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The association between dental and dentoalveolar arch forms of children with normal occlusion and malocclusion: a cross-sectional study

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SepM mutation in Streptococcus mutans clinical isolates and related function analysis

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Immunoreactivity of LMO7 and other molecular markers as potential prognostic factors in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

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Post-BSSO condylar position stability: a comparison of miniplate and lag screw fixation

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Expression of epithelial growth factor receptor as a protein marker in oral reticular and erosive lichen planus

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The Hall Technique; a randomized controlled clinical trial of a novel method of managing carious primary molars in general dental practice: acceptability of the technique and outcomes at 23 months

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Oral health-related cultural beliefs for four racial/ethnic groups: Assessment of the literature

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Reducing Oral Health Disparities: A Focus on Social and Cultural Determinants

Authors: Donald L Patrick, Rosanna Shuk Yin Lee, Michele Nucci, David Grembowski, Carol Zane Jolles and Peter Milgrom

Estimated radiation risk of cancer from dental cone-beam computed tomography imaging in orthodontics patients

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In May, a BMC Series blog supporting Cleft Lip and Palate Awareness Week highlighted some contributions from across the BMC Series that enhance our understanding and awareness of cleft lip and palate.

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In November, a BMC Series blog supporting Mouth Cancer Awareness Month calls for greater focus from policy-makers, and emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment.

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In September, a BMC Series blog highlighted a study exploring oral health perceptions, practices and care-seeking experiences of slum residents in Ibadan, Nigeria.

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Oral health: A window to your overall health

Your oral health is more important than you might realize. Learn how the health of your mouth, teeth and gums can affect your general health.

Did you know that your oral health offers clues about your overall health? Did you know that problems in the mouth can affect the rest of the body? Protect yourself by learning more about the link between your oral health and overall health.

What's the link between oral health and overall health?

Like other areas of the body, the mouth is full of germs. Those germs are mostly harmless. But the mouth is the entry to the digestive tract. That's the long tube of organs from the mouth to the anus that food travels through. The mouth also is the entry to the organs that allow breathing, called the respiratory tracts. So sometimes germs in the mouth can lead to disease throughout the body.

Most often the body's defenses and good oral care keep germs under control. Good oral care includes daily brushing and flossing. Without good oral hygiene, germs can reach levels that might lead to infections, such as tooth decay and gum disease.

Also, certain medicines can lower the flow of spit, called saliva. Those medicines include decongestants, antihistamines, painkillers, water pills and antidepressants. Saliva washes away food and keeps the acids germs make in the mouth in balance. This helps keep germs from spreading and causing disease.

Oral germs and oral swelling and irritation, called inflammation, are linked to a severe form of gum disease, called periodontitis. Studies suggest that these germs and inflammation might play a role in some diseases. And certain diseases, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, can lower the body's ability to fight infection. That can make oral health problems worse.

What conditions can be linked to oral health?

Your oral health might play a part in conditions such as:

• Endocarditis. This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers or valves, called endocardium. It most often happens when germs from another part of the body, such as the mouth, spread through the blood and attach to certain areas in the heart. Infection of the endocardium is rare. But it can be fatal.
• Cardiovascular disease. Some research suggests that heart disease, clogged arteries and stroke might be linked to the inflammation and infections that oral germs can cause.
• Pregnancy and birth complications. Gum disease called periodontitis has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight.
• Pneumonia. Certain germs in the mouth can go into the lungs. This may cause pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.

Certain health conditions also might affect oral health, including:

Diabetes. Diabetes makes the body less able to fight infection. So diabetes can put the gums at risk. Gum disease seems to happen more often and be more serious in people who have diabetes.

Research shows that people who have gum disease have a harder time controlling their blood sugar levels. Regular dental care can improve diabetes control.

• HIV/AIDS. Oral problems, such as painful mouth sores called mucosal lesions, are common in people who have HIV/AIDS.
• Cancer. A number of cancers have been linked to gum disease. These include cancers of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, prostate gland and uterus.
• Alzheimer's disease. As Alzheimer's disease gets worse, oral health also tends to get worse.

Other conditions that might be linked to oral health include eating disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and an immune system condition that causes dry mouth called Sjogren's syndrome.

Tell your dentist about the medicines you take. And make sure your dentist knows about any changes in your overall health. This includes recent illnesses or ongoing conditions you may have, such as diabetes.

How can I protect my oral health?

To protect your oral health, take care of your mouth every day.

• Brush your teeth at least twice a day for two minutes each time. Use a brush with soft bristles and fluoride toothpaste. Brush your tongue too.
• Clean between your teeth daily with floss, a water flosser or other products made for that purpose.
• Eat a healthy diet and limit sugary food and drinks.
• Replace your toothbrush every 3 to 4 months. Do it sooner if bristles are worn or flare out.
• See a dentist at least once a year for checkups and cleanings. Your dentist may suggest visits or cleanings more often, depending on your situation. You might be sent to a gum specialist, called a periodontist, if your gums need more care.
• Don't use tobacco.

Contact your dentist right away if you notice any oral health problems. Taking care of your oral health protects your overall health.

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• Gross EL. Oral and systemic health. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Gill SA, et al. Integrating oral health into health professions school curricula. Medical Education Online. 2022; doi:10.1080/10872981.2022.2090308.
• Mark AM. For the patient: Caring for your gums. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2023.09.012.
• Tonelli A, et al. The oral microbiome and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2023; doi:10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3.
• Gum disease and other diseases. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-and-other-diseases/. Accessed Feb 1, 2024.
• Gum disease prevention. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-prevention/. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health topics: Toothbrushes. American Dental Association. https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Issrani R, et al. Exploring the mechanisms and association between oral microflora and systemic diseases. Diagnostics. 2022; doi:10.3390/diagnostics12112800.
• HIV/AIDS & oral health. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/hiv-aids. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
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• Published: 14 June 2024

Sustainable oral healthcare: what is it and how do we achieve it?

• Laura Beaton 1 ,
• Jim Boyle 1 ,
• Heather Cassie 2 ,
• Jan Clarkson 3 ,
• Iain Colthart 1 ,
• Brett Duane 4 ,
• Eilidh Duncan 5 ,
• Amarantha Fennell-Wells 6 ,
• David H. Felix 1 ,
• James Field 7 ,
• Julian Fisher 8 ,
• David Garbutt 1 ,
• Jenny Girdler 9 ,
• Anne-Marie Glenny 10 ,
• Michael Glick 11 ,
• Beatriz Goulao 5 ,
• Adalia Ikiroma 1 ,
• Minna Johansson 12 ,
• David Jones 13 ,
• Nicolas Martin 14 ,
• Gillian Mawdsley 1 ,
• Gillian Nevin 1 ,
• Fiona Ord 1 ,
• Ciara O’Kane 15 ,
• Geoff Purnell 1 ,
• Craig Ramsay 5 ,
• Adam Robinson 16 ,
• Samantha Rutherford 1 ,
• James Salter 16 ,
• Douglas Stirling 1 ,
• Catherine Tothill 17 ,
• Tanya Walsh 10 ,
• Michele West 1 &
• Mark Wolff 11  

British Dental Journal volume  236 ,  pages 907–910 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in what environmental sustainability means for healthcare, including oral health and dentistry. To help facilitate discussions among key stakeholders in this area, the Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme held a workshop in November 2022. The purpose of this workshop was to explore current thinking on the subject of sustainability as it relates to oral health and to help stakeholders identify how to engage with the sustainability agenda. This paper presents an overview of the presentations and discussions from the workshop and highlights potential avenues for future work and collaboration.

Provides an overview of a workshop which took place in November 2022 to discuss sustainable oral health.

Highlights stakeholders' level of understanding of sustainable oral health.

Discusses challenges associated with promoting or incorporating sustainable oral health into education, guidance and clinical practice.

Proposes avenues for future work and next steps towards achieving more sustainable oral health and healthcare.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all participants for their input and engagement during the workshop. The authors also wish to thank the Clinical Effectiveness Business Support team for their assistance in setting up the workshop.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

NHS Education for Scotland, Scotland, UK

Laura Beaton, Jim Boyle, Iain Colthart, David H. Felix, David Garbutt, Adalia Ikiroma, Gillian Mawdsley, Gillian Nevin, Fiona Ord, Geoff Purnell, Samantha Rutherford, Douglas Stirling & Michele West

University of Dundee, Scotland, UK

Heather Cassie

NHS Education for Scotland, Scotland, UK; University of Dundee, Scotland, UK

Jan Clarkson

Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Brett Duane

Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, UK

Eilidh Duncan, Beatriz Goulao & Craig Ramsay

Office of the Chief Dental Officer England, England, UK; Centre for Sustainable Healthcare, England, UK

Amarantha Fennell-Wells

Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

James Field

Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Julian Fisher

Centre for Sustainable Healthcare, England, UK; Health Education England, England, UK

Jenny Girdler

Cochrane Oral Health, England, UK

Anne-Marie Glenny & Tanya Walsh

University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA

Michael Glick & Mark Wolff

Cochrane Sustainable Health, England, UK

Minna Johansson

NHS Highland, Scotland, UK

David Jones

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Nicolas Martin

Greener NHS, England, UK

Ciara O’Kane

Henry Schein, Kent, UK

Adam Robinson & James Salter

University of Dundee, Scotland, UK; NHS Tayside, Scotland, UK

Catherine Tothill

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Contributions

Douglas Stirling and Jan Clarkson developed the idea for the workshop and led the facilitation of the event. Workshop discussions were facilitated by Jan Clarkson, Heather Cassie, Eilidh Duncan, Laura Beaton and Douglas Stirling, supported by Beatriz Goulao, Samantha Rutherford, Michele West and Iain Colthart. All authors (Laura Beaton, Jim Boyle, Heather Cassie, Jan Clarkson, Iain Colthart, Brett Duane, Eilidh Duncan, Amarantha Fennell-Wells, David H. Felix, James Field, Julian Fisher, David Garbutt, Jenny Girdler, Anne-Marie Glenny, Michael Glick, Beatriz Goulao, Adalia Ikiroma, Minna Johansson, David Jones, Nicolas Martin, Gillian Mawdsley, Gillian Nevin, Fiona Ord, Ciara O'Kane, Geoff Purnell, Craig Ramsay, Adam Robinson, Samantha Rutherford, James Salter, Douglas Stirling, Catherine Tothill, Tanya Walsh, Michele West and Mark Wolff) provided content and opinion as part of the workshop. Qualitative analysis was conducted by Laura Beaton, with support from Heather Cassie and Beatriz Goulao. Laura Beaton and Douglas Stirling developed the first draft of the manuscript, with comments and suggested revisions from other authors. All authors approved the final draft of the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura Beaton .

Ethics declarations

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval was not required because this work fell into the category of service development/evaluation, not research. While there was no consent form issued to participants before the workshop, participants in the workshop demonstrated their consent by attending on the day and taking part either in presentations or in the group discussions. All were contacted after the workshop and before submission of the manuscript to make them aware of the fact we planned for potential publication. The manuscript was shared with participants to allow them to provide feedback on the draft and for them to check the details of their name and job role/affiliation and no one objected to inclusion.

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Beaton, L., Boyle, J., Cassie, H. et al. Sustainable oral healthcare: what is it and how do we achieve it?. Br Dent J 236 , 907–910 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-024-7460-2

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Received : 02 November 2023

Accepted : 08 November 2023

Published : 14 June 2024

Issue Date : 14 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-024-7460-2

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Research Article Korea

• Sleep analysis results of portable polysomnography in patients with acute and chronic temporomandibular disorder

Published On: 2022-10-07 --> Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee and Q-Schick Auh

• Implications of Obstructive Sleep-related Breathing Disorder in Dentistry: Focus on Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published On: 2022-10-05 --> Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee

• Investigation of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Portable Polysomnography in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder

Published On: 2022-09-30 --> Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee, Q-Schick Auh, and Eun- Jae Chung.

Latest Articles

Research article italy, use of teriparatide for the treatment of mronj in non-cancer patients refractory to the traditional conservative therapy: a systematic review.

Published On: 2022-11-30 Authors: Catalfamo Luciano, De Rinaldis Danilo, Nastro Siniscalchi Enrico, De Ponte Francesco Saverio.

Research Article Brazil

Contextual and individual factors associated with dental caries among brazilian adolescents: a multilevel study.

Published On: 2022-11-01 Authors: Cíntia Levy Matos Pedroso, Luana Leal Roberto, Alfredo Mauricio Batista De Paula, Desirée Sant’ana Haikal.

Published On: 2022-10-07 Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee and Q-Schick Auh

Published On: 2022-10-05 Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee

Research Article India

• Assessment of Stress Levels and Oral Mucosal Changes Among Corporate Employees - An Observational Study

Published On: 2022-01-03 Authors: Shabana Shaik, Asha Venkataswamy Reddy

Distribution of Treatments by Age of Patients at an Academic Dental Center

Published On: 2022-05-19 Authors: Kadhium VS, Sharma P, Josan NK, Mhay S, Dault J, Nalliah RP

Reference Genes for gene expression analysis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Data Science Driven Approach

Published On: 2022-06-17 Authors: Nehanjali Dwivedi, Sujan K Dhar, Moni A Kuriakose, Amritha Suresh, Manjula Das

Research Article Nepal

Evolution of new oral health care practices in response to covid-19 pandemic: lesson learned from national survey.

Published On: 2022-06-22 Authors: Saroj Prasad Deo, Dharanidhar Baral

Published On: 2022-09-30 Authors: Yeon-Hee Lee, Q-Schick Auh, and Eun- Jae Chung.

Dental Research and Oral Health - For a beautiful and healthy smile

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Eur J Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Eur J Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Eur J Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Eur J Dent ESCI Indexing | Eur J Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Eur J Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Front Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Front Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Front Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Front Dent ESCI Indexing | Front Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Front Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Indian J Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Indian J Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Indian J Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Indian J Dent ESCI Indexing | Indian J Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Indian J Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Int Dent J PubMed Indexed Journals | Int Dent J Scopus Indexed Journals | Int Dent J Medline Indexed Journals | Int Dent J ESCI Indexing | Int Dent J PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Int Dent J Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Int Dent J (Phila) PubMed Indexed Journals | Int Dent J (Phila) Scopus Indexed Journals | Int Dent J (Phila) Medline Indexed Journals | Int Dent J (Phila) ESCI Indexing | Int Dent J (Phila) PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Int Dent J (Phila) Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Int J Clin Pediatr Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Int J Clin Pediatr Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Int J Clin Pediatr Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Int J Clin Pediatr Dent ESCI Indexing | Int J Clin Pediatr Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Int J Clin Pediatr Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Int J Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Int J Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Int J Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Int J Dent ESCI Indexing | Int J Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Int J Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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Int J Implant Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | Int J Implant Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | Int J Implant Dent Medline Indexed Journals | Int J Implant Dent ESCI Indexing | Int J Implant Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Int J Implant Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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ISRN Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | ISRN Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | ISRN Dent Medline Indexed Journals | ISRN Dent ESCI Indexing | ISRN Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | ISRN Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent Medline Indexed Journals | J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent ESCI Indexing | J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol PubMed Indexed Journals | J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol Scopus Indexed Journals | J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol Medline Indexed Journals | J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol ESCI Indexing | J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Am Dent Soc Anesthesiol Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Clin Exp Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | J Clin Exp Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | J Clin Exp Dent Medline Indexed Journals | J Clin Exp Dent ESCI Indexing | J Clin Exp Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Clin Exp Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Conserv Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | J Conserv Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | J Conserv Dent Medline Indexed Journals | J Conserv Dent ESCI Indexing | J Conserv Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Conserv Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent (Shiraz) PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent (Shiraz) Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent (Shiraz) Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent (Shiraz) ESCI Indexing | J Dent (Shiraz) PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent (Shiraz) Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent (Tehran) PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent (Tehran) Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent (Tehran) Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent (Tehran) ESCI Indexing | J Dent (Tehran) PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent (Tehran) Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Anesth Pain Med PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Anesth Pain Med Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Anesth Pain Med Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Anesth Pain Med ESCI Indexing | J Dent Anesth Pain Med PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Anesth Pain Med Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Biomater PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomater Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomater Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomater ESCI Indexing | J Dent Biomater PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomater Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Biomech PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomech Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomech Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomech ESCI Indexing | J Dent Biomech PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Biomech Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Res PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Res ESCI Indexing | J Dent Res PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects ESCI Indexing | J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

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J Dent Sci PubMed Indexed Journals | J Dent Sci Scopus Indexed Journals | J Dent Sci Medline Indexed Journals | J Dent Sci ESCI Indexing | J Dent Sci PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Dent Sci Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

J Dent Sci open access journals, J Dent Sci peer reviewed open access journals, J Dent Sci PubMed indexing, J Dent Sci Scopus indexing, J Dent Sci Medline indexing, J Dent Sci ESCI indexing, J Dent Sci SCI indexing, J Dent Sci impact factor, J Dent Sci 2023 impact factor, J Dent Sci 2024 impact factor, J Dent Sci 2025 impact factor, J Dent Sci index copernicus value, J Dent Sci free journals, J Dent Sci top journals,

J Forensic Dent Sci PubMed Indexed Journals | J Forensic Dent Sci Scopus Indexed Journals | J Forensic Dent Sci Medline Indexed Journals | J Forensic Dent Sci ESCI Indexing | J Forensic Dent Sci PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Forensic Dent Sci Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

J Forensic Dent Sci open access journals, J Forensic Dent Sci peer reviewed open access journals, J Forensic Dent Sci PubMed indexing, J Forensic Dent Sci Scopus indexing, J Forensic Dent Sci Medline indexing, J Forensic Dent Sci ESCI indexing, J Forensic Dent Sci SCI indexing, J Forensic Dent Sci impact factor, J Forensic Dent Sci 2023 impact factor, J Forensic Dent Sci 2024 impact factor, J Forensic Dent Sci 2025 impact factor, J Forensic Dent Sci index copernicus value, J Forensic Dent Sci free journals, J Forensic Dent Sci top journals,

J Int Soc Prev Community Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent Medline Indexed Journals | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent ESCI Indexing | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

J Int Soc Prev Community Dent open access journals, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent peer reviewed open access journals, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent PubMed indexing, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent Scopus indexing, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent Medline indexing, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent ESCI indexing, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent SCI indexing, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent impact factor, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2023 impact factor, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2024 impact factor, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2025 impact factor, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent index copernicus value, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent free journals, J Int Soc Prev Community Dent top journals,

J Istanb Univ Fac Dent PubMed Indexed Journals | J Istanb Univ Fac Dent Scopus Indexed Journals | J Istanb Univ Fac Dent Medline Indexed Journals | J Istanb Univ Fac Dent ESCI Indexing | J Istanb Univ Fac Dent PubMed Central Indexed Journals | J Istanb Univ Fac Dent Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

J Istanb Univ Fac Dent open access journals, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent peer reviewed open access journals, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent PubMed indexing, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent Scopus indexing, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent Medline indexing, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent ESCI indexing, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent SCI indexing, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent impact factor, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2023 impact factor, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2024 impact factor, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2025 impact factor, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent index copernicus value, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent free journals, J Istanb Univ Fac Dent top journals,

Jpn Dent Sci Rev PubMed Indexed Journals | Jpn Dent Sci Rev Scopus Indexed Journals | Jpn Dent Sci Rev Medline Indexed Journals | Jpn Dent Sci Rev ESCI Indexing | Jpn Dent Sci Rev PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Jpn Dent Sci Rev Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

Jpn Dent Sci Rev open access journals, Jpn Dent Sci Rev peer reviewed open access journals, Jpn Dent Sci Rev PubMed indexing, Jpn Dent Sci Rev Scopus indexing, Jpn Dent Sci Rev Medline indexing, Jpn Dent Sci Rev ESCI indexing, Jpn Dent Sci Rev SCI indexing, Jpn Dent Sci Rev impact factor, Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2023 impact factor, Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2024 impact factor, Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2025 impact factor, Jpn Dent Sci Rev index copernicus value, Jpn Dent Sci Rev free journals, Jpn Dent Sci Rev top journals,

Open Dent J PubMed Indexed Journals | Open Dent J Scopus Indexed Journals | Open Dent J Medline Indexed Journals | Open Dent J ESCI Indexing | Open Dent J PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Open Dent J Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

Open Dent J open access journals, Open Dent J peer reviewed open access journals, Open Dent J PubMed indexing, Open Dent J Scopus indexing, Open Dent J Medline indexing, Open Dent J ESCI indexing, Open Dent J SCI indexing, Open Dent J impact factor, Open Dent J 2023 impact factor, Open Dent J 2024 impact factor, Open Dent J 2025 impact factor, Open Dent J index copernicus value, Open Dent J free journals, Open Dent J top journals,

Restor Dent Endod PubMed Indexed Journals | Restor Dent Endod Scopus Indexed Journals | Restor Dent Endod Medline Indexed Journals | Restor Dent Endod ESCI Indexing | Restor Dent Endod PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Restor Dent Endod Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

Restor Dent Endod open access journals, Restor Dent Endod peer reviewed open access journals, Restor Dent Endod PubMed indexing, Restor Dent Endod Scopus indexing, Restor Dent Endod Medline indexing, Restor Dent Endod ESCI indexing, Restor Dent Endod SCI indexing, Restor Dent Endod impact factor, Restor Dent Endod 2023 impact factor, Restor Dent Endod 2024 impact factor, Restor Dent Endod 2025 impact factor, Restor Dent Endod index copernicus value, Restor Dent Endod free journals, Restor Dent Endod top journals,

Saudi Dent J PubMed Indexed Journals | Saudi Dent J Scopus Indexed Journals | Saudi Dent J Medline Indexed Journals | Saudi Dent J ESCI Indexing | Saudi Dent J PubMed Central Indexed Journals | Saudi Dent J Impact factor 2023 2024 2025

Saudi Dent J open access journals, Saudi Dent J peer reviewed open access journals, Saudi Dent J PubMed indexing, Saudi Dent J Scopus indexing, Saudi Dent J Medline indexing, Saudi Dent J ESCI indexing, Saudi Dent J SCI indexing, Saudi Dent J impact factor, Saudi Dent J 2023 impact factor, Saudi Dent J 2024 impact factor, Saudi Dent J 2025 impact factor, Saudi Dent J index copernicus value, Saudi Dent J free journals, Saudi Dent J top journals,

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• Effect on Sleep Quality and Daytime Functioning with O2 Vent Optima Oral Appliance and Expiratory Positive Pressure Accessory (ExVent) in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients
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• Effectiveness of Tongue cleaning as a component of Oral care on the fasting Plasma Desacyl Ghrelin concentration in very elderly individuals: Six-Week Randomized controlled trial
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Nutrition and Oral Health

• A bidirectional relationship exists between oral health and diet and nutrition. Diet and nutrition affect the health of the tissues in the mouth; and the health of the mouth affects nutrients consumed.
• The consumption of sugars has been associated with an increased risk of developing dental caries.
• The complex nature of periodontal disease makes it difficult to determine its relationship with diet and nutrition.
• Frequent consumption of acidic food and beverages is associated with an increased risk of erosive tooth wear.

Diet and nutrition are significant influencers of oral health, and can affect the development and progression of oral diseases and conditions such as caries, periodontal disease, erosion, and others. While nutrition can be defined as the micro- (vitamins and minerals) and macro- (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) nutrients as they relate to the body’s dietary needs, diet refers to the specific foods consumed. The relationship that diet and nutrition have with oral health is bidirectional, as compromised integrity of the oral cavity can also influence an individual’s ability to eat. 1

There are different types of nutrition studies such as epidemiological studies, case-control studies, and clinical trials. While all study types may be used to generate useful information, they differ in terms of reliability and how to interpret the data. For instance, epidemiological studies are primarily observational, meaning that the populations compared can differ from each other by any number of uncontrolled factors. They look for associations between nutritional factors and a given outcome in large populations. It is important to remember that finding an association is not the same as demonstrating causation. In case-control studies , two groups of closely matched subjects (by age, sex, race, etc.) that differ in the presence or absence of a particular condition of interest are compared to see what factors might differ between the groups, providing potential clues about cause and prevention of that condition. However, even though a number of variables are matched, the populations compared can differ in important ways. Clinical trials generally control for more factors, using a sample size calculated to be sufficient to detect a statistically significant change in the variable of interest. 2 With any study involving nutrient intake or dietary patterns, it can be challenging to follow participants for a meaningful length of time.

A variety of dietary factors are hypothesized to influence the oral cavity, including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, pH properties, as well as the behaviors associated with their consumption. Additionally, factors such as stage of development, specific medical conditions, and socioeconomic status may indicate particular diet and nutritional considerations. Older patients, for example, may experience tooth loss, reduced masticatory ability, and decreased appetite, which may, in turn, influence their nutritional status. 3 A systematic review examined the association between food intake and oral health in the elderly found that tooth loss in the older population was associated with changes in food intake and nutritional deficiency. 4

Dental caries is the most common disease worldwide. The term dental caries can be used to describe both the disease process and the cavitated or noncavitated lesions that form as a result of the disease process. 5 The caries disease process is biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, and dynamic in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. 6

The relationship between caries and carbohydrates is fairly well understood; dental hard tissues are demineralized by acidic by-products produced by bacteria in biofilm (dental plaque) via fermentation of dietary carbohydrates. 6 More specifically, there is a rapid fall in pH (to 5.5 or below) in tooth biofilm after carbohydrates are ingested. This lower pH can also affect the balance of microbes in the biofilm such that there is a higher proportion of acidic biofilm species, compounding tooth demineralization. 7 Carbohydrate consumption is therefore an important nutritional factor in the development of caries.

For more information on dental caries, visit the ADA Oral Health Topics page on caries risk assessment and management .

Types of Carbohydrates

The relationship between carbohydrates and dental caries depends on the type of carbohydrate (sugars or starches) consumed because the cariogenic potential (i.e., promoting the development of tooth decay) of a given carbohydrate is dependent on how efficiently it can be metabolized by the bacteria that ferment it. 8 Sugars, specifically, are considered to be the most important drivers of caries development. The term free sugar includes all sugars added to food/beverages, as well as the naturally occurring sugars found in fruit juices and concentrates, honey, and natural syrups. Collectively, natural and free sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose) are considered the primary necessary factors in the development of caries. 8 Sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, is the most cariogenic sugar. 8 Sucrose acts as a substrate for the synthesis of intra- and extracellular polysaccharides in dental plaque. 8-10 Additionally, dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose has been shown to have lower concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate, and fluoride, which are the ions required to remineralize enamel and dentin. 10, 11 Sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are also more cariogenic than starches because they enter the glycolytic pathway more rapidly and result in a more pronounced drop in pH. 12 Although lactose is also a sugar, it is less cariogenic than sucrose, fructose, and glucose because its fermentation produces a smaller drop in pH. 9, 13

Amount/Frequency of Sugar Intake

In addition to the type of sugar consumed, the amount consumed may affect caries development. A 2014 systematic review examining the effect of free sugar consumption on dental caries observed a consistent association between free sugar intake and caries development; higher incidence of caries was found in populations where free sugar intake was greater than 10% of total energy intake compared to those with free sugar intake of less than 10%. 14 This systematic review informs the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for sugar intake, which recommends that free sugars be less than 10% of total energy intake, with a further reduction to less than 5% suggested. 15

Frequency, or how often free sugars are consumed, may also play a role in caries development. Increased frequency of sugar consumption and additional snacking between meals have been hypothesized to be more important in predicting caries risk than total sugar consumption. 16-18 A possible rationale for this concept is that it takes approximately 30 minutes for the pH to drop after an intake of sugar, so additional sugar intake within that 30-minute period is less harmful than additional intake after 30 minutes. 16 It is, however, difficult to determine the relative contribution of amount of sugar and frequency of sugar consumption to dental caries risk, given that the two are highly interrelated. 16, 19

The recent systematic reviews and guidelines mentioned above 14, 15, 20 present data that support the association between sugar consumption and/or snacking with caries development. Although not evidence for causality, these reviews are consistent in their findings that increased free sugar consumption is associated with an increased risk of caries.

There is ongoing research to determine strategies to decrease the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), as they are a significant contributor to free sugar consumption. A tax on SSBs is one strategy that has been attempted; studies suggest that taxation of SSBs may decrease SSB consumption, caries incidence, and caries-related costs. Although public acceptance and efficacy of this strategy are still unclear, a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis 21 found that the equivalent of a 10% tax on SSBs was associated with an average decline in SSB purchase and intake of 10.0%. 21-23 In addition to interventions effective at the population level, there is a need for high-quality evaluations with long-term study designs examining efficacy. 24

Early childhood caries (ECC) is the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surface in children under 6 years of age. 25 ECC was formerly referred to as “baby bottle tooth decay” and is primarily due to prolonged exposure of the enamel to sweetened liquids causing caries in small children. To address ECC, both the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Academy of Pediatrics promulgate guidance limiting fruit juice consumption by babies and toddlers. 25, 26

Limited income or access to food can have a negative impact on intake of fruits and vegetables, lean meat, whole grains, and dairy. This inadequate consumption of nutrient-dense foods combined with a lower health literacy and limited access to oral health care can put low-income populations at an increased risk for caries and other oral diseases. 25

Foods such as milk and dairy products, apples, cranberries, tea, and high-fiber foods have been suggested to have cariostatic properties (i.e., inhibiting the development of caries), although more careful examination is needed. 27 It has been postulated that the calcium in dairy products offsets some of the cariogenic properties of lactose by limiting enamel undersaturation during acidogenesis. As mentioned above, lactose fermentation also results in a smaller reduction in pH compared with other simple sugars. Data from studies examining the association between milk consumption and caries suggests milk consumption does not increase caries risk and may actually reduce it. 28

Some studies indicate that sugar alcohols such as xylitol and sorbitol used in chewing gums and as artificial sweeteners may have cariostatic effects, but overall findings are equivocal. Postulated mechanisms by which xylitol may reduce caries risk include simple substituting for fermentable carbohydrates, 29 reducing the acidogenic potential, 30 inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans (plaque bacteria that contribute to tooth demineralization), 31 or just increasing salivary flow (especially in the case of sugar-free chewing gums). 32, 33 Although non-sugar sweetened gum is eligible for application to the ADA Seal of Acceptance, the ADA does not have a policy on the use of xylitol for caries prevention. The Council on Scientific Affairs expert panel report on Nonfluoride Caries-Preventive Agents concluded that evidence of xylitol’s benefit as an adjunctive therapy in children and adults who are at a high risk for developing caries is of low quality. 34 For more information on chewing gum , visit the ADA Oral Health Topics page.

Vitamin D influences the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. 35 According to some observational studies, higher prenatal intakes of vitamin D and prenatal serum vitamin D levels may be associated with reduced caries risk in children and infants. 36, 37 Historical reports 38 as well as a 2016 cross-sectional study suggest an association between dental caries and lower serum levels of vitamin D in children. 39

The American Academy of Periodontology defines periodontitis as “the inflammation of the periodontal tissues resulting in clinical attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and periodontal pocketing.” 40 It is caused by specific microorganisms in dental plaque and excessive host response to this bacterial challenge, resulting in progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus (i.e., gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone). 41 The effect of nutrition status on the body’s immune response may modify factors affecting management of periodontal disease; however, the multifactorial nature of periodontal disease and nutritional status makes it difficult to determine such effects. 25

Compared with caries, there are fewer studies exploring the relationship between nutrition and periodontal disease. Existing studies linking nutrition to periodontal disease have focused primarily on the intake of lipids and various micronutrients. However, the two systematic reviews examining the role of dietary minerals 42 and lipids 43 on the onset, severity/progression, and treatment of periodontal disease found insufficient evidence of any associations.

Dental erosion is clinically defined as “the progressive and irreversible loss of dental hard tissue caused by a chemical process of acid dissolution that does not involve bacteria,” 44 and while acid reflux and some medications can contribute to erosive tooth wear, the most significant source of acid for tooth erosion is the diet. 45 Specifically, frequency of consumption, patterns of consumption, and time in contact with acidic food or beverage influence erosive tooth wear. 46 However, pH alone is not the only factor affecting how erosive a food/beverage may be. The pH and buffering capacity collectively determine how erosive a food or beverage is. 47 Yogurt, for example, has a pH of about 4.0, but is not considered erosive due its high calcium content, which acts as a buffer. 48

A meta-analysis conducted in 2012 found that soft drinks and chewable vitamin C tablets were both associated with the development of erosive tooth wear while juice, sports drinks, milk, and yogurt were not. 49 This is somewhat at odds with a meta-analysis conducted in 2015 that found soft drinks and acidic snacks, as well as fruit juices, increased the odds for tooth erosion in children; and, in addition, found that intake of milk and yogurt was associated with a reduction in the occurrence of erosion. 50

Dental erosion may also be caused by intrinsic factors such as stomach acid in those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or individuals with who vomit frequently. 51-53 Compared to erosion caused by extrinsic factors (i.e., dietary factors) which commonly affects the facial and occlusal surfaces of teeth, erosion caused by gastric acid primarily occurs on the palatal and occlusal surfaces of the anterior maxillary teeth and on the buccal and occlusal surfaces of the mandibular teeth. 54

For more information on dental erosion, visit the ADA Oral Health Topics page on dental erosion .

Calcium is a mineral found in many foods, and is essential for forming and maintaining healthy bones and teeth, 55 including hydroxyapatite, the primary calcium phosphate mineral in bone and enamel. Dietary calcium is absorbed from the intestine into the blood, from human or animal milk and dairy products (e.g., cheese, yogurt), or foods fortified with calcium (in accord with eCFR §104.20 ). The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend 700 mg of calcium per day as the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for children aged 1-3 years, and 1000 mg of calcium per day for children aged 4-8 years. 56

In the United States, an estimated 72 percent of calcium intake occurs from consumption of dairy and products to which dairy has been added. 55 Numerous varieties of plant-based milk alternatives, including products made with soy, almonds, oats, nuts, potato, flaxseed or hemp, are a growing segment of the consumer marketplace. 57 Many exist in forms fortified with one or more nutrients, often including calcium. 58-60 However, a technical report from national health and nutrition organizations concludes that plant milks/non-dairy beverages are not recommended from 0-12 months of age; and that unsweetened plant milks/non-dairy beverages other than soy milk are not recommended for exclusive consumption in place of dairy milk. 61

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

With the exception of heavy alcohol consumption, which is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer, 62 other than generalized findings, no direct relation between diet and oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk has been identified. If consistent with what is observed with other cancers, the consumption of fruits and vegetables may be protective. 1 A meta-analysis showed a lower risk of oral cancer associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption, 63 and a large prospective observational study 64 found total fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a reduced head and neck cancer risk.

For more information on oral and oropharyngeal cancer, visit the ADA Oral Health Topics page on cancer of the head and neck .

Aphthous Ulcers

There is a lack of rigorous studies examining the role of diet in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), also known as canker sores. Reported dietary triggers include hard, acidic, and salty substances as well as alcoholic and carbonated beverages. 65 Preliminary data suggest that zinc deficiency is more common in those with RAS than healthy individuals without them 66 and that zinc-supplementation improved RAS resolution in zinc-deficient individuals. 67

Xerostomia (dry mouth) and its associated effects on oral health and overall quality of life may be exacerbated by dietary factors such as dry or acidic foods, caffeine, and alcohol. 68

For more information on dry mouth, visit the ADA Oral Health Topics page on xerostomia/dry mouth .

Policies and Recommendations on Diet and Nutrition

Read the ADA policy and recommendations on diet and nutrition. American Dental Association Adopted 2016 (2016:320)

• Touger-Decker R, Mobley C. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: oral health and nutrition. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113(5):693-701.
• Library of Rush University Medical Center. Clinical Nutrition: Types of Nutrition Studies . Accessed July 7, 2023.
• Najeeb S, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z, Zohaib S, Almas K. The role of nutrition in periodontal health: An update. Nutrients 2016;8(9).
• Kazemi S, Savabi G, Khazaei S, et al. Association between food intake and oral health in elderly: SEPAHAN systematic review no. 8. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2011;8(Suppl 1):S15-20.
• Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007;369(9555):51-9.
• Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17030.
• Tinanoff N, Baez RJ, Diaz Guillory C, et al. Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: Global perspective. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019;29(3):238-48.
• Sheiham A, James WP. Diet and Dental Caries: The Pivotal Role of Free Sugars Reemphasized. J Dent Res 2015;94(10):1341-7.
• Palacios C, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Morou-Bermudez E, et al. Association between Type, Amount, and Pattern of Carbohydrate Consumption with Dental Caries in 12-Year-Olds in Puerto Rico. Caries Res 2016;50(6):560-70.
• Cury JA, Rebelo MA, Del Bel Cury AA, Derbyshire MT, Tabchoury CP. Biochemical composition and cariogenicity of dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose or glucose and fructose. Caries Res 2000;34(6):491-7.
• Paes Leme AF, Koo H, Bellato CM, Bedi G, Cury JA. The role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation--new insight. J Dent Res 2006;85(10):878-87.
• Bibby BG, Krobicka A. An in vitro method for making repeated pH measurements on human dental plaque. J Dent Res 1984;63(6):906-9.
• Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P. Milk and oral health. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 2011;67:55-66.
• Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA. Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines. J Dent Res 2014;93(1):8-18.
• Moynihan P. Sugars and dental caries: evidence for setting a recommended threshold for intake. Adv Nutr 2016;7(1):149-56.
• van Loveren C. Sugar Restriction for Caries Prevention: Amount and Frequency. Which Is More Important? Caries Res 2019;53(2):168-75.
• Rodrigues CS, Sheiham A. The relationships between dietary guidelines, sugar intake and caries in primary teeth in low income Brazilian 3-year-olds: a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000;10(1):47-55.
• Feldens CA, Giugliani ER, Vigo A, Vitolo MR. Early feeding practices and severe early childhood caries in four-year-old children from southern Brazil: a birth cohort study. Caries Res 2010;44(5):445-52.
• Bernabe E, Vehkalahti MM, Sheiham A, Lundqvist A, Suominen AL. The Shape of the Dose-Response Relationship between Sugars and Caries in Adults. J Dent Res 2016;95(2):167-72.
• World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children . Geneva: World Health Organization 2015. Accessed July 7, 2023.
• Teng AM, Jones AC, Mizdrak A, et al. Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on purchases and dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019.
• Schwendicke F, Thomson WM, Broadbent JM, Stolpe M. Effects of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Caries and Treatment Costs. J Dent Res 2016;95(12):1327-32.
• Jevdjevic M, Trescher AL, Rovers M, Listl S. The caries-related cost and effects of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. Public Health 2019;169:125-32.
• von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, et al. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;6:CD012292.
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Oral Health and Nutrition. June 2014. Accessed August 27, 2019.
• Heyman MB, Abrams SA. Fruit Juice in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Current Recommendations. Pediatrics 2017;139(6).
• Moynihan P. Foods and dietary factors that prevent dental caries. Quintessence Int 2007;38(4):320-4.
• Bradshaw DJ, Lynch RJ. Diet and the microbial aetiology of dental caries: new paradigms. Int Dent J 2013;63 Suppl 2:64-72.
• Van Loveren C. Sugar alcohols: what is the evidence for caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic effects? Caries Res 2004;38(3):286-93.
• Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD. Effect of sugar alcohols on the composition and metabolism of a mixed culture of oral bacteria grown in a chemostat. Caries Res 1994;28(4):251-6.
• Vadeboncoeur C, Bourgeau G, Mayrand D, Trahan L. Control of sugar utilization in the oral bacteria Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis by the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system. Arch Oral Biol 1983;28(2):123-31.
• Dowd FJ. Saliva and dental caries. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43(4):579-97.
• Janket SJ, Benwait J, Isaac P, Ackerson LK, Meurman JH. Oral and Systemic Effects of Xylitol Consumption. Caries Res 2019:1-11.
• Rethman MP, Beltran-Aguilar ED, Billings RJ, et al. Nonfluoride caries-preventive agents: executive summary of evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 2011;142(9):1065-71.
• Esposito S, Leonardi A, Lanciotti L, et al. Vitamin D and growth hormone in children: a review of the current scientific knowledge. Journal of Translational Medicine 2019;17(1):87.
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• Varela-Lopez A, Giampieri F, Bullon P, Battino M, Quiles JL. Role of Lipids in the Onset, Progression and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17(8).
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For Professionals

ADA Oral Health Topics

• Cancer (Head and Neck)
• Caries Risk Assessment and Management
• Chewing Gum
• Dental Erosion
• Xerostomia/Dry Mouth

For Patients

• ADA MouthHealthy.org page on Nutrition
• Saving Your Mouth From Sugar
• Feeding a Healthy Smile

Materials from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics on how to eat a healthy diet

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate

Prepared by:

Research Services and Scientific Information, ADA Library & Archives.

Content on the Oral Health Topics section of ADA.org is for informational purposes only. Content is neither intended to nor does it establish a standard of care or the official policy or position of the ADA; and is not a substitute for professional judgment, advice, diagnosis, or treatment. ADA is not responsible for information on external websites linked to this website.

Association between cognitive rumination and periodontal disease, tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life in a rural Southern Brazil population

• Published: 25 June 2024
• Volume 28 , article number  397 , ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Silvia Cardoso De David 1 ,
• Ticiane de Góes Mário Ferreira 2 ,
• José Mariano da Rocha 3 ,
• Carlos Heitor Cunha Moreira 3 &
• Tiago Fiorini 1  

Rumination is a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. It has been associated with several psychological disorders and physical problems. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate whether cognitive rumination is associated with periodontal disease (PD), tooth loss (TL), and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Materials and methods

A population-based sample from a rural area in southern Brazil was evaluated. Calibrated examiners carried out a complete periodontal examination at six sites-per-tooth. Rumination and Reflection (RRQ) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaires were administered. Regression modeling was used to assess the prevalence ratio (PR) between rumination and PD and to estimate the rate ratio (RR) between rumination and TL and rumination and OHIP.

Severe periodontitis prevalence of 33% was observed in the sample. In the Poisson-adjusted model ( n  = 587), individuals who ruminate more have 27% more periodontal disease (PR: 1.27, 95%CI:1.02 – 1.60). Regarding TL and OHIP, negative binomial regression ( n  = 672) showed an association with rumination, but it was not significant (RR 1.14, 95%CI 0.99 – 1.31) and (RR 1.20, 95%CI 0.98 – 1.48), respectively.

Conclusions

Cognitive rumination was independently associated with periodontal disease in individuals living in a rural area. Borderline non-significant estimates were observed regarding TL and OHRQoL. More research using different populations and focusing on individual’s responses to psychological stress may confirm these results.

Clinical relevance

Emotional regulation is crucial to deal with stress, anxiety, and depression. Since psychopathologies are among the most prevalent diseases in the world, it is critical to understand the role of these issues in dental outcomes.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Alessandra Pascotini Grellmann, Maísa Casarin and Jociana Boligon for their contributions with data collection.

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Finance code 001 – scholarship.

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SCD, TGMF, JMR, CHCM and TF contributed to the study's conception and design. SCD and TF wrote the manuscript text and performed the statistical analyses and interpretation of the data. SCD, TGMF, JMR, and CHCM performed data collection. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

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De David, S.C., Ferreira, T.d.G.M., da Rocha, J.M. et al. Association between cognitive rumination and periodontal disease, tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life in a rural Southern Brazil population. Clin Oral Invest 28 , 397 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05779-z

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The oral health in america report: a public health research perspective, jane a. weintraub.

1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry and Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Introduction

In December 2021, the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, released its landmark 790-page report, Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges ( 1 ). This is the first publication of its kind since the agency’s first Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General described the silent epidemic of oral diseases in 2000 ( 2 ). This new, in-depth report, an outstanding resource, had more than 400 expert contributors. Its broad scope is exemplified by its 6 sections ( Box ), each of which includes 4 chapters: 1) Status of Knowledge, Practice, and Perspectives; 2) Advances and Challenges; 3) Promising New Directions; and 4) Summary. In this essay, I provide a public health research perspective for viewing the report, identify some advances and gaps in our knowledge, and raise research questions for future consideration.

Section Titles, Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges ( 1 )

1. Effect of Oral Health on the Community, Overall Well-Being, and the Economy

2A. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Children

2B. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Adolescents

3A. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Working-Age Adults

3B. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Older Adults

4. Oral Health Workforce, Education, Practice, and Integration

5. Pain, Mental Illness, Substance Use, and Oral Health

6. Emerging Science and Promising Technologies to Transform Oral Health

Data Needed

A recurring theme in the report is the need for many types of data, from microdata — the molecular, nanoparticle level — to macrodata — the population and global level. Data are needed to guide public health policies and programs at the federal, state, and local levels. Future research using big data from multiple sources (eg, community health needs assessments, surveillance systems, GIS mapping, electronic health records, practice-based research networks) will provide timely, population-based information to evaluate and drive changes to policy and delivery systems and oral health advocacy efforts.

This new report includes descriptive national data from 3 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To continue monitoring national oral health surveillance data and trends, oral health data need to be included routinely in NHANES and in other large national studies. Too often, questions about oral health are missing from surveys, or clinical oral health data are not collected. For example, very little about oral health was included as part of the planned data collection protocol for the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program. This program aims to collect health information from 1 million people ( 3 ). Local and state data are often outdated, incomplete, or unavailable. Most oral health data are cross-sectional and are useful for studying trends and associations, but population-based longitudinal data to study causality and the effectiveness of interventions and policies are sparse.

How does oral health care improve other health conditions? Proprietary claims data from insurance companies ( 4 ) show the inter-relationship between treatment of periodontal disease and systemic conditions, but secondary data analysis has many limitations and confounding factors. Clinical trials show that periodontal treatment improves glycemic control among people with diabetes ( 5 ), but long-term outcome assessments are lacking. We need more answers to convince policy makers and payers about the importance of including comprehensive adult oral health services in publicly financed programs such as Medicaid, which is currently lacking in many states, and Medicare, where those services are missing altogether.

Health Disparities and Social Determinants of Health

Many examples of substantial oral health disparities and inequities are presented in Section 1 of the report. For some conditions and population groups, little improvement has been made, especially among adults and seniors. Section 1 also describes the adverse social, economic, and national security effects of poor oral health, barriers to care, social and commercial determinants of oral health, and related common risk factors. More than the clinical data collected in a typical dental history is needed to understand social determinants and employ local and upstream interventions. The report suggests obtaining social histories from patients to get information about where people live, learn, work, and play. For example, to learn about socioeconomic status, diet, and medications, we want to know not only “What’s in your wallet,” (as touted in a frequent television advertisement) but what’s in your refrigerator? What’s in your medicine cabinet? Telehealth has given clinicians a look inside patients’ homes. Collaboration with social workers, home health aides, and visiting nurses could inform us even more about the home environment. With integrated electronic medical and dental patient records, oral health professionals and medical colleagues can share information. Barriers to integration and assessment of population health outcomes affect many dentists who still use paper records or software specific to dental care that lacks diagnostic codes and interoperability with other health care records systems ( 6 ).

The report highlights the need for more information about adolescents and older adults and other understudied population groups. Section 1 describes many diverse, vulnerable populations (eg, people with special health care needs, low health literacy, mental illness, substance abuse disorders; victims of structural racism) who all need to be included in oral health research. Non-English speakers and hard-to-reach populations that have physical and/or financial barriers to traditional dental care are less likely to be recruited and represented in clinical trials, making results less generalizable and interventions less applicable. The applied research agenda being developed by the American Association of Public Health Dentistry ( 7 ) and the “Consensus Statement on Future Directions for the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Oral Health,” which is based on an international summit ( 8 ), are helpful in setting research and methodologic priorities, including qualitative, implementation, and health systems research.

Individual and Community Relationships

Knowledge about the interrelationships between oral and systemic health has greatly expanded since the 2000 report. About 60 adverse health conditions have now been shown to be associated with oral health ( 1 ), which is part of the rationale for the integration of oral health and primary care. Research will advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which oral and systemic conditions are affected by upstream environmental and social factors, epigenetic factors, and the aging process, both individually and communally. For example, how do external exposures change our microbiomes? Our oral microbiome may be exposed to air containing Sars-CoV-2, water containing protective fluoride, or many kinds of food, beverages, medications, illicit substances, smoked products, and sometimes the biome of close personal contacts. How does the health of a community’s high caries risk groups change with policies such as a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, Medicaid reimbursement changes, or health promotion efforts to improve oral health literacy and dietary behaviors? To what extent will increased application of value-based health care reimbursement with emphasis on disease prevention, early detection, and minimally invasive care improve oral health? Will the World Health Organization’s addition of dental products (eg, fluoride toothpaste, low-cost silver diamine fluoride, glass ionomer cement) to its Model List of Essential Medicines ( 9 ) increase their use to prevent and treat dental caries for under-resourced populations without access to conventional high-cost dental care?

Scientific Advances and Equitable Distribution

The report’s Section 6 describes many exciting advances in biology, biomimetic dental materials, and technology. Rapid advances in salivary diagnostics are providing information about early, abnormal changes in remote organ systems in the body. Advanced imaging techniques and artificial intelligence can be used for early diagnosis of oral lesions before they are visible to the human eye. The validity and accuracy of these techniques need careful evaluation. Can these earlier clinical end points be used to shorten the length of expensive clinical trials? Guide new preventive strategies? At what point do providers intervene with early preventive or therapeutic strategies instead of letting the body heal itself?

Will populations at greatest risk for disease and the greatest barriers to accessing dental care be able to benefit from early intervention? Every intervention has a cost. If access to new prevention and therapeutic discoveries is not equitable, will health disparities worsen? We need community engagement in the research process and the tools from many disciplines to measure and facilitate the best outcomes. The national Oral Health Progress and Equity Network’s blueprint for improving oral health for all includes 5 levers to advance oral health equity: “amplify consumer voices, advance oral health policy, integrate dental and medical [care], emphasize prevention and bring care to the people” ( 10 ).

Educational Opportunities

Who will analyze all these data mined from many micro and macro sources, and who will interpret the data? Health learning systems and complex software algorithms are being developed to provide automated diagnostic information. Data analysts with knowledge of these and other sophisticated tools and modeling approaches are needed.

The dental, oral, and craniofacial research and practice communities increasingly need to be part of interdisciplinary research and educational programs with opportunities for collaboration and learning. Federally qualified health centers and look-alikes are good sites for medical–dental integration, but many of these facilities do not provide dental care.

More positions are needed for dental public health specialists who can lead advocacy efforts, interdisciplinary teams of researchers, clinicians, and community partners and conduct research. For example, the new Dental Public Health Research Fellowship at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research will provide more intensive research training to further advance dental public health and population-based research. Mechanisms are needed to promote, facilitate, and reward sharing of research and training resources across disciplines in our competitive environment.

Public health perspectives are an important part of interdisciplinary approaches to guide, conduct, and apply research and implement policies to improve oral health. Preventive approaches exist as do barriers to their dissemination and implementation. To prevent disease and improve population oral and overall health, systems change and policy reform are needed along with scientific advances across the research spectrum, more population-level data and analysis, and community participatory engagement. I am optimistic that the next Oral Health in America report will describe fewer inequities and more progress toward oral health for all.

Acknowledgments

This article is based on a presentation made in the webinar, Oral Health in America — Advances and Challenges: Reading the Report through a Research Lens , sponsored by the American Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research. The author received no financial support for this work and has no conflicts of interest to declare. The statements made are those of the author. No copyrighted materials were used in this article.

The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions.

Suggested citation for this article: Weintraub JA. The Oral Health in America Report: A Public Health Research Perspective. Prev Chronic Dis 2022;19:220067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd19.220067 .

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• Disparities in oral health exist among many groups of US children and adults.
• Disparities in oral health are preventable.
• Efforts to reduce disparities in oral health may help achieve health equity, where everyone has fair and just opportunity to achieve their highest level of health.

Why it's important

The nation’s oral health has greatly improved since the 1960s, but not all Americans have had equal opportunity to experience similar improvements in oral health. 1 2

Poor oral health among some groups of people is partly due to health disparities. Health disparities can be described as preventable differences in disease impact or opportunities in a population due to some type of disadvantage, such as limited access to services where they live or ability to afford health care services. 3 4

For example:

• As of 2024, approximately 57 million Americans live in a dental health professional shortage area and about 67% of those shortage areas are in rural communities. 5
• From 2016 to 2021, there has been about a 10% decrease in the percentage of low-income children and adolescents (aged 1–17) who had a past-year dental visit to get preventive dental care. 6

The conditions in environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, and age are called social determinants of health. These factors influence oral and overall health. 7 8

Additional factors, such as the policies and systems that shape the conditions of daily life for people across the nation, may also influence disparities in oral health. 8

Efforts to reduce disparities in oral health may help achieve health equity, where everyone has fair and just opportunity to achieve their highest level of health. 3 9

Health disparities

Disparities in oral health exist among all age groups. These disparities exist by poverty status, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking status and many other forms of comparison. 10

Identifying and understanding how specific factors (e.g., insurance coverage status, health literacy, language barriers) influence access and use of available dental care services may help inform efforts to address disparities in oral health. 1

Oral health disparities among US children and adolescents (aged 2 to 19):

• The prevalence of untreated cavities (tooth decay) in the primary teeth of children (aged 2 to 5) from low-income households is about three times higher (17%) than that of children from higher income households (6%). 10
• About 33% of Mexican American children and 28% of non-Hispanic Black children (aged 2 to 5) have had cavities in their primary teeth, compared with 18% of non-Hispanic White children. 10
• The prevalence of untreated cavities in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents (aged 12 to 19) is about twice as high for children from low-income households (23%) as it is for children from higher income households (11%). 10

Oral health disparities among US working-age adults (aged 20 to 64):

• Untreated cavities are about twice as common among working-age adults with no health insurance coverage (43%) compared with those who have private health insurance coverage (18%). 11
• Among working-age adults, the prevalence of untreated cavities was twice as high for non-Hispanic Black adults (40%) as it was for non-Hispanic White adults (21%) in 2011–2016. 11
• Periodontitis (gum disease with bone loss) was twice as common (60%) among adults (aged 30 or older) with low income compared with adults who had higher income (30%) in 2009–2014. 12

Oral health disparities among US older adults (aged 65 or older):

• Complete tooth loss was more than three times as common among older adults who were current smokers (43%) or had less than a high school level of education (35%) compared with those who never smoked (12%) or had more than a high school level of education (9%) in 2011–2016. 10
• Complete tooth loss was about three times as common among older adults with lower income (34%) compared with older adults who had higher income (11%) in 2011–2016. 10
• The prevalence of untreated cavities is about 2 to 3 times as high for older adults who are Mexican American (36%), non-Hispanic Black (29%), or low-income (29%) as it is for non-Hispanic White older adults (13%) or those with higher income (10%). 10

Oral health disparities and dental sealants

From 1999 to 2016, there was an overall increase in the presence of dental sealants among all US children aged 6 to 11. However, non-Hispanic Black children continued to have lower presence of dental sealants (32%) than non-Hispanic White (44%) and Mexican American children (44%). 10

Dental sealants can prevent cavities for many years, 13 but they are currently underutilized for all US children. School sealant programs are an effective way to help prevent cavities among children across the nation, especially those who may not otherwise have access to dental care. 14

Oral health disparities and oral cancer

New oral cancer cases are about three times more common among men than women. 15

The highest rates of new oral cancer cases are among non-Hispanic White and American Indian/Alaska Native people. 15

The highest death rates for oral cancer cases are among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White people. 15

About 60% of oral cancer cases are detected when they have already reached an advanced stage. 16 Efforts are needed to understand how to further support prevention and early detection of oral cancer, especially for groups experiencing the highest rates of death and new cases. 17

Oral health disparities and health insurance coverage

More people are unable to afford dental care than other types of health care. 18 In 2015, the percentage of people in the United States with no dental insurance was 29% overall and 62% for older adults. 19

Traditional Medicare does not cover routine dental care. Therefore, many working adults lose their dental benefits upon retirement. In addition, many adults with low income do not have public dental insurance coverage. Medicaid programs are not required to provide dental benefits to adult enrollees, so dental coverage varies widely from state to state.

In 2023, comprehensive Medicaid dental benefits were available to enrolled adults in 28 states and the District of Columbia. 20 21 The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has announced an initiative to consider options to expand access to oral health coverage. 22

What CDC is doing

CDC's Division of Oral Health (DOH) provides leadership to improve the nation's oral health. We promote proven interventions, such as dental sealants and community water fluoridation, to reduce the rate of cavities, especially for people at highest risk. We also support data collection efforts to help monitor progress towards improving the nation's oral health.

DOH efforts to improve oral health include:

• Developing and promoting infection prevention and control guidelines for dental settings.
• Working to integrate medical and dental care.
• Funding state, territorial, and tribal oral health programs.
• Hosting the CDC Dental Public Health Residency Program.
• Conducting oral health-related research.
• Partnering with organizations that support the DOH mission.

For more information on the high cost of oral disease and the cost-effectiveness of oral disease interventions, see CDC’s Power of Prevention fact sheet.

• National Institutes of Health. Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges. US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; 2021. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/Oral-Health-in-America-Advances-and-Challenges.pdf
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General . US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health; 2000. Accessed December 12, 2023. nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017-10/hck1ocv.%40www.surgeon.fullrpt.pdf
• What is Health Equity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/whatis/index.html
• US Dept of Health and Human Services. Health Equity and Health Disparities Environmental Scan . US Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2022. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2022-04/HP2030-HealthEquityEnvironmentalScan.pdf
• Health Workforce Shortage Areas: Explore HPSAs. Health Resources & Services Administration. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/shortage-areas
• Healthy People 2030. Oral conditions: Increase the proportion of low-income youth who have a preventive dental visit — OH-09. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/oral-conditions/increase-proportion-low-income-youth-who-have-preventive-dental-visit-oh-09
• Healthy People 2030. Social Determinants of Health. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health
• World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. Accessed February 26, 2024. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
• Braveman P, Arkin E, Orleans T, Proctor D, Plough A. What Is Health Equity? And What Difference Does a Definition Make? Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2017. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2017/rwjf437393
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Oral Health Surveillance Report: trends in dental caries and sealants, tooth retention, and edentulism, United States, 1999–2004 to 2011–2016 . US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2019. Accessed January 18, 2024.
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Oral ketamine tablets effective for treating depression, new study finds

By Mohana Ravindranath June 24, 2024

T he results of a randomized controlled trial published Monday showed oral ketamine tablets were safe and effective for patients with treatment-resistant depression — the latest attempt by researchers to rigorously evaluate psychedelic drugs’ role in treating conditions like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

In the Phase 2 trial, the findings of which were detailed in Nature Medicine, patients who took extended release ketamine tablets at a 180-milligram dosage twice weekly showed a “statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms” compared to a placebo. Other dosages saw less of an impact.

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The study, sponsored by New Zealand-based Douglas Pharmaceuticals, is a step toward gathering evidence that could eventually be presented to federal regulators in search of approval for depression treatment, though researchers would still need to complete much larger studies first.

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  Tanzania Journal of Health Research Journal / Tanzania Journal of Health Research / Vol. 25 No. 3 (2024): Tanzania Journal of Health Research / Articles (function() { function async_load(){ var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; var theUrl = 'https://www.journalquality.info/journalquality/ratings/2406-www-ajol-info-thrb'; s.src = theUrl + ( theUrl.indexOf("?") >= 0 ? "&" : "?") + 'ref=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href); var embedder = document.getElementById('jpps-embedder-ajol-thrb'); embedder.parentNode.insertBefore(s, embedder); } if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); else window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); })();  

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Article Details

Msafiri birigi.

Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital P. O. Box 419, Mbeya, Tanzania

Anange F Lwilla

Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O Box 2410, Mbeya, Tanzania

Willyhelmina Olomi

Ibrahim kasambala.

Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 1142, Mbeya, Tanzania

Bogias Fidelis Mwamgunda

Zawadi mwaisango, flaviana joseph nyatu, baraka jeremiah nzobo.

Ministry of Health, P.O Box 743 Dodoma, Tanzania

Emeria Mugonzibwa

Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 608, Mbeya, Tanzania

Nyanda E Ntinginya

Godlove fred mbwanji, clement n. mweya, boniface kalyanyama, main article content, prevalence and trend of oral and maxillofacial injuries among patients attended at mbeya zonal referral hospital, tanzania: a four - years retrospective study.

Background : Oral and maxillofacial injuries pose a significant public health burden, but data on their patterns and prevalence is lacking in many developing countries like Tanzania. This study aimed to establish baseline data on these injuries' prevalence, patterns, and associated factors among Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital (MZRH) patients.

Methods : A retrospective assessment of electronic medical records was conducted for all patients presenting with oral and maxillofacial trauma at MZRH between January 2019 and December 2022. Data on demographics, injury types, and admission status were extracted. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for analysis.

Results : Of 608 patients, 82.9% were males, and the median age was 28. Fractures of the mandible (53%) were most common, followed by malar/maxillary fractures (34%) and soft tissue injuries (12%). Malar/maxillary fractures had the highest odds of admission. Males had 1.84 times higher odds of malar/maxillary fractures than females. The 0-17 age group had higher odds of soft tissue injuries than older ages. Patients aged 18-34 years had twice the odds of mandibular fractures versus the youngest group.

Conclusion : Oral and maxillofacial injuries predominantly affected young adult males in this region. Mandibular fractures were most common, but malar/maxillary fractures required more admission. Age and gender were associated with anatomical patterns of injuries. The findings highlight the need for preventive strategies and management protocols tailored to regional epidemiology.

Keywords : Oral and maxillofacial injuries, mandibular fractures, malar and maxillary fractures, soft tissue injuries, retrospective study, Tanzania

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