex, which leads to the fact that the Cobb-Douglas production function often cannot match historical data with satisfactory accuracy in practical applications. Reason analysis shows that, with the advancement of science and technology, the innovation of production equipment, the improvement of production department functions, the improvement of production efficiency, and the diversification of products, the production process of most enterprises or industries shows the characteristics of multiple input elements and diversified structures. The entire production process of most enterprises or industries may have subproduction processes, and these subproduction processes are mutually influencing and interrelated. When scholars need to use the production function to describe the total production output of a specific company or industry and the functional relationship between capital and labor input, they often use indicators such as average production elasticity and average technological progress. It is not difficult to see from the form of the Cobb-Douglas production function that it is suitable for describing the input-output relationship that represents a single production process. It is difficult to describe the complex production structure using Cobb-Douglas production function. This requires people to develop new production functions.

In actual economic production activities, the entire production process of a company or industry with a diversified production structure consists of several subproduction units. Based on the previous discussion, coupled with the idea of additive nonparametric regression model, it is reasonable to assume that a production function showing this input-output relationship must be a combination of several basic production functions. That is, a model is a group of production subunits used to express each other's effects. Because the Cobb-Douglas production function has good economic properties, it is widely used by economists. This article assumes that a reasonable production function model should be a composite of several Cobb-Douglas production functions, expressed as

Therefore, this paper constructs a production function with the characteristics of multiple production structure, which is used to describe the input-output function relationship of a certain industry and enterprise. The specific form is shown in

It is reversed from the digital form. This article calls this type of power exponential summation production function called MCD production function (Modified Cobb-Douglas Production Function). It can not only maintain some good properties of the Cobb-Douglas production function, but also improve the fitting accuracy of the production function to historical data. At the same time, it can also reflect the diversified structural characteristics of production to a certain extent [ 17 ].

The econometric form of the MCD production function is shown in

In order to make the expression concise, suppose the Ai in the MCD production function is expressed as

The above hypothetical model ( 11 ) can be expressed as shown in the following formula:

3. Experimental Analysis and Results

3.1. input-output line model.

Suppose that the economy of a country (or region) is divided into n sectors, and each sector produces one (or one type of) product, the total of intermediate use and final use in each department, minus transfers and imports. This result is equal to the total output of the department, as shown in

Let z i = r i + p i + q i + c i + s i + d i + e i − o i − i i ; get the following formula:

The direct consumption coefficient is the core of the static input-output model. It can organically combine economic factors with technical factors, and it can combine technical factors for economic analysis. In a certain period of time, if the role of production technology and intermediate products does not change, it can be considered that aij is relatively stable. Substitute x ij  =  a ij x ij into formula ( 17 ) to obtain

3.2. Input-Output Column Model

The production input of each department is composed of three parts, namely, intermediate input, fixed asset depreciation, and initial input. From this, a balance equation can be obtained as shown in

Marked as h j = E j + w j + b j + t j + m j , then formula ( 19 ) can be changed to

Write the above formula in matrix form; get the following formula:

where H =( h 1 , h 2 ,…, h m ) T is the value-added column vector, as shown in

3.3. Revision Method of the Input-Output Direct Consumption Coefficient

The direct consumption coefficient is the basis for calculating the absolute consumption coefficient and establishing the mathematical model. The accuracy of the consumption coefficient directly affects the overall balance and quality of the plan. In order to ensure the accuracy of the direct consumption coefficient, it is important to master the quality of basic statistical data. At the same time, it is necessary to understand some factors that directly affect consumption changes before the coefficient can be corrected.

In the revision of the visual model, the variables defined in the input-output model can be directly referenced, or they can be transformed into a correction independent of the established functions and not dependent on other known information. However, this approach is flawed in practical applications. If the previous year's data is used as the reference object, the estimation results will be biased from the real situation; if the time series factors are taken into account in the next year and the next months' statistics, we get a constant that was not included in the previous calculation of the variables defined in the visualization model and therefore cannot be revised directly, but only as a variable [ 18 ].

The establishment of the input-output model should follow the following principles:

• The economic variables and GDP per capita are linearly related over a certain period of time, and their trends are basically consistent
• There is interdependence between economic phenomena and other factors for a specific unit in the field under study

The following issues should be noted when constructing a mathematical visualization and quantitative analysis framework. Firstly, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative analysis should be paid attention to when constructing the mathematical visualization model. Secondly, the mathematical model should reflect the scientific and artistic aspects as much as possible. Finally, the indicators should be selected, adjusted, and applied according to the actual situation to meet the requirements of the prudence principle.

Today the direct consumption factor method has undergone many changes and it is mainly divided into nonmathematical methods and mathematical methods. Nonmathematical methods are such as the actual survey method and the expert assessment method. There is a mathematical method: the most basic one is the RAS method.

The RAS correction method is a direct consumption coefficient correction method, which is essentially an iterative correction method. The basic assumption of the RAS correction method is that the direct consumption coefficient changes come from two aspects.

The RAS method was proposed by the researcher Richard Stone in the 1960s. This method is also known as the bilateral proportional method. The idea of this method is to use the total average annual usage as the control amount for rows, and the average total input in the target year as the control amount for columns. The intermediate input matrix lists the conditions for double reduction, full utilization of the target year, and full input in the target year. Estimates are made using conventional statistical data, which greatly reduces the cost of the input-output table.

The most basic mathematical method in the direct consumption factor method is the RAS method, which has many advantages. (1) Using RAS directly as the basic idea of the correction model can make the calculation results more intuitive and clear, and it does not require any complicated and tedious mathematical steps in practical operation. (2) The visualization method enables us to observe, analyze, and understand the data from more perspectives.

• (1) The input-output model can be used to study many important proportional relationships in the national economy, which can be used to measure issues such as production or technological progress. For example, it can study the rate of intermediate products and the rate of final products, the value composition of products in a certain department, and so on.
• (2) Study the impact of changes in each final demand on the output value of each department, labor remuneration, and social net income, for example, the increase and decrease of the military budget, the expansion and compression of the scale of infrastructure construction, and the impact of the increase and decrease of imports and exports on the national economy.
• (3) Analyze the impact of changes in wages and taxes on the prices of products in each department. △ P , △ V , and △ M are used to represent the column vectors composed of changes in prices, wages, and profits and taxes, respectively, as shown in Δ P = I − A T − 1 Δ V , Δ P = I − A T − 1 Δ M . (23)
• (4) Analyze the impact of changes in the price of a product on the prices of other products.
• (5) Conduct energy consumption analysis. Use the input-output table to calculate A and B, and further calculate the energy consumption indicators of the unit output value of the main sectors of the national economy. This is an important technical indicator, from which we can see the technical content and energy waste of products in the leading sectors of our national economy. It is helpful to find the gap and reduce the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of product.

5. Conclusions

In short, the application of scientific computing visualization technology can greatly accelerate data processing, and it can realize image communication between people and computers. It also enables scientists to guide and control the calculation process and consciously control scientific calculations so that they can run. The development of scientific computing visualization technology will further modernize scientific research equipment and the environment. It can thereby fundamentally change the diversity of scientific research, which has very important scientific significance. This paper focuses on the application of mathematical models based on scientific visualization in economic variables. The paper is divided into four major parts: theoretical part, algorithmic part, data processing part, and application part. The theoretical part mainly describes the theoretical knowledge related to scientific scientific visualization techniques, economic variables, mathematical models, etc. The algorithmic part mainly analyzes the mathematical production functions. The data processing part focuses on the use of scientific visualization techniques for economic data processing. The application part mainly describes the application of scientific visualization techniques in the analysis of economic variables and the application of mathematical model functions in the input and output models of economic variables. Through this study, we can learn that, in the process of economic development of enterprises, the level of technology, production efficiency, and capital costs have a certain influence on the direction and track of economic development, so enterprises should pay attention to various influencing factors in the process of development, so as to promote more “healthy” development of enterprises.

Processing of economic variable data.

Data Availability

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Mathematical Economics

Exam paper for first semester 2022

Date of exam

• First semester

Course code(s)

Usage metrics.

• Other education not elsewhere classified