how many years of phd in uk

How Long Is a PHD UK?

• Katie Baker
• September 26, 2023

For full-time students, a PhD in the UK typically takes three to four years. For PhD candidates who opt to study their doctoral research around work or other commitments, completing a PhD can take six to seven years. Thesis deadline extensions can be granted for up to four years; however, this will always be at the university’s discretion. 

Whether you want to complete your PhD in the UK full-time or part-time; it is a big commitment, which shouldn’t be taken lightly. The gratification may not be immediate, but the rewards can be lifelong when considering the professional careers that are more accessible for PhD holders, the increased earning potential and the sense of satisfaction that comes with creating unique knowledge and gaining a title only a minute fraction of the global population will only acquire.

How Long Is a PhD UK?

In addition to the average durations for part-time and full-time PhD study, there are additional time limits on how long students can be enrolled on a PhD program; this applies to students who have self-proposed their research idea and students who have been selected for a PhD program with pre-defined aims and objectives.

Full-Time and Part-Time PhDs in the UK

Typically, from start to finish, a full-time PhD in the UK will take 3 – 4 years to complete. Most full-time PhD students will spend the first three years undertaking independent research with the support of PhD supervisors, designing research methodology, collating data and analysing it. Most students will then take an additional academic year to write their thesis and sit their oral examination.

Of course, these timelines will vary with every PhD candidate. Some PhD students start their doctoral research with a solid idea of how they will approach their methodology and thesis, while others will need to go through more of a process of trial and error. Some PhD students get to the writing up stage quicker than others, writing a thesis should never be a race to the finish; doctoral research is a valuable and vital contribution to academic knowledge.

More often than not, it is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to dedicate your time and energy to research. Although, it isn’t unheard of for people to have multiple PhDs.

For part-time PhD students, researching, collecting data and outlining it concisely in your thesis typically takes twice as long. This timeframe is based on the assumption that part-time PhD students will dedicate 20 hours weekly to their doctoral research, while full-time students will, on average, spend 40 hours a week on their PhD. 

Of course, there is no clocking in or out when you are a PhD student. The vast majority of your time will be spent partaking in independent research, and there will always be periods that are busier than others. Many PhD students find that the writing-up stage is the busiest. 

How Long is a PhD for Distance Learners in the UK?

Completing a PhD by distance learning is similar to being a part-time PhD student. Many distance-learning doctoral students need six to seven years on average to finish their research, thesis, and viva. This timeframe typically boils down to how much time PhD candidates need to spend commuting to universities, which usually restricts the ability for full-time learning. 

The duration for distance learners is also highly dependent on the research in question. For example, PhD students digging into STEM research will take longer to complete their doctoral degrees – compared to those conducting research into non-STEM disciplines, such as the arts, humanities and social sciences. For non-STEM disciplines, students can conduct the majority of their research remotely, whereas STEM students will need access to labs or other equipment to carry out their experimental work. 

Does Funding Affect PhD Duration in the UK?

In an ideal world, funding wouldn’t affect how much time a PhD student can dedicate to their research and thesis. Unfortunately, for many full-time, part-time, and distance-learning PhD students, funding is a primary factor in the duration of their studying.

Typically, funding and studentships will only cover PhD students for three and a half years for full-time students, while part-time students can expect funding for seven years at a rate of half the stipend. However, this depends on the program you have applied for, and who is providing the PhD funding. 

For example, if you are a physical sciences or engineering student and your funding is being paid by the EPSRC, you will need to follow the timescale which is indicated on their length of PhD Studentship guidelines. Due to this timeframe, most students funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council aim to complete their PhD within 3.5 years. Failing to complete the PhD within the 3.5-year timeframe could incur additional fees, which need to be independently covered. 

Furthermore, several funded PhD positions and programs have additional components attached to the eligibility requirements that require PhD students to undertake duties such as undergraduate teaching, laboratory session hosting or attendance at conferences and presentations. Even though these additional conditions shouldn’t prolong the duration of your PhD to an excessive degree, they can marginally add to the time it takes to complete a PhD program. For PhD candidates with these kinds of studentships and funding agreements, it is vital to have exceptional time management skills. 

Finally, self-funded PhD students can also feel constricted by their financial situations and feel the pressure to complete a PhD quicker than students who enjoy the security of attached funding. In addition to annual tuition fees, there are other associated costs and living expenses to account for. However, this isn’t always the case; some self-funded PhD students feel free to take their time to ensure their research is as valuable as possible.

PhD Deadlines in the UK

Each university in the UK has its way of setting deadlines. However, typically, the PhD deadline for full-time and part-time students is the date by which you need to submit your final thesis. 

For most UK universities, the deadline date is four years on from the start of your doctoral degree for full-time students and seven years for part-time PhD students. The start date will be when you were registered for the PhD program. Some UK universities also opt to set a minimum period of years or adjust the timeframe around relevant integrated studies.

Can PhDs Be Completed Faster Than the Average Timeframes?

While full-time students can complete their PhDs within two years or even 12 months from enrolling on their program, it certainly isn’t something that you should realistically aim for. Completing a PhD in under three years is a significant achievement, so much so that it is rarely heard of in the UK. 

The only students who have managed to complete their PhD thesis and pass their viva are students who enrolled on a program with extensive pre-existing experience and knowledge.

It is marginally more common for part-time students to complete their PhD in under six years. This largely depends on existing experience and knowledge and which commitments you are studying around. If you are a PhD student with part-time employment, it is highly unlikely that you will have the time to complete your PhD a year sooner; attempting such an achievement could leave you at risk of burnout. Alternatively, if you are a freelancer and your workflow often permits you to dedicate more time to your PhD, it can be possible for you to allocate more time to your research and writing.

Other Factors in the Rate of Progression for PhD Students

Many international students who choose a UK university to complete their doctoral research wonder if it will take longer to complete their PhD compared to domestic students. The good news is, as an international student in the UK, there is no indicative data to dictate that your period of study will be longer. 

Similarly, students who chose direct entry into a PhD program from a bachelor’s degree instead of studying a master’s degree beforehand are often anxious that they will find it hard to keep pace with their master’s degree-holding counterparts. Again, no evidence only holding an undergraduate degree will limit the rate of progression. A PhD differs from a bachelor’s and most master’s degrees due to its independent research focus; there are no right answers or curriculums to follow. With that being said, studying a Master’s degree before a PhD could help you to get more acquainted with a speciality topic, which was only briefly introduced to you in your bachelor’s degree.

EU & US vs UK PhD Durations

UK PhD programs follow the same structure and timeframes as European PhD programs. However, there is a slight difference compared to US PhD programs, which take longer to complete, based on a 2017 study. The study revealed that it takes 5.8 years on average to complete a PhD in the US.

The average timeframe is even longer when looking at arts and humanities PhDs in the US; they typically take 7.1 years to obtain. The primary reason for this is the additional directed study requirements imposed on US PhD candidates.

Is a PhD worth it?

So, you might be asking yourself, is a PhD worth it ? Well, that’s subjective. career prospects for students upon finishing their PhD will be influenced by the nature of their research as well as their prior experiences and skills. While we can’t outline all potential job opportunities, it’s important to recognise that numerous diverse paths and organisations typically seek individuals with specialised expertise and advanced educational qualifications.

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PhD Education / Overview

Year of entry: 2024

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• Bachelor's (Honours) degree at 2:1 or above (or overseas equivalent); and
• Master's degree in a relevant subject - with an overall average of 60% or above, a minimum mark of 60% in your dissertation (or overseas equivalent)

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Application Deadlines

For consideration in internal funding competitions, you must submit your completed application by 19 January 2024.

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• For September 2024 entry: 30 June 2024

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For entry in the academic year beginning September 2024, the tuition fees are as follows:

• PhD (full-time) UK students (per annum): £6,000 International, including EU, students (per annum): £21,500
• PhD (part-time) UK students (per annum): £3,000 International, including EU, students (per annum): £10,750

Further information for EU students can be found on our dedicated EU page.

Your fees will cover the cost of your study at the University, as well as charges for registration, tuition, supervision, examinations and graduation (excluding graduation robe hire).

Payment of tuition fees will also entitle you to membership of The University of Manchester library, the Students' Union and the Athletic Union.

Scholarships/sponsorships

There are a range of scholarships, studentships and awards to support both UK and overseas postgraduate researchers, details of which can be found via the links below.

To apply University of Manchester funding, you must indicate in your application the competitions for which you wish to be considered. The deadline for most internal competitions, including School of Environment, Education and Development studentships is 19 January 2024.

All external funding competitions have a specified deadline for submitting the funding application form and a separate (earlier) deadline for submitting the online programme application form, both of which will be stated in the funding competition details below.

For more information about funding, visit our funding page to browse for scholarships, studentships and awards you may be eligible for.

• ESRC North West Social Science Doctoral Training Partnership (NWSSDTP) PhD Studentships - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• School of Environment, Education and Development Postgraduate Research Studentships 2024 Entry - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• China Scholarship Council - The University of Manchester (CSC-UoM) Joint Scholarship Programme - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Commonwealth PhD Scholarships (Least Developed Countries and Fragile States)
• President's Doctoral Scholar (PDS) Awards - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Trudeau Doctoral Scholarships 2024 Entry
• Commonwealth PhD Scholarships (High Income Countries)
• School of Environment, Education and Development Enhancing Racial Equality (SERE) Studentship - Competition Closed for 2024 Entry
• Humanities Doctoral Academy Humanitarian Scholarship 2024 Entry

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What is a PhD?

As the highest degree level achievable at university, completing a PhD shows that you've made a meaningful new contribution to your chosen research field

PhDs at a glance

• Involves three or four years of full-time study, or up to seven part time.
• Typically undertaken after achieving a Masters degree.
• Can either be funded or self-funded.
• Assessed through a written thesis and oral exam.
• Many Doctoral graduates choose to pursue an academic or research career.

What is the meaning of PhD?

The term PhD or Doctorate of Philosophy is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase 'philosophiae doctor'.

A PhD degree typically involves students independently conducting original and significant research in a specific field or subject, before producing a publication-worthy thesis.

While some Doctorates include taught components, PhD students are almost always assessed on the quality and originality of the argument presented in their independent research project.

How long is a PhD in the UK?

Full-time PhDs usually last for three or four years, while part-time PhDs can take up to six or seven. However, the thesis deadline can be extended by up to four years at the institution's discretion. Indeed, many students who enrol on three-year PhDs only finish their thesis in their fourth year.

While most PhD studentships begin in September or October, both funded and self-funded PhDs can be undertaken at any point during the year.

If you're planning on studying for a PhD abroad, take a look at our individual country profiles .

Do I need a Masters to do a PhD?

The majority of institutions require PhD candidates to possess a Masters degree , plus a Bachelors degree at 2:1 or above. However, some universities demand only the latter, while self-funded PhD students or those with significant professional experience may also be accepted with lower grades.

You may need to initially register for a one or two-year Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Master of Research (MRes) degree rather than a PhD. If you make sufficient progress, you and your work will then be 'upgraded' to a PhD programme. If not, you may be able to graduate with a Masters degree.

If you need an MPhil or MRes before enrolling on your PhD, search Masters degrees .

What does a PhD involve?

A standard PhD degree is typically split into three stages. A three-year PhD may follow this pattern:

• First year - You'll meet with your supervisor to discuss your research proposal and agree an action plan with deadlines. You'll then complete your literature review, in which you'll evaluate and critique existing works to inform the direction of your project and ensure that your research will be original.
• Second year - Your focus will shift to gathering results and developing your thesis, and potentially begin writing chapters of your thesis. You may also present your results and ideas at academic conferences, gain teaching experience, collaborate with other students on similar projects, communicate the benefits of your research to the general public through workshops, lectures and presentations, or submit work for publication in an academic journal or book.
• Third year - Primarily involves writing your thesis, though your research may still be in progress. After your supervisor gives their approval, you'll submit your thesis before undertaking a one to three-hour oral exam ( viva voce ) in which you'll discuss and defend your thesis in the presence of at least one internal and external examiner.

How do I find a PhD?

As a PhD is different to other degrees, you're committing to more than simply an advanced qualification. You've chosen to engage in a large-scale independent research project and so you'll need to take into account a range of factors that will drive your search.

A methodical approach to the process is required and you'll need to consider the subject you're interested in carrying out research in and the type of Doctorate you're looking for, making sure this is the right project for you. Only when you're fully prepared and have a good idea of your research proposal should you search for PhD opportunities .

What other types of Doctorate are there?

Alternative types of PhD include:

• Higher Doctorate - These are usually granted on the recommendation of a committee of internal and external examiners, which assesses a portfolio of published, peer-reviewed research you've undertaken over the course of many years. This type of Doctorate is usually for those with several years of academic experience. Common award titles include the Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), Doctor of Divinity (DD), Doctor of Literature/Letters (DLit/DLitt/LitD/LittD), Doctor of Music (DMus/MusD), Doctor of Science (DS/SD/DSc/ScD) and Doctor of Law (LLD).
• Integrated/New Route PhD - This four-year PhD course is offered by over 30 universities and involves taking a one-year MRes before studying a three-year PhD. It combines taught elements with independent research, allowing students to learn different methodologies while building their transferable skills.
• Professional Doctorate - Geared towards students of vocational subjects such as medicine, education and engineering, professional Doctorates are focused on teaching and so normally involve smaller research projects and thesis component. They're often favoured by those aiming for a career outside of academia and are usually supported by employers.

How much does a PhD cost?

Tuition fees vary, but usually fall between £3,000 and £6,000 per year for UK students and those from the European Union (EU) with settled status. UK Research Councils pay universities £4,596 per year (from 2022/23) on behalf of each funded PhD student, so this gives a good indication of the average figure.

For EU students looking to pursue a Doctorate in 2022/23, you'll need to have gained settled or pre-settled status to be eligible for student finance - see PhD loans .

Non-EU students may pay considerably more for their tuition fees.

Despite this, many PhD students are now part or fully funded - scholarships and bursaries are widely available, and particular attention should be paid to Research Council grants .

PhD studentships and assistantships involving a mixture of research and teaching are also common, with scientific studentships usually paid at a higher rate.

How do I apply for a PhD?

Some students propose their own research area and apply for funding, while in some cases a supervisor may already have funding for a project and advertise it like a job. When making a PhD application, you'll typically be asked to submit:

• an academic CV
• your academic transcripts
• two or three academic references
• a personal statement
• a research proposal.

International students without settled UK status looking to study certain courses in medicine, mathematics, engineering and material sciences are required to comply with the Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS) . This involves undergoing a security clearance process with the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. International students may also have to prove their English proficiency.

What can I do next?

Your ability to critically analyse, display intellectual maturity, and research independently and honestly is highly valued within academia and the workplace.

Many students who undertake a PhD get an academic job or become an industry researcher, possibly following the PhD with postdoctoral study, then a fellowship or lectureship.

Other career options will depend on your study area.

Discover what a PhD degree can lead to at your PhD, what next?

Find out more

• Consider your PhD options at 5 routes to getting a Doctorate .
• Get help with choosing your PhD supervisor .
• Explore funding postgraduate study .

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PhD programme structure

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is expected to take three years full-time or six years part-time.

At Moray House, w e offer a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) taken three years full-time or six years part-time. The first full-time year of the PhD degree is probationary and progress to year two is subject to satisfactory progress and passing the first-year progression board.

All research degrees culminate in the submission of a thesis.  The PhD thesis should be up to 100,000 words.

You may start your studies with us either on the 1st October or the 1st January of a year.

There are no compulsory courses or modules on research degrees as these programmes are purely research degrees.

There are several School and University seminars and training courses available for research students, as well as a large number of postgraduate courses that students may audit if they wish. You will be encouraged to attend such courses when appropriate during your studies as part of your skill development, following discussions with your supervisor(s).

Research supervision

As a research student, you will be supported by supervisors with strong skills and expertise in the areas of your research. For the PhD programme, you will be supported by at least two supervisors.

Supervisors and their areas of expertise

Skill development

You will have the opportunity to develop your presentation skills, and practice presenting your research to fellow students and staff at regular monthly sessions organised by the School. 

You will have several opportunities for optional training and development throughout your studies. Research students are encouraged to attend and actively engage with the activities of one or more research cluster, which include seminars, meetings and workshops.

Research expertise

With over 250 research staff and students, we have a vibrant and expanding research community with a broad portfolio of academic disciplines gathered within seven broad research themes with permeable boundaries. The expert research at Moray House School of Education and Sport is organised into these thematic hubs:

• Advanced Quantitative Research in Education
• Children and Young People
• Digital Education
• Language, Interculturality and Literacies
• Social Justice and Inclusion
• Sport-Related Research
• Teacher Education, Curriculum and Pedagogy

Research & Knowledge Exchange at Moray House  

PhD by Distance option

Our PhD by Distance route allows students who are unable to commit to basing themselves in Edinburgh to study for a PhD in the fields of Education and Sport from their home country or city. 

The PhD by Distance is not intended to be an online learning programme. It is a PhD which you have chosen to study at a distance, having taken into account the challenges around access to resources that this may involve. It is available to suitably qualified applicants in the same areas as our on-campus programmes.

Students enrolled on this programme will be expected to come to Edinburgh at least once per year of study to meet with their supervisor(s). The length and timing of these visits are negotiable but students should expect to spend at least two weeks at the University of Edinburgh during each year of study. This could be for the annual review process, or to attend research training courses. It is also expected that PhD by Distance students will come to Edinburgh for their oral examination (viva voce).

PhD by Distance students will receive the same level of academic support from their supervisory team as on-campus students. The frequency with which students will meet with their supervisors and method of communication for supervision sessions will be provisionally agreed at the point of application and confirmed during induction. You will be expected to attend at least one face-to-face supervision session each year, with additional meetings and regular communication.

Further detail on the University's Code of Practice for Supervisors and Research Students

Please be aware that some funding bodies do not permit students to study by distance. For example, both ESRC and AHRC regulations currently state that students must live within the same area as the Institution where they are studying.

Applying to study for a PhD by Distance

The entry requirements for the PhD by Distance are the same as for the School’s on-campus programmes.  

In addition, applicants wishing to study by Distance must complete and submit the following form with their PhD application.

Applicants should provide information about any previous experience of distance study, together with a statement detailing the potential risks and characteristics of distance learning. Experience of studying at a distance is desirable; however, this is not a specific requirement for admission. It is important that applicants demonstrate an awareness of the challenges of this mode of study. 

Applicants must provide details of the access they will have to research facilities at their usual site of study and whether a local advisor is proposed. Applications to the PhD by Distance will only be accepted if applicants have access to local University-standard library facilities and to the internet.

Applicants will also be required to discuss and complete a provisional study plan in consultation with their proposed principal supervisor as part of the admissions process.

International students wishing to study part-time will be considered for this Distance programme.

There is no guarantee that a request to study at distance will be granted where an offer to study on-campus might be made.

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8 big differences between the US and UK PhD experience

And one important similarity. 

Helen Robertson

Credit: Malte Mueller/Getty

And one important similarity.

11 March 2020

Malte Mueller/Getty

In 2019, I took a risk by moving halfway around the world as a postdoctoral researcher in molecular evolution.

Since then, I’ve been struck by how different the grad school experience is here at the University of Chicago in the US, compared with my time at the University College London in the UK, where I completed my PhD in 2017.

Here’s what I’ve noticed:

1. UK grad school interviews are shorter and more lab-specific

In the UK, you’re likely to apply directly to a lab for an advertised project or one that you develop with your supervisor.

In the US, the application process is more centralized. You usually apply to a school instead of a lab. Some programs even require you to take a standardized Graduate Entry Program test, though this seems to be on the decline .

Grad school interviews in the US tend to be longer. They can involve a series of interviews, tours, and faculty events over a number of days.

2. In the US, a work-life balance is harder to achieve

I’ve been surprised by how all-encompassing a US doctorate can be. Even after the first year of teaching, the number of seminars, journal clubs, and university-related activities make the US PhD experience very grad school-centric.

I was fortunate during my UK-based PhD to approach it more like a full-time job than a continuation of my masters year. There were intense periods that required late nights in the lab, but I had time to pursue other interests , which provided some balance and made me more productive at work.

Of course, it’s difficult to generalize about working patterns. Demanding schedules are not wholly dictated by the country you’re studying in. A recent study found that 76% of surveyed grad students spent more than 41 hours a week on their project.

3. It takes longer to complete a PhD in the US

Probably the best-known difference is the time it takes to complete a PhD.

UK PhD programs tend towards three years in length, although it’s increasingly getting closer to four years – a trend that might soon be reflected in funding arrangements .

It’s a different story in the US, where, according to the Survey of Earned Doctorates , students take an average of 5.7 years to graduate.

4. UK PhD fees tend to be lower

Fees err on the more expensive side in the US, as they do for undergraduate degrees – although this isn’t always true for international students.

US PhD fees, coupled with the longer study time, means that the costs associated with grad school are generally higher than in the UK, even before living costs are considered.

If you have a funding body attached to your project, it will likely pay your tuition fees as part of its finance package. But this flags a major difference between the two countries: funding and scholarships.

5. Many US students need to apply for their own funding

From my understanding, most advertised science-based PhD projects in the UK are attached to funding, which covers tuition fees, bench costs, and living expenses. The tax-free PhD stipend set by all UK Research Councils is £15,285 (approximately US$20,000), although other funding bodies pay more.

In the US, there is no national funding level – your level of financial support will be dictated by your school or lab. This means there is generally much more encouragement for US PhD students to apply for their own funding than there is in the UK.

This is good experience for a future scientific career, but if you have to work additional hours to supplement scholarships, you’ll ultimately end up with less time for your project.

6. US PhD programs are more structured

This is particularly true in the first year for US PhDs, which includes lectures, exams, and lab rotations. Only at the end of the first year, after passing your qualifying exam, do you have the opportunity to pick the lab you’re going to pursue your PhD research in.

In the UK, I started in the lab that I spent the duration of my studies in. This meant no structured classes or rotations in my first year, and I began my own research right away.

PhDs that are run through a Doctoral Training Centre (DTC) – centres that manage the Research Council-funded PhD degrees – are increasingly popular in the UK, and include classes and rotations during the first year, but often without the frequent exams and coursework that characterize grad school in the US.

7. There is more focus on defending your thesis in the UK

Writing my thesis was the final hurdle of my UK PhD experience. It gave me the opportunity to document my ideas, successes (and failures), and the context of my project. I defended my thesis in a closed session with two examiners: one internal to my institution, and one external.

From what I’ve seen, finishing a doctorate in the US is less focused on a thesis. Instead, your committee determines that you have completed sufficient work and skill attainment to warrant your defense. Only then can you write your thesis, and defend it in a public session.

In the UK, it’s unlikely you’ll know your examiners well, but a US PhD defense is assessed by the same thesis committee that have known you for the duration of your studies.

8. Teaching is an added bonus in the UK

My UK PhD funding set no teaching requirements: instead, I was free to teach labs and mark coursework at the discretion of my supervisor. And I was paid for any teaching hours I did.

Teaching requirements in the US vary from school to school. For some students, working as a teaching assistant is necessary to pay fees and living expenses – particularly if you don’t have comprehensive funding.

There might also be minimum teaching requirements for the duration of your PhD in the US. In this respect, the time commitment and financial compensation of teaching is very institution-specific.

One important similarity: The lab you join will determine your experience

Despite the differences in structure and requirements between UK and US PhDs, one thing that is common to them all is that, ultimately, your PhD is going to be shaped by the lab you decide to join.

If have a positive working environment and appropriate guidance and support from your supervisor, and you’re interested in and motivated by your thesis topic, then your grad school experience will likely be rewarding.

And that’s true regardless of the country you’re studying in.

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Study PhD in UK: Complete Guide for International Students

“How to pursue a Ph.D. in the UK?” is a common question asked by International students.

Are you one of them, exploring the prospects of pursuing a Ph.D. in the UK in 2024? Then look no further! The UK boasts renowned research-intensive universities with exceptional infrastructure, offering fully funded Ph.D. opportunities to international students. Whether you're aiming for a comprehensive guide on Ph.D. courses, universities, costs, or the prerequisites to embark on this academic journey, we've got you covered! Delve into the details and insights to discover more about pursuing a Ph.D. in the UK.

If you are looking for Ph.D. opportunities in the UK, Yocket is here to guide you through everything. And by everything, we mean - cost breakdowns to admission requirements, university shortlisting to visa interviews. Explore the comprehensive guide you need for your academic aspirations in 2024. For personalized assistance, connect with Yocket counselors right now!

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Embarking on a Ph.D. journey in the UK means diving into an immersive research experience that combines top-tier academic standards with industrial partnerships. Generally spanning three years, the UK's Ph.D. programs culminate with a thesis submission, often completed 12 months before the official program conclusion. While individual universities may tailor their programs, the key advantages of pursuing a Ph.D. in the UK are significant and multifaceted:

Making decisions about shortlisting universities for your Ph.D. can be quite a challenge, but worry not, we're here to simplify the process for you! Whether you're swaying between a "Yes," "No," or "Maybe," our experts can guide you through this critical phase of your academic journey, offering personalized advice to help you find the perfect match among the top Ph.D. programs in the UK

Why Study PhD in the UK?

The decision to pursue a Ph.D. in a UK university carries substantial benefits and opportunities, making it a highly favored destination for international students, especially for those from India. Let's dive into the reasons that make the UK an ideal choice for a doctoral degree:

• Academic Excellence: With over 10 universities in the top 100 worldwide, the UK is a prestigious hub for academic excellence, offering superior research facilities and quality education.
• Supportive Government Initiatives: The UK government's introduction of a 3-year post-study work visa and extended studentships for international researchers seeking Ph.D. is a promising development that supports and encourages global scholars.
• Cultural Diversity: Engaging in a Ph.D. program in the UK grants students the chance to immerse themselves in a rich and diverse cultural milieu, creating an enriching and vibrant academic experience.
• Vast Career Opportunities: Upon completing a Ph.D. from globally recognized universities in the UK, students gain access to a wide array of career prospects, spanning commercial research, academic pursuits, and business-oriented roles.

The UK stands as a beacon of academic brilliance, offering a wealth of possibilities for international scholars, making it an ideal choice for those seeking to excel in their doctoral pursuits.

What are the Job Opportunities after Studying in UK?

Further, let’s check the top PhD courses in UK through this infographic.

Moving on, here is a quick look at the types of PhDs a student can pursue in UK.

Types of PhD Programs in UK

Exploring the types of Ph.D. programs in the UK opens up a range of options for international students seeking advanced research and academic pursuits:

• Standard Ph.D.: This foundational type involves the student proposing, conducting, and documenting research in the form of a thesis. It's widely available across many UK universities.
• Integrated Ph.D.: Combining a one-year Master of Research (MRes) with a subsequent three-year standard Ph.D., the Integrated Ph.D. offers students numerous educational prospects and is offered in over 30 UK universities.
• Professional Ph.D.: Geared towards providing extensive employment opportunities, the professional Ph.D., primarily in engineering, science, and medical fields, is highly sought after by international students.
• Distance Learning Ph.D.: Tailored for part-time or busy international students, this program accommodates flexible schedules and can typically be completed within 5-6 years.
• Ph.D. by Publication: This unique Ph.D. type is often available to a university's alumni, enabling students to submit their own published works or articles, with word counts ranging between 5,000-20,000 each.

To embark on a Ph.D. journey in the UK, international students must meet specific admission criteria, which vary among institutions. Understanding these requirements is crucial for a successful application.

Best Masters Universities in UK!

Eligibility and Admission Requirements to Study PhD in the UK

What is the Ph.D. eligibility in the UK? The admission requirements for a Ph.D. in the UK for Indian students differ between the universities and the course you wish to pursue. Let us check out the basic requirements to apply at Ph.D. universities in the UK:

• A master's degree
• Research proposal
• English proficiency test scores
• Additional documents like SOPs , LORs , and CV /Resume.

Let us now talk about these Ph.D. requirements UK briefly!

Phd In London

Masters Degree and Academic Transcripts

The most basic requirement to apply for a Ph.D. in the UK is to have a master's degree in a related field, with academic transcripts for each level of study. Some universities may ask for only a bachelor's degree, which entirely depends on a case-by-case basis.

Research Proposal

A research proposal is a document that is asked by a majority of universities admitting students for their Ph.D. programs. A research proposal should have the topic you wish to research, the intention of the research, and a plan on how the research would be conducted.

English Proficiency Test Scores

It is essential for you, as an international student, to have English proficiency proof in terms of IELTS , TOEFL , PTE , or other tests. The minimum IELTS requirement for a Ph.D. in the UK for Indian students is a score of 7.0 or above.

Additional Documents

Additional documents like the statement of purpose, work experience, and recommendation letters will add more value to your overall application.

Find out the Difference Between IELTS and TOEFL

Now that you are aware of the requirements, let us take a quick look at the application process for Ph.D. in the UK.

Application Process for PhD in UK

How to apply for a Ph.D. in the UK? The application process for Ph.D. admission in the UK is quite simple to pursue. Here is a quick look at the steps you need to follow:

• Choose your discipline and a university to start your research in the UK.
• Submit the application form along with the application fee.
• Submit all the required documents and requirements asked by the particular university.
• Create a research proposal to be submitted along with all the documents.
• Find a supervisor to start your doctoral degree.
• Apply for a scholarship or financial aid, if available at the university.
• Wait for the admission decision.

How to Create an SOP for PhD?

Another important factor that impacts your decision to study abroad is Ph.D. fees in UK. So, let us briefly take a look at the cost of studying for and Ph.D. Scholarships UK.

Cost of Purusing PhD in the UK

The cost of pursuing a Ph.D. in the UK varies for domestic, EU, and international students. The annual cost for Domestic or EU students generally comes around £6,000 (INR 5,30,964) , while for international students it is typically between £16,000 (14,15,904)to £24,000 (INR 21,23,856) per year .

In addition to tuition fees, students need to account for living expenses . On average, monthly living costs for students in the UK fall within the range of £1,100 (INR 97,343) to £1,300 (1,15,042). The actual expenses fluctuate based on individual lifestyle choices and the city of residence.

Breakdown of the Cost of Living in UK for International Students

For international students, scholarships, bursaries, and studentships are common forms of financial assistance provided by various UK universities. These financial aids significantly ease the financial load for students pursuing Ph.D. programs in the UK.

Scholarships to Study PhD in UK for International Students

To assist Indian students aiming for a Ph.D. in the UK, numerous scholarships are available. These scholarships play a pivotal role in supporting their academic endeavors and minimizing the financial burden. Our compiled list encompasses these prestigious scholarship opportunities, empowering students with crucial financial aid options

All-about Scholarships for International Students in UK!

Now that we have all the details regarding studying Ph.D. in the UK, let us take a look at the top universities in the UK for the program.

Top 5 Universities in UK for Ph.D.

The UK, being a nation known for its high standards in the field of research, is very much preferred by international students. Most of the Ph.D. universities in the UK are renowned for their research outputs. We have curated a list of the top Ph.D. universities for you below:

• University of Oxford
• University of Cambridge
• Imperial College London
• University College London
• University of Edinburgh

Let us check out the details about these universities:

1. University of Oxford

The University of Oxford has received innumerable accolades for various parameters in groundbreaking research, innovation, and academic excellence. The university provides international students willing to pursue a Ph.D. in the UK with an environment that is extremely beneficial and highly valuable across nations.

2. University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge is known for its research practices around the globe. The majority of international applicants receive Ph.D. scholarships in the UK through the University of Cambridge. Besides, this university also offers funded research projects to international students.

3. Imperial College London

The Imperial College London is known to focus exclusively on subjects like sciences, business, medicine, and engineering. Having research impact as the top priority since 1907, Imperial College London should be one of your top choices for a fully funded Ph.D. in the UK for international students.

Ph.D. Universities in the UK

4. University College London

Greatest industrial contacts, excellent collaborations, partnerships with nations across the world, and top-class research infrastructure is what sums up my Ph.D. at University College London . Home to more than 20,000 graduate students from around 150 countries, UCL is also known internationally for its employment opportunities after research.

5. University of Edinburgh

University of Edinburgh is ranked 4th in UK for research and is one of the best universities offering several fully funded Ph.D. UK programs. With various partnerships across the globe, it offers numerous career opportunities for students completing their Ph.D... Students can opt for a pre-defined Ph.D. project or develop their own research idea.

Chevening Scholarships in UK 2024!

Studying at these top universities in UK will ensure that you have a promising future. Let us take a look at the career opportunities after a Ph.D. in the UK.

Career Opportunities after Pursuing PhD in the UK

Though the Ph.D. cost UK is quite high, so are the returns. Ph.D. graduates from the UK are seen performing commercial research post-graduation in various fields like education, science, technology, medicine, and others. Students are also seen working in the private sector performing research for business organisations, apart from working for academia or pursuing even higher research.

For a better understanding of what careers post Ph.D. in UK look like, we have tabulated the salaries for various Ph.D. job profiles below:

The United Kingdom, with an average salary of £49,825 (INR 44,09,213) , remains a premier destination for pursuing a Ph.D. Its allure isn't solely based on the promising financial returns but also on the accessibility of numerous scholarships for international students. The UK consistently stands at the pinnacle of choices for those seeking a rewarding academic future. For additional guidance and personalized support on your study abroad journey, our counselors are available through Yocket premium subscription – ensuring you're equipped with the best resources for your educational endeavors.

: How to Obtain a Post-study Work Permit in UK?

From the Desk of Yocket

For international students aspiring to pursue a Ph.D. in the UK, navigating the educational landscape and requirements can be complex. At Yocket, we've meticulously crafted a comprehensive guide to assist students in understanding the intricacies of pursuing a Ph.D. in the UK. Our aim is to provide valuable insights into the UK's educational system, requirements, and potential opportunities for international students. This guide is tailored to support and assist students in making well-informed decisions throughout their Ph.D. journey in the UK.

Embarking on your Ph.D. journey in the UK? It's not too late for 2024. Dive into our comprehensive guide, tailored for international students aiming for a successful Ph.D. in the UK. Apply with Yocket now to secure your spot for 2024 and seize invaluable insights on academic requirements, opportunities, and more. Trust Yocket to be your guiding light through this crucial academic pursuit and set the stage for your Ph.D. aspirations in the UK.

Frequently Asked Questions about PhD in UK

Which are the top universities for PhD in UK?

The top universities for PhD in UK are: 1) University of Oxford 2) Imperial College London 3) University College London

How much does a PhD in UK cost?

PhD in the UK costs in the range of £15,000 to £20,000 per annum on an average for international students.

Is it easy to get a job after pursuing a PhD in UK?

Yes! PhD graduates can very easily grab an average salary of £49,825 per annum post graduation.

What are the popular courses to pursue PhD in UK?

The most popular courses are clinical psychology, physics, mathematics, immunology, and medicine.

What is the minimum average grade requirement for masters to pursue PhD in UK?

The minimum score a student must achieve to pursue PhD in UK is 60% in both taught course units and dissertation.

Rohan Deshmukh

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Is PhD for me

What are the requirements for PhD in UK? A guide

Here are the minimum requirements you need to provide while applying for a PhD in the UK as an international PhD student

• A 2:1 grade or an equivalent grade in your previous degree. Most likely the Master’s degree as well as your undergraduate diploma.
• A minimum of 7 Band score on IELTS or equivalent on other tests.
• Some research understanding.
• A persuasive research proposal.

However, I found that these minimum requirements are just a benchmark, considering the competition in the UK and you as an international PhD student you may need to stand out from the crowd on many of these attributes of your application.

• What are the requirements for a PhD in UK for international students?

Table of Contents

1. what qualifications do you need for a phd in the uk, 2. what are the minimum english language requirements for a phd in the uk, 3. how important is a phd research proposal in the uk phd application, 4. what is the role of a personal statement in uk phd application, 5. what role do references play in my phd admission to the uk, 6. what is the importance of a phd interview in the uk, 7. how much research experience is needed for a phd in the uk, 8. how do you write a cv for phd in the uk, 9. why are phd applications rejected in the uk, faqs: what are the requirements for phd in the uk.

Yes, you can apply to an integrated PhD program in the UK with only a bachelor’s degree. However, considering the competition and high expectations of PhD programs. If you are an international student you most likely need a master’s or a master’s by research to get into a PhD in the UK.

The qualifications for a PhD might differ depending on what kind of PhD you are applying for

• PhD by thesis. A PhD with funding attached for 3 years requires you to produce an original thesis under the supervision of a supervisor. This type of PhD is most common in the UK.
• Integrated PhD. Recently, more and more universities are offering this type of PhD under the funding of UKRI (UK research and innovation) to offer an integrated PhD. This type of PhD is offered as a standard 4 years expected graduation format with a master by research at the start.

a) Do You Need A Masters To Get A PhD UK?

Yes, you need a master’s with a research component to secure a PhD position in the UK. A regular PhD with 3-4 years of funding limit requires your familiarity with the research in your subject area.

A master’s in a relevant field with a research-heavy focus can help you stand out in competitive PhD hiring in the UK . On the other hand, if you are applying for an integrated Master + PhD program you can apply with a bachelor’s only.

b) What is an integrated PhD program in the UK?

An integrated PhD program accepts PhD applicants with only undergraduate degrees. It usually requires you to complete a one-year master’s by research before PhD training. 

If you show your potential in that year or training period with higher grades and superior research abilities then you are promoted to the PhD by thesis part of the program.

A master’s by research period may or may not be funded. However, it is a good option if you want to test the waters that a PhD and a research path are really what you want for your career.

c) What if I have different qualifications?

If you have other qualifications such as Postgraduate diplomas (PGDip) and certificates (PGCert) or any other postgraduate qualification which may not have a research training component then you may need to apply for a research master’s or an integrated PhD program. 

The reason is UK PhD supervisors are really in for anybody who has some research training and experience. This makes their work easier because, in contrast to the US, you are expected to start working on your PhD project right from the first day.

d) What if I have a Master’s with a research component but in a different field?

If you already have a master’s by research or an MS/ MPhil degree. This may mean you are already familiar with research work. There are two possibilities from here

• Relevant Master. If your Master’s by research subject area is related to your prospective PhD subject area. This means you are much more likely to get accepted into a PhD program in the UK based on your current master’s qualification.
• A master’s is not very relevant. If your Master’s is not much relevant to the intended PhD subject area then you may need to discuss this with your prospective PhD supervisor. This is because the situation may vary on a case-by-case basis. Usually in such a case you are advised to pursue other relevant masters in the intended subject area.

e) What Master’s grades are good enough for a PhD in the UK?

The minimum requirements for a UK PhD by thesis (3-year PhD) vary depending on your intended university and the country where you achieved your most recent qualification. 

The reasons behind these differences are different grading schemes and degree requirements in different countries. However, as a general mark, your grades in masters should be higher than distinction: A final grade of 70% or higher.

Here you can get a general idea about country-specific information on Master / postgraduate grades required for a UK PhD by thesis program.

f) What undergraduate grades are good enough for a PhD in the UK?

The minimum requirements for an integrated UK PhD program (1 yr of research master + 3 yrs of PhD research) may vary from one university to another. However, as a general mark, your undergraduate degree (or first degree outside of the UK ) should provide higher scores than a UK upper second-class (2:1), higher than 70% marks, or a GPA of 3.5 on a scale of 4.

Recommended Read: This detailed guide on international degree equivalences by Royal Holloway, University of London is the best if you really want to know what your GPA is equivalent to and how top universities in the UK will likely perceive your grades.

g) W ill a good master’s degree GPA compensate for a bad undergraduate GPA?

A first-class master’s CGPA can overcome an average undergraduate CGPA. This is because PhD hiring committees always prefer your master’s performance over previous education. The reasons for giving more weightage to master’s grades are obvious. 

• Master’s taught courses are much similar to what is needed for a PhD.
• A master by research had already evaluated your research skills and understanding.
• You already worked under a thesis supervisor while doing a Master’s thesis.

When it comes to previous academic performance around 29% of UK PhD supervisors mentioned the importance of a relevant Master’s, while one-fifth (20%) of them also indicated that they value the relevance and grades of an undergraduate degree.

h) Do only grades and GPA matter for a PhD in the UK?

Don’t worry if you have lower grades than demanded by the university program. You won’t be rejected from a PhD in the UK on the basis of a single criterion. In fact, there are several things top UK universities look forward to in your PhD application .

There are many cases where a lower GPA applicant is accepted into a PhD position in the UK due to many other outstanding characteristics such as research ability and experience.

There can also be significant complexity and variability within any national system of higher education which can affect how a particular grade is considered, e.g. differences in grading between institutions. General guidance on international qualifications -University of Oxford

Recommended Read: When are you too old for a PhD?

i) How can I increase my chances of a PhD acceptance even with lower grades?

If you have lower grades in your previous qualifications and you still think the PhD is really crucial for your career goals you can increase your chances of getting accepted by shining in other areas of your PhD application. These areas can be

• Convincing the professors. Professors are humans too you can convince a professor by assuring him that your mission in research matches hers.
• Drafting a Unique research proposal. Uniqueness in a research proposal can be easily created by combining the exploration in two fields. This makes your PhD proposal interdisciplinary and more attractive to the researchers who are interested in such an area.
• Providing research experience or worthy Publications. Nothing can dwarf your lower GPA like the proof of good peer-reviewed publications.
• Customizing your application for every single PhD position.

Explore More: Everything (?) you need to know about the PhD application process in the UK

A PhD in an English language country means you need a strong command of English speaking and writing. If English is not your first language then you are required to give some proof of English proficiency to get into a UK PhD. Overall, you need a 7.0 in IELTS or equivalent in other tests.

There are many tests you can take to provide proof of your English. However, there can be exemptions by universities for international students who got their most recent education in English.

Do prospective PhD supervisors consider higher Language test scores while selecting the PhD candidates?

In a recent survey UK PhD supervisors explicitly reported that English language scores are not a priority for them when considering PhD applicants. Only 7% of the UK supervisors mentioned that they look at the English language scores when considering the PhD applicants.

However, you need to keep in mind that you can’t take risks when applying for a PhD in the UK. If you want to increase your chances of getting a PhD in the UK you need to provide the best scores you can. The reason is UK PhD supervisors are not independent in decision-making for hiring PhD candidates.

Universities and Doctoral training programs can have different priorities such as maintaining their institution culture. 64% of institutions reported that they are actively looking for a doctoral candidate alignment with their workplace/institution’s priorities. This might mean hiring those candidates who are proficient in English communication.

Is GRE necessary for pursuing PhD in the UK?

GRE (Graduate record examination) is a test usually required by many integrated PhD programs from top UK universities. You can use GRE to prove your competence and overcome other parts of PhD application. However, it is one factor among many that the UK PhD hiring committee looks into when hiring PhD candidates.

The most important requirement in the UK is your PhD proposal.

Your PhD proposal should communicate that

• you have a clear understanding of what independent research is in your area of study.
• you have an understanding of the research methods used in your subject area.
• you have a clear understanding of what has been done before on the problem that you are trying to solve.
• your research interest is aligned with the UK PhD supervisor and the research lab you are going to join.

What is a unique and persuasive research proposal for my PhD application?

70% of UK PhD supervisors prioritize a well-written research proposal. You should understand that developing a PhD proposal that can move the UK PhD supervisors really takes time and effort.

This is because you are required to present a research proposal that is (a) unique, (b) really has the potential to contribute to the field, (c) and should be aligned with the professor’s own research.

Explore More: 9 Obvious (and Not so Obvious) PhD Proposal Mistakes

“Originality for me probably, it has to be something that hasn’t been fully done before so there is really a need for that particular topic”. Arts & Humanities, Russell Group, West Midlands, Late career A unique and persuasive research proposal is the most common requirement for a PhD in the UK

A personal statement is a document where you can really play as a human. Here you are (a) not your scores and grades but (a) you are a person who is interested in working with a research team, (b) who is eager to learn about research, and (c) really seeks his/ her career in research, (d) is adaptable, (e) trainable, and (f) has the potential to fit and survive in a research team. Therefore, if you bring all these things into your personal statement your chances of getting accepted are really high.

In the personal statement, you have the opportunity to hook the hiring committee that besides all the numbers you have the potential to be a good colleague.

References are a tricky part. Only 13% of UK professors really prioritize the recommendation letters for a PhD application. Most UK PhD supervisors responded that they do not value reference letters much, especially in the case of international students. However, almost all the PhD positions will require you to ask your previous mentors to write some words about you.

As far as I have learned, UK PhD supervisors expect reference letters that really have examples and scenarios where you stood out and were observed by the mentors. Such writings are long and tedious, thus, it can be really hard for you to convince your previous research supervisors and professors to write about with such deliberation. The recommended length for a reference letter is around 2-3 pages.

Unlike the US, where most international PhD applicants are not usually called for an interview, UK PhD supervisors really look forward to a face-to-face conversation. The reason can be the expectations of a more mature PhD candidate on this side of the Atlantic.

UK PhD supervisors give value to a PhD interview because they are selecting their future colleague (at least for 3-4 years), they really want to know that you are genuinely interested in the research, interested in their work, and really want to contribute to the subject of study.

Although many PhD programs mention that they do not necessarily need research experience. However, given the competition for UK PhD applications, you may need to think about gaining some research experience before your PhD .

Simply put, if you are able to show some proficiency in research work in your subject area and more importantly have some peer-reviewed publications as proof for your claim then this experience can put you ahead of many PhD applicants.

Research experience really helps those whose other parts of the application are a little weaker. This may mean you can apply for a good PhD program in the UK with a less than satisfactory GPA.

So how much research experience do you need to get before applying for a PhD program in the UK. My advice is the more the better. So, get as much research experience as you can. It will really help you understand what a PhD is and how you can persuade the professors to hire you.

“If you have no research experience, how do you know you want to be a researcher? If you have no research experience, why would a world-recognized professor hire you as a research assistant? If you have no research experience to start with, how will you compete with other students graduating from your program for research-oriented jobs?” A former senior lecturer

Is professional experience required for a PhD admission in the UK?

UK PhD supervisors do not give much priority to industry experience. The reason is clear: any practical and professional work is a lot different than what is required in academic research. Thus, your pre-PhD professional experience might not help you much in impressing the UK PhD hiring committee.

There are exceptions where your professional work in the industry is highly relevant or even helpful to the research question you are posing in your research proposal. In such cases, a non-academic experience may give a positive view to your PhD application.

A carefully crafted academic CV to really put a cherry on the cake of your UK PhD Application. An outstanding academic CV includes a brief glimpse of your research interests, Research experience, publications, preferences, and any other accomplishments. It should be a quick glance showcasing your previous accomplishments and future interest.

Simply put, a concise academic CV can make life easier for an already burned-out PhD supervisor.

If you are meeting the minimum requirements mentioned by the university and you play your cards right then you have good chances to get into a PhD program. However, there are some things due to which your PhD application can still be rejected.

• Funding. DTP (Doctoral Training Programs) often force UK PhD supervisors to take less aligned students because they are coming with funding . They often mention that they rejected those students who were more aligned with their research goals but were without any funding support.
• Research Question. If your proposed PhD project was not sharply intended toward solving a specific problem or achieving a specific goal.
• Proposed Project. This happens when you submit a research project which is not a good match for the department’s research goals. Usually in this case the department may not even have a mentor in that particular area of study to take you in.
• Your Capability. If you fail to persuade the hiring committee that you have the skills required to effectively complete the PhD project then your UK application might be rejected.
• Future Goals. If you fail to assure the PhD supervisors with your previous priorities and work that you are really interested in a research career. So, you should be clear on what you are going to do after your PhD in the UK .
• Institutional Fit. Even if you are a brilliant student, still, sometimes PhD hiring committees can reject your PhD application because they may not feel that you are fit for the institution.

“.. the most fundamental misconception is that the best applicants win. The truth is that what counts as an “ideal” applicant is a moving target. The process can be unfair—even unjust. Practical considerations also play a role, starting with the reality that programs have limited funding and advising capacity. Either way, the reasons for rejection are often as much about the professors and programs as they are about the applicants.” Julie R. Posselt wrote on why stellar applicants are rejected by PhD hiring committees

Do I need a Master’s to get a PhD in the UK?

Yes, you need a Master’s if you are an international student seeking a UK PhD by thesis (duration= 3 years). However, if you are applying for an integrated PhD program (duration= Masters 1 year + PhD 3 years) then you can apply right after your undergraduate degree.

What is the minimum qualification for PhD in the UK?

To be considered for a PhD in the UK, you should at least have (a) a 4-year undergraduate degree with a passing grade of upper second-class honors (2:1), 70% marks or equivalent, and (b) a relevant master’s degree with a CGPA of 3 on a scale of 4, 60% marks or higher.

Is IELTS required for PhD in the UK?

You need to give IELTS for PhD admission in the UK if English is not your first language and you are not exempted from taking the IELTS. In other words, you can skip IELTS for a PhD in the UK if you have attempted other English language proficiency tests , English qualifications that confirm your language level, or you are coming from exempted countries .

Can you go straight into PhD without a master’s in the UK?

No, you cannot go to a PhD without a master’s in the UK. If you do not have a master’s degree yet and are applying for an integrated PhD program in UK universities you are eligible with a 4-years bachelor’s degree only.

Is it easy to get a PhD in the UK?

Getting a PhD in the UK is easy if you are coming with your own funding e.g., a scholarship from your home country. However, if you are looking for some funding opportunities in the UK then the intense competition makes getting into a UK PhD harder.

Is PhD free in the UK for international students?

Yes, a PhD in the UK is free if you are able to secure a fully funded studentship in the UK . Otherwise, you may need to pay a fee and proof to the visa and immigration services that you have the money to live in the UK during your PhD years.

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Who does doctoral research in the UK?

A diverse group of people undertake doctoral research in the UK. Much of the information on this page comes from a recent review of UK postgraduate study by the Higher Education Funding Council for England. Bear in mind that profiles can vary strongly by institution and, especially, by discipline. For more detailed insight into the diversity of UK postgraduate researchers, the Equality Challenge Unit produces useful digests.

The nationality of doctoral researchers in the UK

The age, qualifications and trajectory of doctoral researchers, the gender of doctoral researchers, the ethnicity of uk doctoral researchers, the subject disciplines of doctoral researchers, full-time and part-time doctoral researchers, type of university.

60% of doctoral researchers in the UK in 2011/12 were UK domiciled, the other 40% were from other countries. This varies with discipline, for example, within the sciences there tends to be a higher proportion of European Union (EU) or international researchers. It also varies by mode of study, for example a higher proportion of part-time doctoral researchers are from within the UK.

• Less than one third entered doctoral research directly after a first degree. This was highest (nearly 40%) in biological sciences and rare in social sciences or arts and humanities
• Slightly more (and well over half of arts and humanities researchers) had a prior masters degree
• Nearly a quarter overall (and around a third of social science researchers) came into a doctorate from long-term employment.

These statistics were for full-time doctoral researchers only. Far more of those studying part-time are likely to have progressed from employment - in fact most of them are probably still in employment. The following chart shows the distribution by age of all recent doctoral researchers (full and part-time). Over a third are aged 25 and under, but over 20% are in their thirties and 15% over forty. The profile for those studying part-time is significantly different, with 40% being over forty. Conversely, about half of full-time doctoral researchers are 25 or under.

The number of male doctoral researchers in the UK slightly exceeds the number of females (53% to 47% in 2011/12), but the balance has gradually been shifting towards equality over the last ten years. However, this balance varies strongly with discipline, and in many disciplinary areas females are in the majority, such as biological sciences, biomedical sciences and medicine, languages and education (see the chart below). In physical sciences, engineering, maths or computing, and to a lesser extent business-related studies, males dominate numerically. Slightly more than half of all part-time doctoral researchers are female.

Amongst UK national postgraduate researchers, about 83% are white. 17% are from a range of different minority ethnic backgrounds, which is slightly lower than for the undergraduate population. There has been some increase in the proportion of doctoral candidates of ethnic minority background, as ten years ago it was 12%. Again, this varies to some extent by discipline; in medicine, engineering, business and law, about a quarter of UK national doctoral researchers are of ethnic minority background.

About 60% of current doctoral researchers are in the sciences (including medicine and engineering), with just under 20% in the social sciences and slightly fewer in the arts and humanities. Within the sciences, the largest broad subject grouping is physical sciences and engineering, as seen in the chart below. 

Just over two thirds of all current doctoral researchers in the UK study full-time. On the other hand, the majority of those who are aged over 30 are studying part-time; only 10% of them are 25 or under and nearly 40% are over forty.  

All UK universities have the right to award doctoral degrees, however, doctoral programmes or researchers are not uniformly spread amongst the universities. About 60% of doctoral researchers are concentrated in the universities that are members of the Russell Group , but the pattern also varies by discipline to some extent. Some doctoral researchers may be based at a research institute, particularly in the sciences, but will be registered for their doctoral degree at a specific university. The growth of collaborative doctoral training programmes has created a shift in the distribution of those undertaking full-time doctoral programmes, with a greater concentration in those institutions able to offer these arrangements. Part-time doctoral researchers are more widely distributed.

What is common to all these diverse people studying for doctoral degrees is that they are all passionate about and highly committed to developing new knowledge in their chosen research area.

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• How Much Does a PhD Cost in the UK?
• Funding a PhD

Choosing to dedicate the next few years of your life towards a PhD is no light decision. Not only will it require you to dedicate an extensive amount of your personal time, but you’ll also need to consider how you’ll fund it. This raises the question, how much does a PhD cost in the UK?

The cost of a PhD can be divided into three key areas; tuition fees, living expenses and research expenditures. The combined cost of these are approximately  £20,000 per year  for UK students and can increase to over  £40,000 per year  for international students. A more in-depth breakdown of these costs can be found below. We’ve also compared these costs to other countries and outlined the various methods available to you to fund your PhD studies.

Tuition Fees

For UK ‘home’ students, the tuition fee for a PhD varies between £3,000 to £6,000 per academic year. For 2023/24 programmes, most universities opt for £4,712 per year within this range. Although this number may seem a little odd, it’s commonly adopted due to being the indicative rate set by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) for UK universities.

International Fees

Unlike for UK applicants, the rates for international students don’t align with the indicative level set by UKRI. Following the implementation of Brexit, EU students now follow the same fee rates as other international students. International students will find that their tuition fees are higher than those of home students. For example, at the time of writing, the average annual PhD tuition charge at the University of Dundee is £4,825 for home students undertaking an Engineering PhD. This same average is £25,305 for international students.

International applicants will also find that the fee for PhDs in STEM subjects are greater than those in non-STEM subjects. For example, at the University of Bristol, a doctorate degree in Mechanical Engineering costs £25,300 per year whilst a doctorate in Medieval Studies costs £20,100 per year.

To summarise, international students can expect a tuition fee of between £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with an average of around £19,600 per academic year. Non-STEM subjects will generally be at the lower end of the range, whilst STEM subjects will be at the higher end of the range.

Part-time Fees

The above fees are based on full-time postgraduate study. If you’re doing a part-time PhD, you can expect the fee to be half of these amounts. Although this may appear to be a cheaper option, keep in mind that the average duration of part-time PhDs are twice that of full-time PhDs. Therefore, the total tuition cost will amount to the same value and the end of both courses.

Other Degree-related Costs

Research support fees.

If your research project requires a high use of consumables, equipment or other resources, you may have to support the cost of these through an additional annual fee. This additional annual fee, often referred to as either a ‘research support’ or ‘bench’ fee, often apply to laboratory-based STEM research projects. Bench fees vary between different projects, even those within the same field. Therefore, it is best to speak to the admissions team on a project-by-project basis to receive anything useful.

Another cost you will need to account for is travelling. As part of your degree, many supervisors will expect you to attend conferences, training workshops, or other collaboration opportunities. As a result, you will often need to travel to various destinations which aren’t always limited to the UK. Although some programmes will cover these costs, it’s not unheard of that some positions will expect you to fund this yourself. It’s impossible to put a value on this, as the extent of travel depends on each project. Therefore, it would be wise to speak with the admissions team and current PhD students. They can provide you with an accurate estimate and let you know whether the university will cover the expenses.

Overtime Period Fee

When you’re enrolled into a PhD programme, you will be given a period to complete your PhD within. This period is known as your ‘registration period’ and is usually 3-4 years for a full-time PhD and 6-7 years for a part-time PhD. If you’re given an extension due to not completing your PhD study within this time, you will need to pay an overtime registration fee. Although the amount depends on each university, the University of Leeds sets theirs as £290 for 2023/24.

Living Costs

From a 2022 survey of over 2,300 university students , the average living cost, covering expenditures such as rent, bills, food and recreation, was £924 per month. This equates to £11,088 per year.

Although this is an average cost, your true cost of living will depend on your location. Living in major cities such as London will draw significantly higher rent and travel costs than living in more rural locations. Although your living situation will in large be driven by the university you undertake your PhD with, you should factor it in when deciding which universities to apply to.

To put this into perspective, the survey average of £11,088 per year uses a rent average of £418 per month. In London, this average increases to £650 a month and can surpass £1,000 if staying in university halls or private student accommodation. This is supported by University College London (UCL) who state you should expect an average rent of £1,028 per month if living in private accommodation around their university.

Tip  – You can use this handy calculator for an estimated average cost of living for any UK university. All you need to do is select the university, and the calculator does all the rest.

If you’re an international student, you should factor in return flights back home. Although this may seem like a small expenditure compared to tuition fees and rent, they can add up quickly depending on the frequency and distance of your trip.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

How to Fund Your PhD

Studentships.

A studentship is a form of scholarship for doctoral students. They can either be partially funded, which cover tuition fees only, or fully funded, which also covers living costs through a ‘stipend’.

Studentships can be found in various places. Research Councils (RCUK) and European Social Fund (ESF) make funding available to university departments, who in turn make the funding available to doctoral students. Therefore, you will find that there are many postgraduate funding opportunities available to you, with the best places to look being the RCUK and ESF websites and the university departments themselves. External institutions which focus on research and development such as research trusts and charities would also be a useful place to look for a funded PhD.

Doctoral Loans

If you’re a UK student, you may qualify for a Postgraduate Doctoral Loan from Student Finance England. This form of financial aid is available for nearly all postgraduate research degrees undertaken in a higher education setting. They will allow you to borrow up to a total of £28,673 for 2023/24 courses .

Graduate Teaching Assistantships

Graduate Teaching Assistantships are a form of studentships which allow you to teach undergraduates as part of your research degree. This not only helps improve your academic skills, but it also enables you to receive a salary whilst you’re studying. As well as teaching assistantships, some departments also provide opportunities for demonstrations, marking papers, and tutorial support. The amount you can earn through these schemes will depend on how many hours you work and what agreements you make with your supervisor or course leader.

Working Whilst You Study – Part-time PhDs

A research student may opt for a part-time PhD as opposed to a full-time one. Although this would double the duration of their studies, it allows them to take on a part-time job to improve their financial situation. For students going down this route, it would be highly beneficial to pick up a part-time role in a position related to your industry. This will help refine your skills and increase your employability within this career role should you choose to pursue it after your degree.

If you’re an international student, keep in mind that you’ll likely be on a study visa. Therefore, there’ll be certain restrictions on what you can and can’t do alongside your study.

How Does This Compare to the Fees in Other Countries?

When considering the tuition fee of PhDs across different countries, the United Kingdom is generally considered as being in the ‘middle-ground‘ region.

A handful of countries offer PhD programmes for free. These include, but are not limited to, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Norway and Poland.

The middle-ground region comprises countries such as Austria, Spain, Russia and New Zealand where postgraduate fees range from £1,400 to £4,000 per academic year.

The upper-end region comprises countries such as Hong Kong and the United States, where postgraduate tuition fees for a PhD student can go up to £33,000 per year.

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Phd in uk: cost, scholarships, & admission requirements.

Are you considering pursuing a PhD in the UK? Pursuing a PhD in the UK is a great choice if you want to take your education to the highest level and succeed in research and academia. 

How Much Does PhD Cost in UK?

The cost of pursuing a PhD in the UK varies depending on several factors, including the university, program, and whether you are a domestic or international student. Here is a breakdown of the costs associated with pursuing a PhD in the UK:

1. Tuition Fees

• For UK ‘home’ students, the typical tuition fee for a PhD varies between £3,000 to £6,000 per academic year.
• For international students, the cost of tuition fees can range from £15,000 to £35,000 per year, depending on the program and university.

2. Living Expenses

Living expenses can vary depending on the location of the university and the lifestyle of the student. According to the UK Council for International Student Affairs, the average cost of living in the UK for international students is around £1,023 per month, which includes accommodation, food, travel, and other expenses.

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How Many Years is a PhD in UK?

The duration of a PhD program in the UK varies depending on the university and program, but typically lasts for three years full-time and six years part-time.

However, some programs may be closer to four years, and the thesis deadline can be extended by up to four years at the institution’s discretion.

The duration of a PhD program in the UK is shorter than in some other countries, such as the US, where it can take up to seven years to complete a PhD program.

Who is Eligible for PhD in UK? 

To be eligible for a PhD in the UK, you need to meet certain requirements. Here are the eligibility and admission requirements for a PhD in the UK:

• A master’s degree in a related field is the most basic requirement to apply for a PhD in the UK, with academic transcripts for each level of study. Some universities may ask for only a bachelor’s degree, which depends on a case-by-case basis.
• A research proposal is required.
• English proficiency test scores are required, and a minimum IELTS score of 7.0 is generally required.
• Additional documents like SOPs, LORs, CV/Resume are required.

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Do you get paid to do a phd uk.

Yes, PhD students in the UK can get paid, but it depends on the funding source and the university. PhD students in the UK can receive a stipend which varies between £15,000 and £18,000 per annum. As part of the studentship, your stipend is provided under, your tuition fees will also be paid for.

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What is top 20 universities in uk.

• University of Oxford
• University College London (UCL)
• University of Cambridge
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Manchester
• University of Bristol
• University of Warwick
• University of Glasgow
• University of Sheffield
• King’s College London
• University of Leeds
• University of Southampton
• University of Nottingham
• University of Birmingham
• University of York
• University of Sussex
• University of Liverpool
• University of St Andrews
• University of Aberdeen
• University of Newcastle

Looking For Funded PhD Programs? Click Here

What is top 20 phd scholarships in uk.

• The Gates Cambridge Scholarship
• The Clarendon Scholarship
• The Commonwealth Scholarships
• The Rhodes Scholarship
• The Marshall Scholarship
• The Fulbright Scholarship
• The Chevening Scholarship
• The Erasmus Mundus Scholarship
• The Edinburgh Global Research Scholarship
• The Warwick Chancellor’s International Scholarship
• The Imperial College London PhD Scholarship
• The University of Bristol PhD Scholarship
• The University of Stirling PhD Scholarship
• The University of London PhD Scholarship
• The University of Oxford Vicky Noon Educational Foundation Oxford Scholarships
• The University of Sheffield PhD Scholarship
• The University of Glasgow PhD Scholarship
• The University of Edinburgh PhD Scholarship
• The University of Manchester PhD Scholarship
• The University of Nottingham PhD Scholarship  

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How to apply for a phd in the uk.

1. Identify your research interests: Before applying for a PhD, you should identify your research interests and the area you want to specialize in. This will help you narrow down your search to universities that offer PhD programs in your area of interest.

2. Look for relevant PhD projects: Once you have identified your research interests, you can start looking for relevant PhD projects that match your research interests. You can search for PhD projects on university websites, research council websites, and other online databases.

3. Contact supervisors and write proposals: Once you have identified a PhD project that matches your research interests, you can contact the supervisor to discuss your research proposal. This will help you understand if the project is a good fit for you and if the supervisor is the right person to guide you through your research.

4. Apply for PhD funding: The cost of a PhD in the UK can be high, but there are many scholarships and funding opportunities available for PhD students. You can apply for PhD funding from the university, research councils, and other funding bodies. It is important to research the funding options available and apply for funding as early as possible.

5. Apply to the university: Once you have secured funding, you can apply to the university. The application process for a PhD in the UK is different from the process for applying for a first degree. You can apply all year round for research degrees starting in September, January, and May, and the deadlines for applying are usually one month before the course starts.

What is PhD Application materials in UK?

To apply for a PhD in the UK, you will need to prepare the following application materials:

1. Masters Degree and Academic Transcripts: The most basic requirement to apply for a PhD in the UK is to have a master’s degree in a related field, with the academic transcripts for each level of study. Some universities may ask for only a bachelor’s degree, which entirely depends on a case-by-case basis.

2. Research Proposal: A research proposal is a document that outlines your research interests, research questions, research methodology, and expected outcomes. It is an essential part of your PhD application, and you will need to submit it along with your application.

3. English Proficiency Test Scores: English proficiency test scores are required, and a minimum IELTS score of 7.0 is generally required.

4. Additional Documents: Additional documents like SOPs, LORs, and CV/Resume are required.

5. Application Form: You will need to fill out an online application form to apply for a PhD in the UK. The application form will require you to provide personal information, academic qualifications, research interests, and other relevant information.

6. Application Fee: Some universities may charge an application fee, which varies depending on the university and program.

Can I work while doing PhD in UK?

Yes, it is possible to work while doing a PhD in the UK, but it depends on several factors. Here are some things to consider:

1. Funding Source: If you are a fully-funded PhD student, you are usually not allowed to work part-time. However, this highly depends on who is funding your PhD. If you are self-funded or partially funded, you may be able to work part-time.

2. Working Hours: If you are pursuing a full-time PhD in the UK, you may work alongside your project or programme, provided you do not work for more than 20 hours per week, except during any vacations or in the case of an agreed work placement or internship.

3. Type of Work: The most common form of work for PhD students in the UK is teaching. PhD students can take on limited undergraduate teaching duties, if available.

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PhDs: is doctoral education in trouble in the UK?

While overseas students still flock to the uk for phds, concerns are growing over weakening domestic demand, a decline in ukri-funded starters and whether universities can afford to train the next generation of researchers.

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With a  near-record 113,000 postgraduate research students  based in the UK, including 46,350 foreign PhD candidates, Britain’s doctoral education landscape would seem to be thriving. Buoyed by an extra £109 million from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) to support PhD and mid-career researchers in 2023-24, and Horizon Europe membership secured, there might appear little cause for concern.

But there are signs that things are not as rosy in UK doctoral education as some imagine. In November, the Student Loans Company  noted  the “first potential yet small decline in the take-up of postgraduate doctoral student loans”, with sums borrowed in 2022-23 down by 12.3 per cent.

There are also indications that funded PhD studentships will not be as plentiful over the next few years. The biggest single funder of PhDs – the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), which sponsored nearly half of the 4,900 UKRI-backed doctoral students who began their studies in 2022-23 –  announced  last year that the number of its Centres for Doctoral Training (CDT) would fall from 75 to “about 40” from 2024, leading to about 1,750 fewer funded places over the next five years. In addition, the Arts and Humanities Research Council is reducing its PhD studentships by nearly a third , from 425 to 300 per year by the end of the decade, and the Wellcome Trust is severely reducing its support for PhD students under its  new strategy  to focus on longer grants for early- and mid-career scientists.

Things could get a lot worse in the next few years, with the Institute for Fiscal Studies  warning  that tax cuts announced in chancellor Jeremy Hunt’s autumn statement  would lead to budget reductions of about 3.4 per cent a year in “unprotected departments”, of which one might be the new Department for Science, Innovation and Technology.

“It’s going to be tough going with an election and a spending review, whichever party wins,” predicted Rory Duncan, UKRI’s former director of talent and skills, who is now pro vice-chancellor (research and innovation) at Sheffield Hallam University .

If universities were forced to tighten research spending, support for PhD students could be an early casualty because doctoral researchers – while sometimes seen as a source of cheap labour – are big loss-makers for institutions, explained Professor Duncan. “If you look at Trac [Transparent Approach to Costing] data, the cost recovery for doctoral students is very low – the lowest for any type of research activity,” he said, pointing to data that showed UK universities incurred  losses of £1.4 billion educating PhD students in 2021-22 , claiming back just 46.6 per cent of the cost of training researchers.

In the money: P hD funding

Thanks to UK universities’ success in attracting higher paying international students, the sector has been able to cover such losses – which amount  to £5 billion a year for research  overall – but that balancing act is “becoming much more challenging due to government rhetoric” over foreign students, continued Professor Duncan. “There is huge pressure on the research sector and it’s becoming harder and harder to do research – which includes supporting PhD students,” he said.

That will be bad news for the UK’s “science superpower” ambitions as the country’s innovation model had leaned heavily on having high PhD numbers, continued Professor Duncan. “For many years the UK has been a leader for investing in PhD training – it’s always been a top-three nation, alongside Germany and the US, for PhDs. Others, like Japan, have taken different routes and changed their support to focus on mid-career scientists, which has a very detrimental impact on research quality,” he added.

But the level of the UK’s investment in PhD training seems to be waning – at least, if judged on the numbers of doctoral students trained in recent years. A recent Freedom of Information request by  Times Higher Education  found the overall numbers of doctoral students starting UKRI-funded training  fell from 6,835 in 2018-19 to 5,580 in 2021-22  – an 18 per cent drop – with reported figures for 2022-23 lower still at 4,900, though UKRI said this tally could increase as universities continued to submit data for that year. The decline in UK student numbers was even sharper, falling from 4,815 new candidates in 2018-19 to 3,420 in 2021-22 – down by 29 per cent – and to 2,840 in 2022-23.

Wrong numbers:  falling PhD figures

For Douglas Kell, a former executive chair of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, such reductions are distinctly at odds with the government’s desire to attract an extra 150,000 researchers into the workforce by 2030.

“Cutting funded PhD numbers under any circumstances, especially in a knowledge economy, is simply short-termist and absolute madness,” said Professor Kell, now based at the University of Liverpool , who observed that these “further cuts extend those that have already been going under this administration for more than a decade. We need massive increases in those who are technically and intellectually qualified, not cuts.”

However, UKRI’s collective talent funding – which supports both PhD studentships and mid-career fellowships – is due to increase by only 5 per cent in 2024-25, so funded places could “go down in the absence of additional investment”, warned Professor Duncan, citing the continued need to increase tax-free doctoral stipends in line with inflation .

Group interests: talent funding

The hefty increases to UKRI’s stipend – £18,622 in 2023-24, up by 20 per cent from 2021-22 – might still not be enough to fix a bigger issue facing doctoral education, according to Robert Insall, professor of computational cell biology at UCL. “A lower proportion of the most brilliant students are doing PhDs – those who are really ambitious and who might become future leaders in their field,” said Professor Insall. “Even if you increased the stipend by 10 per cent again, it might not be enough to make it acceptable. Its level was acceptable a few years ago but now it just isn’t.”

The gloom hanging over UK higher education and research might explain why “the attractiveness of a PhD has gone downhill” for high-flyers who might have previously considered a research career in academia, continued Professor Insall. “The government is not selling British academia and the media is painting it as a very troubled place, so students and potential PhDs see that,” he said.

For its part, UKRI seems alert to the challenge of keeping the PhD attractive, with plans for a new “core offer” around professional and career development set to be unveiled this year. According to chief executive Dame Ottoline Leyser, this would “provide  consistent talent offers  that are still responsive to the needs of individuals and disciplines” and “strengthen the crucial link between career diversity and excellent research and innovation, better enabling people to follow their ideas across disciplines and sectors”.

Concerns over the direction of travel remain, but the fact that the UK is still a key destination for postgraduate students, behind only the US, suggests its doctoral model is far from broken, said Giulio Marini, visiting professor of education at the University of Hong Kong , whose research has focused on how PhD graduates fare in global job markets. “The UK is highly attractive, and it seems it will remain so – Brexit was not helpful, but now that the UK is back into European funding schemes I would not worry too much,” he said.

However, its international popularity among foreign PhD students might serve UK universities but not the UK economy in the long run if restrictive immigration rules push them to leave after a few years, warned Dr Marini. “If PhDs do not continue to live in the UK, their economic contribution will be limited. In that situation, UK universities are really ‘making brains for other countries’, which is not good policy.”

Is there a doctor in the house?: P hD population

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April 17, 2024

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UK study finds young adults taking longer to find work than preceding generation

by University of Liverpool

The proportion of U.K. graduates who found work straight out of university fell by nearly 30% between those born in the late 70s to those a decade younger, according to a new study involving a University of Liverpool researcher.

Additionally, people born in the late 1980s who did not attend university were almost twice as likely to experience a turbulent start to their working lives, characterized by periods of unemployment, part-time employment, and inactivity, compared to those born in the 70s.

Published today in Population, Space and Place , the study , which is led by UCL alongside the University of Liverpool, used Understanding Society data from The UK Household Longitudinal Study and the British Household Panel Survey to analyze the school to work trajectories of 1,860 people in three birth cohorts—those born in the periods 1974–1979, 1980–1984 and 1985–1990—across 10 years after they completed school, between the ages of 16 and 26.

The study found that the younger cohort (born 1985–1990) experienced more complex and unstable transitions into the world of work, even among those who ended up having successful careers, reflecting increased uncertainty in the labor market and the rise of "patchwork careers."

Lead author Dr. Alina Pelikh (IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education & Society) said, "Our findings suggest that the distinctive British early transition from school to work, whereby the majority of British young adults go straight from compulsory schooling into the workplace, was still prevalent among those born in mid-1970s and 1980s.

"However, early employment experiences have become more complex, diverse and precarious with periods of unemployment, part-time employment, and inactivity becoming an integral part of the early labor market experience.

"It is striking that nearly all young people born in late 80s have experienced some sort of instability during their school-to-work transition, even those who would ultimately be considered successful in their careers a decade after finishing school.

"Our findings fit with wider research that shows millennials are reaching milestones once considered to be the markers of adulthood, such as marriage, home ownership, and stable employment, at a later stage than earlier generations."

The research found that although younger cohorts spent longer in education or vocational training, the transition into employment remained challenging. Furthermore, those from disadvantaged backgrounds were less likely to achieve professional and managerial occupations than their more advantaged peers.

Co-author of the study Professor Francisco Rowe, who heads up the Geographic Data Science Lab at the University of Liverpool, added, "While the 90s and 2000s saw wider access to university for those from disadvantaged backgrounds, we found that despite their qualifications, graduates from lower socio-economic backgrounds experienced more turbulent transitions into work, often struggling to find a suitable job after studies and settling for jobs requiring lower qualifications."

Indeed, the study demonstrates the persistence of disadvantage over time, with 13% of those surveyed having spent long spells in economic inactivity or unemployment (seven years). In particular, those from disadvantaged backgrounds were more likely to be engaged in low skilled occupations, or experience longer periods of unemployment.

Gender also played a role in the school to work trajectories of the participants, with female school leavers most likely to experience turbulent transitions with longer spells of part-time work and inactivity.

Dr. Pelikh added, "Strikingly, more than 65% of the young women in the sample who faced precarious career paths had given birth before the age of 20. This highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of female career trajectories, especially for those without the benefit of higher education. Addressing the unique challenges women face, from balancing work and family responsibilities to overcoming entrenched biases, will be crucial if we are to make meaningful progress in closing gender imbalances."

Commenting on what these trends mean for the youngest members of the British work force, Gen Z, Dr. Pelikh said, "Based on the current labor market and economic trends, we could expect that the transitions from school to work among Gen Z are likely to be as diverse, complex and turbulent as those experienced by the millennials—and potentially even more challenging."

University of Liverpool co-author Professor Rowe, who specializes in population data science with specific expertise in human mobility, migration and geographic data science, added, "Overall, the findings of the study indicate that young people will need wider societal and government support to make a 'successful' transition into the labor market and navigate a reduction in full-time entry-level employment opportunities, and lack of well-developed long-term career pathways from entry-level to higher-level roles."

Provided by University of Liverpool

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