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Cause & Effect Essay: Teenage Sexual Intercourse

The statistics that accompany knowledge of teenage sexual intercourse are fairly alarming for many people. According to a recent University of Kentucky study, 13% of teenagers have sex before the age of fifteen, and by the age of nineteen, 7/10 teens have had their first sexual encounter. What makes this even more alarming for North Americans, is that European teen are more likely to use contraceptives. That means that teens in Canada and the U.S. have increased risks of pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted infections. These effects are fairly well known when speaking of teenage sexual intercourse, but what causes teens to start sex so early to begin with? And what preventative measures can be taken to reduce the likelihood of teens having sex?

There is no one cause for teens experimenting with sex. Often an array of factors can lead teens to initiate their first sexual experience. A lack of awareness of the consequences of sex is one such factor, as is improper communication between parents and children. Many teens believe that their friends are having sex (even if this isn’t true) and feel pressured to fit in. Girls with older partners are sometimes persuaded to have sex at an early age, and teens (both boys and girls) are more likely to have sex if they are involved in a long-term relationship. Teens may feel a need to mature and see sex as a way to become a grown up. (Think of it as a rite-of-passage). And it must be remembered that not all initial sexual experiences are voluntary.

The consequences of early sexual activity are plentiful. Teens who engage in sex have a higher risk of suicide, drug and alcohol use, low self-esteem, school truancy, and pregnancy. Teen pregnancies often end in abortions or miscarriages. For those pregnancies brought to term, there are more health risks for both the baby and the teen mother. Other health risks to teenagers engaging in sex include HIV, Human papillomavirus, and other sexual transmitted infections.

Though the causes of teenage sexual intercourse are plentiful, and the effects are scary to think of, there are also many ways to help prevent teenagers from engaging in sex before they are ready. Often, a supportive family with healthy communication can lead teens away from risky behavior. Candid conversations about the consequences of sex are beneficial and education in general, both at home and at school, can keep teens from sexual intercourse. Interventions programs for at-risk teens are also known to be beneficial.

Both teenagers and parents need to become aware of the causes, effects, and preventative strategies of teen sexual intercourse. Young sex can be risky behavior, as someone under the age of twenty is less financially and emotionally ready to handle the consequences of sex than someone older. The impact of teenage intercourse can affect families for many years.

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137 Intriguing Cause & Effect Essay Topics for Students

Teach critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion.

Cause-and-effect essays aren’t just a way to help students strengthen their writing skills. They’ll also learn critical thinking, logic, and the art of persuasion. In addition, they teach students to demonstrate how one thing directly influences another. Coming up with engaging cause-and-effect essay topics can be challenging, but we have you covered. This list of ideas includes a variety of topics that range from social and cultural movements to mental health and the environment.

Science and Environment Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Describe the effect of urbanization on the environment.
• What is the impact of air pollution on health?
• What are the causes and consequences of plastics on marine life?
• What is the impact of rising sea temperatures on fish and marine life?
• Describe the impact of human behavior on global warming.

• What is the effect of social media on environmentalism?
• What causes volcanic eruptions?
• What causes trees to die?
• What are the effects of gravity?
• Why are plants green?
• Why do trees shed their leaves?
• What causes a species to become endangered?
• What are some of the causes of animals losing their habitats?
• Describe the effect of overpopulation on the environment.
• What are the effects of famine on human population?
• What are the causes and effects of Antarctica floods?
• What are the effects of pollution on the ocean?
• What effect do cars have on the environment?
• Why is it important to manage wildfires?
• What has been the impact of DNA on crime scene processing?

• What are the impacts of deforestation in Brazil?
• What are the effects of GMO foods on human health?
• What are the impacts of immunizations on human health?

Technology and Social Media Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of social media on adolescent development?
• How does technology affect productivity?
• What are the effects of video games on childhood development?
• How do cell phones affect human relationships?
• What are some reasons a teacher might ban cell phones from class?

• What effects do cell phones have on sleep?
• What effects did the invention of the Internet have on technology?
• What were the origins of cyberbullying?
• What are the effects of tablet use on small children?
• How has online dating changed relationships?
• What makes some people less likely to use social media?
• What are the effects of social media on privacy?
• How does the rise of TikTok affect Facebook and Instagram?
• In what ways could social media lead to extremism?
• What is the impact of social media on the increasing popularity of plastic surgery and other enhancements?

• What are some of the benefits of owning a smartphone and what are some of the drawbacks?
• What has been the impact of online shopping on brick-and-mortar stores?
• What has been the impact of smartphones on marriages and relationships?
• What are the causes and effects of texting while driving?
• What has the rise of “influencers” meant for Hollywood?
• In what ways have photo filters influenced young people’s self-esteem?

Culture and Social Issues Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are some of the reasons for substance abuse in young people?
• What are some of the effects of bullying?
• How does economic status affect the quality of health care?
• What are some of the causes of homelessness?
• Explain the effects of ignorance on discrimination.
• What are the impacts of death sentences on social justice?

• How does financial success affect societal privilege?
• What effects does growing up poor have on children?
• In what ways does religion influence society?
• What are the effects of immigration on a host country?
• What are the effects of ageism on job opportunities?
• What is the impact of LGBTQ+ representation in TV and movies?
• What are the effects of school shootings on politics?
• How do school uniforms affect students?
• What are the impacts of high student debt?
• What are the impacts of body shaming on people?
• What were the lasting impacts of the AIDS epidemic on society?

• What impact does banning abortion have in the United States?
• What has been the impact of marriage equality in the United States?
• What are the causes and effects of noise pollution?
• What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
• What are the effects of TV shows on our behavior?

Sports Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Examine the effects of exercise on mental health.
• What led to baseball being an iconic American sport?
• What drives people to participate in extreme sports?
• In what ways did globalization affect modern sports?
• What were the effects of doping on amateur and professional sports?
• Select a sport and write about the historical factors that led to the popularization of that sport.

• Describe the ways in which youth sports influence a child’s development.
• What were the driving forces behind the first Olympics?
• How can team sports help develop social skills?
• How have e-sports changed the sporting landscape?
• In what ways do race biases influence sports?

• What are the effects of regular workouts on immunity?
• How does participating in sports affect leadership skills?
• In what ways can sports lead to character development?
• What effect does famous athletes’ social commentary have on their fans?

History Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of the war in Syria on the United States?
• What have been the lasting effects of the Civil Rights Movement?
• What were the causes and effects of the attack on Pearl Harbor?
• What led up to the Berlin Wall being torn down and what effects did that have?

• What lasting impact did 9/11 have on modern American society?
• What were the causes of the Salem Witch Trials?
• What was the cultural impact of the Spanish-American War?
• How has globalization led to modern-day slavery?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of the Great Depression on women’s employment?
• How did cartels come into existence? What effect have they had on the United States and Mexico?
• What were the causes and effects of the Women’s Liberation Movement?
• Give an example of colonialism in history and name the resulting impact to the affected society.

• What led to the rise of ISIS and what has the impact been on international security?
• What factors led to the Titanic’s sinking?
• What were the causes and effects of the Vietnam War?
• Choose an American president. What led him to become president and what were the effects of his presidency?

Mental Health Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• How can stress affect the immune system?
• How does social anxiety affect young people?
• How can high academic expectations lead to depression?
• What are the effects of divorce on young people?
• How does service in the armed forces lead to post-traumatic stress disorder?

• What are the effects of mindfulness on mental health?
• Describe the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted mental health.
• How does childhood trauma impact childhood development?
• What impact does witnessing violence have on mental health?
• What is behind increasingly high levels of anxiety in modern American society?

• What are the causes and effects of panic attacks?
• What are the causes and consequences of high stress in the workplace?
• What are some of the causes of insomnia and in what ways does it affect mental health?
• What is the impact of staying home for an extended period of time?

Current Events Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• Choose a local public education campaign. What are the effects of that campaign?
• What are the causes and effects of migration?
• What are the causes and effects of terrorist attacks?

• What are the effects of legalizing genetic engineering research?
• How do low voting rates impact elections and government?
• What is the effect of raising the minimum wage?
• What are the effects of globalization on society?
• How does gerrymandering affect election outcomes?
• What are the causes and effects of police brutality?
• What are the causes and effects of political polarization?

• What are the causes and effects of fake news?
• What are the effects of global war on citizens?
• What is the effect of international aid on poverty or health?
• Why do some countries have nuclear weapons, and what does this mean for other countries?

Education Cause & Effect Essay Topics

• What are the effects of teacher quality on student success?
• What are the causes and effects of student loan debt?
• What are the causes and effects of low graduation rates?

• What are the effects of assigning homework?
• What are the causes and effects of school funding disparities?
• What are the causes and effects of the digital divide in education?
• What is the effect of AI on education?
• What are the causes and effects of student burnout?
• Should students be required to study a foreign language in school, and what are the effects of learning a foreign language?

• What effect has the COVID pandemic had on education?
• What are the effects of same-sex classrooms or schools?

What are your best cause-and-effect essay topics for students? Come exchange ideas in the We Are Teachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.

Plus, check out our list of interesting persuasive essay topics for kids and teens..

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4 Benefits and Disadvantages of Dating a Younger Man

Dionne is an experienced transformational coach who has worked internationally for over 10 years. She fuses together science and ancient wellness techniques into her offerings.... Read More

Rachael Pace inspires with motivational articles on loving partnerships. She encourages making room for love and facing challenges together.

In This Article

Have you considered dating a younger man? Do you fall in love with one? Read the good and the bad sides to know if you are ready to date a younger man.

As you’ve probably noticed, people often tend to be romantically interested in others in their age group. Men who pursue women five or seven years younger are generally accepted, while an older woman dating a younger man is considered quite odd.

Recently, however, as women have become more socially, mentally, and sexually free, some have begun to ignore social prejudices by going out with younger men, sometimes with an age gap of five to seven years between them and their partners.

Should you be dating a younger man?

If you see or hear of one of these offbeat couples, your first instinct could be to giggle and joke about “robbing the cradle”?? or “pumas”? But is an older woman dating a younger man really a problem?

According to Dionne Eleanor , transformational mentor & therapist,

There is no one-size-fits-all answer. Dating a younger man sometimes brings a fresh perspective and youthful energy into your life, invigorating your outlook and sparking new adventures together but there can be differences in life experiences and maturity levels.

Also watch:

Let’s take a look at some relationship advice for women dating younger men.

The significant benefits of dating a younger man

1. Younger men are often physically driven.

What you should know about dating a younger man is that they generally have more physical energy. Although there will be little difference in energy levels between a 20-year-old and a 25-year-old, a 25-year-old, and a 30-year-old, if you go beyond the early 1930s, you will see some notable differences.

It is generally accepted by several studies that men tend to age a little faster than women, so if you are a woman in her thirties that is fitter than average, you may find that men can grow older or a little older do not keep up with you.

A man about five years younger may be able to make as many laps in the bedroom as you want, and maybe more inclined to take to the streets for a quick run more often!

Disclaimer: For the very fit older men out there, your existence is recognized – this is just generalized!

2. Younger men usually have fewer responsibilities.

Older men often have responsibilities like children or a stressful job to worry about, but the younger you go, the less likely these aspects of life will be.

If you’re dating a younger man who does not have children, you do not have to worry about potentially embarrassing introductions, especially if you have children of your own.

Her husband, who has fewer responsibilities at work, may be more likely to respond to a spontaneous request for a date or be able to leave early for a weekend getaway without worrying about what he left behind in the office.

He may not have bought a house yet, something that tends to spend time and energy. And if you’re still renting, you might one day become a home buyer together.

3. Younger men are less likely to be cynical.

If the man you are with is a few years younger than you, then if you have much less relationship experience than him, he probably has not dated seriously.

Older men are often cynical in terms of relationships in general, although they still desire camaraderie.

Some may be quite suspicious of you and expect you to do something that an ex did or not put much effort into a relationship like they did in the past, so it seems they are not very interested,

After meeting some guys with such attitudes, it’s clear once again that not all older men are like that, the almost naive enthusiasm for the love of a younger guy probably can be refreshing.

4. Younger men can worship the ground on which you walk.

While outsiders sometimes mock a partnership with older women / younger men, the man himself often gets a wave of self-confidence because he could. “Hook Up” with an older woman, especially when his friends praise him for it.

To make sure that you are still satisfied with the relationship, he can offer to give you special favors in the bedroom and outside, frequently buy gifts, and sing your praises to all who he encounters.

Be careful, though, that you should not stay with a younger guy you do not particularly care about because of such benefits as that’s pretty superficial.

Besides, if you do not enjoy that special attention, or you feel he meets you for the ego boost, it’s time to talk to him.

The annoying disadvantages of dating a younger man

1. younger men can behave childishly..

A disadvantage for a younger man is that he may be less mature than you.

For example, if you’re 30 years old and you’re with a 24-year-old, he might enjoy playing video games with his buddies for hours and drinking until he’s sick in a local pub while you’ve left all this stuff in college.

However, this difference in preferred activities does not have to be a deal-breaker. As long as he does not furnish your living room with beer cans, pizza boxes, and game consoles or embarrasses you in public, a relationship can still work.

After all, you can use your playing time to do something you like.

2. Younger men can be at a loss in terms of relationships.

 Although they tend to be less cynical, there is usually a negative side for men who also have no relationship experience.

A guy with little relationship experience may not know how to handle conflicts appropriately. He can blow up during a fight or, after a disagreement, give the cold shoulder instead of trying to do things calmly and in time.

He can also make minor social mistakes, such as flirting with other girls while you’re in the room, or writing too much while you have two with your family for dinner.

Depending on how many kilometers he has built out of relationships, He may ask you to teach him things in bed. Of course, if you like that, more power for you!

3. Younger men sometimes lack a full-time job.

If you are with a younger man who is still in school or has just graduated, he may not have a job, or at least not one that allows him to support you wholeheartedly.

The lack of time he spends at work will make him more available for the time with you, but you spend most of your nights cuddling together in front of the TV because he will not have the money to pay for expensive data.

If that’s the case, you should look for cheap or free things in your city that you can afford. One day he will have a better job, and you will be able to enjoy the more beautiful things in life again.

If he does not seem to take any steps toward a stable career, you might not consider continuing.

4. Elders judge younger men/ couples .

Although this particular combination is becoming more prevalent, especially among the younger generation in general, some traditionalists still believe that one man should be at least as old as their partner.

Your parents or grandparents may be surprised or even upset to find that your friend is younger than you.

Of course, you do not have to announce his exact age when you introduce him to your family, but maybe you will be discovered, especially when he looks visibly younger.

If you have a strong bond with him, that should not be a big deal. And a relationship that cannot withstand a little outside the opposition is not necessarily one that is worth holding.

Would you go out with a younger guy?

Do you believe that this information enables you to go out with a younger man ?

Maybe you already are, and it’s beautiful. It is not as important as society has done in the past – all it requires are a few small adjustments from you and probably a few on it.

If you experience any of the problems described above with your younger man. You grabbed a rough diamond.

On the other hand, without any perks, you may have a rotten egg that behaves in the same way, regardless of age.

Dionne Eleanor , transformational mentor and therapist, says,

In a world where many of us are struggling to find love itself, embracing a relationship with a younger man can open another door for those who are willing. It will challenge societal norms and stereotypes, but this reminds us that age and maturity is sometimes subjective and influenced by other things like life experiences and priorities.

Ultimately, these are just guidelines and tips for dating younger men that will help you decide whether you want to start dating a younger man or plan something that is long-term with him.

Think about it and remember that at the end of the day, your happiness and your love life are essential, not empty minds and raised eyebrows!

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Rachael Pace is a noted relationship writer associated with Marriage.com. She provides inspiration, support, and empowerment in the form of motivational articles and essays. Rachael enjoys studying the evolution of loving partnerships Read more and is passionate about writing on them. She believes that everyone should make room for love in their lives and encourages couples to work on overcoming their challenges together. Read less

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Apt Parenting

A Hot Debate: Should Teenage Dating Be Allowed?

Teenage is that age when everyone seems to understand you; except your mom and dad of course. With so many hormones charting their course through your child's body, your child is bound to rebel, in more ways than one. Given the situation, should teenage dating be allowed? Read on, to find out.

Teenage is that age when everyone seems to understand you; except your mom and dad of course. With so many hormones charting their course through your child’s body, your child is bound to rebel, in more ways than one. Given the situation, should teenage dating be allowed? Read on, to find out.

As your child approaches teenage, I am sure the same though that bothers parents of teenagers all over the world will come to occupy your mind too – teenage dating. I am afraid there isn’t one correct answer to this question. There will be equal number of parents for and against teenage dating. So here, I will present both sides of the coin.

Arguments FOR Teenage Dating

‘Love Is’ Samantha read in the slam book. Immediately she thought of Eric, and a sweet smile danced upon her lips. She blushed. She looked around to see if anyone had noticed. ‘Love Is’ she read once again, and wrote “MAGIC!”

Did that make you think of your childhood sweetheart? I am sure it did. Teenage is when we begin to experience all the things that good books and bad movies are made of; all the Nicholas Spark-sy stuff. You watch Little Manhattan and you feel like the writer and director were spying on you before they made the movie. That guy from class touches you, only to pat your back, or hold your hand maybe; and you get goose bumps! You see that girl, and all you want to do is pull her in an embrace and seal her lips with a kiss! And you are dying to get some time alone with your sweetheart. Four walls, a roof, you, him/her; that is all that your thoughts seem to be consumed with.

This is an important part of growing up. It is an experience, just like any other. However, it is something children don’t want to talk about with their parents; and something parents don’t know HOW to talk with their children. For various reasons, parents tend to put off talking about such things with their children. Why? It is best that you yourself take the first step and talk to your child about dating, relationships, crushes, infatuation, and the four-letter word you thought your child was too young to understand – love.

The greatest thing you’ll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return. ~ Moulin Rouge

Dating should be allowed in teenagers. There can be several consequences (and severe ones too) of banning your child from dating. Your child can become rebellious. Peer pressure is a huge part of teenage life. One cannot estimate the intensity and obligation of peer pressure unless one is subjected to it. Do not dismiss your child’s feelings by giving reasons like ‘age’, ‘maturity’, ‘foolishness’, ‘real life’ and the likes. What your child is going through is ‘real life’ for him/her. Realize this. You being unreasonable is going to make your child rebellious; it will make him/her disregard and disobey you. You don’t want that, do you?

Another consequence of not allowing your teenage child to date can be that your child develops hang-ups for life. He/she may develop irrational fears and insecurities regarding dating, approaching the opposite sex, or just dealing with them in any circumstance in life. Teenage is a delicate age. The mind of a teenager is like wet clay; even the slightest of touches can leave long-lasting imprints. Fears, doubts etched on the mind at this age can be carried by the individual for the rest of his/her life.

Arguments AGAINST Teenage Dating

Watching your daughter being collected by her date feels like handing over a million dollar Stradivarius to a gorilla. ~ Jim Bishop

Being a father, part of why it hurts to see your daughter dating someone is because you have once been the date; and you know what naughty things you were thinking about! On the other hand, as a mother you could be afraid for your daughter, fearing she will go through a similar heartbreak like you went through in your teen years. As for being parents of a son, you do not want your son to be labeled ‘heartbreaker’ or ‘flirt’. Whatever your fears are, they are totally understandable. Yes, having teenage kids and trying to get them to even listen to what you are saying is like trying to drive a nail through stone. It is almost impossible. But therein lies the answer – it is ALMOST impossible; not entirely impossible.

Girls fall in love with what they hear. Boys fall in love with what they see. That’s why girls wear make up; and boys lie. ~ Wiz Khalifa

The biggest argument against teenage dating is the fact that it is teenagers we are talking about. Teenage is that period of life when there are more changes happening in the body than the mind or heart or brain can understand and comprehend. There are so many hormones charting their independent courses in the body, that acting rational becomes difficult. Mark Twain once said, “Ignorance, intolerance, egotism, self-assertion, opaque perception, dense and pitiful chuckle headedness – and an almost pathetic unconsciousness of it all, that is what I was at nineteen and twenty”. Such true words! It would be wrong to say teenage does not teach a person anything about love, suffering, relationships, etc. But just because you know how to make instant noodles doesn’t mean you know how to cook, does it?

Teenage years are marked by incomplete ideas and experiences. Romantic films do to teenage girls what porn movies do to teenage boys – set unrealistic expectations about their paramour. One cannot ignore how big a part the media plays in teenage life. Not every teenager gets what he/she wants out of his/her teen years. Some get the confidence, some get the hang-ups. Not allowing dating can save your son/daughter from a lot of unnecessary agony. It can help your child focus better on academics. Not every experience in life is pleasurable; more importantly, not every experience is necessary. If teenage dating is one such experience according to you, you could stop your child from dating.

Final Verdict

Youth cannot know how age thinks and feels. But old men are guilty if they forget what it was to be young… ~ Albus Dumbledore

I guess the final verdict of the debate is evident from the above famous words of Albus Dumbledore, from the Harry Potter Series. While you are out there looking after the best of your child’s interests, it is important to remember how you felt when you were a teenager yourself. Attraction, infatuation, dating, are all a part of teenage life. You cannot separate it from teenage. But if you remember how you felt back then, you will be able to approach the topic of dating with your daughter and/or son much better. Remember how you felt, recollect what it was like to be a teenager and wanting to experience things. Reminisce on what you would NOT have liked your parents saying to you, and avoid saying the same to your child. But most of all, inculcate a sense of responsibility in your child. Impart sound relationship advice to your teenage child. Win their trust, their respect, and they will themselves come to you with your problems.

Growing up means preserving the child in your heart and the transparency in your mind, thoughts, words and deeds ~ Author

As parents, you would always hope and wish for the best for your child. So whether you allow your child to date or not, would depend quite a bit on what you think and believe in. However, the key to get your teenage child to agree with your views is to put them across in the right way; with enough sensitivity and sincerity to protect your child’s interests, but also with enough austerity to ensure your child safety. I hope you find the balance to do just that. Have faith in your upbringing, and your child will sail through a perfect teenage, which you can both reminisce about years later.

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40 Best Topics for Cause and Effect Essay

What subject to choose when it comes to cause and effect essay writing. We have collected some good ideas to get you started with your essay. Choosing the essay topic for cause and effect essay type is not difficult, here are some good sample essay topics:

• Effects of Pollution
• The Changes in the Ocean
• The Civil Rights Movement and the Effects
• Causes and Effects of the Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants
• Internet Influence on kids
• Popularity of Sports in US
• Effects of professional sport on children
• Alcohol and nervous system
• Domestic violence
• Growing up with a single parent
• Effect of school bullying on children
• Putin politics against the neighboring countries
• Music effects on human body
• Dating at young age
• What causes some women to repeatedly get involved in destructive relationships
• Earthquakes and potential dangers they bring
• Social media effect on young people
• Growing up in poverty
• Stress impact on health
• Impact of drug use on human body
• The influence of my favorite movie/book on me
• How war in Syria effects US
• What impact smoking has on a pregnant woman
• Telling lies. The cause and effect
• The causes of divorces
• What is the impact of genetically engineered food
• What causes a tsunami
• What causes racism
• How globalization affects economy
• What was your cause of choosing your major/your college
• The effects of credit culture
• What are causes and effects of terrorism
• What makes a person to be a good teacher/mother/doctor/artist
• What are the effects of homeschooling
• What causes heart problems
• What caused the WWII
• Effects of online dating
• Uber influence on the taxi drivers
• How happy relationships affect a person
• How travelling the world affects life and personality

Make sure you choose the essay topic that is important for you. Choosing the correct essay topic makes your cause and effect essay more successful. Speaking from your heart and mind instead of listing some vague ideas brings your writing to the next level and makes a great effect on your reader.

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How Losing a Parent Affects Young Children

Some carry the parent inside them, and benefit from it..

Posted February 22, 2022 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano

• Early parental loss is relatively common, affecting about 1 in 20 children.
• Adults recalling parental loss during childhood report having significant unmet emotional and psychological needs at the time.
• Research on early loss is important both for helping affected children and for enriching general understanding of needs.

What do we know about the impact of early parental loss? About five percent of young people lose a parent before reaching adulthood. Early parental loss is associated with negative outcomes including anxiety ; depression ; prolonged grief reactions; negative effects on sense of self; increased risk for suicide , substance abuse , and eating problems; difficulty with executive function ; reduced quality of life; and changes to how survivors approach adult relationships. 1

Hard-won, resilience and wisdom may take root in the fertile soil of misfortune. Having lived through the world-shattering, apocalyptic experience of losing a parent when I was young , I regard research in this area of personal interest as well as important, instructive about how to grieve and go on living after loss and how to advocate for children who are coping with parental loss but may not have needed resources to get through it and live healthy, full lives.

Survivor Stories

Recent work published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2022) took a qualitative approach to draw out important lessons we can learn from people who experienced the death of a parent before reaching adulthood. Researchers conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with eight women and six men, now adults, who’d lost a parent at least five years before. The average age at the time of the interview was about 31, and the average age at parental death was a little over 16 years old. Sample questions included: “How did losing your [Mum/Dad] affect you?” “What support did you receive after the loss of your [Mum/Dad]?” and “How did you come about receiving that support?”

Results were analyzed according to a standard procedure. While quantitative research is helpful in understanding statistical outcomes, using set questionnaires doesn’t get to the heart of subjective individual experiences or shared experiences not captured in surveys. Qualitative analysis can distill overarching themes and sub-themes from in-depth interviews. Seven emerged:

1. Distance and isolation.

People don’t always know what to do when a friend is dealing with loss. This is true in adulthood and even more so for kids. Participants reported that their friends didn’t know how to react and sometimes said hurtful things without intending to out of uncertainty and inexperience: “They have this look, where they feel sorry for you, and that pisses me off. Because they don’t get it,” and “They [people who have not been bereaved] say 'I’m sure in a couple of days you’ll feel better.'”

Participants noted they would often pull away from friends, self-isolating both out of grief and also because of feeling so different—misunderstood, to boot. They tried to block out awareness of what had happened, suppressing emotions and distracting themselves by focusing on other things. While their action could be enriching life experiences (e.g. traveling) or academic success (e.g. focusing on school), it also hindered fully grieving, presumably further altering psychological development.

2. Emotional journey.

While each participant reported a unique process stemming from loss, common themes included “ denial and disbelief, anger , anxiety, depression, guilt , and devastation.” Such experiences were typical and reflective not just of Kubler-Ross's classic stages of grief—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—but also of the unique quality of the "world-ending" feeling accompanying early parental loss.

Psychoanalytically, children may feel guilt, and even that they are to blame, for the death of a parent—this may lead to feelings of terrible omnipotence, especially if the child were angry at the parent around the time they became sick or died. Such children may carry a heavy burden, feeling both capable of profound harm to others and responsible for trying to do penance for a crime they did not commit.

While each person's emotional journey is individualized, requiring significant personal development work, people who have lost parents as youngsters share common characteristics that are important to recognize.

3. Physical impact.

The typically chaotic experience following early parental loss led to problematic behaviors, including unhealthy eating, difficulty taking care of basic needs like bathing and other areas of self-care, and increased alcohol and drug use (“self- medication ” to deal with or escape unrelenting psychic pain). People reported that the impact on the body was considerable, with panic attacks (which can be reflecting the body-mind connection 2 ).

4. Post-traumatic growth (PTG).

Given that interviews took place an average of 12 years after the loss, participants had some time to adapt and recover. They noted many ways of becoming more resilient in the face of adversity, able to handle challenges others found overwhelming. In keeping with the concept of PTG, participants reported seeing life in a new light, focusing on living fully given their awareness of the fragility of life, reporting positive impacts on identity . To a significant extent, participants reported stronger family bonds, though in some cases the loss also caused families to fall apart, a critical factor related to resilience.

5. Life will never be the same.

No amount of denial can mask the reality of death when it is up close and personal. Participants reported that their lives had been permanently altered, changing them on a fundamental level. Common themes included growing up fast, perhaps too fast; taking on significant responsibility at a young age, including looking after younger siblings and supporting the family; and greater feelings of responsibility and obligation. Such " parentification " is associated with silencing of one's own needs ("self-silencing") and feelings of inauthenticity.

While things would never be the same, participants reported carrying the departed parent with them, holding them in mind, imagining their guidance and life choices in making decisions, and generally internalizing the parent in often-useful ways.

6. Support and understanding.

People needed support after loss, from family and friends, counselors, teachers, and religious leaders. Sadly, despite the need for support, most participants said that the support they received was insufficient and not sustained as they continued to need support into the future.

While family support could be solid, family members—themselves affected by grief—might not be available. Friends were supportive at first, but then might move on, leaving one feeling abandoned and alone. Professional help was either unavailable, or professionals were not equipped to address particular therapeutic needs. Some participants reported that they avoided seeking help or that they needed help when it wasn’t available (e.g. in the wee hours of the morning). Some reported that religion helped, while others noted they stopped believing.

7. Re-grief.

Grief is an ongoing process. Participants reported going through periods of time years after the loss when grief re-emerged, with heightened feelings of sadness, anxiety, and longing. The need to share life’s stressful and joyful moments with departed loved ones comes up around significant life events, including graduation, marriage , and other milestones, and when times are difficult, creating yearning for the dead parent.

Living, Learning, and Grieving

The research rings true, poignant, and meaningful. People are resilient, and also suffer. What works at one time to get through grim realities may constrain us later when we need to be more open and available. There is no guarantee that loss will be handled well by those around us, especially in cultures with less community and ritual, and greater denial of death. Many of us are ill-prepared to handle serious loss at any age.

Public education can help destigmatize loss and educate people on grieving. Schools can provide more support for children when tragedy strikes, including helping other families and peers understand what is happening. Individuals in an affected family can consciously strive to grieve together and support one another, in light of the risk of family dissolution. While people who survive early adversity often come away with strength and resilience, it’s crucial to remember that vulnerability is often hidden.

Therapists can play an important role both in helping families and helping children with loss, armed with a better understanding of what they may be going through. Although support is greatest at first and then fades away, long-term needs require attention ; checking for ongoing negative health impacts without becoming overly vigilant is also critical.

Learning more about bereavement , something everyone will face, is important because how we deal with dying, how we deal with the uncertainty of life , has a strong impact on how well we live.

Facebook /LinkedIn image: Brian A Jackson/Shutterstock

1. Parental attachment affects adult relationships. Early parental loss is associated with longer adult relationships – staying with relationships may be a good thing, from valuing connections more deeply, but it may also reflect insecure attachment and poor sense of self . Awareness of how fast things can change, how fleeting life can be, changes how we experience relationships. Serious loss and the ensuing grief may also undermine social relationships, as the stigma and awkwardness surrounding bereavement may distance others .

2. While not reported in the paper, the manner of the parent’s death plays an important role in the survivors’ relationship with their own bodies – when parents die of painful cancers, for example, the child’s trust in their own body falters, and minor symptoms may get amplified as signs of serious illness. Confusion about what bodily signals mean can be a source of persistent distress and uncertainty, leading to cycles of avoidance of medical care and excessive concern.

Chater AM, Howlett N, Shorter GW, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Williams J. Reflections on Experiencing Parental Bereavement as a Young Person: A Retrospective Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042083

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Grant Hilary Brenner, M.D., a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, helps adults with mood and anxiety conditions, and works on many levels to help unleash their full capacities and live and love well.

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• Published: 24 June 2016

Dating attitudes and expectations among young Chinese adults: an examination of gender differences

• Sampson Lee Blair 1 &
• Timothy J. Madigan 2  

The Journal of Chinese Sociology volume  3 , Article number:  12 ( 2016 ) Cite this article

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While researchers have long examined the dating and mate selection patterns among young adults, the vast majority have utilized Western samples. In order to further our understanding of the changing nature of dating behaviors and attitudes, this study examines a sample of young Chinese adults and focuses upon the gender differences therein. Using a foundation of social exchange theory, the analyses illustrate the differences between the dating attitudes and expectations of Chinese women and men. Per traditional expectations, both sexes place a low priority on sexual behaviors, yet more progressive attitudes and behaviors are also evident. Women, in particular, appear to be more focused on pragmatic qualities in prospective partners. The influence of individualist values and the changing cultural norms pertaining to dating and familial roles are discussed.

Dating and romantic relationships are a normal, yet essential, part of life during the adolescent and early adult years. Beyond the basic desires which most individuals experience during this time, researchers have noted the relative significance of dating, not only for individuals but also for societies. The initiation and maintenance of intimate, romantic relationships have been linked with improved physical and emotional well-being, stronger perceptions of community attachment, and better developmental outcomes for the individuals (e.g., Amato 2010 ; Braithwaite et al. 2010 ; Proulx et al. 2007 ). During adolescence and the early adult years, dating enhances identity formation for individuals and provides socialization experiences which are necessary to forming and maintaining intimate and interpersonal relationships in life (Chen et al. 2009 ). Although researchers have directed their efforts toward a better understanding of the dynamics of dating and partner selection, focusing upon the influence of such elements as the family environment (e.g., parental divorce, parental marital quality, parent-child relationships), peer relationships, and community factors (Bryant and Conger 2002 ; Cui and Fincham 2010 ; Yoshida and Busby 2012 ), the majority of studies focusing upon dating and romantic relationships have utilized samples of Western youth.

In China, marriage and family life continues to be a central element within Chinese culture, with adolescents and young adults typically assuming that they will eventually find a partner. What is lacking, however, is a broader understanding of how contemporary Chinese youth view dating and intimate relationships. Researchers have noted this shortcoming and have called for greater empirical examination of partner selection in contemporary urban China (Xu et al. 2000 ) and particularly the attitudinal and expectational dimensions of dating (Hu and Scott 2016 ) and how these might vary by gender (Shek 2006 ). The present study will seek to address these calls for empirical study by using a sample of Chinese college students to examine the nature of attitudes and expectations concerning dating among young adults in contemporary China. The analyses which follow will attempt to more accurately discern the nature of such attitudes and expectations, as well as differences which may exist between females and males.

Dating and relationships

From a generational perspective, dating and romantic relationships in China are regarded differently, as adolescents and young adults may have more progressive beliefs, as compared to their parents. Researchers have noted that Chinese parents tend to oppose adolescent dating (Chen et al. 2009 ), perhaps due to their more traditional perspectives. While there is no clear definition of what is an appropriate age for individuals to begin dating, those who begin dating at early ages will typically have to cope with the opposition of parents (Wu 1996 ). Nonetheless, there is widespread acceptance that dating is becoming increasingly popular among Chinese youth (Tang and Zuo 2000 ).

Among Chinese college students, in particular, dating has quickly elevated in popularity (Yang 2011 ). Even the behaviors within dating appear to be rapidly changing over time. Behaviors such as holding hands and kissing in public, which may been somewhat taboo only a few decades ago, in China, are now becoming increasingly commonplace (Xia and Zhou 2003 ; Yang 2011 ). For such populations, who are often away from the eyes of their parents, college life may present opportunities for not only dating but also sexual activity (Xia and Zhou 2003 ). Lei ( 2005 ) reports that over one third of college students in China had become sexually active while enrolled in school. While dating and sexual activity among Chinese college students have been previously noted by researchers (e.g., Xu 1994 ), comparatively less is known about the attitudes and expectations of youth concerning these behaviors. In regard to premarital sex, for example, some studies have reported that 86 % of respondents approve of it (see Tang and Zuo 2000 ), while other studies have noted that vast majority of men want their brides to be virgins at the time of marriage (Ji 1990 ).

Seemingly, contemporary Chinese college students may be adopting a perspective of dating and intimate relationships which focuses less on paths toward marriage and more on immediate pleasure and gratification (Yang 2011 ). Much of this may also related to institutional changes, as the interpersonal relationships of students have been somewhat suppressed by colleges and universities (Aresu 2009 ). Universities commonly attempt to discourage sexual activity among students through educational programs and policies (Aresu 2009 ). Nonetheless, a comparison of college students in 2001 and 2006 revealed that self-reported premarital sexual intercourse rates went from 16.9 to 32 %, respectively (Pan 2007 ). Not surprisingly, Chinese parents tend to strongly discourage their daughters and sons from becoming sexual active, and many are opposed to their children being involved in dating relationships, at all (Stevenson and Zusho 2002 ).

The social and cultural context of dating

Aspects of dating, such as appropriate behaviors within dating and the appropriate age at which to begin dating, are greatly influenced by the larger social context in which they occur (Chen et al. 2009 ). Similarly, researchers have noted that attitudes and expectations concerning dating and intimate relationships are also affected by the larger cultural context (Hynie et al. 2006 ; Sprecher et al. 1994 ; Yan 2003 ). But China’s cultural context goes back several thousands of years. It has a written language that has been in use for the longest continuous period of time in the world, and it has the oldest written history (Han 2008 ). Thus, in order to best understand and appreciate the social dynamics occurring in present day China, one should first examine some of the important long-standing traditions connected to its culture.

The traditional expectations concerning dating and marriage have a long history within Chinese culture and are based heavily upon ancestor worship and Confucian ideology. From this perspective, filial piety and the continuation of family lineage are of tremendous importance (Han 2008 ). Hence, marriage (as the end goal of intimate relationships) is absolutely necessary and particularly so for males (Liu et al. 2014 ). One of the enduring cultural traits is “xiao,” which, in the most basic sense, refers to filial piety. The Chinese character for “xiao” can visually be interpreted as a child with an old man on his back (Han 2008 ). The long-standing expectation of “xiao” is that children devote their lives, without question, to their parents and families. This involves, especially for sons, the care for parents in their elderly years (see Ho 1996 ). Understandably, this places great pressure upon unmarried sons to negotiate with his parents over the identification and selection of a suitable wife, who, in turn, will also provide assistance to his aging parents. For sons, in particular, “xiao” makes finding a spouse a priority and consequently makes dating take on a different quality.

China is typically regarded as a collectivistic culture, in which obligations to the greater society and social institutions (e.g., the family) are considered more important than individual traits and needs (Kwang 2001 ; Ting-Toomey et al. 1991 ). Within individualistic cultures, romantic love is regarded as essential to marital satisfaction and well-being (Dion and Dion 1988 ). Hence, individual choice within dating relationships and mate selection processes is more likely to occur within individualistic cultures. Collectivistic cultures prompt young adults to regard love and romantic relationships within the larger context of their familial and societal obligations (Yang 1968 ). This, then, may lead young adults within collectivistic cultures to emphasize the pragmatic functions of dating and eventual marriage, while having less concern with notions of “love” and “romance” (Hsu 1981 ).

Following the end of the reign of Mao Tse-tung, along with the collapse of the former USSR, a fairly rapid pace of social, political, and economic changes occurred in China (e.g., Croll 2006 ; Tang and Parish 2000 ; Wang 2004 ). The post-Mao Chinese government has steadily encouraged economic modernization and the development of economic practices based upon free market principles similar to those found in Westernized countries. Social policies, such as the notable “One-Child Policy,” have been relaxed over recent years (Denyer 2015 ), allowing for individuals to better seek mates who are compatible in terms of number of children they desire to procreate. Whereas Chinese culture once emphasized the role of family in the selection of partners, with a strong tendency toward arranged marriages (Yang 1968 ), young Chinese adults now have greater choice in such decisions (Xu 1994 ). When combined with other changes, such as higher rates of educational attainment for women (Li 1994 ; Wu and Zhang 2010 ) and increased sexual activity among young adults (Feng and Quanhe 1996 ), it is likely that both culture preferences and actual behaviors concerning dating and mate selection may be undergoing substantial changes in China, as well.

The economic changes have had a considerable effect upon traditional family structures and behaviors. The collectivist nature of Chinese culture has been altered by economic factors in several substantial ways (see Yang 2011 ). First, there has been a steady shift away from collectivism toward individualism, causing people to give priorities to their own needs, rather than those of their family or larger society. Second, traditional marital relationships, often formed as a matter of practicality, have diminished and been replaced by a preference for relationships based on romance and Western notions of love. Finally, Chinese women, by virtue of their increasing educational and occupational attainment, now have greater economic independence, thus lowering their need to secure a spouse as a way of ensuring financial security. Hence, the traditional combination of marriage, sex, and family, as upheld by long-standing Chinese cultural expectations, has become less influential, particularly in regard to serving as a foundation of dating and partner selection.

Younger cohorts, who have had greater exposure to increasing individualism and Western culture, may approach dating and mate selection in a different manner from the previous generation. However, these younger cohorts must also recognize the existence of long-standing norms, as filial obligation remains a very tangible value in Chinese culture (Chui and Hong 2006 ), and continues to bind children to their parents. Indeed, recent studies have suggested that dating (Kim 2005 ) and decisions within marriage, itself, are still strongly affected by Chinese parents (Pimentel 2000 ). Given the relative paucity of research on dating and intimate relationships within China, it is difficult to accurately discern how these changes may be affecting young adults’ dating behaviors. When combined with other changes, such as migration, urbanization, income growth, increased social inequality, consumer culture, mass media, the Internet, and personal communication devices, some qualitative research suggest that both attitudes and actual behaviors concerning dating and mate selection are undergoing change in at least one of China’s largest cities. Research in Taiwan suggests that young adults are shifting their perspectives on dating and romance, away from traditional expectations (see Chang and Chan 2007 ). Zhang and Kline ( 2009 ), using a sample from mainland China, found that many young adults found their partner on their own accord but still maintained a desire to satisfy their parents’ wishes. In contemporary China, it is quite likely that both traditional expectations and newer, more modern attitudes concerning dating and partner selection are present. Whether one set of expectations is more influential, or if there is a merger or evolution of new attitudes concerning dating and partner selection, remains to be seen.

Gender and dating

Among Chinese youth, attitudes and expectations concerning dating and intimate relationships will also likely vary between females and males. In terms of dating and partner preferences, researchers have noted a considerable difference between the sexes, with a substantial double standard still prevailing (Piotrowski et al. 2016 ). For men, the ideal quality in a woman is beauty, while for women, the ideal quality in a man is intelligence (Xia and Zhou 2003 ). Generally, Chinese women are expected to marry at an earlier age, while they are still at the peak of their physical appearance and capacity to bear children, whereas men are expected to marry at a later age, after they have achieved financial success (Piotrowski et al. 2016 ). Recent studies suggest that stereotyped perceptions of young men and women exist (Jankowiak and Li 2014 ). Men are more often regarded as serious, ambitious, stubborn, deceitful, independent, and powerful, while women are viewed as quiet, anxious, excitable, gentle, depressed, shy, and jealous (Jankowiak and Li 2014 ).

In order to more fully comprehend these gender differences within Chinese culture, a much longer historical context must be considered. Gender ideologies in China have long been founded upon the general belief that women are supposed to be submissive and secondary to men (Bloodworth 1973 ). With Confucian philosophy, women are expected to maintain the three rules of obedience: (1) obeying their fathers and brothers prior to marriage, (2) obeying their husbands within marriage, and (3) as a widow, obeying their adult sons (Chia et al. 1997 ; Yang 1968 ). This set of beliefs, while seemingly outdated in contemporary society, is nonetheless one which has a very long existence within the Chinese culture. Indeed, several studies have suggested that even in the face of modernization and the influence of Western culture, traditional gender attitudes may persist. Researchers have found that many Chinese adults maintain traditional beliefs concerning the division of household labor (Cook and Dong 2011 ) and the responsibilities of child care (Rosen 1992 ). Males are still generally assumed to occupy the provider role within the family (Chia et al. 1997 ).

The relative roles and status of Chinese females and males have been patriarchal in nature for many centuries, yet these long-standing differences may be changing. In terms of educational attainment, for example, women’s educational attainment rates, which had previously lagged far behind those of men, are now rising. Indeed, both in terms of enrollment and completion rates, women now exceed men in Chinese colleges and universities (Wu and Zhang 2010 ). Women’s employment, which has always been guaranteed within China, is on par with that of men. Higher levels of educational attainment, coupled with comparable employment and earnings levels, may lead Chinese women to maintain more egalitarian attitudes concerning gender and gender roles. How these gendered expectations affect contemporary dating attitudes and behaviors, though, is yet unknown.

While addressing gender-related issues which may affect the dating and mate selection patterns of young Chinese adults, it is equally necessary to address the sex ratio of the population, itself. One lasting effect of the one-child policy, when combined with the traditional preference for sons, is that the current adult population contains more males than females. Currently (based on 2010 census data), the sex ratio for the population of never-married individuals, 15 years of age and above, is 134.5 (Liu et al. 2014 ). Despite the recent changes to the one-child policy, the skewed sex ratio is expected to create a male marriage “squeeze” for at least a few more decades, thus making it difficult for the current adult male population to find a wife (Guilmoto 2012 ). It is quite likely that the sex ratio will have an impact, not only upon mate selection but also the preceding dating behaviors. South and Trent ( 2010 ) have noted that the sex ratio imbalance is associated with higher levels of premarital sex among Chinese women but is associated with lower levels of premarital sex among men.

Understanding gender differences in dating

Numerous perspectives have been offered as attempts to explain gender differences which have been identified within dating and intimate relationships. Buss and his colleagues (Buss et al. 1990 ; Buss 2003 ) have suggested that there is an evolutionary basis for such differences. Males, in this perspective, will seek females with greater physical attractiveness, youth, and chastity, while females will seek out males with greater resources (i.e., financial), intelligence, and ambition. Male preferences will be based upon their desire to obtain a suitable mating partner, for the purpose of bearing offspring, while female preferences will be based upon their desire for a provider/protector. Although this perspective has generated considerable debate, it does not readily address differences which may results from a specific cultural context.

Exchange theory may provide a foundation for better understanding the nature of dating and partner selection in China. Parrish and Farrer ( 2000 ) posit that gender roles within China have undergone considerable change, due to both micro-level mechanisms of bargaining (e.g., within couple’s relationships) and macro-level shifts in existing social institutions (e.g., educational and occupational institutions). Given the dramatic increases in both Chinese women’s educational attainment and greater occupational attainment, they now have greater status in many situations, specifically in regard to bargaining and decision-making within personal relationships (Gittings 2006 ; Guthrie 2008 ). From a historical perspective, the New Marriage Law of 1950 helped to set into motion a shift toward improved statuses for women, by legalizing gender equality and freedom of choice in both marriage and divorce. These improvements have, in turn, set the stage for a considerable shift away from more traditional forms of dating and mate selection and have also made the potential “Westernization” of ideologies surrounding romance and dating relationships even more likely (Hatfield and Rapson 2005 ).

The imbalanced sex ratio may also create an environment in which women have even greater influence, particularly in regard to dating and mate selection. Assuming a strong preference for marriage, exchange theory would again support the notion that women, as the smaller population, would have a decisive advantage. The dyadic power thesis (see Sprecher 1988 ) posits that, in this instance, the relative scarcity of women increases their dyadic power within relationships (see also Ellingson et al. 2004 ). Hence, women would not only have greater control over the selection of a partner but also wield greater decision-making power within the relationship. This perspective is supported by recent studies which show that Chinese women have become increasingly selective in the marriage market, preferring men with higher salaries, more prestigious occupations, and better living quarters (Liu 2005 ). Within the context of dating and intimate relationships, men with less social capital (e.g., educational attainment, income, desirable housing) may find it increasingly challenging to find a date, much less a spouse (see Peng 2004 ). Understandably, the cultural expectation held by Chinese men that women should be docile and tender may greatly complicate men’s search for a partner, as Chinese women’s greater selection power, coupled with changes in the broader culture of dating, may directly counter long-standing gendered expectations (see Parrish and Farrer 2000 ).

Research questions and hypotheses

Given China’s record setting leap into becoming a industrialized country in just a matter of decades on top of having a very ancient cultural history which serves as a source of pride, one would half expect China’s traditional culture to “stand strong like bamboo” or, at worse, perhaps bend a bit. On the other hand, one would expect something to give under such complete and rapid societal change. Young Chinese students should be the members of society who would be most willing to abandon traditional Chinese values and the associated behavioral processes which control dating (and marriage) and move toward adopting Western style patterns where familial relationships are forged out of affective individualism. Under this approach, marriages are based largely on love type feelings and the decision about whom to marry resides mostly with the individual. In an increasingly stratified society, the actors might feel most comfortable seeking out life partners who occupy similar positions within the social structure (i.e., education level, social class, occupational prestige, ethnicity). This process is called homogamy.

Hypothesis 1

The dating behavior of students should not be strongly influenced by parents who continue to hold a traditional perspective. In other words, elements of affective individualism should manifest themselves.

An adolescent youth subculture is on the rise in China, and hence, the influence of peers on the dating and courtship behaviors of individuals will increase and eventually become stronger than that of the family. In the power vacuum caused by the decline of parental influence, young people will most likely fill the void as the culture becomes less backward looking and more forward looking.

Hypothesis 2

Peers and the adolescent subculture, as opposed to parents, should exert a significant influence on the dating behavior of Chinese youth.

Chinese culture is thousands of years old. Thus, one should not expect the traditional, conservative, patriarchal Chinese values will completely disappear among present day Chinese youth and hence have no impact on dating relationships. Cultural rebels—male and female—will be present, exploring the uncharted cultural waters. However, cultural conformists who are reluctant to abandon family and tradition will maintain some degree of cultural continuity across time and generations.

Hypothesis 3

Since culture and gender relations are generally resistant to rapid change in society, centuries old traditional gender role attitudes should be found to continue to persist among significant numbers of Chinese youth.

To the extent that traditional values about dating and relationships impact the decision-making process, they may also be imbedded in the types of personal qualities that singles are looking for in their potential mates. If traditional values continue to exert an influence on thinking and behavior despite changes in the social context, then males and females will gravitate toward different criteria. Also, comparative research on partner preferences finds that preferences fall into three broad or seemingly universal categories: physical, practical, and personal. The extent to which these three categories are gendered is not addressed in the literature. However, we expect to find them operating in our study population and to be gendered.

Hypothesis 4

Patterns in partner preferences which have been found across societies should be present among Chinese youth, namely, concern about physical appearance, economic prospects, and kind or compassionate personality of future potential spouses.

In addition to the above broad hypotheses, we also expect older students and those who are religious to be slightly more conservative. Students who perform well academically might use that strength as a bargaining chip. Men could use it as an asset to be sold on the dating and marriage market while women could use it as a signifier of them possessing egalitarian values and seeking like-minded mates. It should be noted that in the USA, students who exhibit high levels of dating behavior in high school are less likely to be academic high achievers.

Data and methods

Data for this study were collected during the summer of 2015 at a large public university in Shanghai, China. A random sample of students were approached and asked to participate in a survey concerning dating and romantic relationships. Of those approached, 87 % agreed to participate and completed the survey. After tabulation of the responses, 17 cases were eliminated due to incomplete responses, resulting in a sample of 341 students (191 females and 150 males). The students ranged in age from 18 to 22 and were all currently enrolled at the university. All of the students in the sample were single and never married. Among females, 44.5 % described themselves as “currently dating someone,” while 54.0 % of males described themselves as likewise.

A variety of questions were used to assess respondents’ attitudes, preferences, and aspirations concerning dating and intimate relationships. In regard to dating, respondents were asked to respond to the statement, “I would like to date more frequently than I do now.” Responses ranged from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (5). Participants were also queried concerning their willingness to either kiss or have sex on a first date. Respondents were offered the statements: (1) “I would be willing to kiss on a first date” and (2) I would be willing to have sex on a first date.” Responses again ranged from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (5). Together, these items provide a broad range of assessment concerning dating and intimate relationships.

Respondents were also asked about a variety of family and individual characteristics. In terms of their parents, participants were asked about the educational attainment of their mothers and fathers. The higher of the two (when two parents were present) was then included as a measure of the highest parental education, with responses including “eighth grade or less” (1), “beyond the eighth grade but did not complete high school” (2), “high school degree” (3), “attended college but did not finish degree” (4), “four-year college degree” (5), and “graduate or professional degree” (6). Maternal employment was also assessed, with respondents being queried about whether their mother was employed for pay outside the home (yes = 1, no = 0). Since the familial context is likely to influence both dating and marriage patterns among young adults, participants were asked: “For most of the time when you were growing up, did you think your parents’ marriage was not too happy (1), just about average (2), happier than average (3), or very happy (4).” Since western culture could potentially affect dating and marriage patterns among Chinese young adults, the respondents were also queried as to whether English was spoken in their homes (1 = yes, 0 = no). In regard to parental influence, participants were offered the following statement: “I would be willing to date someone of whom my parents/family did not approve.” Responses ranged from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (5).

Individual characteristics were also examined within the survey. Respondents were asked to provide their age and sex but were also asked a variety of other questions related to their own traits. Respondents were asked how often they attended religious services, with responses ranging from “do not attend” (1) to “once or more per week” (6). A basic measure of self-esteem was included, using responses to the statement: “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.” Responses ranged from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (5). In regard to attitudes, respondents were asked about their beliefs concerning gender roles within the family context. The statements used in creating an index of gender attitudes included the following: (1) it is much better for everyone if the man earns the main living and the woman takes care of the home and family, 2) both husbands and wives should contribute to family income, 3) a husband should spend just as many hours doing housework as his wife, and 4) the spouse who earns the most money should have the most say in family decisions. Responses to each of these statements ranged from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” After inverting the coding schemes, the resultant combined measure of gender attitudes ranged across a five-point scale, with a higher score indicating more conservative/traditional gender role attitudes (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89). Respondents were similarly asked about their pro-natalist attitudes by being asked to respond to the statement: “a person can have a fully satisfying life without having children.” Responses ranged from “strongly agree” (1) to “strongly disagree” (5). A measure of school performance was also included, with respondents describing their overall grade performance. Responses ranged from “less than D’s” (1) to “mostly A’s” (8).

Given the complex nature of dating and dating relationships, multiple measures were utilized in these analyses. In regard to dating experiences, respondents were asked “thinking back about all of the dating experiences you’ve had, how long was the longest romantic relationship you have had?” Responses to this item ranged from “less than a week” (1) to “more than a year” (9). A measure of respondents’ willingness to date outside of their own social groups was included through the combination of responses to three different questions. Respondents were asked if, in terms of dating partners, they would be willing to date someone from (1) a different religion, (2) a different race or ethnicity, and (3) a different country. The responses to each item ranged from “yes,” “no,” and “maybe.” Affirmative responses (“yes”) to each were then combined to create a measure of desired heterogamy (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87), with a range of 0 to 3. Participants were asked how many of their close friends were currently dating or in a romantic relationship. Responses to this question ranged from “only a few or none of them” (1) to “all or almost all of them” (5). Participants were subsequently asked about the specific characteristics which they are looking for in a partner. Respondents were asked to indicate their preference for particular traits by stating whether each quality was “not at all important” (1) to “extremely important” (7). Of the particular traits which were queried, some were used to create indexed measures of a broader set of characteristics. The first of these, pragmatic, is created through the combination of four traits: well educated, wealthy, successful, and ambitious (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). The second, caring, is created through the combination of the following four traits: affectionate, loving, considerate, and kind (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86). The third, appearance, is created from the combination of four traits: sexy, neat, attractive, and well dressed (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87). Together, these three measures provide a broader assessment of qualities which the respondents might desire in a potential partner.

Table  1 presents the mean levels of dating and marriage characteristics among young Chinese adults, by sex. As shown, an overwhelming majority of both young women and men would prefer to date more frequently. Approximately 66 % of women and 71 % of men expressed the desire to date more often. Given the age of participants in the sample, this is to be expected. In terms of dating behaviors, however, significant differences are shown between the two sexes. Respondents were queried about their willingness to kiss on a first date. Here, significantly more men, as compared to women, stated that they would be willing to kiss on a first date. It should be noted, nonetheless, that approximately 39 % of Chinese women and 42 % of men did not express a willingness to kiss on a first date. This finding would appear to suggest the more traditional Chinese cultural expectations pertaining to dating are still influencing dating attitudes and behaviors among contemporary young adults. This possibility is further enforced by the responses shown in regard to participants’ willingness to have sex on a first date. Although young Chinese men are shown to be significantly more willing to have sex on a first date, as compared to young women, almost two thirds of the women and more than a third of the men stated that they would not do so. Hence, while young men may be significantly more likely to be willing to kiss and/or have sex on a first date, as compared to women, it would appear that many, if not most, young men still adhere to a more traditional or conservative approach to dating.

Table  2 presents the mean levels of family and individual characteristics among young Chinese adults, by sex. As shown, the parents of both young women and men were reported to have a relatively high level of educational attainment, with the typical parent having at least some college. Among women, approximately 83 % reported that their mother was employed outside the home, while the corresponding employment rate among men’s mothers was 77 %. Both young women and men reported that their parents had relatively high marital quality. Assuming that these responses are reliable, it would suggest that most young Chinese adults have had positive role models concerning spousal roles and relationships. English was spoken only in a small percentage of homes (13 % of women’s families and 14 % of men’s). Familial influence appears to be slightly less influential among young men, as significantly more reported that they would be willing to date someone without their parents’ approval, as compared to women. This finding is somewhat intriguing, as given the patriarchal nature of Chinese culture, one might anticipate parents being more cautious and involved in the dating behaviors of their sons, as compared to daughters.

Men in the sample were shown to be slightly older than the women (20.69 versus 20.31 years of age, respectively). In regard to religiosity, most respondents reported participating in religious activities only a few times each year. Self-esteem levels reported by the respondents were moderately high, with no significant differences shown between women and men. Neither sex appeared to be overly anxious to become parents, as their relative responses to the query concerning pro-natalist attitudes was somewhat low. This is not entirely unanticipated, as one would tend to believe that college students do not place parenthood high among their priorities at their age. It is worth noting that young men do espouse significantly more conservative attitudes concerning gender and gender roles within the family, in particular. Again, given the more patriarchal nature of Chinese culture, this is to be expected.

In terms of dating, young men reported having had longer relationships in the past, as compared to young women. In order to put this in context, however, it should be noted that the men’s longest relationships, on average, had lasted only a few months. Approximately half of the friends of both women and men were reported to be currently dating. Hence, there is a potential for considerable peer pressure, in regard to dating behaviors. In regard to potential dating partners, young Chinese women and men appear to be only marginally willing to consider partners from outside their own social groups (i.e., religion, race/ethnicity, and nationality). This may be a reflection of the lack of diversity within China and certainly as compared to countries with more diverse populations.

Table  3 presents the mean levels of desired partner characteristics, as presented for females and males. In terms of specific partner characteristics, young women expressed a significantly higher preference for pragmatic qualities, as compared to men (4.90 versus 4.33, respectively). Across all four of the components, females’ preferences in a male partner where significantly higher than those of their male counterparts. Females expressed a significantly higher preference for a male partner who is well educated, wealthy, successful, and ambitious. While not statistically significant, women also expressed a slightly higher preference for caring qualities. It is necessary to note, however, that females did express a significantly greater preference for a male partner who was kind, as compared to their male counterparts’ same preference in a female partner. In regard to appearance, while men expressed a slightly higher preference for appearance qualities, as compared to women, the difference was not significantly different, overall. Men did express a significantly higher preference for a female partner who is “sexy,” as compared to the preferences expressed by women for the same quality in a male partner. Overall, these desired characteristics seem to support previously noted gender stereotypes, with women expressing a stronger preference for more pragmatic qualities in a partner, while men, to a lesser extent, express a stronger preference for physical appearance. We will now examine how these various factors affect dating and intimate relationships characteristics.

Table  4 presents the results of ordinary least squares regression models of dating characteristics among young Chinese adults. The models are presented separately for each sex, for each characteristic, so as to allow for a more direct comparison of the effects of familial and individual traits. Previous analyses (not shown) were performed to ascertain the need for separate models for each sex. In regard to wanting to date more frequently, females whose parents have a higher level of educational attainment are shown to have a lower desire to date ( b  = −.104). Given that Chinese culture places a premium upon educational attainment (Stevenson and Stigler 1992 ), this association may result from parents’ desire to see their children succeed (i.e., placing greater emphasis upon education, as opposed to intimate relationships). Females’ levels of self-esteem are positively associated with wanting to date more frequently ( b  = .143), suggesting that self-assurance and confidence may play a substantial role in the dating patterns of young Chinese women. In a similar manner, women’s pro-natalist attitudes are positively associated with wanting to date more frequently ( b  = .140). In regard to desired spousal qualities, a stronger desire for pragmatic qualities is significantly associated with wanting to date more often ( b  = .239). The strength of this association may imply that Chinese women not only desire more pragmatic qualities in a spouse but perhaps also view dating itself in more pragmatic manner. Caring qualities, such a loving and kind partner, also yield a significant association with women’s wanting to date more frequently ( b  = .155), but the association is relatively meager. Finally, women’s desire for appearance qualities is shown to be negatively associated with wanting to date more frequently. Hence, women who place a greater premium upon physical appearance may actually be less likely to want to date more often.

In the comparable model of men’s wanting to date more often, pro-natalist attitudes yield a negative association ( b  = −.147), which is opposite to the same effect shown in the model for women. It is quite possible that men who espouse more pro-natalist attitudes (i.e., desire children) may be more selective in their dating behaviors, thereby reducing their desire to date many women. Young Chinese men who place more emphasis upon caring qualities in a spouse ( b  = .377), on the other hand, are shown to have a greater desire to date often. This difference between women’s preference for pragmatic qualities and men’s preference for caring qualities will be addressed more fully in the discussion section.

Among women, parental educational attainment is significantly associated with the willingness to kiss on a first date ( b  = .220). It is possible that higher parental educational attainment may also be linked with more progressive attitudes and expectations about dating, on the part of parents. Not surprisingly, women who state a willingness to date without parental approval are shown to be significantly more likely to kiss on a first date ( b  = .233). Within the context of Chinese culture, both of these are likely to be considered progressive and contrary to traditional standards of behavior for young women. Young women also appear to be readily affected by their friends, as the number of friends dating is positively associated ( b  = .190) with a willingness to kiss on a first date. However, self-esteem yields a negative association with women’s willingness to kiss on a first date ( b  = −.169), as does pro-natalist attitudes ( b  = −.147). Among young men, parental educational attainment reveals a negative association ( b  = −.156), which is directly contrary to the effect shown in the model for women. Clearly, the impact of parental characteristics varies, depending upon whether they involve sons or daughters. Older males are more likely to kiss on a first date ( b  = .127), as are those who attend religious services more frequently ( b  = .186). It is noteworthy that the desire for heterogamous relationships is positively associated with the willingness to kiss on a first date ( b  = .219) among men, yet the same positive association is also shown in regard to conservative gender attitudes ( b  = .381). This may possibly suggest that young men with a more traditional set of attitudes wish to have both ways—to date outside of their own social groups—yet maintain a more traditional (i.e., patriarchal) role within the relationship.

In regard to women’s willingness to have sex on a first date, the willingness to date without parental approval yields a positive association ( b  = .323), as does the number of friends who are dating ( b  = .203). Since having sex on a first date represents a more tangible breech of traditional standards, it is logical that women must also be willing to break away from parents’ expectations. Along the same vein, having friends who are also dating may provide the social support and reinforcement which make having sex on a first date seem more acceptable to young Chinese women. However, women’s self-esteem, along with their pro-natalist attitudes, yields negative associations with the willingness to have sex on a first date ( b  = −.195 and −.197, respectively). Having higher self-esteem, then, may provide women with the confidence or security to not have sex on a first date, whereas lower levels of self-esteem may bring about the opposite. The stronger desire to have children, likewise, may lead young women to be more selective in their dating behaviors or perhaps they may be more likely to associate sex with a more stable and lasting relationship (such as marriage). Among males, the overall robustness of the regression model is not as strong. However, conservative gender attitudes are shown to be positively associated with men’s willingness to have sex on a first date ( b  = .357). Again, this may be related to the patriarchal roles found within broader Chinese culture, such that young men with more traditional gender attitudes may believe that they should assume a stronger role in the decision-making behaviors involved in dating and dating relationships. The implications of these findings will now be addressed.

Discussion and conclusions

This study was initiated to provide an exploration of dating and mate selection traits among young adults in contemporary China. The sample used for these analyses is a relatively small and select one and does not necessarily provide for making broad generalizations to the larger population of young adults in China. However, the findings shown herein do offer fresh insight into both the nature of dating experiences and some of the pertinent gender differences which exist.

Overall, both young Chinese women and men expressed a desire to date more frequently, suggesting that the more progressive notions of love and romance may be taking hold within Chinese culture. With the increasing influence of individualism and consumerism, it is not entirely unexpected that Chinese youth should wish to emulate behaviors which they believe to be more “modern” or “western.” Despite their seeming eagerness to be more active in seeking dating partners, there also appears to be considerable adherence to more traditional culture expectations. Specifically, only the minority of both females and males expressed a willingness to have sex on a first date. This pattern is certainly more consistent with traditional expectations concerning what is appropriate behavior for young adults in intimate relationships. As expected, significantly more males than females expressed the willingness to have sex on a first date, yet even among males, more expressed opposition, rather than a willingness to do so. This would again seem to support the existence of long-standing expectations concerning dating. Unlike more westernized beliefs concerning dating, sex and sexual behavior still appear to be outwardly undesired by young Chinese adults of either sex. This conclusion is further supported by the unwillingness of both females and males to kiss on a first date. Once again, more males expressed a willingness to do so, yet substantially more males were clearly opposed to this. While these data are intended to provide an exploratory examination of dating attitudes and behaviors, these findings do suggest that both traditional and more progressive elements are concurrently present in the dating traits of contemporary Chinese young adults.

Gender differences were also noted in regard to the desired partner characteristics, as expressed by females and males. In keeping with long-standing gender stereotypes, females did express a greater preference for more pragmatic qualities in a male partner (i.e., well educated, wealthy, successful, and ambitious). This supports previous research which has noted such gender-based distinctions. Chinese men, on the hand, only partially conformed to the gender stereotypes for males. Although men did express a greater preference for a “sexy” female partner, no significant differences were shown for the other attributes related to appearance. Hence, while it would appear that a double standard does exist in regard to desired partner attributes, the more stereotyped expectations are found among women and less so among men.

The multivariate models yielded several rather intriguing findings. In particular, it was shown that Chinese women have a greater desire to date more frequently when they have more pragmatic desires in a prospective partner. Chinese men, on the other hand, have a greater desire to date more frequently when they desire a partner with more caring qualities. On the surface, these two patterns offer some substantiation of the traditional gender-typed beliefs that men are seeking love and romance from dating (and from eventual marriage), while women are perhaps regarding dating as a pathway to marriage and the subsequent security (e.g., financial) offered within. Obviously, additional study is necessary in order to more accurately discern and understand these patterns. These findings do lend support to exchange theory, as each sex does appear to be approaching dating and intimate relationships with somewhat different perceptions and goals.

The potential for more progressive (and westernized) traits can also be seen within the models concerning kissing and having sex on a first date. Among females, the regression models revealed that a willingness to date without parental approval (which would be directly counter to traditional cultural expectations) was shown to be associated with a greater willingness to both kiss and have sex on a first date. Essentially, breaking away from parental control is associated with greater sexual expression among young Chinese women. This would certainly be consistent with a tendency toward greater individualism, as suggested previously. In addition, women were shown to be more likely to kiss and/or have sex on a first date when they had more friends who were also dating. Once, again, this suggests a strong peer influence, perhaps part of a broader new youth subculture, which is generally considered to be antithetical to parental and familial influence. Finally, women with pro-natalist attitudes (i.e., seeking to have children, one day) were shown to be considerably less willing to kiss and/or have sex on a first date. If the maternal role can be considered to be a more traditional role for women, it would appear that young Chinese women are giving significant priority to the later role of motherhood, as opposed to indulging in more immediate sexual behaviors in the context of dating.

Overall, these findings suggest that contemporary Chinese youth are perhaps forging a path somewhere between the expectations of traditional Chinese culture and the more progressive expectations of an ever-changing modern society. Youth are often at the “cutting edge” of social change, and their attitudes and expectations are often portrayed as being directly contradictory to and even boldly challenging those of their parents. These results do not suggest that a polarized set of expectations are present; instead, it would appear that Chinese youth have found a balance between the two and appear to be content with the combination. As stated previously, while researchers have directed considerable efforts toward better understanding the nature and dynamics of dating and mate selection among young adults, most of these efforts have involved Western samples. Hence, much of the theory and conceptual knowledge may not necessarily apply to non-Western samples. In particular, the appropriateness of applying of such existing theories and concepts to Asian cultures has been called into question (Ho et al. 2012 ). The rapid economic and social change which is occurring in urban centers of China, such as Shanghai, will eventually be evident within the rest of the population, especially as the residential distribution shifts from a rural to an urban majority. Researchers should attempt to address how these ever-shifting social, economic, and political changes will affect not only the dating experiences among the young adult population but also familial structures and behaviors in the longer term.

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SB and TM conceived of the design of the study. SB and TM drafted the questionnaire and reviewed it. SB and TM carried out the data collection, data cleaning, and data entry. SB conducted the statistical analyses and wrote the initial draft. TM reviewed and edited the paper. SB and TM both revised the paper, per feedback from reviewers. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Blair, S.L., Madigan, T.J. Dating attitudes and expectations among young Chinese adults: an examination of gender differences. J. Chin. Sociol. 3 , 12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-016-0034-1

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• Intimate Relationship
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Effects of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance and Family Relationship

Most teenagers have already experienced having relationships. At this stage, they are easily attracted by their opposite sex. Let's first consider the emotion of love. Love makes people romance enjoy longer. It is believed that love is a very powerful emotion which makes it capable of bringing out the best and the worst in people. Emotion makes the person aberrantly happy or on the other hand lonely. But what makes this kind of emotion occur?

Does this emotion make the world go round? having a full confident of every individual? makes them stronger? or Does it effect upon your surroundings like your academic activities and also the relationship of your own family? What is really love means? Based on some Psychologists, they are hardly searching for a clear definition of what love really is. For them, it is described as a cognitive and social phenomenon, one that is closely linked with conscious affection or close. There are different definitions of love depending on what the person experienced.

But one thing is for sure: falling in love can be one of the most unexplainable feelings that a person can feel.

Order custom essay Effects of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance and Family Relationship with free plagiarism report

• being in love with somebody has an effect in teenagers’ studies. It does occupy their minds. Students can't focus on the lecture because they keep on thinking about their boyfriend or girlfriend especially when they have a lover's quarrel.
• Students being involved in a relationship spend most of their time texting and writing their partner's name during class time
• It is hard for them to concentrate.
• Being in love can have a positive effect in studies. It can serve as an inspiration to get high grades because they are trying to make a good impression.
• It can motivate the student to do assignments and projects.
• It can make a teenager to feel more bouncy, lively and more energetic.
• Parents have views in teenagers falling in love. They don’t want them to get involve to relationships.

They are still immature and not capable of facing consequences that may happen. They are not aware to the possible difficulties which could lie ahead. * Parents need to be their for their teens at any time. At this stage, teenagers are being to curious about things and may become more distant to their family. They should have an epitome of understanding. They should maintain close relationship so that their teens will not be afraid of talking about some things that may have a great impact on them.

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Teenage Pregnancy Causes and Effects

Introduction, causes of teenage pregnancy, effects of teenage pregnancy, works cited.

Teenage pregnancy can be defined as a pregnancy that occurs in young girls below the age of twenty, regardless of whether they are married or of adult age (Christensen and Rosen 1). Teenage pregnancy has been increasing at an alarming rate, especially in the United States, Africa, and the United Kingdom. It has become a global concern because it affects not only the teenager and her family but society in general. An Increase in teenage pregnancy will, in the end, lead to increased child poverty as well as degradation of the child’s well-being.

One of the major causes of teen pregnancy is the absence of affectionate supervision from parents or guardians. In the current society, parents are either too busy or too permissive. Apart from the provision of basic needs, parents and guardians are not involved in the emotional stability of the girl child.

Teenagers, especially girls, go through intriguing situations and changes in which they need parental support to understand and accept the changes. In case they lack this affectionate supervision from their parents, they seek answers from boyfriends who “seem” to be giving the affection and attention that ends up in a pregnancy.

Another major cause of teenage pregnancy is peer pressure. As children grow into their teenage hood, there is increased pressure to fit into certain peer groups. The peers may then push the girl into having sex to fit well in their group. In addition to this, modern society allows teenagers to have a lot of time and space with the opposite sex on their own, which results in instances of pregnancy at teenage hood.

Other factors key to this concept are sexual abuse as well as the use of drugs and alcohol. Teenagers are exposed to alcohol and drugs, making them lose control over their sexuality when drunk, thus leading to pregnancies. Sexual abuse, on the other hand, occurs when girls go for sex for pleasure without understanding the sexual impact. It is also evident when an adult sexually victimizes a teenage girl or a minor (Health Care Veda Ezine 1).

The lack of sex education in schools for teenage girls has also contributed to increased teen pregnancy. This is because it leads to indulgence in sexual activities without understanding the possible effects. It is, therefore, important to let girls understand issues surrounding sex and their sexuality as well as the possible impacts.

This is the duty of teachers, religious, parents, and the entire society to impart knowledge (Christensen and Rosen 1). On the other hand, the media has contributed to teenage pregnancy by advertising and showing programs, talk shows, as well as playing songs that advocate for sex. This makes teenagers practice what they see in the media, thus ending up with pregnancies.

In most cases, teenagers do not have the knowledge of using and accessing contraceptives, something that contributes to teenage pregnancies. Other factors, such as socio-economic and environmental issues, are instrumental in causing teenage pregnancies.

The effects of teenage pregnancies are many and unpleasant. Besides getting pregnant, teenage girls and their children are at risk of being infected with STDs, including HIV/AIDS. Additionally, there are health implications associated with early sex and pregnancies, such as obstetric fistula, infant death, maternal death, eclampsia, and cervical cancer. In addition, other complications come about due to the undeveloped pelvis of the teenage girl (Health Care Veda Ezine 1).

Teenage pregnancy also brings about physical and psychological trauma to the girl since she is faced with many dilemmas exposed to her by the family and society. It also makes the parents feel ashamed because of their alleged negligence as viewed by the public or society (Christensen and Rosen 1). Lastly, teenage pregnancy has largely contributed to child poverty since the girls are forced to drop out of school to take care of their babies.

It can thus be concluded that teenage pregnancy is a problem for the entire society. Moreover, since it is largely caused by factors in society, it is the obligation of every member of society, including religious leaders, parents, teachers, and teenagers themselves, to participate in addressing the issue.

Christensen, Sue, and Rosen, Ann. Teenage Pregnancy . 2011. Web.

Health Care Veda Ezine. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy? 2011. Web.

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Correlates of Cyber Dating Abuse Among Teens

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Recent advancements in technology (e.g., social networking, texting) have created new ways for dating youth to relate to one another, including in abusive ways via “cyber dating abuse.” Cyber dating abuse is a form of teen dating violence that overlaps with other types of abuse (e.g., psychological) but also has several unique characteristics. Given the phenomenon’s limited presence in dating violence literature, we focus on identifying how experiencing cyber dating abuse relates to youths’ individual behaviors and experiences (e.g., substance use, sexual activity), psychosocial adjustment, school connection, family relationships, and partner relationships. A total of 3,745 youth (52 % female, 74 % White) in three northeastern states participated in the survey and reported currently being in a dating relationship or having been in one during the prior year. We found that experiences of cyber dating abuse were most significantly correlated with being female, committing a greater variety of delinquent behaviors, having had sexual activity in one’s lifetime, having higher levels of depressive symptoms, and having higher levels of anger/hostility. Further, cyber dating abuse appeared somewhat more strongly related to depressive symptoms and delinquency than did other forms of teen dating violence and abuse.

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The Temporal Association Between Traditional and Cyber Dating Abuse Among Adolescents

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by Award No. 2010-WG-BX-003, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions and recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice, or of the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Elements of this paper were reported to the National Institute of Justice in the form of a final technical report as per grant obligations. The authors would like to thank: (1) the administrators, faculty, and staff of schools who assisted us in collecting the data documented in this report, (2) CJ Pascoe of Colorado College and Cindy Southworth, Erica Olsen, and Sarah Tucker of the National Network to End Domestic Violence for their input on survey measures, and (3) the National Institute of Justice and Dr. Nancy La Vigne, Director of the Urban Institute’s Justice Policy Center, for their careful review of project findings.

Author Contributions

JZ and MD conceived of the larger study, directed and participated in its design and coordination, and assisted in writing of the manuscript; PL participated in the study’s design and coordination, performed most statistical analyses, and assisted in writing of the manuscript; JY assisted in the study’s design and interpretation of the data, performed some statistical analyses, and assisted in writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Appendix: Description of Scale Items

See Tables  6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , and 17 .

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Persuasive Essay On Online Dating

Would you ever be willing to be holding the risk of meeting a person you’ve only talked to through technology in person? Clearly, then Online dating is a risky decision to compose, especially since the person you are meeting can be an individual that is capable of terrible intentions. Yet, I would maybe a few times try online dating but be worried as of the fact you could be “cat fished” or falling for a person who is dating also than one person at a time. Any who, one of a few worries people have when they consider starting online dating is having to worry about being “cat fished”. No doubt, in the show “catfish” Nev and Max meet with people that are being catfish and show how much it hurts that the person was not who they said they were. Thus, Nev and Max show how online dating can be an awesome plan to consider doing or how terrible it can be for your emotions. Equally importantly, online dating has frequent risks to it, but you know must know what your plans are for online dating and the precautions you should be willing to hold up to. Whereas, a few thoughts are constantly bustling through online daters minds such as having to panic about is their special other dating also than one person beside them. Following this further, in frequent cases of online dating one of the two are dating also than one person. Therefore, always know what your special other intentions are. On the contrary, Online dating happening for myself in the future is a possibility, but I’d be super

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