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America's Founding Documents

Declaration of Independence: A Transcription

Note: The following text is a transcription of the Stone Engraving of the parchment Declaration of Independence (the document on display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum .)  The spelling and punctuation reflects the original.

In Congress, July 4, 1776

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

Button Gwinnett

George Walton

North Carolina

William Hooper

Joseph Hewes

South Carolina

Edward Rutledge

Thomas Heyward, Jr.

Thomas Lynch, Jr.

Arthur Middleton

Massachusetts

John Hancock

Samuel Chase

William Paca

Thomas Stone

Charles Carroll of Carrollton

George Wythe

Richard Henry Lee

Thomas Jefferson

Benjamin Harrison

Thomas Nelson, Jr.

Francis Lightfoot Lee

Carter Braxton

Pennsylvania

Robert Morris

Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Franklin

John Morton

George Clymer

James Smith

George Taylor

James Wilson

George Ross

Caesar Rodney

George Read

Thomas McKean

William Floyd

Philip Livingston

Francis Lewis

Lewis Morris

Richard Stockton

John Witherspoon

Francis Hopkinson

Abraham Clark

New Hampshire

Josiah Bartlett

William Whipple

Samuel Adams

Robert Treat Paine

Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island

Stephen Hopkins

William Ellery

Connecticut

Roger Sherman

Samuel Huntington

William Williams

Oliver Wolcott

Matthew Thornton

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For Teachers

The mission of the declaration resources project is to create innovative scholarly resources to support teaching and learning about, and ongoing engagement with, the declaration of independence., teaching the declaration remotely.

The following activities were developed to assist teachers and parents managing a shift to remote learning during COVID-19. They include a fact checking activity for the movie National Treasure (currently available on Netflix), a Declaration of Independence word search (adapted from our "Which Words are in the Declaration of Independence?" activity), and a lesson on blackout poetry that uses the Declaration as its text.

• Click to download PDF of National Treasure Fact Checking Activity
• Click to download PDF of Word Search Activity
• Click to download PDF of Blackout Poetry Activity

Teaching the Declaration through Reflection

Teaching with john trumbull's  declaration of independence.

• Click to download PDF of handout
• Click to download PDF with resources for teachers
• Read the blog post, "Unsullied by Falsehood: No John Trumbull"  

Teaching the timeline of the Declaration of Independence

• Click to download black and white timeline
• Read the blog post, "Delegate Discussions: The Lee Resolution(s)"  

Teaching the words in the Declaration of Independence

• Click to download PDF of handout with resources for teachers
• Click to download PDF with relevant words highlighted on the Dunlap broadside Note: p. 1 is the Dunlap broadside, p. 2 has all the words in this activity underlined, and pp. 3-27 have all occurrences of individual words underlined (in the column order from the activity)  

Teaching about signers of the Declaration of Independence who also signed other founding documents

• Click to download individual graphics: Articles of Association , Olive Branch Petition , Articles of Confederation , United States Constitution
• Click to download black and white PDF of all graphics  

• Click to download black and white infographic about signers of both the Declaration and Constitution  

Teaching when and how the Declaration of Independence spread through the newly United States

• Click to download black and white map of 1776 newspaper editions   

Teaching different perspectives on the Declaration of Independence

• Click to read and download the "Fresh Takes on the Declaration of Independence" e-book, featuring 24 scholars of American history
• Encourage students to take the Fresh Takes Challenge! Have them read and briefly reflect on the Declaration of Independence.  

Teaching with movies and TV shows

• Read the blog post, "Presenting the Facts: 1776"
• Read the blog post, "Presenting the Facts: National Treasure"  
• Read the blog post, "Presenting the Facts: John Adams Miniseries"   

Video Game in Development

• Click to learn more about "Portrait of a Tyrant"

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The Declaration of Independence

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Declaration of Independence

By: History.com Editors

Updated: March 28, 2023 | Original: October 27, 2009

The Declaration of Independence was the first formal statement by a nation’s people asserting their right to choose their own government.

When armed conflict between bands of American colonists and British soldiers began in April 1775, the Americans were ostensibly fighting only for their rights as subjects of the British crown. By the following summer, with the Revolutionary War in full swing, the movement for independence from Britain had grown, and delegates of the Continental Congress were faced with a vote on the issue. In mid-June 1776, a five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson , John Adams and Benjamin Franklin was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies’ intentions. The Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence—written largely by Jefferson—in Philadelphia on July 4 , a date now celebrated as the birth of American independence.

America Before the Declaration of Independence

Even after the initial battles in the Revolutionary War broke out, few colonists desired complete independence from Great Britain, and those who did–like John Adams– were considered radical. Things changed over the course of the next year, however, as Britain attempted to crush the rebels with all the force of its great army. In his message to Parliament in October 1775, King George III railed against the rebellious colonies and ordered the enlargement of the royal army and navy. News of his words reached America in January 1776, strengthening the radicals’ cause and leading many conservatives to abandon their hopes of reconciliation. That same month, the recent British immigrant Thomas Paine published “Common Sense,” in which he argued that independence was a “natural right” and the only possible course for the colonies; the pamphlet sold more than 150,000 copies in its first few weeks in publication.

Did you know? Most Americans did not know Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence until the 1790s; before that, the document was seen as a collective effort by the entire Continental Congress.

In March 1776, North Carolina’s revolutionary convention became the first to vote in favor of independence; seven other colonies had followed suit by mid-May. On June 7, the Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee introduced a motion calling for the colonies’ independence before the Continental Congress when it met at the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. Amid heated debate, Congress postponed the vote on Lee’s resolution and called a recess for several weeks. Before departing, however, the delegates also appointed a five-man committee–including Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and Robert R. Livingston of New York–to draft a formal statement justifying the break with Great Britain. That document would become known as the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Jefferson Writes the Declaration of Independence

Jefferson had earned a reputation as an eloquent voice for the patriotic cause after his 1774 publication of “A Summary View of the Rights of British America,” and he was given the task of producing a draft of what would become the Declaration of Independence. As he wrote in 1823, the other members of the committee “unanimously pressed on myself alone to undertake the draught [sic]. I consented; I drew it; but before I reported it to the committee I communicated it separately to Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams requesting their corrections….I then wrote a fair copy, reported it to the committee, and from them, unaltered to the Congress.”

As Jefferson drafted it, the Declaration of Independence was divided into five sections, including an introduction, a preamble, a body (divided into two sections) and a conclusion. In general terms, the introduction effectively stated that seeking independence from Britain had become “necessary” for the colonies. While the body of the document outlined a list of grievances against the British crown, the preamble includes its most famous passage: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

The Continental Congress Votes for Independence

The Continental Congress reconvened on July 1, and the following day 12 of the 13 colonies adopted Lee’s resolution for independence. The process of consideration and revision of Jefferson’s declaration (including Adams’ and Franklin’s corrections) continued on July 3 and into the late morning of July 4, during which Congress deleted and revised some one-fifth of its text. The delegates made no changes to that key preamble, however, and the basic document remained Jefferson’s words. Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence later on the Fourth of July (though most historians now accept that the document was not signed until August 2).

The Declaration of Independence became a significant landmark in the history of democracy. In addition to its importance in the fate of the fledgling American nation, it also exerted a tremendous influence outside the United States, most memorably in France during the French Revolution . Together with the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Declaration of Independence can be counted as one of the three essential founding documents of the United States government.

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The Declaration of Independence

Dec 20, 2019

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The Declaration of Independence. Let’s Review!. What is mercantilism? What was the impact of the French & Indian War? Name two ways the Colonists “protested” the Acts. (Think Stamp Act & Tea Act) What “letter” did the First Continental Congress draft?

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Let’s Review! • What is mercantilism? • What was the impact of the French & Indian War? • Name two ways the Colonists “protested” the Acts. (Think Stamp Act & Tea Act) • What “letter” did the First Continental Congress draft? • What is significant about “Lexington and Concord” • What is “Common Sense”?

The Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration, though he received some help from other notable Americans. • The initial document was presented…. • 86 Changes were made in 1 day! • Nearly 1/5 of the document was eliminated • Leaving 1,337powerful words

What Was at Risk? • The Second Continental Congress decided that the DOI was needed and approved the document after revisions were made. • 56 Signers (at least one from each of the 13 colonies) were in attendance • By signing their name to the document, each man was committing an act of treason against the crown. • “We must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.” - Benjamin Franklin

Who Were the Risktakers? Jefferson, Franklin, Hancock, and Adams are well known – but many of the other men have compelling stories as well… Franklin was the oldest, eighteen were under 40, three were in their 20s, half were lawyers, 9 were landowners, 11 were merchants, the rest were doctors, ministers, & politicians…

What Did They Have to Lose?

But Above All Else… • These 56 signers risked the ultimate… Their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor

The signers, as representatives of the American people, declared American Independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776!!!! (Most members actually signed on August 2 though) Was this treasonous? Why or Why not? The Signers of the Declaration

Food for Thought…Why are these statements significant? • “My hand trembles, but my heart does not.” - Stephen Hopkins • “I am no longer a Virginian, Sir, but an American.” - Patrick Henry

Declaration of Independence • There are four major components of the DOI: • Introduction • Rights of the People (Natural Rights) • Complaints of the Colonists (Grievances) • Declaration of a new Nation – the united States

Parts of the Declaration • The Colonists were tired of the how they were being treated by the British – they were IRCD (irked/annoyed) • I – introduction • R – rights of the people • C – complaints against the king • D – declaration of a new nation

Introduction • Explains why the Continental Congress drew up the Declaration • “When in the Course of Human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another……………. a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation…”

Rights • The second part of the Declaration lists the natural rights of the citizens. • It explains that in a republic, people form a government to protect their rights (Social Contract). • The document clearly expresses that purpose of government is to protect natural (inalienable) rights, which are the basic rights that are entitled to all human beings. • Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness

“Declaration of Independence” Part II of the DoI – “Rights” cont’ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government

Complaints • Lists the colonists grievancesagainst the British government • Examples- • He refused assent to laws (laws written by the Colonies) • He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without Consent of our legislature (quartering soldiers) • He…has imposed taxes on us without our consent • He has taken away our right to a trial by jury • He has limited our judicial powers • He has dissolved our legislatures Overall the colonists were oppressed (unjust treatment) by the tyranny of the King.

“Declaration of Independence” Part III of the DoI – Complaints/ “Grievances” • Jefferson listed the 27 major “complaints” that the colonists had against the King and Parliament • “The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States”

“Declaration of Independence” Part III of the DoI – Complaints/Grievances He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

“Declaration of Independence” Part III of the DoI – “Complaints/Grievances” For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offencesFor abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

Declaration of a New Nation • The final section declares that the colonies are “13 Free and Independent States”. • The states now had the power to wage war, to form alliances and to trade with other nations.

“Declaration of Independence” Part IV of the DoI – “Declaration of a new Nation” “We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;…………. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor” We were now 13 free and independent “united” States of America

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“Declaration of Independence” • In order to break away from Britain and protect the rights of the people… • The Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration on July 4, 1776 and we celebrate that as the Birthday of our nation. • This document highlighted the Enlightenment ideas about liberty, natural rights, and social contract. • But to truly be free, what did we still have to do?

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The Declaration of Independence. The declaration of independence was written on July 4 th 1776. Thomas Jefferson wrote the declaration of independence. The preamble.

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THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PHILADELPHIA – LIBERTY HALL JULY 4, 1776 -WRITTEN BY JEFFERSON. DOCUMENT TALKS ABOUT THE MISDEEDS OF THE KING. NATURAL RIGHTS (BORN WITH THESE). “WHEN IN THE COURSE OF HUMAN EVENTS . . .”. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. WHAT DID IT DO?.

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The Declaration of independence

Reading. The Declaration of independence. As you read, ask yourself, “How does Jefferson describe the challenges the colonists faced?” Analyze text structure and features and explain their impact in the meaning of the text. Big idea.

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The Declaration of Independence. By 1776, American colonists were divided into 3 groups: Patriots supported separation from Britain (independence) Loyalists wanted to remain British colonies Neutrals were undecided about which side to choose.

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The Declaration Of Independence

The Declaration Of Independence. In 1776, soon after the beginning of the American Revolutionary War the leaders of the war got together to write a letter to the King of England. They wanted to explain why they were fighting to be their own country, independent of England.

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The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence Says we hold these truths to be All men are created equal To live in harmony. They are endowed by their creator With certain unalienable rights That among these are life liberty And the pursuit of happiness.

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The Declaration of Independence. Explain the basic ideas contained in the Declaration. The committee of five:. Benjamin Franklin John Adams Roger Sherman Robert R. Livingston. Thomas Jefferson: selected to write the draft of the Declaration.

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The Declaration of Independence. Chronology of Declaration Events. 1776 June 7, 1776 Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, receives Richard Henry Lee's resolution urging Congress to declare independence.

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The Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson would write one of the most powerful documents in American History, explaining why we wanted to break away from Britain and how our government would be formed. The Preamble. When in the course of Human events it becomes necessary:

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The Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson. Graff House. Preamble. Why did they write out their reasons to declare independence? To explain why they are revolting and to begin to separate themselves from the British. Statement of Beliefs. What beliefs did the Founding Fathers have?

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The Declaration of Independence. Background. January 1776 – Common Sense is distributed throughout colonies June 7, 1776 - Richard Henry Lee offers a resolution to Congress that “these United Colonies…ought to be free and independent”

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History Subject for High School: Colombian Declaration of Independence

History subject for high school: colombian declaration of independence presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

Even though it was very difficult, it was the first South American colony to declare independence from Spain (or Portugal). We're talking about Colombia, and it inspired other colonies to follow suit. Download this template and teach a little bit of history: how did things come to this? What happened next? The backgrounds of the slides are gradient-heavy! With colors ranging from blue to yellow and red. Hmmm, we wonder what flag those colors remind us...?

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