similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells essay

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells – Similarities and Differences

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the basic units of life on Earth. The basic distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Instead, genetic material and processes occur within prokaryotic cytoplasm. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain cytoplasm that is enclosed by a cell membrane. Both perform protein synthesis using ribosomes.

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures, including the nucleus and other organelles. Usually, prokaryotic cells are small and relatively simple in structure compared with eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes have a single, often circular chromosome that occupies the nucleoid region of the cell. Plasmids carry additional DNA .

Here are key prokaryote features:

• Capsule : layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall of some bacteria and helps them attach to surfaces
• Cell wall : consists of peptidoglycans that give the cell structure and protection
• Cell membrane : also known as the plasma membrane, which encloses the cytoplasm and separates the cell from the environment
• Cytoplasm : region enclosed by the cell membrane
• Nucleoid : region that contains DNA
• Plasmids : independently reproducing DNA
• Ribosome : performs protein synthesis
• Flagella : thin, tail-like structures that aid movement
• Pili : short, rod-shaped structures involves in attachment to surfaces and DNA transfer
• Fimbriae : thin, hair-like structures used for attachment
• Vesicles : sacs released by the membrane that perform a variety of functions
• Vacuoles : storage sacs found in some bacterial cells

A eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles . Plant and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. Here are key eukaryote features.

• Nucleus : contains DNA and oversees all cell processes
• Nucleolus : site of ribosome biogenesis; plays role in cell stress response
• Plasma membrane : encloses the cell
• Cytoplasm : region between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane
• Cell wall : supports and protects plant, algae, and and fungi cells
• Mitochondria : provide chemical energy to the cell in the form of ATP
• Chloroplasts : traps energy for photosynthesis in some eukaryotic cells
• Ribosomes : perform protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum : makes and modifies proteins (rough); expresses lipids (smooth)
• Golgi apparatus : sorts, packages, and processes proteins
• Vesicles and vacuoles : membrane-bound storage and transportation sacs

Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The most important similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that they both consist of cells. The lipid bilayer that forms the cell membrane separates the molecular machinery of life from the outside environment, while allowing for transport into and out of the cell. Also, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use 2′-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to code for genes.

• Have cell or plasma membrane
• Contain cytoplasm
• Have ribosomes
• Have vesicles
• Have vacuoles

Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The identifying difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the absence or presence of a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. However, they also differ in size, complexity, reproduction, and means of locomotion.

• Prokaryote cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
• Prokaryotic cells generally are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells are more complex.
• Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, while eukaryotic cells may be multicellular.
• A prokaryotic cell has a single haploid (n) chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple, paired, diploid (2n) chromosomes.
• Both types of cells have ribosomes, but eukaryotic ribosomes are larger.
• Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular or linear. Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and associated with histone proteins.
• Both types of cells may use flagella, but the composition and structure differs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Both types of cells use asexual and sexual reproduction, but sexual reproduction is more common in eukaryotes.
• Plants and fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, but they are chemically simpler than prokaryotic cell walls.

Kingdoms of Life

Learn how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells relate to the kingdoms of life.

Which Came First?

Cells started forming on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. These cells were prokaryotes, but much simpler than prokaryotic cells today. Scientists believe eukaryotes arose from symbiosis between prokaryotic cells. Eventually, an ancestral prokaryote endosymbiosed other cells, which became mitochondria and chloroplasts, The origin of other organelles is less clear.

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Worksheet

This worksheets tests whether you recognize the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including properties of the cells and representative organisms.

Worksheet [ PDF ][ PNG ]

Answer Key [ PDF ][ PNG ]

• Campbell, N.A.; Williamson B,; Heyden, R.J. (2006). Biology: Exploring Life . Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132508827.
• Gribaldo, S.; Brochier-Armanet, C. (January 2020). “Evolutionary relationships between archaea and eukaryotes”. Nature Ecology & Evolution . 4 (1): 20–21. doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-1073-1
• Maton, A. (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780134234762.
• Nelson, D.L.; Cox, M.M. (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.
• Raven, P.H.; Johnson, G.B. (2002). Biology . McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780071122610.

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• Cell (Biology): An Overview of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells: Similarities & Differences

Cells are the basic building block of life.

The smallest living organisms only need one of these building blocks and others only need a handful.

More complex life forms on the evolutionary tree, such as moss, saguaro cacti and black bears, are made up of millions or trillions of cells that cooperate to form an individual organism.

All of these cells , whether they operate as a solitary bacterial cell or as part of a complex system such as the human body, can be sorted into two main categories: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells .

Most of the organisms in the world are made of prokaryotic cells, and these are usually unicellular. Prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea .

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

Most prokaryotes are unicellular and are either archaea or bacteria. Their cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes include larger, more complex organisms such as plants and animals. Only eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Prokaryotes divide via using binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis.

Eukaryotes reproduce sexually through meiosis , which allows for genetic variance.

Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually, copying themselves. Despite this, gene transfer processes still allow for genetic variance. One of these is transduction in which viruses move DNA from one bacterium to another.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: The Basics

All of known life on Earth is sorted into a classification system that begins with three categories called domains and spreads out with each descending rank. This is what is commonly known as the tree of life.

The three domains are:

The organisms in Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes, while the organisms in Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.

The Archaea domain has subcategories, but scientific sources differ on whether these categories are phyla or kingdoms. They are:

• Crenarchaeota
• Euryarchaeota
• Korarchaeota

The Bacteria domain used to continue directly down the tree into the single Monera kingdom . However, newer classification systems eliminate Monera and divide the Bacteria domain into the two kingdoms of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, which is sometimes written as Archaea but should not be confused with the domain of Archaea.

The Eukarya domain is divided into four kingdoms. These are:

All plant, protist, fungal and animal cells are eukaryotes. Most of them are multicellular, although there are some exceptions. In contrast, prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – are single-celled organisms, with only a few exceptions. Prokaryotes tend to have smaller cell sizes than eukaryotes.

Major Differences in Cell Structure

The reason for the difference in cell sizes between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells belongs to the different structure and organization between the two types of cells.

The lack of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes might be the most noticeable difference. While eukaryotic cells contain organelles enclosed in membranes – two examples would be the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum – prokaryotes do not.

Prokaryotes also lack a membrane-bound nucleus, which is another organelle. Without a nucleus or any other organelles, prokaryotic cells are incapable of the kinds of specialized functions that eukaryotic cells engage in.

They cannot perform the advanced functions that cells with many supportive organelles can do.

Eukaryotes store their DNA as chromosomes within the nucleus, but prokaryotes lack the nucleus .

Instead, most of their DNA is in one chromosome-like structure that sits in an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . This nucleoid does not have a membrane of its own. Additional bits of DNA called plasmids are shaped like rings and exist in the cytoplasm outside the nucleoid.

Differences in Organization

Prokaryotic cells engage in reproduction through a process of cell division called binary fission .

Eukaryotic cells use a different process of cell division called mitosis , which involves a constant cycle of cell growth and development.

There are frequent checkpoints for the cell to go through, monitoring the cell’s external and internal conditions, and redirecting the cell’s resources and functions when necessary.

A fundamental part of all life on Earth is the transfer of genetic material to future generations.

Eukaryotes reproduce sexually through a process called meiosis , which randomly sorts the genes from two parents to form the DNA of the offspring.

Sexual reproduction maximizes the genetic variability of the offspring of two parents, strengthening the genetic line and minimizing the risk of a random mutation wiping out most of a population.

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, which creates a precise copy of the original cell. Genetic variance comes in the form of less complex processes of gene transfer than eukaryotes, such as transduction . In this process, genes are transferred from one bacterial cell to another by means of viral cells.

The viruses grab the plasmids from one bacterium and transfer it to another bacterial cell. The DNA in the plasmid becomes integrated with the other DNA of the recipient cell.

Similarities Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

For all the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, they have some features in common, too.

Both cells have a plasma membrane, which serves as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside.

The plasma membrane uses certain molecules embedded within it to allow foreign bodies to pass into the cell or to allow matter within the cell to pass out of the cell.

Proteins embedded in the membrane do something similar, as well: they act as pumps that push matter into or out of the cell, rather than allowing it to pass through.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes .

Ribosomes are small organelles used to synthesize proteins as the cell needs them. They can either float freely in the cell or sit on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells, (giving it the designation of "rough," in comparison to its smooth sibling that lacks ribosomes).

They receive messages from messenger RNA molecules , telling them what proteins the cell needs.

They translate these messages into protein molecules by assembling amino acids . Although the process of protein synthesis works differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, it is is closely related and involves ribosomes in both cases.

Related cell biology topics:

• Cell Wall: Definition, Structure & Function (with Diagram)
• Cell Membrane: Definition, Function, Structure & Facts
• Animal vs Plant Cells: Similarities & Differences (with Chart)
• Nucleus: Definition, Structure & Function (with Diagram)
• Golgi Apparatus: Function, Structure (with Analogy & Diagram)
• What Happens to the Nuclear Membrane During Cytokinesis?

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• Arizona State University: Ask a Biologist: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Napa Valley College: Introduction to Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Biology LibreTexts: Prokaryotes
• Palomar College: Major Divisions of Life
• Florida State University: Molecular Expressions: Bacterial Cell Structure
• Western Washington University: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• British Society for Cell Biology: Ribosome

About the Author

Rebecca E. received a degree in human development before attending graduate school in writing. She has an extensive background in cognition and behavior research, particularly the neurological bases for personality traits and psychological illness. As a freelance writer, her specialty is science and medical writing. She's written for Autostraddle, The Griffith Review and The Sycamore Review.

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Similarities of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotes

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Genetic material, cell membrane, metabolic pathways.

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Similarities and Differences

All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic or prenuclear organisms (organisms without a true nucleus), while fungi, protozoa, helminths, and other organisms are eukaryotic.

Viruses depend on host cells for survival, so they are not considered cellular organisms but infectious agents. Prions (abnormal infectious proteins) are also not considered living cells.

A notable characteristic of eukaryotic cells is the presence of membrane-enclosed subcellular organelles with specialized cellular functions such as mitochondria (sites of aerobic respiration) and chloroplasts (sites of photosynthesis in green plants).

• Endoplasmic reticulum processes and transport proteins.
• Lysosomes provide an environment for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances.
• Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell; it generates energy (ATP)
• The nucleus provides a membrane enclosure for chromosomes.
• The Golgi body transports substances throughout the cell, including internal delivery and exocytosis or secretion of molecules.

Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not contain organelles. All functions take place in the cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. The cell wall composed of peptidoglycan is the notable structure present only in prokaryotic bacterial cells.

Eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton that supports cellular structure, organization, and movement. The cytoskeleton plays an essential role in immunology by mediating phagocytosis.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ considerably at the macromolecular level, including chromosomal organization, gene expression, and protein synthesis machinery. For example;

• Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus with a nuclear membrane enclosing multiple chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome (nucleoid) that is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
• Another major difference between bacterial DNA and eukaryotic DNA is that bacterial DNA has no introns, whereas eukaryotic DNA does.
• A key genetic difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes typically contain two copies of each gene and are, thus, genetically diploid.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ substantially in many other characteristics, some of which are tabulated here:

• Madigan Michael T, Bender, Kelly S, Buckley, Daniel H, Sattley, W. Matthew, & Stahl, David A. (2018). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition). Pearson.
• Pelczar Jr., M., Chan, E., & Krieg, N. (2007). Microbiology (5th edition). Tata McGraw-Hill

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Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

For those that didn't know, there are many similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These are two types of cells that make up living organisms, and this article will cover all the parallelism between them.

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For those that didn’t know, there are many similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These are two types of cells that make up living organisms, and this article will cover all the parallelism between them.

The basic unit of life is cell. Living organisms are divided into two groups on the basis of their cellular structure: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The former evolved 2 billion years before the evolution of latter. Around 3.5 billion years ago, prokaryotic organisms dominated our planet. Then, about 1.5 billion years ago, a nucleated cell called eukaryote evolved. The Cambrian explosion, around 0.5 billion years ago, helped in the evolution of multicellular organisms.

Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all come under eukaryotic cells, with bacteria being the only organisms that are prokaryotes. They are smaller and simpler in structure as compared to eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cellules have a large surface-to-volume ratio, that helps the nutrients easily and rapidly reach interior parts of the cell. Eukaryotic cellules have a limited surface area, thus, making it very difficult for the nutrients to readily diffuse in the interior parts of the cells. Thus, eukaryotes have complex organs that help them carry out metabolism and other important functions for the survival of the organisms. Although the cells are different in many ways, the main similarity is survival of the organism and carrying out the same process of life.

The Similarities

There are many other cell types in different forms, like neurons, epithelial, muscle cells, etc. But prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the only true cell structures and types. The following points will cover the main similarities.

• The genetic material, i.e., presence of DNA is common between the two cells.
• The presence of RNA is common.
• They both have a cell membrane covering them.
• Resemblances are seen in their basic chemical structures. Both are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats, and vitamins.
• Both of them have ribosomes, which make proteins.
• They regulate the flow of nutrients and waste matter that enters and exits the cellules.
• Basic life processes like photosynthesis and reproduction are carried out by them.
• They need energy supply to survive.
• They both have ‘chemical noses’ that keep them updated and aware of all the reactions that occur within them and in the surrounding environment.
• Both these organisms have a fluid-like matrix called the cytoplasm that fills the cells.
• Both have a cytoskeleton within the cell to support them.
• They have a thin extension of the plasma membrane which is supported by the cytoskeleton.
• Flagella and cilia are found in eukaryotes; likewise endoflagella, fimbriae, pili and flagella are found in prokaryotes. They are used for motility and adhering to surfaces or moving matter outside the cells.
• Some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellules have glycocalyces as a common material. This is a sugar-based structure that is sticky and helps the cells in anchoring to each other; thus, giving them some protection.
• They have a lipid bilayer, known as the plasma layer, that forms the boundary between the inner and outer side of the cell.

There are many differences between them, of which age and structure are the main attributes. It is believed by scientists that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. In short, both are the smallest units of life.

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells – Similarities & Differences

Introduction to similarity and difference between  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

First of all, all the living things consist of cells.  In a living thing, two types of cells exist that are Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic. Most noteworthy, there is similarity and difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

The organisms with single cell come under prokaryotes while animal and plant cells come under eukaryotes. The cells are responsible for all various activities of the living being. Cells are the structural as well as a working unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cells

According to facts, these cells are the oldest cells. They do not have a proper nucleus. Also, organisms of single cell have these cells. These cells share four parts in common that are plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes.

Such a cell does not have any proper structure within it. Nevertheless, DNA exists in the central part of the cell.

Bacteria have a cell wall that acts as an extra layer of protection. This wall maintains shape and prevents the shortage of water.

Eukaryotic Cells

It is a popular fact that the evolution of these cells has taken place from the prokaryotes. These cells have a membrane nucleus. They have proper structures within them.

Also, they contain a definite nucleus. Such a cell is larger in size with a true nucleus. Also, a nuclear layer encloses the chromatin bodies. Both asexual and sexual division occurs in such cells.

Furthermore, these cells are larger in size than the other type. Hence, they show better structural organization and functional efficiency than prokaryotes. Their name means true nucleus.

Organelles have special cellular functions. This is similar to the special functions of the human body have.

Similarities between Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

The following are the similarities between these two cells:

• Firstly, both the cells have ribosomes that influence the process of protein synthesis.
• In both types of cells, DNA exists that relates to genes.
• The cell wall is present in both.
• In both, there are four types of major molecules that are common to both.
• The process of DNA copying is similar in both.
• Some major metabolic pathways are common in both.
• The process of photosynthesis is similar in both.
• In both cells, there are twenty standard amino acids.
• Genetic code is identical in both.
• In both cells, ATP is the energy of source.

The Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell 

This difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cell is very important. Both these cells vary in their roles, but both roles are very important. Following are the differences between these two cells:

• Firstly, eukaryotes do have “true” nuclei containing the DNA. The prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not.
• In Eukaryotes, the chloroplasts and mitochondria perform various metabolic processes. On the other hand, in Prokaryotes, similar processes occur across the cell membrane.
• The formation of the cell walls of Prokaryotes is from a different molecule than Eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes have a higher metabolic rate.
• Prokaryotes have a larger surface area.
• Eukaryotic cells are larger in size.

Solved Question for You

Q. Many years ago what type of cells were the only form of life on Earth?

Ans: Millions of years ago prokaryotes were the only form of life on the earth. Afterwards, through the process of evolution, another type of cells came into existence.

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• What is Lysosome – Definition, Functions, Structure

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3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Learning objectives.

• Name examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
• Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
• Describe the relative sizes of different kinds of cells

Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes ( pro - = before; - karyon - = nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes ( eu - = true).

Components of Prokaryotic Cells

All cells share four common components: 1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment; 2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found; 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and 4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in several ways.

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle. We will shortly come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened region called the nucleoid ( Figure 3.5 ).

Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule ( Figure 3.5 ). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.

Eukaryotic Cells

In nature, the relationship between form and function is apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell, and this will become clear as we explore eukaryotic cells. The principle “form follows function” is found in many contexts. For example, birds and fish have streamlined bodies that allow them to move quickly through the medium in which they live, be it air or water. It means that, in general, one can deduce the function of a structure by looking at its form, because the two are matched.

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles , which have specialized functions. The word eukaryotic means “true kernel” or “true nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells. The word “organelle” means “little organ,” and, as already mentioned, organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the organs of your body have specialized functions.

At 0.1–5.0 µm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10–100 µm ( Figure 3.6 ). The small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell. Similarly, any wastes produced within a prokaryotic cell can quickly move out. However, larger eukaryotic cells have evolved different structural adaptations to enhance cellular transport. Indeed, the large size of these cells would not be possible without these adaptations. In general, cell size is limited because volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area. As a cell becomes larger, it becomes more and more difficult for the cell to acquire sufficient materials to support the processes inside the cell, because the relative size of the surface area across which materials must be transported declines.

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: What's the Difference?

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You know when you hear somebody start a sentence with, "There are two kinds of people..." and you think to yourself "Oh boy, here it comes."

But what if I were to tell you that there are just two kinds of organisms?

According to scientists, the world is split into two kinds of organisms — prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic — which have two different types of cells . An organism can be made up of either one type or the other. Some organisms consist of only one measly cell, but even so, that cell will either be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. It's just the way things are.

Organelles in Complex Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic efficiency apartment vs. eukaryotic mansion, the evolution of eukaryotes.

The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells has to do with the little stuff-doing parts of the cell, called organelles.

Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack the eukaryote's membrane-bound organelles and nucleus, which encapsulate the cell's DNA . Though more primitive than eukaryotes, prokaryotic bacteria are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth . We humans are literally covered in prokaryotes, inside and out.

On the other hand, all humans, animals, plants, fungi and protists are made up of eukaryotic cells. And though some eukaryotes are single-celled — think amoebas and paramecium — there are no prokaryotes that have more than one cell.

"I think of a prokaryote as a one-room efficiency apartment and a eukaryote as a $6 million mansion," says Erin Shanle, a professor in the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Longwood University, in an email interview. "The size and separation of functional 'rooms,' or organelles, in eukaryotes is similar to the many rooms and complex organization of a mansion. Prokaryotes have to get similar jobs done in a single room without the luxury of organelles."

One reason this analogy is helpful is because all cells, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane which allows only certain molecules to get in and out — much like the windows and doors of our home.

You can lock your doors and windows to keep out stray cats and burglars (the cellular equivalent to viruses or foreign materials), but you unlock the doors to bring in groceries and to take out the trash. In this way, all cells maintain internal homeostasis , or stability.

"Prokaryotes are much simpler with respect to structure," says Shanle. "They have a single 'room' to perform all the necessary functions of life, namely producing proteins from the instructions stored in DNA, which is the complete set of instructions for building a cell. Prokaryotes don't have separate compartments for energy production, protein packaging, waste processing or other key functions."

In contrast, eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that are used to separate all these processes, which means the kitchen is separate from the master bathroom — there are dozens of walled-off rooms, all of which serve a different function in the cell.

For example, DNA is stored, replicated and processed in the eukaryotic cell's nucleus, which is itself surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane. This protects the DNA and allows the cell to fine-tune the production of proteins necessary to do its job and keep the cell alive.

Other key organelles include:

• Mitochondria : Processes sugars to generate energy
• Lysosome : Processes waste
• Endoplasmic reticulum : Helps organize proteins for distribution around the cell.

Prokaryotic cells have to do a lot of this same stuff, but they just don't have separate rooms to do it in. They're more of a two-bit operation in this sense.

"Many eukaryotic organisms are made up of multiple cell types, each containing the same set of DNA blueprints, but which perform different functions," says Shanle. "By separating the large DNA blueprints in the nucleus, certain parts of the blueprint can be utilized to create different cell types from the same set of instructions."

You might be wondering how organisms got to be divided in this way. Well, according to endosymbiotic theory, it all started about 2 billion years ago, when some large prokaryote managed to create a nucleus by folding its cell membrane in on itself.

"Over time, a smaller prokaryotic cell was engulfed by this larger cell," says Shanle. "The smaller prokaryote could perform aerobic respiration, or process sugars into energy using oxygen, similar to the mitochondria we see in eukaryotes that are living today. This smaller cell was maintained within the larger host cell, where it replicated and was passed on to subsequent generations. This endosymbiotic relationship ultimately led to the smaller cell becoming a part of the larger cell, eventually losing its autonomy and much of its original DNA."

However, the mitochondria of today's eukaryotes have their own DNA blueprints that replicate independently from the DNA in the nucleus, and mitochondrial DNA has some similarity to prokaryotic DNA, which supports the endosymbiotic theory.

A similar model is thought to have led to the evolution of chloroplasts in plants, but the story begins with a eukaryotic cell containing a mitochondria engulfing a photosynthetic prokaryote.

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes — they're different! But even though it can be hard to see the similarities between humans and bacteria, we are all made of the same stuff: DNA, proteins, sugars and lipids.

Although endosymbiotic theory is just "a theory," it's the best explanation of the evolution of eukaryotes. Though it may one day be disproven, it's supported by lots of facts.

Prokaryotic Cell FAQ

What is a prokaryotic cell, what is the structure of a prokaryotic cell, what is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, what is an example of a prokaryotic cell, what is the main function of a prokaryotic cell.

Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences Essay

Introduction.

Differences between the different kingdoms of species might seem obvious at the surface level, yet, inspecting the subject matter closer, one will realize that the line between the two can be drawn at the cellular level. Furthermore, upon the analysis of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, one can develop a proper understanding of the environment that is required for the correct functioning of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Thus, a comparison between the two is required to show that there are two distinct groups of organisms that require different environments and conditions.

The presence of a nucleus is the core difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, which is even coded in the names thereof. In addition, unlike a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic one does not have chromosomes but, instead, contains a substitute called plasmids (Kelly and Callegari 4977). Unlike a chromosome, a plasmid does not have a protein membrane and typically takes a linear shape (Kelly and Callegari 4979). Therefore, the complexity of prokaryotic cells is significantly lower than the one of prokaryotic ones.

In addition, the cellular structure of the two types of cells serves as an important distinction. Prokaryotic cells are typically unicellular, whereas eukaryotic ones are multicellular. The described difference leads to another point of comparison, which is the kingdom that the identified types of cells represent. While prokaryotes typically occur in Bacteria and Archaea, eukaryotic cells can be found in Animals and Plants (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Thus, a prokaryotic cell can be defined as a simpler life form compared to a more complex eukaryotic one.

Finally, the components that constitute each type of cell are very different, both in their functions and form. It should be noted that there are several organelles that are common for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, eukaryotic cells, as more complex mechanisms, contain the organelles that cannot be found in simpler prokaryotic structures. For example, prokaryotic cells do not have lysosomes and peroxisomes, which play the role of conserving and transporting energy and are an important component of eukaryotic cells (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Similarly, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are not found in prokaryotic cells. Overall, the structure of a prokaryotic cell is less complex than the one of a eukaryotic one.

The DNA as a crucial element in the composition of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells also deserves a more detailed analysis as another critical point of difference between the two cell types. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, in prokaryotic ones, the DNA structure is linear due to the arrangement of organelles and, consequently, chromosomes (Kelly and Callegari 4978). At this point, it should be noted that the process of DNA replication is a crucial similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Although the two cell types are distinctively different from each other, the replication of DNA occurs in both cell types according to the same scheme and set of principles.

However, there are some differences in the replication process that allow distinguishing between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell based on the DNA replication characteristics. For example, unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic ones have only one point of origin of their replication, which, in turn, occurs only in two directions (Kelly and Callegari 4978). In addition, the entire replication process occurs at a much faster pace than the one in eukaryotic cells and takes approximately 40 minutes (compared to several hours in a complex eukaryotic cell) (Kelly and Callegari 4977).

The described characteristic allows prokaryotic cells to undergo the replication process in an endless cycle, which is impossible in eukaryotic cells due to the presence of telomeres in their chromosomes (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Thus, the DNA replication process can be regarded as one of the crucial differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The presence of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells as their distinctive feature is the subject of particular interest since the current theories of mitochondria origin allow tracking down the evolution of a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic one. According to the theory of endosymbiotic hypothesis, mitochondria were initially prokaryotic cells (). Moreover, like cells, mitochondria could perform the functions of which eukaryotic cells were incapable (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”).

However, since the oxidative processes that mitochondria performed were also essential for the proper functioning of eukaryotic cells, the latter acquired mitochondria via endosymbiosis (). As a result, mitochondria are a crucial component of eukaryotic cells nowadays, yet they are completely absent from prokaryotic ones. Providing opportunities for energy conversion, mitochondria in eukaryotes primarily serve to produce ATP, although it also has several other important functions.

Comparing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is necessary since it provides insightful results that may prompt a more nuanced understanding of the functioning of cells and tissues, as well as the factors that lead to the disruption in the processes of them. Thus, an improved approach toward treating patients will become possible. While the key distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, which is absent in the latter, there are also numerous nuances that allow differentiating between the two cell types.

“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure.” Georgia Highlands College , n.d. Web.

Kelly, Thomas, and A. John Callegari. “Dynamics of DNA Replication in a Eukaryotic Cell.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 116, no. 11, 2019, pp. 4973-4982.

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IvyPanda. (2023, November 2). Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells-key-differences/

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IvyPanda . 2023. "Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences." November 2, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells-key-differences/.

1. IvyPanda . "Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences." November 2, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells-key-differences/.

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IvyPanda . "Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences." November 2, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells-key-differences/.

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Chapter 3: Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Name examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
• Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
• Describe the relative sizes of different kinds of cells

Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes ( pro – = before; – karyon – = nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes ( eu – = true).

Components of Prokaryotic Cells

All cells share four common components: 1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment; 2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found; 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and 4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in several ways.

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle . We will shortly come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened region called the nucleoid.

Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule (Figure 3.6). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.

Eukaryotic Cells

In nature, the relationship between form and function is apparent at all levels, including the level of the cell, and this will become clear as we explore eukaryotic cells. The principle “form follows function” is found in many contexts. For example, birds and fish have streamlined bodies that allow them to move quickly through the medium in which they live, be it air or water. It means that, in general, one can deduce the function of a structure by looking at its form, because the two are matched.

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles , which have specialized functions. The word eukaryotic means “true kernel” or “true nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells. The word “organelle” means “little organ,” and, as already mentioned, organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the organs of your body have specialized functions.

At 0.1–5.0 µm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10–100 µm (Figure 3.7). The small size of prokaryotes allows ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell. Similarly, any wastes produced within a prokaryotic cell can quickly move out. However, larger eukaryotic cells have evolved different structural adaptations to enhance cellular transport. Indeed, the large size of these cells would not be possible without these adaptations. In general, cell size is limited because volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area. As a cell becomes larger, it becomes more and more difficult for the cell to acquire sufficient materials to support the processes inside the cell, because the relative size of the surface area across which materials must be transported declines.

Section Summary

Prokaryotes are predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. All prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles. Many also have polysaccharide capsules. Prokaryotic cells range in diameter from 0.1–5.0 µm.

Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but a eukaryotic cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell, has a true nucleus (meaning its DNA is surrounded by a membrane), and has other membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of functions. Eukaryotic cells tend to be 10 to 100 times the size of prokaryotic cells.

eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

organelle: a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell

prokaryotic cell: a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition Copyright © 2015 by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Introduction: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Biotic components of the environment include all forms of life from minute bacteria to towering giant Sequoias. However, at the microscopic level, all living organisms are made up of the same basic unit – the cell.

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cell.

As a result, the cell is referred to as the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.  The word cell has its origins in Latin, and when translated, it means “small room” and was first observed by Robert Hooke – an English natural philosopher in the year 1665.

He also compared his discovery to the cells in a honeycomb, as they showcase a similar structure.

An image illustrating the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Note that the prokaryotic cell is a complete individual organism

Eventual advancements in science and technology shed more light into the cell, with new findings and discoveries about its structure and cellular components.  During the 1950s, scientists postulated the concept of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, with earlier groundwork being laid by Edouard Chatton, a French Biologist in 1925.

Anatomically, cells vary with respect to their classification, therefore, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ from each other quite drastically. Read on to explore how they differ from each other.

The term “ prokaryote ” is derived from the Greek word “ pro “, (meaning: before) and “ karyon ” (meaning: kernel). It translates to “ before nuclei. “

Prokaryotes are one of the most ancient groups of living organisms on earth, with fossil records dating back to almost 3.5 billion years ago.

These prokaryotes  thrived in the earth’s ancient environment, some using up chemical energy and others using the sun’s energy. These extremophiles thrived for millions of years, evolving and adapting. Scientists speculate that these organisms gave rise to the eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic cells are comparatively smaller and much simpler than eukaryotic cells. The other defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells is that it does not possess membrane-bound cell organelles such as a nucleus. Reproduction happens  through the process of binary fission.

Structurally, prokaryotes have a capsule enveloping their entire body, and it functions as a protective coat. This is crucial for preventing the process of phagocytosis (where the bacteria gets engulfed by other eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages) The pilus is a hair-like appendage found on the external surface of most prokaryotes and it helps the organism to attach itself to various environments. The pilus essentially resists being flushed, hence, it is also called attachment pili. It is commonly observed in bacteria.

Right below the protective coating lies the cell wall, which provides strength and rigidity to the cell. Further down lies the cytoplasm that helps in cellular growth, and this is contained within the plasma membrane, which separates the interior contents of the cell from the outside environment.  Within the cytoplasm, ribosomes exist and it plays an important role in protein synthesis. It is also one of the smallest components within the cell. 

Some prokaryotic cells contain special structures called mesosomes which assist in cellular respiration . Most prokaryotes also contain plasmids, which contain small, circular pieces of DNA. To help with locomotion,  flagella are present, though, pilus can also serve as an aid for locomotion.  Common examples of Prokaryotic organisms are bacteria and archaea. Also, all members of Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes.

Main Article:   Prokaryotic Cells

The term “ Eukaryotes ” is derived from the Greek word “ eu “, (meaning: good) and “ karyon ” (meaning: kernel), therefore, translating to “ good or true nuclei .” Eukaryotes are more complex and much larger than prokaryotes.   They include almost all the major kingdoms except kingdom monera.

Structurally, eukaryotes possess a cell wall, which supports and protects the plasma membrane. The cell is surrounded by the plasma membrane and it controls the entry and exit of certain substances.

The nucleus contains DNA, which is responsible for storing all genetic information. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Within the nucleus exists the nucleolus, and it plays a crucial role in synthesising proteins. Eukaryotic cells also contain mitochondria, which are responsible for the creation of energy, which is then utilized by the cell.

Present in only plant cells, chloroplasts are the subcellular sites of photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the transportation of materials. Besides these, there are also other cell organelles that perform various other functions and these include  ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, cytoplasm, chromosomes, vacuoles and centrosomes.

Examples of eukaryotes include almost every unicellular organism with a nucleus and all multicellular organisms.

Main Article:  Eukaryotic Cells

Though these two classes of cells are quite different, they do possess some common characteristics. For instance, both possess cell membranes and ribosomes, but the similarities end there. The complete list of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is summarized as follows:

Learn more about prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell, their differences and other related topics at BYJU’S Biology

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a prokaryotic cell.

A prokaryotic cell is a primitive type of cell that is characterized by the absence of a nucleus. Furthermore, prokaryotes do not possess membrane-bound cellular organelles. Prokaryotes are exclusively unicellular.

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells are cells that possess a true nucleus along with membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can either be unicellular or multicellular.

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

The defining characteristic feature that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the true nucleus is absent, moreover, membrane-bound organelles are present only in eukaryotic cells. Another major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells are exclusively unicellular, while the same does not apply to eukaryotic cells.

Define Cell?

The cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life. Cell plays a vital role in all biological activities and include membrane-bound organelles, which perform several individual functions to keep the cell alive and active.

What is Ribosome?

The ribosome is a multi-component cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein. Therefore, it is called the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are present both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have larger ribosomes in their cells.

List out the unique features of Animal and Plant Cells.

Both animal and plant cells have several unique features. Listed below are some important features:

• In structure, both animal and plant cells are quite similar.
• Both possess nucleus and plasma membrane, a selectively permeable membrane of the cell.
• Both animal and plant cells include membrane-bound organelles with their specialized functions.
• Animal and plant cells have vacuoles, which serve as the storage unit and maintain the shape of the cell.
• Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It stores and provide energy for different cellular activities and is found both in both animal and plant cells.

List out the functions of Chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are the plastids found in all plant cells. These cell organelles comprise the photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll and are involved in synthesizing food by the process of photosynthesis.

Who discovered Cell and Cell Theory?

The cell was first discovered in the year 1665 by an English natural philosopher Robert Hooke. The Cell Theory was explained by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the year 1830.

Further Reading:

• Competent Cells
• Difference Between Plasmid DNA And Chromosomal DNA

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2.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotic Cell. This diagram shows the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell, a bacterium. Like other prokaryotic cells, this bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but has other cell parts, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. Identify each of these parts in the diagram.

Bacteria are described in the following video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDoGrbpJJ14 (18:26).

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus. A typical eukaryotic cell is shown in Figure below . Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells, and they are found mainly in multicellular organisms. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes , and they range from fungi to people.

Eukaryotic cells also contain other organelles besides the nucleus. An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell. Organelles called mitochondria, for example, provide energy to the cell, and organelles called vacuoles store substances in the cell. Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions than prokaryotic cells can. This allows eukaryotic cells to have greater cell specificity than prokaryotic cells. Ribosomes , the organelle where proteins are made, are the only organelles in prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cell. Compare and contrast the eukaryotic cell shown here with the prokaryotic cell. What similarities and differences do you see?

In some ways, a cell resembles a plastic bag full of Jell-O. Its basic structure is a plasma membrane filled with cytoplasm. Like Jell-O containing mixed fruit, the cytoplasm of the cell also contains various structures, such as a nucleus and other organelles. You can also explore the structures of an interactive animal cell at this link: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm .

• Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells have other organelles besides the nucleus. The only organelles in a prokaryotic cell are ribosomes .

Use these resources to answer the questions that follow.

Explore More I

• Cell Structure and Function Tutorial at http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cells.html .
• What types of organisms are prokaryotic?
• What organisms have eukaryotic cells?
• Compare prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.
• Describe where the DNA is located in a prokaryotic cell.

Explore More II

• Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell at http ://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell .
• Which cells have a nucleus?
• Which cells usually form unicellular organisms?
• Which cells have ribosomes ?
• Which cells have mitochondria?
• Which cells have DNA?

Explore More III

• Typical Animal Cell at http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11403 .
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An Essay on the Differences between Prokaryote & Eukaryote cells.

An Essay on the Differences between

 Prokaryote & Eukaryote cells

All cellular organism fall into two natural groups, known as prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These two groups are fundamentally different. The terms prokaryote  and eukaryote refer to the differences in the location of the DNA. In prokaryotes the DNA is not enclosed by nuclear membranes and lies free in the cytoplasm. The cells therefore lack true nuclei . The cells of eukaryotes , however, do contain true nuclei.

Eukaryotes arose around 1.2 thousand million years ago, and they evolved from prokaryotes which began around 3.5 thousand million years ago.

Although the location of the DNA in the cells is the major difference between the cell types, there are many more differences, which are explored below.

The sizes of the cells are vastly different, in prokaryotes the average diameter of the cell is 0.5-10μm. However, eukaryote cells are much larger in comparison, they are typically 1000-10000 times the volume of prokaryote cells, and their common diameter is 10-100μm.

Prokaryotes mainly arise in unicellular forms and examples of organisms that are prokaryotic is bacteria. Eukaryotes on the other hand arise in multicellular form and examples of eukaryotic celled organisms are fungi, plants, animals and the exception which are protoctist as many of them are unicellular.

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As mentioned above the DNA lies free in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, and lies linear and in a nucleus in eukaryotes. However, in prokaryotes the DNA is ‘naked’ and therefore is not associated with proteins or RNA to form chromosomes. While in eukaryotes the DNA is not naked and is associated with protein & RNA to form chromosomes.

In the two types of cells the ribosomes which are used in protein synthesis are slightly different, in prokaryotic cells the ribosome are 70S and smaller than the 80S larger ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.

In eukaryotic cells the ribosomes may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, while in prokaryotic cells there is no endoplasmic reticulum.

When it comes to organelles prokaryotes have relatively few, and the ones present have no envelope surrounding them. Furthermore, prokaryotes have few internal membranes, and if present they are usually only used for respiration or photosynthesis.

On the other hand eukaryotes have many organelles, and many are envelope bounded such as the nucleus or mitochondria. In addition, eukaryotes have a great number and diversity of organelles bounded by single membranes for example Golgi apparatus or lysosomes.

When it comes to respiration, prokaryotes like bacteria use mesosomes, the exceptions being cytoplasmic membranes in blue-green bacteria. While eukaryotes use the organelle- mitochondria, which combines glucose and oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration to give energy.

Eukaryotes in addition have the capabilities to photosynthesize due to organelles such as chloroplast in its cells. While prokaryotes also can photosynthesize but have no chloroplast they create food from membranes which show no stacking in it cells.

Nitrogen fixation is the ability to change the form of nitrogen. Eukaryotic cells do not have the ability to carry out nitrogen fixation, while on the other hand prokaryotic cells do.

The structures of the cell walls and compositions of them are greatly different in the cells. In eukaryotes the cell walls of green plants and fungi are rigid and contain polysaccharides; cellulose is the main strengthening compound in plant walls and chitin in fungal walls, however, there are none in animal cells.

However, prokaryotes cell walls are rigid and contain polysaccharides with amino acids, and murein is the main strengthening compound.

Finally when it comes to movement of the cells, flagellum is used in cells; however the flagellum in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are slightly different. In prokaryote cells the flagella is simple and lacking in microtubules, it is also extra cellular, and it has an average diameter of 20nm.

On the other hand in eukaryotes the structure is complex with ‘9+2’ arrangement of microtubules, it is also intracellular, and the eukaryote flagella also have a diameter of around 200nm.

In conclusion, as seen there are many differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, in functions, structure and processes.

Document Details

• Word Count 674
• Page Count 3
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Science

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