geography essay answers 2022

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IBDP Geography Revision

Activity 1 - Where's the Geography in this? 

​Activity 2 - Key Command Terms

• Referring to : using, mentioning explicitly
• Outcome : consequence, result
• Benefits/costs : positive/negative outcomes
• Pressures/conflicts : undesirable competition
• Challenges : difficulties which may be overcome
• Social : relates to human welfare (e.g. housing, health)
• Cultural : relates to languages, customs, religions, moral codes
• Political : relates to government actions
• Demographic : relates to populations (e.g. fertility)
• Environmental : relates to the physical environment
• Issues : important and controversial results
• Trend : change over time (usually on a graph)
• Pattern : distribution in space (IE: can be mapped)
• Process : actions or changes which occur between two parts/stages
• Relationship : two-way interactions
• Global scale : the entire world
• Regional scale : large regions (e.g. Europe, Asia Pacific)
• National scale : within one country
• Local scale : immediate district or state

Activity 3 - Question Spotting 2024

​Activity 4 - How to revise

​activity 5 - revising hl content, ​activity 6 - revising sl content.

​Activity 7 -  Essay Questions

• Use the  L.I.S.T. checklist  below to ensure that you give the essay title its broadest interpretation:
• L – LOCATION (spatial context) : poor/rich countries; rural/urban areas;
• tropical/temperate; land/air/sea; marine/terrestrial/atmospheric
• I – ISSUES (factors) : positive/negative, advantages/disadvantages, costs/benefits,
• human/physical, environmental, social, cultural, demographic, political,
• economic, geographic
• S – SCALE : global, regional, international, national, sub-national, local
• T – TIME : long-term/medium-term/short-term; past/present/future; contemporary/recent/current

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Mains practice questions is now being continued in Be Mains Ready program with a dedicated syllabus coverage for Mains 2019. To join this program, click here "Be Mains Ready program"

Total Questions : 124

Q. Discuss the causes of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalayas. What measures can be taken to mitigate the risks associated with GLOFs? (250 words)

Q. Discuss the concept of carrying capacity in the context of population geography. (150 words)

Q. Globalization has significantly impacted various geographical processes. What are the geographical challenges and opportunities associated with globalization? (250 words)

Q. The Eastern and Western Ghats are two major mountain ranges in India, yet their influence on climate and agriculture differs significantly. Discuss. (150 words)

Q . Analyze the significance of inland waterways for transportation and economic development. Discuss the geographical challenges associated with navigating rivers in India. (250 words)

Q . Identify the major causes and consequences of land degradation and desertification in different regions of India. Also, suggest strategies for sustainable land management practices. (250 words)

Q. What is Marine Cloud Brightening? Discuss its potential benefits and risks in the context of mitigating climate change. (250 words)

Q. Examine the Himalayas' role as the 'Water Tower of Asia' and its impact on the regional climate and biodiversity of the Indian subcontinent. (250 words)

Q. Discuss the role of tectonic activities in shaping landforms. How do erosion and deposition contribute to the formation of various geomorphic features? (250 Words)

Q. Evaluate the extent of the groundwater crisis in India and suggest strategies to mitigate its consequences. (250 words)

Q .Examine the factors that increase the Himalayan region's susceptibility to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and suggest strategies for mitigating the associated risks. (250 words)

Q. Implementing paid menstrual leave policies worsens gender equality. Examine.(250 Words)

Q. What are the concepts behind El Niño and La Niña events? How do these phenomena impact the monsoon and air quality in India? (250 words)

Q. How do seismic shadow zones provide evidence for the existence of Earth's core? (150 Words)

Q. Critically analyze the factors influencing the location of secondary sector industries in various parts of the world. (150 Words)

Q. Examine the role of climate and agroecological zones in influencing major crop cultivation. (150 Words)

Q . From being a net food importer in the 1960's, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide Reasons. (Answer in 250 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India? (Answer in 250 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India. (Answer in 250 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas. (Answer in 250 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Why is the South-West Monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in Bhojpur Region? How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultured ethos of the region? (Answer in 150 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources? (Answer in 150 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q . How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (Answer in 150 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Discuss the consequence of Climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (150 Words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world. (150 Words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Q. Discuss the primary and secondary factors that contribute to the formation of ocean currents. How do these factors interact and influence the characteristics of ocean currents, and what are the global implications of these interactions? (250 Words)

Q. What do you understand about the "Glacial Lake Outburst Flood" (GLOF)? Discuss the causes and consequences of GLOFs in the Himalayan region? (250 Words)

Q.  Discuss the major factors that influence the distribution of temperature, precipitation, and wind on the Earth’s surface. How do these factors vary across different climatic zones? (250 words)

Q. Discuss the concept of climate change and its implications on global ecosystems and human societies. Examine the key factors contributing to climate change and suggest measures to mitigate its adverse effects. (250 words)

Q. What are the main types and causes of soil erosion in India? How does it affect the environment and the economy of India? (150 words)

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The Best IB Geography Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL

International Baccalaureate (IB)

If you're an IB Geography SL/HL student in search of some extra help, you've come to the right place. Whether you're looking for IB Geography notes for a test on a single topic or cramming for the final IB Geography papers, this guide has all the information you need.

We created this IB Geography study guide using the best free and paid online materials for IB Geography and ordered the materials following the IB Geography SL/HL syllabus .

2022 IB Exam Changes Due to COVID-19

Because of the ongoing COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the IB has decided to extend the adaptations which were put in place for 2021 to 2022. May 2022 IB assessments will have two routes, exam and non-exam, depending on which your school chooses. Currently the IB program plans to return to its usual assessment model in 2023. Stay up to date with the latest information on what this means for IB diplomas, course credit for IB classes, and more with our IB COVID-19 FAQ article .

How To Use This Article

If you want to study a specific topic, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search this article for specific IB Geography resources. For example, if you hope to read about Population change, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type in "Extreme Environments and it will bring up all of the study materials for that topic.

Unfortunately there aren’t many high quality free notes sites that reflect the curriculum changes made to IB Geography in 2019 . Because of that, we’ve compiled three types of resources to help you study: 

• Notes and Activities: The comprehensive notes are generally 2–4 pages for each individual topic, and are useful if you want a summary or need a recap. Some resources also have video explanations. Some of the notes sites listed here include free notes, while others require a paid subscription. The subscription sites we listed here are sometimes used by schools, so before paying, ask your teacher to make sure you don’t already have a subscription for free through your class! On the other hand, the practice activities we linked to are totally free.
• Case studies: These case studies for each topic are there to help you better understand that topic using specific real world examples.

If you're looking for summary material to help you study for the IB Geography papers, check out the notes with supporting video for each topic. These notes are brief and great for a quick refresher.

How To Use This Guide Throughout the School Year

Use this guide throughout the school year as a review for in-class quizzes if you need more help learning the material. You need to be mastering the topics throughout the school year and not just waiting to cram before the IB Geography papers.

The activities we list are great for practice during the year. Just click on the main link and use the menu on the right of the page to navigate to the specific topic you want to practice.

The Best Study Practices for IB Geography

Make sure you're practicing related IB Geography past paper questions as you learn each new subject. You can find free IB Geography HL and IB Geography SL past papers here . Also, if you're having difficulty understanding your in-class lesson, you should be reviewing the corresponding chapter in a textbook or this study guide.

Common Study Mistakes IB Geography Students Make

For IB Geography, there are lots of topics to master, so you can't fall behind. Common mistakes students make are:

#1: Trying to avoid the material you didn't learn in class. If you didn't understand it in class, you need to find more help whether through this article or tutoring.

#2: Only studying a week or two before the IB Geography papers. You will not be able to master all of the topics below in only a week or two (after all, the course is spread out over 1 to 2 years). Make sure you are learning the topics as they're taught to you in class, but you can use this article for support in learning the following topics. 

Part #1: Geographic Themes—60 Hours for SL, 90 Hours for HL

The IB Geography syllabus gives you seven options for study. If you're on the SL track, you'll need to master two subjects; if you're on the HL track, you'll need to master three.

Part #1: Geographic Themes

Option a: freshwater.

• Comprehensive unit guide
• Unit notes with video references
• The 2010 Pakistan Floods
• The Three Gorges Project in China
• The Nile and the Mississippi
• USA/Mexico water conflict (scroll down to bottom of the page)
• Integrated Drainage Basin Management

Option B: Oceans and Coastal Margins

• Comprehensive unit notes
• 1997/1998 El Niño
• Typhoon Haiyan case study
• South China Sea conflict (scroll down to bottom of the page)
• Bimini development case study
• Oil spills case study

Option C: Extreme Environments

• Uranium mining in Niger
• Desertification in Morocco
• Dust Bowl case study
• Soil erosion and solutions
• The Aral Sea
• Acacia Project in Senegal (scroll down to the bottom of page)

Option D: Geophysical Hazards

• Comprehensive notes
• Montserrat volcano (scroll down to the bottom of page)
• Fracking causes earthquakes (scroll down to the bottom of page)
• Unit study flashcards
• The Chernobyl disaster case study
• Unit notes with video reference s
• The 2010 Haiti earthquake
• Anchorage, Alaska earthquake case study
• Impact of climate change on vulnerable countries
• Large scale action on climate change

Option E: Leisure, Tourism, and Sport

• Leisure in China
• Leisure in the United States
• The NBA league in North America
• London Olympics 2012
• Rio Olympics 2016
• Ecotourism in Kenya

Option F: Food and Health

• Famine case study
• Global life expectancy
• Comprehensive list of case study topics

Option G: Urban Environments

• Habitat for Humanity in Manila
• Urban deindustrialization (scroll to the bottom of page)
• Infrastructure growth (scroll to the bottom of the page)
• Unit SlideShare notes
• Redlining the New Deal
• Phoenix, Arizona: The Least Sustainable City in the US

Part #2: SL and HL Core: Geographic Perspectives (Global Change) —70 Hours SL/HL

Since this is core knowledge, both SL and HL students will be tested over the following material.

Topic A: Population Distribution—Changing Population

• Unit notes with video reference
• Internal migration in Mongolia
• Population distribution in China (scroll down to bottom of page)
• Forced migration in Syria (scroll down to bottom of page)
• Life expectancy in Japan

Topic B: Global Climate — Vulnerability and Resilience

• List of potential case study topics
• How climate change affects agriculture
• Geoengineering

Topic C: Global Resource Consumption and Security

• The rise of the global middle class
• Illegal flows
• Circular economy case study

Part #3: Geographic Perspectives: Global Interactions—HL Only, 60 Hours

If you're HL, you'll also be tested over the following three topics.

Topic A: Power, Places, and Networks

• Global power players (bottom of page)
• The narcotics trade
• World's most isolated places
• Multi-governmental organizations (European Union case study)

Topic B: Human Development and Diversity

• Additional unit notes
• Cambodian indigenous minorities fight tide of development
• List of case studies with videos
• Anti-immigration movements

Topic C: Global Risks and Resilience

• Global supply chain risks
• Comprehensive list of case studies with video

Part #4: Internal Assessment: SL and HL Fieldwork—20 Hours

In order to do well on the internal assessment, students have to meet the following criteria (which we've taken directly from the IB Geography syllabus):

#1: Students must demonstrate knowledge and understanding of specified content #2: They must demonstrate application and analysis of knowledge and understanding #3: Students must demonstrate synthesis and evaluation #4: Students have to select, use, and apply a variety of appropriate skills and techniques

With that in mind, here are two study guides for internal assessments:

• This guide walks you through each step of the Internal Assessment and provides guidance on how to structure your essay and what types of data you need to collect
• This site includes sample cover pages, booklets that go over data collection, and even a PowerPoint introduction to the assignment

What's Next?

Learn more about IB Geography:

• Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official

Learn more about other IB Classes:

• Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official
• Every IB Math Studies Past Paper Available: Free and Official
• Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official
• Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official

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Geography - Higher

A big and diverse course, if you are comfortable writing essays this is a subject for you.

With seven or more essays to be written, timing is crucial in the written exam. It's really important that you keep an eye on the clock and avoid the temptation to run over time perfecting one essay at the cost of not finishing your last question. The examiner will be looking for SRPs (single relevant points) in your essay. A SRP can be described as a "single meaty statement", a sentence or paragraph with one clear and true point. At higher level, an SRP is worth 2 marks so a typical 30-mark essay will need at least 15 SRPs. The Geographical Investigation is usually submitted in April of 6th year and is worth 20% of the final grade. 

Higher Level Course Content:

• Aerial photos
• Earthquakes & Volcanoes
• Economic - Developing Economies
• Economic - Energy
• Economic - Environmental impact
• Economic - European Union
• Economic - Multinationals & Globalisation
• Elective - Economic
• Elective - Human
• Human - Population
• Human - Urban Geography
• Karst Regions
• Option - Atmosphere & Ocean
• Option - Culture & Identity
• Option - Geoecology
• Option - Global Interdependence
• Plate Tectonics
• PROJECT - Investigation
• Regions - Continental
• Regions - European
• Regions - Ireland
• Rocks, Weathering & Mass Movement
• Tables/Graphs Questions
• Urban Land uses
• Weather & Climate

Ordinary Level Course Content:

• Economic - Ireland & the EU
• Graph style questions
• Geographical Investigation Report (20%)
• Written Examination (80%)

There is one written paper for both Higher and Ordinary levels, which lasts for 2 hours and 50 minutes. There are three parts to the written paper. 

Twelve short questions where you will be marked out of your best ten. (25 mins, 80 marks)

Essay style questions where you have a choice of ONE question from three in each section. Spend no more than 30 mins on each question (80 marks).

• Section 1: Physical Geography (Q1, Q2, Q3 - Pick one)
• Section 2: Regional Geography (Q4, Q5, Q6 - Pick one)
• Section 3: Human Elective (Q7, Q8, Q9 - Pick one) OR Economic Elective (Q10, Q11, Q12 - Pick one)
• Section 4: Options (Questions 13-24) - Higher level only. You will be given 4 questions on your chosen option and you pick one. Each question will require you to write a single longer essay where you discuss three or four aspects of the theme in detail in 30 minutes (80 marks)

Geographical Investigation Report

The SEC will publish a list of topics and students will report on a geographical investigation based on one of these topics. 

Future Careers with Leaving Certificate Geography

Some Universities accept Geography as a Science subject. Future careers include; Earth Scientist, Planner, Environmental Science, and Fishing Industry.

Download the Leaving Cert Geography Syllabus

Download the Leaving Cert Geography Chief Examiner's Report (2012) 

Download the Leaving Cert Geography Guidlines for Teachers

Past Papers

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AP Human Geography

Review the free-response questions from the 2024 ap exam., exam overview.

Exam questions assess the course concepts and skills outlined in the course framework. For more information, download the  AP Human Geography Course and Exam Description  (CED).

Encourage your students to visit the  AP Human Geography student page  for exam information.

Tue, May 6, 2025

AP Human Geography Exam

Exam format.

The AP Human Geography Exam has question types and point values that will remain stable from year to year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day.

Section I: Multiple Choice

60 Questions | 1 Hour | 50% of Exam Score

• Individual questions.
• Set-based questions.
• Approximately 30%–40% of the multiple-choice questions will reference stimulus material, including maps, tables, charts, graphs, images, infographics, and/or landscapes, roughly evenly divided between quantitative and qualitative sources.

Section II: Free Response

3 Questions | 1 Hour 15 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score

• Question 1 does not include any stimuli.
• Question 2 includes 1 stimulus (data, image, or map).
• Question 3 includes 2 stimuli (data, images, and/or maps).
• At least one of the free-response questions assess students’ ability to analyze across geographic scales to explain spatial relationships.

Exam Questions and Scoring Information

Ap human geography exam questions and scoring information.

View free-response questions and scoring information from this year's exam and past exams.

Score Reporting

Ap score reports for educators.

Access your score reports.

Cambridge (CIE) O Level Geography

Tools to help you ace your exams, including: past papers, revision notes, and exam-style questions (organised by topic)

Revision Notes

• Concise & detailed revision notes for every topic
• Downloadable PDFs
• Designed for the Cambridge (CIE) O Level Geography syllabus
• See our team of creators here

Past Papers

• Past papers
• Mark schemes