urbanization case study igcse

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Geography Revision

GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision

CIE IGCSE Geography – Revision Notes & Study Resources

CIE GCSE Geography mapping file. Download our comprehensive teaching resources and revision toolkit today. Use the mapping table to align with the CIE examination board. Updated and aligned to the new 2020 specification.

Congrats, you’re almost there – in just a few weeks you’ll be taking your IGCSE Geography exams and then the world will really be your oyster! As the exams get closer though, what lies ahead may start to overwhelm you a little. But don’t worry all the help you need is right here! We’re here to tell you about your next steps and to reassure you that this is your time to shine! First thing’s first – you need to write a well-structured and thorough revision plan. The sooner you get that out of the way the better you will feel. This is because once you have a good plan then all that’s left to do is follow it carefully. Here is all you have to know in order to do that well and also how we can be of help.

(I)GCSEs are fairly standardised forms of examination. This is largely done in order to give everyone an equal chance at success. However, because there are different exam boards there are also small differences between how you’ll be assessed depending on your exam board. This is very important to bear in mind when planning your revision as there are optimal ways to prepare for different types of exams. The unique thing about OCR exams is that you can select whether you will have a coursework component or not. The sooner you do that the sooner you can focus on either completing that coursework or on preparing for three written exam papers as opposed to only two. You’re advised to choose carefully based on what kind of assessment you prefer (with limited wording but not time limit or under timed conditions).

About the Board

CIE, or the Cambridge Assessment International Education board, is one of the oldest examination boards in the UK. It was first created as a division of the University of Cambridge in the 19th century. Today it remains under the wing of the University of Cambridge as it continues to offer secondary school certifications. The CIE IGCSE Geography course is assessed as a ‘linear’ and not ‘modular’ subject. This means that you’ll be tested on everything you’ve learned at the end of the course and not throughout it. It does not, however, mean that you shouldn’t pay attention throughout the course!

How long will the course take to complete?

The CIE board specifies that the IGCSE Geography course is designed for about 130 guided learning hours. When you are likely covering 10-12 other subjects for your (I)GCSEs this usually means that the course will take two academic years to complete. However, it is possible for it to take more or less time depending on the circumstances.

Is any prior knowledge required?

While there is no requirement as such of prior knowledge, the CIE board does recommend that those who are starting the IGCSE Geography course have studied a geography curriculum at earlier stages of education (Key Stage 3 or equivalent). This course does, however, assume basic mathematical skills.

What will I study?

The CIE board breaks down the subject content of IGCSE Geography into three broad themes: population and settlement; the natural environment; and, economic development.

Within population and settlement, you will study population dynamics, migration, population structure, population density and distribution, settlements (rural and urban) and service provision, urban settlements, and urbanisation. Meanwhile, within the natural environment, you will study earthquakes and volcanoes, rivers, coasts, weather, and climate and natural vegetation. Finally, within economic development, you’ll study development, food production, industry, tourism, energy, water, and environmental risks of economic development.

What is the examination process like?

Much like the subject content, the examination process is also split into three parts. Firstly, all candidates are required to take Paper 1 (Geographical Themes) which will last 1 hour and 45 minutes and be worth 45% of your final grade. Next, all candidates must sit Paper 2 (Geographical Skills) which will last 1 hour and 30 minutes and be worth 27.5% of your final grade. Finally, candidates can choose whether the third component of their assessment (worth 27.5% of the overall grade) is coursework or a written paper. If it is coursework, then the student must write a centre-based assignment of up to 2,000 words. Otherwise, the student must take Paper 4 (Alternative Coursework) which will take 1 hour and 30 minutes and require students to answer two compulsory questions, completing a series of written tasks.

To get the very based grades in your CIE IGCSE Geography exams, you should be studying for two to three hours each day. This is the amount of time which is considered ideal as it strikes the balance between working long enough to delve into topics properly, but not working so long that you risk burnout. To make the best possible use of your two to three hours, set your phone and any distractions like the telly aside for that time. Instead, keep them as a treat for yourself after the end of a hard day’s work. You’ll soon see yourself becoming more efficient!

Another way to stay efficient during revision season is to switch between revision techniques as you go along. Don’t just read or just take notes. Instead, spend some time doing flashcards then switch over to mind maps and then back to reading. That way your brain will stay active throughout and retain the greatest amount of information. As exam day gets closer start reading past papers – these will help you get a sense of what to expect on the big day. They’ll also give you a chance to test yourself under timed conditions which will leave you feeling much more relaxed about the exam itself. Don’t forget you have an ally in all of this – we’re here to help you succeed! To do that we have lots of engaging prep material for you. So let us begin!

Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge igcse geography (0460).

• Published resources

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Coursebook with CD-ROM (Second Edition)

Endorsed by Cambridge Resources align to the syllabus they support, and have been through a detailed quality assurance process.

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Geography Student's Book (Third Edition)

Cambridge igcse geography student's book, approaches to learning and teaching geography, cambridge igcse geography digital textbook.

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• IGCSE , IGCSE Geography

IGCSE Geography: Case Studies and Fieldwork Techniques

• Author: Litera Centre
• Updated: November 14, 2023
• Language: English

IGCSE Geography: 

International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Geography is a rigorous academic program that delves into the intricacies of our world geography, its landscapes, and the forces shaping them. It is offered by the University of Cambridge. It is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of geographical concepts, environmental issues, and the skills required for analyzing and solving global issues.

The curriculum encapsulates a broad range of topics, including physical and human geography. Students explore various natural phenomena such as weather, climate, landforms, ecosystems, and environment. They also study human geography, which has issues related to urbanization, population, economic activities, and human impact on the environment.

IGCSE Geography is different from other curricula because of its global recognition, rigorous assessments, and focus on practical skills. It encourages critical thinking, data analysis, and application of knowledge to real-world scenarios. The program fosters environmental awareness, sustainability, intercultural understanding, and the interconnectedness of human societies.

Importance of IGCSE Geography:

IGCSE Geography holds immense significance in a student’s academic journey. It not only imparts knowledge about the physical and human world but also fosters essential skills such as critical thinking, research, data analysis, and problem-solving. By delving into geographical concepts and case studies, students develop a profound appreciation for the world’s diverse cultures, landscapes, and the interconnectedness of human societies.

Case studies form an integral part of the curriculum. They offer practical insights into real-world geographical issues. Fieldwork techniques are another crucial component. They enable students to gather data and make observations in the field. 

Case Studies and Fieldwork Techniques: 

Case studies in igcse geography:.

Case studies involve in-depth exploration of specific geographical issues, events, or places. They help students apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world situations. In IGCSE Geography, case studies are often used to examine complex topics like natural disasters, disaster management, urban development, sustainability, and climate change, enabling students to understand the practical implications of geographic concepts alongside studying and evaluating the impact on the environment and human societies. 

Fieldwork Techniques in IGCSE Geography:

Fieldwork techniques in IGCSE Geography involve hands-on experience in gathering data, conducting and analyzing surveys, and making observations in real-world environments for formulating feasible solutions. In IGCSE Geography, fieldwork helps students develop practical skills, such as data collection, survey making, map reading, and analysis. It offers a unique opportunity to go beyond classroom learning, establish a connection with the outside world, and understand the impact of geography on our daily lives. 

Here are 5 Significant Tips and techniques for Case Studies and Fieldwork in IGCSE Geography:

1. effective research:.

To excel in IGCSE Geography case studies, students must learn to conduct thorough research. Learn various research techniques and methodologies, use credible sources, gather data from various perspectives, and present information in a meticulously structured and logical manner.

2. Critical Analysis:

Critical thinking is at the core of the case studies and fieldwork in IGCSE Geography. Develop critical thinking skills to analyze case study materials with objectivity. Evaluate different viewpoints, analyze each perspective, explore theories, and thoroughly evaluate the reliability and validity of sources. Identify patterns and trends within the data for correct observation and understanding. 

3. Real-world Application:

Knowledge without application is of no use. Learn to apply the concepts in everyday life. Connect case studies to real-world scenarios and formulate solutions to day-to-day problems and current issues. Understand how geographical concepts impact the environment, societies, and the economy of the world. This practical application enhances your comprehension of scenarios and craft appropriate perspectives and solutions. 

4. Fieldwork Preparation:

Planning is a crucial component in fieldwork. Before conducting fieldwork, plan meticulously. Define research objectives, select appropriate data collection methods, and be prepared for unforeseen challenges. Thorough and good preparation ensures a successful fieldwork experience. 

5. Data Interpretation:

Data interpretation is as crucial as data collection. Once the fieldwork data is gathered, master the skill of data interpretation. Organize data in tables, graphs, and maps. Learn to identify trends, patterns, correlations, and inconsistencies in the data. This skill is crucial for analysis and presentation. 

Resources and Methods of Study to Ace IGCSE Geography:

1. textbooks:.

IGCSE Geography textbooks cover the syllabus comprehensively. They provide a structured approach and offer practice questions and case studies for better conceptual understanding.

2. Online Resources:

Online platforms, such as Litera Centre provide online tuition and other resources to supplement your learning. These resources include study materials, interactive maps, simulations, and study guides.

3. Past Papers:

Try to solve past IGCSE Geography papers to get accustomed to the exam format, pattern, and question types. Practicing with past papers enhances your time management and problem-solving skills.

4. Study Groups:

Collaborate with peers in study groups and engage in discussions and doubt clarification. Group study can provide a fresh perspective and help reinforce your understanding of key concepts.

5. Professional Guidance:

Consider enrolling in a trusted educational institution for tuition, expert guidance, mentorship, exam assistance, and curriculum support. Such institutions provide a structured approach to IGCSE Geography preparation and help you track your progress through periodic assessments. 

Conclusion:

IGCSE Geography is more than just learning about the world’s physical, human, and economic geography. It is about decoding and comprehending the intricate relationships between the environment, human societies, and the challenges we face today for a sustainable future. By studying case studies and employing effective fieldwork techniques, students gain practical skills with a broader perspective.

The subject not only prepares them for exams but also equips them with critical life skills, nurturing global citizens with a sound understanding of real-world complexities. To excel in IGCSE Geography, students should focus on effective research, critical analysis, practical application, thorough fieldwork preparation, and data interpretation.

Litera Centre is a leading educational institution providing dedicated tuition to empower students in their academic pursuits. With a team of expert faculty members, personalized 1:1 mentorship, 24/7 assistance, and world-class infrastructure, Literacentre ensures students receive the best guidance and support in every way possible.

The curriculum is meticulously designed to help students excel in the IGCSE, AS/A, IB, the US, and the UK curricula. The team follows a holistic approach to education, focusing on comprehensive learning and the development of critical skills with the practical application of knowledge. Join Literacentre and embark on a journey of academic excellence and personal growth. Click HERE for more details of the Litera Centre IGCSE Geography tuition.

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Unveiling the Intricacies of IGCSE Geography Case Studies

IGCSE Geography case studies are an integral part of the curriculum, providing students with real-world examples to illustrate and enhance their understanding of geographical concepts. These case studies cover a range of topics, from natural environments to human populations and their interactions. Let's delve into the intricacies of IGCSE Geography case studies:

 1. Natural Environments:

1. tropical rainforests:.

   - Explore the characteristics, biodiversity, and challenges of tropical rainforests.

   - Understand the impact of human activities such as logging and deforestation.

2. Deserts:

   - Investigate the features of desert environments, including adaptation of flora and fauna.

   - Examine the challenges related to water scarcity and sustainable development in arid regions.

3. Coastal Landscapes:

   - Analyze coastal landforms, erosion processes, and the impact of human activities.

   - Explore strategies for coastal management and protection against erosion.

4. Rivers and Flooding:

   - Study river processes, landforms, and the causes and consequences of flooding.

   - Investigate human responses to mitigate the impact of flooding.

 2. Human Environments:

1. urbanization:.

   - Explore the growth of urban areas, including the causes and consequences of urbanization.

   - Analyze issues related to infrastructure, housing, and social challenges in cities.

2. Migration:

   - Examine the push and pull factors influencing migration patterns.

   - Investigate the impact of migration on both origin and destination areas.

3. Population Dynamics:

   - Study population growth, distribution, and demographic transition models.

   - Explore the implications of population trends on social, economic, and environmental aspects.

4. Industry and Economic Development:

   - Analyze the spatial distribution of industries and factors influencing their location.

   - Examine the impact of industrialization on economic development and the environment.

 3. Global Interactions:

1. globalization:.

   - Explore the interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and societies in the era of globalization.

   - Examine the benefits and challenges of global integration.

2. Trade and Aid:

   - Analyze international trade patterns and the role of trade agreements.

   - Investigate the impact of aid on development and addressing global inequalities.

3. Climate Change:

   - Study the causes and consequences of climate change.

   - Explore strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

 4. Environmental Challenges:

1. water scarcity:.

   - Investigate issues related to water scarcity, including its causes and consequences.

   - Analyze solutions for sustainable water management.

2. Deforestation:

   - Explore the causes and consequences of deforestation.

   - Examine strategies for sustainable forest management and conservation.

3. Pollution:

   - Study different forms of pollution, including air, water, and soil pollution.

   - Investigate the impact of pollution on ecosystems and human health.

 5. Sustainable Development:

1. case studies on sustainable practices:.

   - Explore examples of sustainable development projects around the world.

   - Analyze the principles and challenges of implementing sustainable practices.

2. Eco-tourism:

   - Investigate the concept of eco-tourism as a sustainable approach to tourism.

   - Analyze the benefits and potential drawbacks of eco-tourism initiatives.

 6. Geopolitics:

1. political and cultural conflicts:.

   - Study geopolitical conflicts and their impact on regions and populations.

   - Analyze the role of cultural, historical, and political factors in shaping conflicts.

2. International Organizations:

   - Explore the functions and roles of international organizations in addressing global issues.

   - Analyze the effectiveness of these organizations in promoting peace and cooperation.

 7. Development Disparities:

1. north-south divide:.

   - Analyze the disparities in development between the global North and South.

   - Explore historical and contemporary factors contributing to these disparities.

2. Case Studies on Developing Countries:

   - Investigate specific case studies of developing countries to understand their unique challenges and opportunities.

   - Analyze strategies for promoting sustainable development in these contexts.

 8. Changing Rural Landscapes:

1. agricultural changes:.

   - Explore changes in agricultural practices, including mechanization and agribusiness.

   - Analyze the impact of these changes on rural landscapes and communities.

2. Rural-Urban Linkages:

   - Investigate the connections between rural and urban areas.

   - Analyze the flow of goods, services, and people between rural and urban environments.

 9. Case Study Analysis Skills:

1. data interpretation:.

   - Develop skills in interpreting geographical data, including maps, graphs, and statistical information.

   - Use data to support arguments and draw conclusions in case study analysis.

2. Critical Thinking:

   - Enhance critical thinking skills to analyze complex geographical issues.

   - Evaluate the significance of various factors in influencing outcomes in case studies.

3. Synthesis of Information:

   - Synthesize information from various sources to form a comprehensive understanding of case studies.

   - Develop the ability to connect different geographical concepts and draw overarching conclusions.

IGCSE Geography case studies provide students with a platform to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. By delving into the intricacies of these case studies, students develop a nuanced understanding of geographical concepts and enhance their analytical and critical thinking skills. Regular practice in analyzing case studies and drawing connections between different topics contributes to success in IGCSE Geography examinations.

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AQA GCSE Geography

Urbanisation in the UK: London Case Study

London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and stands as one of the world’s dominant economic hubs. Since the late 18th century, it has experienced rapid growth in size and population, driven by increasing rates of urbanisation.

Location and Importance of London

• London’s population is 8.9 million, making it the largest city in the UK.
• Many people commute to London for work due to the abundance of employment opportunities.
• Numerous Trans National Corporations (TNCs) have their headquarters in London.
• The city has over forty universities, alongside numerous research centres and specialist colleges, offering diverse educational opportunities.
• London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP, despite having just 12.5% of its population.
• Situated on the River Thames in southeast England, the City of London covers 1.1 square miles. The metropolitan area, Greater London , extends up to 45 miles from the centre.
• High living costs in London reflect its economic status, with everyday goods, services, and housing prices above the national average.
• Recognised as a ‘world city’, London is a key financial centre alongside New York City and Tokyo.
• The city is well connected with several major train stations and airports in and around the city.
• London is a hub for fashion, technology, entertainment and culture.

Migration Impact

London’s global influence and wealth make it an attractive destination for migrants from both within the UK and abroad. The city is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world, largely due to its history of migration throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.

Some notable examples of large-scale migration include:

Many of these groups first migrated to London, or aspired to due to its urbanisation, modernity and wealth.

London’s population structure

Due to migration, the city has dramatically changed in a variety of ways .

Each group of migrants brings their own culture, religions, traditions, communities and food to the area. Over time, this changes whole areas of the city. Since 1991, immigration has consistently increased, influenced by factors like war, disease, genocides and political instability. However, this has led to increasing population density in and around London. 

London is experiencing natural increase due to its younger average population.

• Younger adults in the UK move to the city for economic opportunities and the social aspect of life there.
• Migrants from overseas tend to be younger, willing to make a big change and excited for the potential that London holds.

Both of these factors contribute to London having a distinctive demographic structure.

According to the 2021 census, 41% of London’s residents were not born in the city. In 2011, it was officially noted that White British people were no longer the majority.

Older individuals often move out of London for retirement or quieter living, skewing the population towards a younger demographic.

Urban Change: Opportunities and Challenges

As the culture of London evolves, it brings many opportunities for the city’s residents, but this evolution is also accompanied by its own set of distinct challenges.

Urban Growth Impact on the Environment

Big cities often cause environmental issues , and London is no exception.

Air pollution

In 1952, London experienced The Great Smog, a severe air pollution event resulting from coal burning. Since then, the city has implemented measures to combat air pollution but still faces significant challenges in this area. London’s air pollution levels are higher than those of many European cities, with harmful nitrogen dioxide emissions primarily from road vehicles. Due to this, it’s estimated that 4,000 people die annually in London due to air pollution exposure.

Road vehicles are a primary cause of pollution, as millions of cars travel through London every week, mainly for commuting to work. The city’s dense road network was not designed for such heavy automobile traffic, which compounds the problem. This makes London’s air particularly harmful to breathe.

The City of London has established ‘low emission zones’ to discourage driving by imposing a daily fee. Recent studies show that this measure has reduced nitrogen oxides by 35% and carbon dioxide emissions by 6%. The current mayor of London (as of 2023) wants to expand these zones, as London still does not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines.

Waste management

London generates a large amount of waste, approximately 18 million metric tonnes annually. Unfortunately, most waste ends up in landfills or is incinerated, both harmful to the environment. Only 32% of London’s waste is recycled, which is the lowest rate in the country. However, the government aims to increase this to 65% by 2030.

If London continues to rely on incineration, efforts to reduce carbon emissions from waste burning will be wasted.

Inner city dereliction

London houses many abandoned industrial (brownfield) sites as production has moved out of the city and country. These sites present both development opportunities and challenges, including environmental cleanup and high development costs. Also, the homes end up being extremely expensive. Without development, these brownfield sites can present environmental and safety hazards.

The city faces a housing shortage, pressuring the government and developers to construct affordable housing, in large quantities. Developing on greenfield sites is often cheaper but leads to issues like wildlife destruction and increased traffic in those areas.

London is known as a ‘green city’, with green spaces making up 47% of the city’s area. Creating and preserving green spaces within the city is vital for environmental health and the wellbeing of residents.

The city’s 8 million trees oxygenate the air and absorb carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate pollution. London’s diverse ecosystems support 13,000 wildlife species in parks, cemeteries, and woodlands.

Parks provide an escape from urban life, where Londoners engage in sports, relaxation, and socialising. Also, with 30,000 allotments available for rent, residents can grow their own fruits and vegetables.

Urban Change Impact

The urban transformation of London over the past two centuries reflects its evolving role from an industrial hub to a modern economic centre.

Here are some of the impacts that the constant urban change has brought to Inner City London and Metropolitan London:

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All tutoring services and membership accounts purchased on our website must be paid for in full at the time of purchase, for the required time of use. We accept a variety of payment methods, including credit cards, debit cards, and online payment services like PayPal.

Your payment card may be subject to validation checks and authorisation by your card issuer. If we do not receive the necessary authorisation, we cannot be held responsible for any delays or failure to deliver your order.

Subscriptions

Subscription period.

Our tutoring services are available with a pay-as-you-go option or a subscription option that is billed on a monthly or annual basis. The tutoring account subscription will end at the end of the period. You can choose the subscription option that best suits your needs and cancel at any time.

Our membership accounts are billed monthly or annually and do not automatically renew after the period. You can choose to renew your membership account at the end of the period if you wish to continue your membership.

Subscription cancellations (tutoring services)

You can cancel your tutoring subscription renewal by contacting us at [email protected].

You can cancel your learning resources subscription renewal through your account settings or by contacting us at [email protected].

Please note that you will not receive a refund for fees you have already paid for your current subscription period, and you will be able to access the service until the end of your current subscription period.

We need accurate and complete billing information from you, including your full name, address, postal code, telephone number, and a valid payment method. If automatic billing fails, you will not receive tutoring services until a payment is made. If payment is not made within a reasonable time period, your account may be terminated.

Fee changes

We reserve the right to modify the subscription fees at any time. Any change in fees will take effect at the end of your current subscription period.

We will give you reasonable notice of any fee changes so you have the opportunity to cancel your subscription before the changes take effect. If you continue to use the service after the fee change, you agree to pay the modified amount.

In general, paid subscription fees are non-refundable. However, we may consider certain refund requests on a case-by-case basis and grant them at our discretion.

We may offer free trials of our subscriptions at our discretion. You may be asked to provide billing information to sign up for a free trial. If you do provide billing information, you will not be charged until the free trial period ends.

On the last day of the free trial, unless you have cancelled your subscription, you will be automatically charged the applicable subscription fees for the plan you have chosen. We reserve the right to modify or cancel free trial offers at any time without notice.

From time to time, we may offer promotions through the Service, such as discounts, special offers, or contests. These promotions may be governed by separate rules and regulations.

If you choose to participate in a promotion, please review the applicable rules and our privacy policy carefully. In the event of a conflict between the promotion rules and these terms and conditions, the promotion rules will take precedence.

Please note that any promotion may be modified or discontinued at any time, and we reserve the right to disqualify any participant who violates the rules or engages in fraudulent or dishonest behaviour. By participating in a promotion, you agree to be bound by the applicable rules and our decisions, which are final and binding in all matters related to the promotion.

User Accounts

In order to access certain features of our services, you may be required to create an account. When you create an account, you agree to provide accurate, complete, and current information about yourself as prompted by the account registration process. If you provide any false, inaccurate, outdated, or incomplete information, or if we have reasonable grounds to suspect that you have done so, we reserve the right to suspend or terminate your account.

You are solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password, and you agree to accept responsibility for all activities that occur under your account. If you believe that your account has been compromised or that there has been any unauthorised access to it, you must notify us immediately.

You may not use a username that is already in use by another user, that belongs to another person or entity without appropriate authorisation, or that is offensive, vulgar, or obscene. We reserve the right to remove or reclaim any username that we determine, in our sole discretion, to be inappropriate, infringing, or otherwise in violation of these terms and conditions.

Tutee Agreements

As a tutee using our service, you agree to the following terms and conditions:

• If you are under 18 years of age, you must have consent from a parent or guardian to register and that parent/guardian must enter into an agreement with Shalom Education to provide tuition services.
• You must contact a tutor through the Shalom Education tutoring platform. Any other means of communication is prohibited.
• You agree not to publish any abusive comments about a tutor or another tutee on the Shalom Education website or any other place. This includes defamatory or derogatory comments.
• You must not request a tutor to complete your coursework, essays, or other assignments given to you in your various schools but can request for support towards that.
• You agree not to make any agreement or arrangement with a tutor which is intended to circumvent the relationship between Shalom Education and the Tutor.

Expectations

• Lessons will be held at the frequency and duration agreed upon with us.
• Shalom Education will provide any necessary materials or resources for the lessons.
• You are expected to be punctual for lessons and to provide adequate notice for cancellations or rescheduling.
• You are expected to provide any necessary materials or resources for the lessons (e.g. pens, pencils or a protractor).

Responsibilities

• If you cancel a lesson less than 12 hours before the lesson is due to commence, you may be charged a cancellation fee of 50% of the lesson fee. If you cancel a lesson less than 2 hours before the scheduled start time of a lesson, you will be charged the full lesson fee.

Dispute Resolution

• If you have any concerns or issues with your tutoring experience, please contact us at [email protected] as soon as possible. We will work with you and your tutor to try to resolve any disputes or issues in a fair and reasonable manner.

Termination

• You may terminate your lessons with a tutor at any time by providing reasonable notice, as specified in your contract with us.

By using our service, you acknowledge that you have read and understand this agreement and agree to be bound by its terms. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact us.

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Last updated: December 27, 2022

• Orders mean a request by you to purchase services from us.
• Promotions refer to contests, sweepstakes or other promotions offered by us through the website.
• Tutor refers to an individual who teaches a single pupil or a small group of students who have registered with Shalom Education Ltd.
• Tutee refers to a student or a pupil who has registered for tutoring with Shalom Education Ltd, which is administered through our tutoring platform.

When you place an order, we may ask you to provide certain information, such as your name, email, phone number, credit card details, and billing address.

Subscription cancellations

You can cancel your subscription renewal through your account settings or by contacting us. Please note that you will not receive a refund for fees you have already paid for your current subscription period, and you will be able to access the service until the end of your current subscription period.

We need accurate and complete billing information from you, including your full name, address, postal code, telephone number, and valid payment method. If automatic billing fails, you will not receive tutoring services until a payment is made. If payment is not made within a reasonable time period, your account may be terminated.

Tutor Agreements

As a tutor working with Shalom Education, you agree to the following terms and conditions:

Tutor relationships

• You are at least eighteen years of age and have the necessary qualifications and/or experience to provide tuition in the subjects specified on your CV.
• You will not make any agreements with a tutee, any member of the tutee’s family, or the tutee’s guardian that are intended to circumvent the relationship between our service and the tutee and to benefit you at our expense. This includes the exchange of private information (e.g. phone numbers, emails or social media accounts etc).
• You will not, during the period of any tutoring session with a tutee and for a period of six months from the conclusion of the last tutoring session, give any tuition services to that tutee.
• You will use our platform as your only means of communication with tutees, and any other methods are strictly prohibited.
• You will not be abusive towards a tutee or their nominee on our website or any other place.
• You are expected to maintain a professional and respectful relationship with tutees at all times.
• You will not engage in any inappropriate or illegal behaviour while working with tutees, including but not limited to harassment or discrimination.
• You are expected to follow all applicable laws and regulations while providing tutoring services.

Tutor responsibilities

• You will not complete any coursework, essays, or other assignments on behalf of the tutee. However, you can offer support.
• You will be punctual and communicate with us if you are running late or need to reschedule a lesson.
• You are expected to provide high-quality tutoring services to tutees, including preparing appropriate lesson plans.
• You will be responsible for ensuring that you have the necessary resources and equipment to provide effective tutoring services, such as a reliable internet connection and computer if tutoring online.
• You will be expected to keep confidential any personal or sensitive information that you may learn about a tutee while working with them.

Tutor compensation

• You will not request or accept any payments from a tutee, or their nominee.
• The company reserves the right to withhold payment to tutors if it believes lessons are being booked outside our platform.
• The company will pay you a fee for your tutoring services according to the rates agreed between you and the company.
• The company will be responsible for collecting payment from the tutee.
• If you are self-employed, we expect you to provide us with your UTR number and you are expected to pay your own tax to HMRC

Tutor termination

• As a tutor working with the company, you may terminate your relationship with a tutee at any time by providing reasonable notice.
• The company may also terminate your relationship with a tutee at any time, for any reason, such as if the tutee is no longer in need of tutoring services or if the tutee expresses dissatisfaction with your services.
• The company may terminate your use of its service if you breach any of the terms and conditions outlined in this agreement.
• The company may also terminate your use of its service if it determines that you are no longer fit to provide tutoring services or if it receives multiple complaints about your performance.

Copyright Policy

We respect the intellectual property rights of others and expect our users to do the same. It is our policy to respond to any claim that content posted on our service infringes the copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person.

If you are a copyright owner or authorised on behalf of one and you believe that your copyrighted work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide our copyright agent with the following information:

• An electronic or physical signature of the person authorised to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright’s interests.
• A description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed, including the URL (web page address) of the location where the copyrighted work exists or a copy of the copyrighted work.
• Identification of the URL or other specific location on our service where the material that you claim is infringing is located.
• Your address, telephone number, and email address.
• A statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.
• A statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or are authorised to act on the copyright owner’s behalf.

You may be held accountable for damages (including costs and attorneys’ fees) for misrepresenting that any content is infringing your copyright.

Upon receipt of a notification, we will take whatever action, in our sole discretion, we deem appropriate, including removal of the challenged content from our service. If you believe that your content has been removed in error, please contact us at  [email protected] .

Intellectual Property

The original content on our services (excluding content provided by you or other users), features, and functionality are and will remain the exclusive property of Shalom Education Ltd and its licensors. This includes, but is not limited to, text, graphics, images, logos, software, and other materials on our website and any proprietary technology used in the operation of our services.

Our service is protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United Kingdom and foreign countries. Our trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service without the prior written consent of Shalom Education Ltd. All other trademarks not owned by Shalom Education Ltd that appear on our service are the property of their respective owners.

By using our service, you acknowledge and agree that any intellectual property rights, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets, in the content and materials provided by Shalom Education Ltd or accessed through our service are the sole property of Shalom Education Ltd or the respective owners of such rights. You agree not to use, reproduce, modify, distribute, or create derivative works of such content and materials without the express written permission of Shalom Education Ltd or the respective owners of such rights.

You are responsible for protecting your own intellectual property rights and for obtaining any necessary licenses or permissions from the owners of any third-party intellectual property that you may use in connection with your use of our service. Shalom Education Ltd will not be liable for any claims or damages arising from your use of intellectual property that infringes the rights of others.

If you believe that your intellectual property rights have been violated on our service, please contact us at  [email protected] .

Your Feedback to Us

By submitting any feedback or suggestions to the company, you agree to assign to the company all rights, titles, and interests in such feedback or suggestions. If for any reason such assignment is ineffective, you agree to grant the company a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, worldwide right and license to use, reproduce, disclose, sublicense, distribute, modify, and exploit such feedback or suggestions without restriction.

You acknowledge that the company may use your feedback or suggestions for any purpose, including to improve the company’s products or services, and that the company is under no obligation to compensate you for your feedback or suggestions.

Links to Other Websites

Our Service may contain links to third-party websites or services that are not owned or controlled by Shalom Education Ltd. These links are provided for your convenience only and do not imply endorsement by our business of the linked website or service. We have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third-party websites or services.

By using our Service, you acknowledge and agree that the use of any third-party websites or services is at your own risk. Shalom Education Ltd does not endorse or guarantee the accuracy or reliability of any content or materials on third-party websites or services, and we are not responsible for any errors or omissions.

In no event will Shalom Education Ltd be liable for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services available on or through any third-party websites or services. This limitation of liability applies to all claims.

We recommend that you carefully read the terms and conditions and privacy policies of any third-party websites or services that you visit, as they may differ from the terms and policies of our own services. If you have any concerns or questions about a third-party website or service linked from our service, we encourage you to contact the site or service directly for more information.

Shalom Education Ltd reserves the right to terminate or suspend your account at any time, without prior notice or liability, for any reason whatsoever, including but not limited to breach of these terms and conditions, fraudulent or illegal activity, or any other conduct that we deem inappropriate or harmful to our business or other users.

Upon termination, your right to use our services will immediately cease, and any outstanding balances or fees owed to Shalom Education Ltd must be paid in full. If you wish to terminate your account, you may simply stop using our services and contact us to request the closure of your account.

Any personal information or user-generated content associated with your account will be retained in accordance with our privacy policy, unless otherwise required by law.

You acknowledge and agree that Shalom Education Ltd will not be liable to you or any third party for any termination of your access to our services. You further agree that any rights or obligations that survive the termination of your account, such as indemnification or confidentiality obligations, will remain in effect.

“AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” Disclaimer

The service is provided to you “As is” and “As available” and with all faults and defects without warranty of any kind. While we make every effort to ensure the accuracy and reliability of our services, we cannot guarantee that they will be error-free or uninterrupted.

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, our business and its affiliates and licensors and service providers disclaim all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. We do not make any representations or warranties that our services will meet your requirements, achieve any intended results, be compatible with any other software or services, operate without interruption, or be error-free.

We do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or timeliness of the information, content, or materials provided through our services.

We do not guarantee that our services or any content or materials provided through our services will be free from viruses, malware, or other harmful components. It is your responsibility to protect your device and system from such threats, and we recommend that you use appropriate security measures and virus protection software.

Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain types of warranties or limitations on the applicable statutory rights of a consumer, so some or all of the above exclusions and limitations may not apply to you. In such cases, the exclusions and limitations set forth in this section shall be applied to the greatest extent enforceable under applicable law.

By using our services, you acknowledge and agree that your use is at your own risk, and that you are solely responsible for any damage or loss that may result from your use of our services.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

These terms and your use of the service shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the country, excluding its conflicts of law rules. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with these terms or the use of the service shall be resolved through the courts of the country and you hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts.

Disputes Resolution

If you have any concerns or disputes related to the service, you agree to try to resolve the issue informally by contacting us first.

You can try contacting the company through email ([email protected]) or by phone (01206657616) to see if we can come to an agreement or find a solution to your issue. This can be a quick and effective way to address any concerns or issues you may have, without the need for formal legal proceedings.

We will make every effort to address your concerns and reach a mutually satisfactory resolution. If we are unable to resolve the dispute informally, you may choose to bring the matter to alternative dispute resolution through a mediator or arbitrator. Any such alternative dispute resolution proceedings will be conducted in accordance with the laws of the country and will be confidential. You agree that any such dispute will be resolved on an individual basis and that class or collective actions are not permitted.

Severability and Waiver

Severability.

If any provision of these terms and conditions is found to be invalid or unenforceable, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent possible, and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect.

The failure to exercise a right or to require the performance of an obligation under these terms and conditions shall not affect a party’s ability to exercise such right or require such performance at any time in the future. Similarly, the waiver of a breach of these terms and conditions shall not constitute a waiver of any subsequent breach.

Changes to These Terms and Conditions

We may update or change these terms and conditions at any time, at our sole discretion. If we make a material change to these terms, we will provide reasonable notice, such as by posting a notification on our website or through email, at least 30 days before the change takes effect. It is your responsibility to regularly check these terms and conditions for any updates or changes.

By continuing to access or use our Service after any updates or changes to these terms, you agree to be bound by the revised terms. If you do not agree to the updated or changed terms, in whole or in part, please stop using the website and our services.

If you have any questions about these terms and conditions, You can contact us:

• By email: [email protected]
• By visiting this page on our website: https://www.shalom-education.com/contact-us
• By phone number: 01206657616

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A Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Bristol

What is urban regeneration?

Urban regeneration involves redeveloping and revitalising areas that have experienced urban decay or decline. The processes can include installing modern facilities in old buildings (known as renewal) or opting for redevelopment (i.e. demolishing existing buildings to create brownfield sites for new developments). The aim is to improve these areas’ physical, economic, and social conditions, making them more vibrant and attractive to residents, businesses, and visitors.

In Bristol, old industrial areas near the railway station and port had become rundown. The docks and industrial buildings became derelict as the port facility moved to Avonmouth. Much of this area has now been regenerated, including the area around the railway station known as the Temple Quarter.

Where is the Temple Quarter?

The Temple Quarter is an area located in Bristol, England. It is situated southeast of Bristol city centre, around the Temple Meads railway station. The area is named after the historic Temple Church located within its boundaries. Much of the area became an Enterprise Zone in 2012, meaning it qualified for government money to support regeneration.

A map to show the location of Bristol’s Temple Quarter

Why did the area need to be regenerated?

During the eighteenth century, the Temple Quarter grew as an industrial region. Frequent flooding plagued the area until the nineteenth century when the ‘Floating Harbour’ and the Feeder Canal were constructed. As a result, the harbour’s water level was no longer subject to tidal changes and remained constant, enabling further industrial expansion. In 1841, Brunel established the first railway station in the area. This was followed by adding more railway sidings, which occupied 40% of the Temple Quarter.

Terraced housing in the Template Quarter was demolished as part of a programme of slum clearance. The heavy industries were closing by the second half of the twentieth century. The city centre docks declined due to the new port developments at Avonmouth and Portbury, leaving behind abandoned factories, railway sidings, and many areas contaminated with industrial pollution and waste. Despite its central location and transport links, the Temple Quarter suffered significant neglect and underinvestment. Many buildings were abandoned or underused, and the area lacked residential housing and recreational spaces.

A number of factory buildings were protected as listed buildings, meaning they could not be demolished. Cobbled streets from the nineteenth century were to be retained for their heritage value.

Despite its proximity to the city centre, the area was largely disconnected, contributing to its decline. The area had high unemployment rates and was not considered an attractive place to invest, work, or live.

What were the challenges of regenerating the Temple Quarter?

• Securing funding: The scale and complexity of the project required significant financial investment.
• Balancing interests: Different stakeholders had varied interests and goals, requiring careful negotiation and compromise.
• Infrastructure challenges: The redevelopment of infrastructure, particularly around a busy railway station, was technically challenging and disruptive.
• Maintaining heritage: Protecting and preserving the area’s historical elements while allowing for modern redevelopment posed a significant challenge.
• Environmental damage: Pollution left by industrial waste and other contaminants

What are the main features of the Temple Quarter regeneration scheme?

The regeneration of the Temple Quarter was a complex, multi-stakeholder project led by the Bristol City Council in collaboration with the Homes and Communities Agency, Network Rail, and private sector investors. Key elements included:

• Enterprise Zone: An area covering 72 hectares became an Enterprise Zone in 2012. It is the UK’s largest Enterprise Zone. The Enterprise Area offered incentives for businesses to relocate, including tax relief and low rents.
• The Temple Gate Scheme: The Temple Gate scheme involved the redevelopment of the area in front of Temple Meads railway station. The railway station was redeveloped into a transport hub. It included segregated pedestrian and cycle routes, new pedestrian and cycle crossings, improved transport facilities and a new Metrobus stop and the creation of bus priority lanes.
• University of Bristol’s new campus: The establishment of a new campus focused on digital and business technologies. It includes Brunel’s Engine Shed, an Enterprise Hub led by the University of Bristol. The building is home to a range of high-tech and creative businesses. Boxworks, a collection of 20 custom-designed shipping containers as workspaces, is located next to Engine Shed.
• Green infrastructure: Emphasis was placed on creating green spaces and promoting sustainable and energy-efficient construction.
• Mixed-use development : The project included a blend of residential, commercial, and public spaces.

How successful is the Temple Quarter regeneration?

The Temple Quarter regeneration project has been hailed as a success for various reasons:

• Economic growth: The creation of the Enterprise Zone has attracted significant business investment and created new jobs. More than 4000 jobs have been created as part of the plan to create 17,000 jobs over 25 years. Almost 400 firms from the creative, digital and green industries have moved into the area.
• Improved connectivity: Transport and accessibility improvements have better integrated the area with the wider city.
• Increased vibrancy: Adding housing, recreational spaces, and cultural attractions has enhanced the area’s vibrancy and liveability.
• Sustainability: The emphasis on green and energy-efficient construction has contributed to Bristol’s reputation as a green city.

However, it’s important to note that the project is ongoing, and complete assessments of its success will likely be made in the coming years. Also, like any large-scale urban regeneration project, it has faced some criticism, particularly regarding affordability and inclusivity.

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How has urban change created challenges for Bristol?

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